Lingkungan Disekitar Lubang Bor

(Borehole Environment)
Why Run Logs
Rocks General
Sedimentation
Abnormal Formation Pressure
Compact Effect
Diagenesis
• The environment can also involve subsequent alterations
of the rock such as:
• Chemical changes.
• Diagenesis is the chemical alteration of a rock after
burial. An example is the replacement of some of the
calcium atoms in limestone by magnesium to form
dolomite.

• Mechanical changes - fracturing in a tectonically-active

region.
Carbonate Porosity
• Fracture porosity:
Pore spacing created
by the cracking of the
rock fabric.

• Channel porosity:
Similar to fracture
porosity but larger.

• Vuggy porosity:
Created by the
dissolution of
fragments, but
unconnected.
Carbonate Porosity
• Intergranular porosity is called "primary
porosity".

• Porosity created after deposition is called

"secondary porosity".
The latter is in two forms:
• Fractures
• Vugs.
Measuring in the borehole

The formation to be
measured is masked by
the borehole.
The borehole contains
Sensors
+
Electronics
fluids and is of an
Formation
to be irregular shape.
Measured

The sensor has to be able

Borehole
to measure the formation
property accurately and
send the information to
surface.
Tool Positioning - 1

Some tools are run

centralised in the
borehole in order to
measure properly.
Centralised
Tool
These include laterolog
and sonic devices.
Formation
to be
Measured
Special centralisers are
put on the tool.
Tool Positioning - 2
Some tools are run
eccentred, pushed,
against the borehole
wall.
Eccentralised
Tool In some cases this is
done with an
Formation eccentralizer.
to be
Measured
In other cases a caliper
arm does this job.
Tool Positioning - 3

Some tools are run with

“stand-offs” to position
them at a fixed distance
from the wall.
Tool with
Stand-offs
The induction family are
Formation Stand-Offs
usually run in this manner.
to be
Measured
 Radius of Investigation

Formation
The tool shown here measures all
to be
Measured around the borehole. It is omni-
directional.
Virgin An example of this type of tool is
Zone Virgin
Zone the Gamma Ray.
Some of the “signal” is in the
Volume investigated borehole. Most comes from the
by the tool
invaded zone.

Invaded Zone
 Radius of Investigation

This type of measurement has the

Formation
to be sensor facing in one direction only.
Measured

Examples of this are :

Virgin
Zone Virgin the neutron porosity and bulk
Zone
density measurements.

Volume investigated
by the tool

Invaded Zone
Basic Rock Model
 Saturation
• The saturation of a formation represents the amount of a
given fluid present in the pore space.

S w = S w irr + S w "free"

water S o = S o residual + S o "free"

oil

Matrix
 Borehole
Effects
on Resistivity
Logs

19 Intro to Well
Logging Restored
 Invasion
• Resistivity profile is the radial
distribution of resisitivity resulting
from the invasion of fluids having
different conductivity than the
formation fluids.
• Resistivity Profiles can tell a client
about permeability on a
qualitative level.

20 Intro to Well
Logging Restored