Presentation on

Arduino Based Automated Braking Control

System to Enhance Road Safety

Presented by: Supervised By:

Joyanta Das (1511003) Md. Habibur Rahman
Ridwan Mustofa (1511024)
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Management
Khulna University of Engineering and Technology.
 Contents
• Automatic Braking System
• Motivation
• Objectives
• Components
• Working Function
• Methodology
• Coding
• Specifications
• Calculation
• Visualization
• Applications
• Limitations
• Future Scopes
 Automatic Braking System
An automatic Braking system is an intelligent mechatronic system includes an
Ultrasonic wave emitter provided on the front portion of a car producing and
emitting Ultrasonic waves. An Ultrasonic receiver is also placed on the front
portion of the car operatively receiving a reflective Ultrasonic wave signal.
The reflected wave (detected pulse) gives the distance between the obstacle
and the vehicle. Then a microcontroller is used to control the speed of the
vehicle based on the detection pulse information to push the brake pedal and
apply brake to the car stupendously for safety purpose.
 Motivation

Figure 1 Percentage and Number of Road accidents in

Bangladesh (2009-2016)

From the statistics of year 2009-2016 (up to July)

19,450 road accidents occurred in Bangladesh, 18,510
people lost their lives from these road accidents and
14,442 people being injured which is shown in Figure 1
 Objectives
The main objectives of this project are:
I.To develop an Intelligent Braking System for
Automobiles
II.To find the braking distance at various
vehicle speeds as well as minimum distance
before collision
Components
Followings are the components in this intelligent
braking system
 
I. Ultrasonic Sensor
II. Arduino UNO
III. Wheels
IV. Rechargeable Battery
V. Gear Motor
VI. Resistor
VII. Transistor
VIII. Jumper Wire
IX. Base
 Working Function
Vehicle Start

Ultrasonic
Sensor

No Obstacle Detected YES

O
O
O
O
Normal O Reflect Wave
Drive O

Sensor Receiver

Braking Circuit

Vehicle Brake

Figure 2 Flow Diagram of Automatic Braking System

 Methodology
i. Take a plywood as a frame. Cut it along as calculated. Take measurement by
calculations according to the wheels. Just keep front wheel space more as we
will design steering so calculate by moving wheels.
ii. Fix the wheel and Rubber stoppers to the chassis. Fix the motor with gear
hub. Fix the holes with screw.
iii. Attach two gear motors at the backside of the plywood.
iv. Place two wheels at the rear of the vehicle. Two Smart Robot Car Tyres
Wheels For Arduino TT Gear Motor Chassis has used here. One non-tire
wheel attach at the front side of the car.
v. Now Arduino UNO has mounted at the middle of the base and screw has
been used to tighten them up. Wires has connected with the Arduino.
 Methodology
vi. Sensor holder placed at the top front side of the vehicle and Ultrasonic sensor
device is placed upon this. Sensor wire is connected with microcontroller.
vii. Wire ends are connected with Arduino in the following manner:
Positive to +5v
GND to GND
Trig to A0
Echo to A1.
viii.Two 9v rechargeable battery mounted at the backside of the car and the wire
that are attached with the battery are made connection with microcontroller. 
ix. Program code to run the car inputted in the micro controller device and now
the car can run through with or without help of the auxiliary device and work
as a plug and play device.
 Coding
/*
HC-SR04 Ping distance sensor]
*/
 
#define trigPin 6
#define echoPin 7
#define led 13
#define led2 10
 
void setup() {
Serial.begin (9600);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
pinMode(led2, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
long duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); // Added this line
delayMicroseconds(2); // Added this line
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10); // Added this line
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
 Coding
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
if (distance < 100 ) { // This is where the LED On/Off happens
digitalWrite(led,HIGH); // When the Red condition is met, the
Green LED should turn off
delay(1);
}
//if (distance > 160 ) {
// digitalWrite(led,LOW); // When the Red condition is met, the
Green LED should turn off
// delay(1);
// delayMicroseconds(2);
//}
else {
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
delay(1);
}
// }
//}
 Specifications
The overall specifications of the system is showing in the following Table 1
Table 1 Overall specifications of the system

Microcontroller A Tmega 328P

Range 100-160 cm
Resolution 12 inches
Signal output 0-5V
Excitation voltage 12V
 Calculation
Braking Distance = V / 2μg (meter)
Where
V= Velocity of the vehicle (m/s)
μ = Coefficient of friction of road = 0.8
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81(m/s2)
Now, for velocity 10 km/hr.
Braking Distance = (10*1000/3600)/ (2*0.8*9.81)
= 0.18 m
For velocity 20 km/hr.
Braking Distance = (20*1000/3600)/ (2*0.8*9.81)
= 0.35 m
 Calculation
For velocity 30 km/hr.
Braking Distance = (30*1000/3600)/ (2*0.8*9.81)
= 0.53 m
For velocity 40 km/hr.
Braking Distance = (40*1000/3600)/ (2*0.8*9.81)
= 0.71 m
For velocity 50 km/hr.
Braking Distance = (50*1000/3600)/ (2*0.8*9.81)
= 0.88 m
 Visualization

Figure 3 Top View Figure 4 Front View

Figure 5 Rear View

Visualization
Visualization
Applications
 Controlling Automobiles
 Automated Guided Vehicles in Industries
 Production Line
 Military Spy Service
 Results and Discussion

 94% success from continuous

Trial tests.
 Costs about 2,500 Taka.
 Best fitted distance is about 10
cm to 150 cm.
Limitations

Obstacle and vehicles

braking distance is too small.
Initial High Cost
Future Scopes

Obstacle detection while turning

Capable of driving at all
environmental conditions
Minimized backward collisions.
Thank
You