Chapter 1:

STRUCTURES
GRACE ANNE B. BERMEJO
SHERRIE ANNE O. MALANO
MAPE-A
The study
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Human Anatomy
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Body contains 206 bones
Has several function , such as support, protection, movement,
mineral storage, and blood cell formation.

Classified by their shapes into four groups: long bones, short bones, flat bones,
and irregular bones

Some author also distinguish a fifth type of bones

known as SESAMOID BONES, a small nodular bones embedded in tendon.

BONES
 The long bones provide the framework for the
body and that make movement possible.
Long Bones
Articular surface
Epiphyseal
Plate
Epiphysis
 A long bone has a shaft, known as the diaphysis,
and two large prominences at either end of the Periosteum
diaphysis known as epiphyses.

 Early in life the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by Medullary

a cartilaginous structure known as epiphyseal plate. It is Cavity Diaphysis
from these epiphyseal plates at both ends of the diaphysis (Shaft)
Arterial
that the bone grows, thus this area is often referred to as Opening
the growth plate. Compact Bone

Cancellous Bone

Epiphysis
Articular Cartilage
 One’s a bone reached its maximum length Long Bones
(maturity) the epiphyseal “Closes” (bone tissue Articular surface
has totally replaced the cartilaginous tissue), and
Epiphyseal
the epiphysis and diaphysis become one Plate
Epiphysis
continuous structure.
Periosteum

 Periosteum is a layer of tissue around the entire

bone, where bone cells are produced. Medullary
Cavity Diaphysis
 Every ends of each bone’s epiphyses are covered (Shaft)
Arterial
with material known as articular cartilage. This
Opening
covering provides for smooth movement between Compact Bone
the bones that make up a joint and protects the
Cancellous Bone
end of the bone from wear and tear.
Epiphysis
Articular Cartilage
Short Bones Irregular Bones
 Irregular bones are simply bones that
cannot be classified as long, short, or
flat. Example is the vertebra – spinal
column.
 Short bones differ from long
bones in that they possess no
diaphysis and are fairly
symmetrical. Example are bones
in wrist and ankle.
Sesamoid Bones
 Sesamoid (sesame seed –

Flat Bones shaped) bones, these oval bones

 Flat bones get their names from
their flat shape, example: bones in
the fore head, chest, and shoulder.
are free floating bones usually
found within tendons of muscles.
Example: kneecap “patella” the
largest sesamoid bone in the
body, others are found in the
hand and foot.
 Acromion Coracoid Process
Process
Subscapular  Anatomical Landmarks are the terms commonly used to describe
Notch the features of bones and one’s anatomical vocabulary.
Lesser
a. Tuberosity – is a large bump on a bone.
Subscapular
Tuberosity Fossa b. Process – is a projection from a bone.
c. Tubercle – is a smaller bump on a bone.
Anterior All these three bony prominences usually serve as the attachment for
other structure.
 Spine or Spinous process – is typically a longer and thinner
Supraspinous
Fossa
projection of bone, unlike any of the previously mention
Spine prominences.
Greater  Condyles – is a large bony knobs at either end of a long bone.
Tuberosity
 Articular Surface – is a part of the condyle that articulates (joins)
Infraspinous with another bone.
Fossa
Deltoid  Epicondyles – is a smaller bony knobs that sometimes appear just
Tuberosity above the condyles of a bone.
Posterior
 Spinous Process

Acromion
Process Coracoid
Process
Foramen
Glenoid
Fossa

Lateral

 Fossa – is a smooth, hollow surface on a bone and usually

Lateral Adductor functions as a source of attachment for other structures.
Adductor
Epicondyle Tubercle Tubercle  Facet – is a smaller flatter smooth surface, it also serves as
attachment for other structures.
Medial  Notch – is an area on a bone that appears to be cut out and
Epicondyle allows for the passage of other structures such as blood
Tibial vessels or nerves.
Tuberosity
 Foramen – similar function to a notch but appearing as a hole
Anterior Posterior in a bone.
 Intercondylar
Notch Olecranon
Femoral Process
Condyle
Trochlear
Notch Coronoid
Process

Ulnar
Tibial Tuberosity
Condyle
Radial
Tibial Tuberosity
Tuberosity

Medial (ulnar)
Styloid Process

Lateral (radial)
Anterior Posterior Anterior Styloid Process Posterior
JOINTS
 JOINTS
• Is a place where two or more bones
join together anatomically is referred
to as an articulation.
• Tying bones together at articulations
are structures of dense, fibrous
connective tissue known ligaments.
• Ligaments is a cord, band or sheet of
strong, fibrous connective tissue that
unites the articular ends of bones, ties
them together, and facilitates or limits
movements between the bones.
 Two major forms of joints
• DIARTHRODIAL JOINTS • SYNARTHRODIAL JOINTS
 DIARTHRODIAL JOINTS
• Is distinguished by having a separation of the bones and the presence
of a joint cavity.

• HINGE JOINT
• BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT
• IRREGULAR JOINT
• CONDYLOID JOINT
• SADDLE JOINT
• PIVOT JOINT
 HINGE JOINT BALL AND SOCKET JOINT
• consist of the rounded head of one bone
• Has one concave surface, with the other
fitting into the cuplike cavity of another
surface looking like spool of thread.
bone.
• The hinge between the humerus and ulna
• Ball and socket joints allow movement in all
allows the arm to bend and straighten.
directions and also rotation.
• Elbow and Knee joint

Pelvis

Femur
 IRREGULAR JOINT
• Consists of irregularly shaped surfaces that
are typically either flat or slightly rounded.
• The joints between the bones of the wrist
(carpals)
CONDYLOID JOINT
• Consist of one convex surface fitting
into a concave surface.
• an example of joint where the
metacarpal bones of the hand meet
the phalanges.
 SADDLE JOINT PIVOT JOINT
• Is often considered a modification
• One bones rotates about the
of the condyloid joint.
other bones
• Both bones have a surface that is
• The raduis bone rotating on
convex in one direction and
the humerus
concave in the opposite direction,
like saddle
• Wrist and thumb
 DIARTHRODIAL (SYNOVIAL) JOINT
• Diarthrodial joints considered as synovial
• Where the greatest amount of LIGAMENT
movement occur
• Synovial have what is known as a joint
(articular) capsule.
SYNOVIAL FLUID
• They are characterized by a space
between the articulating surface, a
synovial membrane lining the joint SYNOVIAL
secretes synovial fluid for lubrication and MEMBRANE
provides nutrients to joint structures.
• Nonaxial joints - between bones that
allow only a gliding type of movement over S
Y J
NONAXIAL
each other. (found in the wrist and foot) JOINTS (WRIST)

UNIAXIAL PIVOT
JOINT (ELBOW)
• Uniaxial joints – elbow joint, permit
movement in one plane and one axis.
N O
O I
• Biaxial joint – such as the wrist,
BIAXIAL
V N
permits movement in two planes
I T
CONDYLOID
JOINT (WRIST)
and two axes.

TRIAXIAL BALL-
AND-SOCKET
Triaxial joint – allows movement A S
in three planes, three axes.
JOINT (HIP)
L
SYNARTHRODIAL JOINTS
--Have no separation or joint cavity, unlike the diarthrodial joints
SUTURED JOINT CARTILAGINOUS JOINT LIGAMENTOUS JOINT
• No detectable • It allows movement, but •Tie together the bones
movement and cartilaginous joints other than where there is very
appears to be sewn those spinal column do not
(sutured) together limited or no movement
play a major role in
like a seam clothing. movement.
• Bone of the skull • Fibrocartilage – deforms to Interosseous
allow movement between the Fibula Ligament
bones
Suture Fibrocartilage Tibia