Introduction

Coal Muhammad Ramzan

Title Of The Presentation;

Coal
Muhammad Ramzan

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 Contents
• What is coal?
• Formation of coal
• Ranks of coal
• Uses of coal
• Emerging coal technologies
• World’s coal reserves
• Leading coal producing countries
• Leading coal consuming countries
• Coal vs other energy sources
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

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Definition:
Coal is a fossil fuel
• Having black colour
• Primarily composed of Carbon
• May also contain Nitrogen , Sulfur , Oxygen and Hydrogen

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How Coal is formed?
Coal is fossil fuel formed by
• Partial decay of plant material
• Accumulated in swamps and basins millions of years ago
• Further altered by the action of heat and pressure

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Ranks of Coal

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Ranks of Coal:

1-Peat
• Starting point of coal formation
• Formed by partial decomposition of plant matter
• Brown in colour
• High moisture >50%
• High ash content (about50%)
• Lowest heating value

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2-Lignite
• Geologically very young (around 60,000 years)
• Brownish black in colour
• High moisture content ; 40%
• Carbon content 64% ,Oxygen content ; 26%
• Low Sulfur content
• Ash content ; 40%

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3-Bituminous Coal
• Black in colour
• Burns with smoky yellow flame
• High carbon content 75-90%
• Oxygen content; 4-5%
• Low moisture; 5-10%
• High Sulfur content
• Ash content ;10-20%

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4-Anthracite
• Highest rank of coal
• Dark black in colour and lustrous
• Burns without flame
• High carbon content >93%
• Very low moisture; 1-5%
• Low sulfur content
• Ash content < 10%

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Coal is used for….
• Primarily as an energy source, either for heat or electricity
• Mostly for electricity generation
• In steel production, cement manufacturing and liquid fuel
• To heat homes and power locomotives and factories
• To produce coke for making steel and other industrial process heating
• For coal gasification and coal liquefaction (coal-to-liquids)
• Other important uses of coal include alumina refineries, paper manufacturers, and the chemical
and pharmaceutical industries
• Refined coal tar is used in the manufacture of chemicals, such as naphthalene, phenol, and
benzene

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World’s electricity generation by Coal

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Emerging Coal Technologies
1-Coal to liquids:

• Coal liquefaction is a process to covert coal into liquid fuel

• It allows coal to be utilized as an alternative to oil
• Being used in South Africa since 1955
• For fuel in cars and other vehicles
• Also approved for commercialized jets

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Emerging Coal Technologies
2-Underground Coal Gasification:

Underground coal is converted into combustible gas

This gas is then used for
• Industrial heating
• Power generation
• Production of hydrogen
• Synthetic natural gas
China has 30 projects using UCG
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World’s Coal reserves
• 869 billion tons of coal reserves

• Based on current production rate should last for more than 115 years

• World’s second largest source of primary energy (after petroleum)

• World’s largest source of electricity accounting for more than 40%

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Global Coal reserves (country wise share)

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Top Coal producing countries

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Global Coal consumption

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Coal vs other sources of energy

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Advantages
Coal is….
• One of the most abundant source of energy
• Inexpensive compared to other fossil fuels
• Can be used for domestic purpose as well
• Burning coal produces useful by-products
• Electricity produced from coal is reliable
• Can be safely stored
• Easily handling and transportation

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Dangers of Coal

• Coal is very polluting to environment

• Poisonous gases in mines cause accidents
• Coal disposal contaminates water
• Release of pollutants produces dioxides and their accumulation
causes acid rain
• Acid rain is harmful for crops and aquatic animals

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