Special Topics in Communication and Networks (CSC709)

Special Topics in Communication and Networks
(CSC709)
Lecture 2 – Cellular Communication Systems
Dr. Sarmad Ahmed Shaikh
Computer Science department
sarmad@smiu.edu.pk /sarmad.ahmed107@gmail.com
Sindh Madressatul Islam University (SMIU)
Karachi Spring-2021
1
Copyright notice: This piece of work may contain copyrighted material. It cannot be copied/distributed without copyright holders permission
Fare clic per modificare lo stile del titolo
In previous lecture, we learnt
 Introduction to Communication and Networks
– Different types of communication systems
– Transmitter, receiver and channel
– Noise types
 Wireless systems
 Networks
 Telecom standards
In this lecture, we will study

 Basics about Signals
 Modern Cellular Communication Systems
2
Basics about Signals
3
Signals lo stile del titolo
Fare clic per modificare
4
5
Fare clic per Periodic Signal
modificare lo stile del titolo
 A signal which repeats itself after a specific interval of time is
called periodic signal
 Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite
 A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be

decomposed into simpler signals. A composite periodic analog
signal is composed of multiple sine waves.
6
Non-Periodic
Fare clic per Signal
 A signal which does not repeat itself after a specific interval of time
is called non-periodic signal
 In communications, periodic analog signals and non- periodic

digital signals are usually used
7
FareDeterministic vs Random
clic per modificare lo stileSignal
del titolo
 Deterministic signal: No uncertainty with respect to the signal
value at any time
 Random signal: Some degree of uncertainty in signal values before

it actually occurs.
 For example, thermal noise in electronic circuits due to the
random movement of electrons
8
Signals
Fare clic per and Spectra
 Perspective or representation:
 Time-domain
 Frequency-domain
9
10
11
Example: Single-Tone
Fare clic per modificareSinusoidal
lo stile delSignal
titolo
12
Example:
Fare clic Composite
per modificare Signal
lo stile del titolo
 A single-tone sine wave is not useful in communications; therefore,
a composite signal made of many sine waves are usually sent.
 According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal is a

combination of simple sine waves with different frequencies,
amplitudes, and phases.
13
14
Fare clicBandwidth (BW) lo
per modificare ofstile
Signal
del titolo
 The BW of a composite signal is the difference between the

highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal
15
 Example: Bandwidth of Signal
 If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with
frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its
bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all components have a
maximum amplitude of 10 V.
 Bandwidth = Highest frequency – Lowest frequency

 = 900 – 100 = 800 Hz
16
Medium
Fare clic per Bandwidth
 Every physical structure has its own frequency response
 One need to be very careful while choosing the material
17
Fare clicSignal Amplitude:
per modificare lo Power
stile del titolo
18
Decibel (dB)
 dB= 10 log ()
 dB= 20 log
 dB is a relative power unit
19
dBm and dBW
 dBm and dBW represent absolute power unit
20
Digital
Fare clic per Signal Representation
Here a “1” can be encoded
as a positive voltage and a
0 as zero voltage.
Here a digital signal can

have more than two levels.
In this case, we can send
more than 1 bit for each
level.
21
Examplelo stile del titolo
Fare clic per modificare
 Let’s consider a digital signal has 8 levels. Calculate bits needed per
level?
 Each level may contain 3 bits
22
Bitclic
Fare Rate
pervsmodificare
Symbol (orlo Baud) Rate
stile del titolo
 Bit rate is simply defined as number of bits being processed per
unit time.
– Its unit is bits per second or bps
 Symbol rate (or baud rate) is defined as the number of symbol

changes or waveform changes made to the transmission medium
per unit time using a digitally modulated signal or a line code
– it is represented in baud (Bd) or symbols/second
– in line code, the symbol rate is the pulse rate in pulses/second
– each symbol can represent or convey one or several bits of data
23
Time andclic
Fare Frequency Domainslo
per modificare ofstile
Periodic
del and Non-
titolo
Periodic Digital Signals
 Note that a digital signal is actually a composite analog signal with

an infinite BW.
24
Fare clic perProject Options
 Simulation of some modules of a communication system.
 Literature survey in the form of IEEE journal paper on

special/advanced topics i.e.,
– Wireless Communication in 5G and IoT Sensors Systems
– 6G Communication Systems – Futuristic Technology
– Advancements in Wire Communication Systems
– Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication Systems
– AESA radar system design and implementation
– Or your idea any !!!!
25
Modern Cellular Communication Systems
26
Fare clic perCellular Systems
 Geographic region divided into hexagonal shaped cells
 Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated
locations
 Co-channel interference between same color cells
 Base stations/MTSOs (Mobile Telephone Switching Office)
coordinate handoff and control functions
 Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking
burden
BASE
STATION
MTSO
27
Types of Cells
Global
Satellite
Suburban Urban
In-Building
Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
28
 Cell radii can vary from 10’s of meters in buildings to 100’s of
meters in the cities, up to several km’s in the countryside.
 Macrocells, provide overall area coverage
 Microcells, focus on slow moving subscribers moving between
buildings.
 Picocells, focus on the halls of a theater, or exhibition centre.
29
Karachi
BS
BS
Internet
Lahore
MTSO MTSO
PSTN
BS
30
Cellular
Fare clic TelephoneloSystems
per modificare stile del titolo
 High capacity due to cell
 High quality service often comparable to landline telephone

systems
 Handoff enables a user to move uninterrupted
 Mobile switching center (MSC) responsible to connect all users to

public switching telephone network (PSTN)
 Base station (BS) consists of several transceivers and Antennas
31
32
 Base station serves as a bridge
 Base station connected to MSC via microwave link or telephone

lines
 MSC can handle 5000 conversations at a time
 MSC also handles billing and system maintenance functions
33
 Communication between base station (BS) and mobile station (MS)
using Common air interface (CAI)
– Forward Voice Channels: BS to MS
– Reverse Voice Channels: MS to BS
– Forward Control Channels (FCC)
– Reverse control channels
34
 When a cellular phone is turned on, it first scans the group of FCC
 5% channels are used for control purpose
 95% used for voice and data
 When a telephone call is placed to a mobile user

– MSC dispatches the request to all BSs
 Mobile Identification Number (MIN) is broadcast as a paging

message over all of the FCC channels throughout the cellular
system
35
 The mobile receives the paging message and responds over
reverse control channel
 The BS informs the MSC of hand shake and MSC instruct the BS to
move the call to unused voice channel
 All these events occur in few seconds
 Once the call is in progress, the MSC adjusts the power of the
mobile to maintain call quality. Handoff !!!
36
Figure 1.6 Timing diagram illustrating how a call to a mobile user initiated by a landline
37 subscriber is established.
38 Figure 1.7 Timing diagram illustrating how a call initiated by a mobile is established.
 When a mobile originates a call, a call request is sent on RCC
 With this request, mobile also send its telephone number (MIN),
Electronic serial number (ESN) and the telephone number of the
called party
 Mobile also transmits station class mark (SCM), which means,

what is the transmitter power level
39

Special Topics in Communication and Networks (CSC709)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Special Topics in Communication and Networks (CSC709)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Special Topics in Communication and Networks

In this lecture, we will study

Basics about Signals

 Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite

 A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be

 In communications, periodic analog signals and non- periodic

 Random signal: Some degree of uncertainty in signal values before

 According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal is a

 The BW of a composite signal is the difference between the

 Bandwidth = Highest frequency – Lowest frequency

 dB is a relative power unit

 dBm and dBW represent absolute power unit

Here a digital signal can

 Each level may contain 3 bits

 Symbol rate (or baud rate) is defined as the number of symbol

 Note that a digital signal is actually a composite analog signal with

 Literature survey in the form of IEEE journal paper on

Modern Cellular Communication Systems

 High quality service often comparable to landline telephone

 Handoff enables a user to move uninterrupted

 Mobile switching center (MSC) responsible to connect all users to

 Base station (BS) consists of several transceivers and Antennas

 Base station connected to MSC via microwave link or telephone

 MSC can handle 5000 conversations at a time

 MSC also handles billing and system maintenance functions

 5% channels are used for control purpose

 95% used for voice and data

 When a telephone call is placed to a mobile user

 Mobile Identification Number (MIN) is broadcast as a paging

 All these events occur in few seconds

 Mobile also transmits station class mark (SCM), which means,

You might also like