CHP 5: Fbds 2D/3D Systems: Engineering 36

Engineering 36
Chp 5: FBDs
2D/3D Systems
Bruce Mayer, PE
Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu
Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

1 BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu • ENGR-36_Lec-10_FBDs_2D_3D_Systems.pptx
Free Body Diagrams (FBDs)
 A free-body diagram is a sketch of an object
of interest with all the surrounding objects
stripped away to reveal all of the forces
acting on the body
 The purpose of a free-body force diagram is to
assist with determination of the Net Force
and/or Moment acting on a body
Free Body
Diagram
Diagram
Space

Constructing a free-body diagram
 Select an object or group of objects to focus on as the "body“:
i.e., the system.
 Sketch the body by itself, "free" of its surroundings
 Draw only those forces/moments that are acting directly on the body.
• Include both the magnitude and the direction of these forces.
 Do not include any forces that the body exerts on it surroundings,
they do NOT act ON the body.
• However, there is always an equal reaction force acting on the body.
 For a compound body (e.g. Trusses, Machines) you do NOT need to
include any INTERNAL forces acting between the body's SUBPARTS
• these internal forces come in action-reaction pairs which cancel out each
other because of Newton's Third Law.
 Choose a coordinate system and sketch it on the free-body diagram.
 Often choose one of the axes to be parallel one or more forces
• it can sometimes simplify the equations to be solved.

Structural Supports
 NonMoving Structures are typically
Connected to Some Sort of
Supporting Base
 The connection between the Structure
and Base are usually Called
“Structural Supports”
 The Force and/or moments exerted on
the Structure Base are usually called
“Structural Reactions” (RCNs for Short)
Structural Supports
 A Support that Prevents Linear Motion
(sliding, translating) of the structure
then exerts a Force on the structure
 A Support that Prevents Rotating
Motion (twisting, turning) of the
structure then exerts a Couple
Moment on the structure

Recall SLIDING & FREE Vectors
 Forces are SLIDING Vectors;
They can applied at
ANY-POINT on the
Vector Line of Action (LoA)
 COUPLE-Moments are
FREE Vectors; They
can be applied at
ANY Point,
On or Off the Body
2D Support ReActions
 Cable can only Generate TENSION

 WeightLess Link is 2-Force Element
 Note that in BOTH these Cases the Support

ReAction is NORMAL (Perpendicular) to the
Supporting Surface
 RCN can only PUSH, and NOT PULL
 Note that in BOTH these Cases the Support

ReAction is NORMAL (Perpendicular) to the
Supporting Surface
 RCN can PUSH or PULL
 Only the Supports (9) & (10) Can Generate a

Couple-Moment ReAction
Center of Gravity
 If the Weight of the Rigid
Body is Not Negligible, then
the Entire Weight of the
Body can be concentrated
at a Single Point Called the
Center of Gravity (CG)
• Many times the CG location
is Given
– Can Calculate using Centroid
Methods which will be covered
later

2D Free-Body Diagram
 First Steps for Static
Rigid-Body Equilibrium
Analysis
• Identification of All
Forces & Moments
Acting on the Body
• Formulation of the
Free-Body Diagram
 Free Body Diagram
Construction Process
• See next slide
2D Free-Body Diagram cont
1. Select the extent of the
free-body and detach it
from the ground and other
bodies
2. Indicate for external loads:
• Point of application
• Magnitude & Direction Of
External Forces
– Including The Body Weight.
3. Indicate point of application
and ASSUMED direction of
UNKNOWN applied forces

2D Free-Body Diagram cont.2
• The Unknown Forces
Typically Include
REACTIONS through which
the GROUND and OTHER
BODIES oppose the possible
motion of the rigid body
4. Include All dimensions
Needed to Calculate the
Moments of the Forces

Example: Truss Structure
 Consider Rocker  Analyze Loading
• Four External Force
& Pin Supported
Loads as shown
Truss • Truss Weight, W
• RCN at Pt-A by
Rocker
– Expect NORMAL to
support Pad
• RCN at Pt-B by Pin
– Expect
 Draw the FBD for  in plane of Truss
 Arbitrarily Directed
this Structure
Example: Truss – Draw FBD
 This Dwg is,
in fact, a Full
Free Body
Diagram
RBx
RB
RA W RBy φ
 Same as 2D ReActions of this Type

 Ball-n-Socket is the 3D analog to the

2D Smooth Pin or Hinge
 This configuration is Commonly

Known as a
“Pillow Block Bearing”.
 Type of support is (obviously)
designed to allow the shaft to
SPIN FREELY on its AXIS
 The Sq-Shaft Bearing System does NOT Allow the

shaft to spin completely freely, Thus the My
 These supports are (obviously) designed to allow the

Free Spin on the Pin Axis
 This Type of support is

commonly Known as a
CANTILEVER.
• Generates the Maximum
Amount of Unknowns for
3D systems
ROUGH SURFACE ReActions
 Friction on a Rough Surface will
Generate RCNs Parallel to the
Supporting Surface
• 2D
• 3D

Example: Hinge & Rough-Surf
 Given Bar supported by HingeRcn
Analyze at Pt-A
at Pt-
and rests on the RoughA. x*y*z*
By 5.2-(9) the
Surface
at Pt-B Single Axially
Constrained Hinge
will
• Provide Lateral (y &
z) and Axial (x)
Support
• Resist twisting about
the y and z axes

Example: Hinge & Rough-Surf
 PUSH (not PULL)
Normal to the
Surface
• In this case the y*
direction is normal to
the supporting plane
 Resist Sliding in any
 Analyze Rcn at Pt- direction WITHIN
the supporting plane
B. Support Leg on a
rough surface will

Example: cont. • If the Weight of the Bar is
negligible, then All Forces
are accounted for and this
FAx is, in fact, the FBD
MAy FAy
FAz FBz*
MAz
FBx* FBy*

Symmetry City
 If We’re Lucky enough to have a Plane of
Symmetry for BOTH Loading and Structural
GEOMETRY then we can treat real world 3D
problems as 2D
• OtherWise we need to Operate in full 3D
No Symmetry
Can Treat as 2D Must Treat as 3D

Example: Utility Pole
 Determine
 Consider Leaning Utility Pole the Loads
acting on the BASE
of the Pole
 Analyze Rcn at Base
• This is a FIXED
support which is often
call a CantiLever
• Cantilever supports
resist both forces and
moments in ALL 3
Spatial Directions

Example: Pole
 Draw in the BASE
ReActions
 This Diagram is
MAx
NOT a FBD as it
does not account for FAx
these forces acting
on the pole
MAy
• Pole Weight FAy FAz
• Cable Tension
MAz
Distributed Forces/Loads
 In Some Cases Forces are concentrated
at Points; this is simplest case
 Often times a Load cannot be identified
with a single point; Instead the Load is
Spread Out over a supporting surface
• Such Forces are Called “Distributed”
 Distributed Loads
are indicated with
a Load Profile
Distributed Force Profiles
 A uniformily Dist Load
Has the same action
at every point on it’s
region of application.
• It’s profile is “Flat”
 NonUniform Loads are also common
• They may be kinked, curved, or arbitrary

Distributed-Force Equivalent
 In Chp4 we discussed how to Replace a
Distributed-Load with an Equivalent
Point-Load placed at a Specific
Location
 Units for Distributed Forces

• 2D → Force per Length (lb/ft, lb/in N/m)
• 3D → Force Per Area (Pa, PSI, PSF)
Example: Hydraulic Cylinder
 The Hydraulic
Cylinder Pumps
Fluid in & out of the
Cylinder Reservoir
as Shown at Right
 Draw The loads on
the Piston Assy
 Game Plan:
• Isolate Piston Assy as Free Body
• CareFully Account for all Pt-Force and
PRESSURES acting on the Piston Assy
Example – Cont.
 Load-1 = 100 kg (220lb, FOr FOr
WP
9.81kN) CounterWt
 Load-2 = Weight of the
Piston Rod
WR
 Load-3 = Weight of the
Piston
 Load-4 = Lateral Restraining
Forces Exerted by the
Cylinder Wall on the O-Ring
9.81kN
Pair
Example – Cont.
 Load-5 = The Air FOr FOr
WP
Pressure on Top of the
Piston Pfluid
 Load-6 = The Hydraulic
Fluid Pressure on the WR
Bottom of the Cylinder
9.81kN
Pair
Example – Cont.
 We can SIMPLIFY the FOr FOr
WP
analysis by making
assessments about the Pfluid
relative significance of
the loads WR
• The Weight of the Rod
and Piston are likely
negligible compared to
the Counter Weight
9.81kN
Pair
Example – Cont.
 Additional FOr FOr
Symplifications
• The SideWall Forces on Pfluid
the O-Ring must cancel
if the Cylinder is
Balanced
• The AIR pressure is
negligible compared to
the FLUID pressure
9.81kN
Example – Cont.
 Thus in the NonMoving
Simplified System the
Fluid Pressure balances Pfluid
the Counter Weight.
 Mathematically
Pfluid  Area piston  9.81 kN
9.81kN
WhiteBoard Work
None Today;
A
Did by
47° 57°
PowerPoint B 7
kN
W

Engineering 36
Appendix
Bruce Mayer, PE
Registered Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu


CHP 5: Fbds 2D/3D Systems: Engineering 36

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Engineering 36

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

 Cable can only Generate TENSION

 Note that in BOTH these Cases the Support

 Note that in BOTH these Cases the Support

 Only the Supports (9) & (10) Can Generate a

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

 Same as 2D ReActions of this Type

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

 Ball-n-Socket is the 3D analog to the

 This configuration is Commonly

 The Sq-Shaft Bearing System does NOT Allow the

 These supports are (obviously) designed to allow the

 This Type of support is

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Can Treat as 2D Must Treat as 3D

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

 Units for Distributed Forces

Pfluid  Area piston  9.81 kN

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

Engineering-36: Engineering Mechanics - Statics Bruce Mayer, PE

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