COMSATS

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)

EEE 351

Lecture # 04
Analog Modulation
(Amplitude Modulation I)
COMSATS
Analog Modulation
• In analog modulation, an analog
input (usually referred as
modulating signal) modulates the
carrier signal.
• Usually the carrier signal is a
periodic sinusoidal signal whose
fundamental parameters are
Amplitude, Frequency and Phase.
• Depending upon the parameter
altered to contain information,
analogue modulation is sub-divided
into three major categories.
PCS
• Amplitude Modulation
– Amplitude of the carrier signal is
varied according to the modulating
signal.
• Frequency Modulation
– Frequency of the carrier signal is
varied according to the modulating
signal.
• Phase Modulation
– Phase of the carrier signal is varied
according to the modulating signal.
COMSATS PCS

Amplitude Modulation
• It is the type of modulation in which
the amplitude of the carrier is varied
according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal (also called as Audio
Frequency(AF)/Information Signal).

• Amplitude of the carrier wave is varied

in proportion to the Instantaneous
Amplitude of the AF signal. This also
changes the intensity of the carrier
signal.

• Greater the amplitude of the AF

signal, greater are the fluctuation in
the amplitude of carrier wave.
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Amplitude Modulation
• The envelope of the modulated
carrier wave is an exact replica of
the AF/modulating signal.

• Fluctuation in the carrier wave

amplitude is dependent upon the
amplitude of AF signal.

• Rate of these fluctuations depend

upon the frequency of the AF
signal.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Percent Modulation (m)

• It is the measure of the degree to
which the AF signal modulates the
carrier signal.

What is Modulation Index M.I?

• Percent Modulation can also be

defined in terms of maximum and
minimum amplitudes of modulated
carrier wave denoted as Ec(max) and
Ec(min) respectively
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Percent Modulation (m)

• The minimum and maximum
values of m are 0 and 1
respectively.

• m=0 corresponds to the

unmodulated carrier wave where
as m=1 implies that the
amplitudes of AF and carrier
signal are equal.

• What happens if m< 100% and

m>100?
• What is splatter?

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Percent Modulation (m)

• Example 66.1:
A modulated carrier wave has maximum and minimum amplitudes of
750mV and 250mV respectively. Calculate the value of percent modulation.
Solution:

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Upper and Lower Side Frequencies

• The unmodulated carrier wave has single • The amplitudes of the side
frequency component only.
frequencies depend upon
• When it is modulated using the AF signal, the value of Modulation
the resulting modulated carrier has 3
frequency components Index (MI). The amplitude
of each side band is
– Original Carrier Frequency (fc)
– High Frequency/ Sum Component (fc +
calculated as m(A/2)
fm) where A is the amplitude
– Low Frequency/ Difference Component (fc
- fm)
of the unmodulated carrier
wave.
• fc + fm = Upper Side Frequency(USF)

• fc - fm = Lower Side Frequency(LSF)

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Upper and Lower Side Frequencies

• Example 66.2
A 10 MHz Sinusoidal carrier wave of amplitude 10mV is modulated by a 5
KHz sinusoidal audio signal wave of amplitude of 6mV. Find the frequency
components of the resultant modulated wave and their amplitudes.
Solution:

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

References
[1] B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical
Engineering, Volume IV.