Differential amplifier

Mrs.V.SrirengaNachiyar,
AP/ECE Ramco Institute of
Technology Academic Year:2017-
2018 (Odd)
 Differential amplifier
Amplifier:
An amplifier is a device which accept an
input signal and produces an output signal
proportional to the input.

Differential amplifier:
An amplifier which amplifies the
difference between the two input signals is called
differential amplifier.
Advantages of differential amplifier
• Excellent stability
• High versatility (adapt to many
different situations)
• Immune to noise
• Immune to interference signals
• Used in most of analog circuits ranging
from
d.c to high frequency applications.
 Basics of Differential amplifier
• The differential amplifier amplifies the
difference between 2 input voltage signals.
Hence it is also called as difference amplifier.
 Cont…
• V1 & V2 are 2 input voltages.
• Vo is single ended output.
• Each signal is measured with respect to the
ground.
• In an ideal differential amplifier, output
voltage Vo is proportional to the difference
between the two input signals.
V o α V1 - V 2
 Differential gain (Ad)
• Vo = Ad (V1 - V2 )
• Where Ad is constant of proportionality.
• Ad is the gain with which differential amplifier
amplifies the difference between two input
signals. Hence it is called differential gain of
differential amplifier.
• The difference between 2 input voltages is
generally called difference denoted as
voltage Vd.
• Vo = AdVd.
• Differential gain Ad = Vo/Vd
 Common mode gain (Ac)
• If we apply 2 input voltages which are equal in
all the respects to the differential amplifier.
i.e., V1 = V2 . Then ideally the output voltage
Vo = Ad (V1 - V2 ) must be zero.
• But the output voltage of the practical
differential amplifier not only depends on the
difference voltage but also depends on the
average common level of 2 inputs.
• Such an average level of 2 input signals is
called common mode signals denoted as Vc
 Cont…
𝑽+
𝟏 𝑽𝟐
• Vc .
𝟐
• The gain with which it amplifies the common
mode signal =to produce the output is called as
common mode gain of the differential
amplifier denoted as AC.
• Vo = Ac Vc .
• The total output of any differential
amplifier can be expressed as,
• Vo = Ad Vd + Ac Vc
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)
• When the same voltage is applied to both the
inputs, the differential amplifier is said to be
operated in a common mode configuration.
• Many disturbance signals, noise signals appear
as a common input signal to both the input
terminals of the differential amplifier.
• The ability of a differential amplifier to reject a
common mode signal is expressed by a ratio
called CMRR.
 Cont…
• CMRR is defined as the ratio of the differential
voltage gain Ad to common mode gain Ac

• CMRR = ρ =
Ac
Ad
.
• CMRR is also expressed in dB,
 Feature of differential amplifier
• High differential voltage gain.
• Low common mode gain.
• High CMRR
• Two input terminals.
• High input impedance.
• Large bandwidth.
• Low output impedance.
• Low offset voltage and current.
 References
• Donald .A. Neamen, Electronic Circuit
Analysis and Design –2nd Edition,Tata Mc
Graw Hill, 2009.
• Adel .S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith, “Micro
Electronic Circuits”, 6th Edition, Oxford
University Press, 2010.
• A.P.Godse & U.A. Bakshi,”Electronic
Circuits-I