LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION LOW COST HOUSING IN RURAL AREAS

LOW COST HOUSE OR COST OR COST ECONOMIZATION OF LAND USE b. HORIZONTAL ELEMENT. MAIN PROBLEMS
EFFECTIVE HOUSE DOES NOT MEAN ONLY A  FLOOR AND A. DURABILITY
CHEAP HOUSE WITHOUT CONSIDERING THE 
ROOF SLAB B. HEALTH PROBLEMS
QUALITY ,DURABILITY AND STRENGH OF THE 
FORM WORK C. FIRE HAZARD
HOUSE 

IRON REINFORCEMENTS D. EARTHQUAKE

DESIGN RECOMMENDATION
CEMENT E. FLOOD
A. PLANNING OF LAND AND LAND
DEVELOPMENT. CONCRETE A HOUSE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE
CAST IN SITU CONCRETE PRINCIPAL ELE- MENTS VIZ.
 LOW RISE HIGH DENSITY PLANNING.
WORK PRE CAST A. VERTICAL ELEMENT.
 HIGH RISE HIGH DENSITY PLANNING. CONCRETE WORK  WALL CONSTRUCTION
B. DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL BUILDING. Partial pre cast concrete work STABILIZED SOIL BLOCK

 BUILDING PLAN  WITH 10% CEMENT LOAD CARRIED

78KG/CM²
 STAIRCASE AND CIRCULATION SPACES.  WITH 5% CEMENT LOAD CARRIED
 STOREY HEIGHT. 34KG/CM²
LOW COST HOUSING IN URBAN
 AREA OF OPENING. IMPROVEMENT ON TRADITIONAL
A HOUSE CAN BE DIVIDED INTO PRINCIPAL c. DOORS AND WINDOWS. CONSTRUCTION
 STANDARDIZATION.
ELEMENTS VIZ.
STEEL a. DPC (LAYER WITH PLASTIC COATED
C. USE OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND 

A. VERTICAL ELEMENT. WITH BITU- MEN)

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY.  ALUMINUM

 RCC FRAME STRUCTURE B. PLINTH PROTECTIONAGAINSTRAIN
 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
SUPPLY OF LAND AND HOUSING COSTS  WATER AND FLOOD

 LOAD BEARING MASONRY WALL C. HORIZONTAL BAND

BRICK WORK D. VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IN WALL
RANDOM RUBBLE STONE E. IMPROVED METHODS
MASON WALL STONE BLOCK HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

MASONRY A. THATCH ROOF

HOLLOW CEMENT BLOCK B. CGI SHEET
C. CLAY TILES
D. FIBER REINFORCED CEMENT TILES 0
E. BAMBOO REINFORCED SOIL ROOF.
CONCRETE BLOCKS:
•FABRICATED BY MIXING PORTLAND CEMENT, WATER, STONE OR
QUARTZ AND CAN EITHER BE SOLID OR HOLLOW AND ARE
GENERALLY LIGHTWEIGHT, DURABLE AND FIRE-RESISTANT.
• USED FOR THE FOUNDATION, BASEMENT WALLS AND
PARTITION WALLS AS THEIR CORES CAN BE FILLED WITH STEEL
RODS FOR ENHANCING STRENGTH.
•AS THEY ARE MADE OF CEMENT, THEY ARE TERMITE RESISTANT,
SOUNDPROOF AND PROVIDE NATURAL INSULATION AGAINST
HEAT AND COLD.
PREFABRICATED MATERIAL
•THE COMPONENTS INCLUDE STEEL FRAMES, WOODEN
PANELS, CEMENT AND GYPSUM FOR FLOORS ALONG WITH
FACTORY FABRICATED DOORS, WINDOWS, CEILINGS AND
WALLS.
•DEPENDING ON THE REQUIREMENTS, THE COMPONENTS LIKE
WALL AND CEILING PANELS, AS WELL AS STRUCTURAL STEEL
FRAMES, CAN BE CUSTOM MADE AND THEN ASSEMBLED
BAMBOO:
GREEN BUILDING MATERIAL, WHICH IS VERY
POPULAR DUE TO ITS LOW COST, LOW WEIGHT
AND DURABILITY BUT SHOULD BE TREATED WITH
APPROPRIATE CHEMICALS TO MAKE IT TERMITE
RESISTANT

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICK

•DEVELOPED OUT OF MUD AND REINFORCED WITH A MIXTURE
OF LIME AND CEMENT. THEY ARE LIGHTWEIGHT, NON-TOXIC AND
FIRE-RESISTANT.
•DENSE AND GENERALLY USED FOR EXTERIOR STUCCO WORK AND
ARE CONSIDERED ONE OF THE CHEAPEST AMONG LOW-COST
BUILDING MATERIALS.
FROM WHICH AREA THE COST CAN BE
INTERLOCKING BLOCKS: REDUCED???
•DESIGNED WITH A PROJECTION ON ONE SIDE AND A DEPRESSION ON
REDUCED PLINTH AREA
THE OTHER SO THAT THEY ALIGN WITH BRICKS OF A SIMILAR TYPE, USE OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS
LIKE A JIGSAW PUZZLE, TO MAKE WALLS.  USE ENERGY EFFICIENT MATERIALS WHICH
•INTERLOCKING BRICKS ARE MADE OUT OF LATERITE STONE POWDER, CONSUMES LESS ENERGY
CEMENT AND GRAVEL. USE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MATERIALS
PRE PLANNING EVERY COMPONENT OF A HOUSE
AND RATIONALIZING THE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR
REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE COMPONENT OF A
BUILDING
THE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION COST CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO
COST FACTOR PARTS:
BUILDING MATERIALS COST (65-70%)
LABOUR COST (25-30%)
IN LOW COST HOUSING THE BUILDING MATERIALS COST IS LESS
BECAUSE OF :
USE OF THE LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS
SELECTION OF WASTAGE AND RECYACLABLE MATERIALS AND WITH A
IMPROVED DESIGN
LOCATION
NEPAL SUNSARI
STRENGTH
• SUFFICIENT LAND FOR PLANNING.
• LOW LAND PRICE.
• ABUNDANT OPEN SPACE.
• WELL MANAGED INFRASTRUCTURE.
• LEAST POPULATED.
• NEARBY TEMPO STATION.
• NOT AFFECTED BY FLOOD.
OPPORTUNITY
• NEAR FOREST AREA CAN BE USED
FOR THE ANIMAL HUSBANDARY.
• COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES AT THE
NEARBY OF THE CRICKET GROUND.
• UNIFROM ARCHITECTURAL
PATTERN CAN BE DEVELOPED.
SITE ANALYSIS
DHARAN
WEAKNESS
• PROBLEM OF EXISTING SQUATTER
SETTLEMENT.
• LACK OF EDUCATION AND PERSONAL SLOPE : ALMOST PLAIN
HYGIENE.
• NO UNIFORM DESIGN PATTERN.
• ECONOMICALLY BACKWARD.
THREAT
• NEAR BY FOREST AREA.
• FLOOD PRONE ZONE.
• ACCIDENTIAL FIRE.
• FOREST AREA ENCROACHMENT.
• VOILENT ACTIVITIES (ROBEERY,
THIEF,ETC)
N
KHORIA BASTI-15
PHYSICAL FEATURE
AREA : (43,916.59 SQ. M)
SHAPE : IRREGULAR (LONGITUDINAL ALONG THE SEUTI RIVER)
LAND FORMS : BOUNDED BY RIVER IN ONE SIDE
SOIL TYPE : CLAY WITH GRAVEL.
NATURAL RESOURCES : SMALL BUSHES , SOME TREES, STONE,
BAMBOO
ROAD SIZE- MAIN ROAD 36 FEET AND SECONDARY ROADS 20
FEET
PLOT SIZE- MINIMUM 5 DHUR AND MAXIMUM 1 KATHA.
THE SITE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERSTICS
NO. OF HOUSEHOLD: 132 HOUSES
OCCUPATION : CONSTRUCTION WORKER, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY,
FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT, SMALL SHOPS
SECTION AT X-X’
CASTE : TAMANG (MAJORITY), RAI, LIMBU, CHEETRI, BRAHMIN
EDUCATION : LOW LITERACY RATE
PUBLIC SPACES : CRICKET GROUND, SCHOOL FIELD. HEALTH POST
SECTION AT Y-Y’
 Existing HOUSING TECHNOLOGY
.-VERY FEW MODERN RCC STRUCTURE
-STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES
-TYPICAL WOODEN POST,MUD AND TIN ROOF HOUSES
-HOUSES ARE CONSTRUCTED WITHOUT USING BEAMS AND
PILLARS
-SEPARATE SPACE FOR ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN BACKWARD 5..GOVERNMENTAL SCHOOL
-SPACE FOR KITCHEN GARDENING IS AVAILABLE IN EACH
HOUSES ALONG WITH BIG TREES

1..GRAVEL ROAD
SITE BOUNDARY
1.WEST AND NORTH –NON SQUATTER SETTLEMENT WITH 2
8
GOOD ROAD FACILITIES AND MODERN HOUSES
2.EAST- RIVER ALONG WHICH THE ANOTHER SQUATTER 6
6.RIVER’S GABION WALL
SETTLEMENT EXISTS NAMED AS ‘ DEURALI’
5
3.SOUTH- FOREST AREA 3
4
1
2.TEMPO STAND

7.CRICKET GROUND
CULTURAL
ASPECT
-TEMPLE IS SITUATED 3.SCHOOL GROUND
NEAR THE SITE

7 8.SEUTI BRIDGE

4.HEALTH POST
FIG:- BASE MAP OF KORIYA BASTI
PRIMARY SURVEY AND DATA COLLECTION
 A CASE STUDY ON – DHURMUS SUNTALI FOUNDATION
MUSAHAR BASTI OF BARDIBAS

Dhurmus Suntali Foundation (DSF) is non

profit and non-government humanitarian
organization co-founded and established by Musahars are one of the under-privileged groups who are
Sitaram Kattel and Kunjana Ghimire, a living in isolated community in Nepal. 
comedian duo popularly known as Dhurmus Project Information-
Suntali, on April 25, 2015 (Baisakh 12, 2074). Project name – UNified Musahar Model Village
The inception of DSF virtuously was for Project location – Mahottari-2, Bardibas
humanitarian support in reconstruction of starting date of project – 2018 Jan 9
settlements for survivor of 2015 Nepal End date of project : 2018 Apr 14
earthquake and since then started Total period – 95 days
implementing social, economic and Number of household - 54
infrastructure development initiatives in Total Storeys - 2
Nepal. Out of their many renowed work one is Area of Household – 3.5 dhur
establishment of musahar basti in sarlahi. Total Area of house – 872 sq.ft (ground floor 22*22, first
floor 22*18)
Height of house – 19 ft
Number of rooms - four
Toilets – one inside home
This was the first attempt from private Tap – One in each household
sector to build the dwelling for marginal Area of rooms- 9*10
groups in Nepal and the campaign began Nature of House – Earthquake resistant, flood/landslide
right after the earthquake 2015. resistant, disable friendly, Child Friendly
Benificial family number - 53
Typeof beneficiaries – most disadvantaged and
underprivileged community
 
Total population - 375
Population per household - 5 Dwelling density is 103.88 per hectare and population
Ethnicity – Majhi, Dusadh, Hajam, Musahar density is 721 per hectare. As compared to KVDA
Investment per house – 9 lakh 51 thousand six hundred standard of 300-400 pph, Bardibas exceeds that
38 and 76 paisa ( with all infrastructure) standard and is densely populated. In reference to
Total investment - Five Crore Four Lakhs Thirty-Six Gurgaon India, for a low cost housing, the dwelling
Thousand Eight Hundred Six density should lie in the range of 125-150 dwelling per
Total area of project – 15 Kathha hectare, and Bardibas is very close to this range with
Coordination and Support – District Administration density 103 dwelling per hectare.
Office, Mahottari, Municipality of Bardibas, Land
Revenue Office, Bardibas, Drinking water and sanitation
Division, Mahottari 
Physical support – Sasastra Police, Quick volunteer,
Volunteer Ministry Nepal and different voluntarily
organization
Nature of project – A permanent resident for musahar
untouchable, under priviledged, uneducated,
unemployed with extreme poverty line
Supporting Organization and Personals - All Nepali
residing at nationally and internationally
Constructed Infrastructure – 53 residential houses, a
community hall, a temple, a children park, one parking
area, waiting place, chautara, four public toilets, five
public taps, four meter wide road along with canal and a
view tower
Total collected financial support – five crore 63 Lakh 39
thousand one hundred 27 and 53 paisa
Amount saved – two crore 59 lakh two thousand two
hundred 67 and 53 paisa
BUILDING MATERIALS Livelihood opportunities and structures
Livelihood Structure
livelihood opportunities
15
Wall materials 9”thk brick wall  
15
10
10
Roofing materials CGI sheet   5
5
U-value of walling 1.96 W/m - 2 0
 
materials K 0 Bardibas
Bardibas
Embodie d energy 580.19 agriculture and others factories/industries
for walling materials low medium high
services own entrepreneur
(per
  Figure 1: Livelihood opportunities around the vicinity
100m in
2

GJ) Figure 2: No of people in different job structure

Graph above shows that there is very low
U-value of roofing 61 W/m -K2
chance of getting job in Bardibas. In
 
materials Bardibas, the nature of the job varies daily. Though people in Bardibas do not have any
Embodied energy for People wander daily in search of jobs. Some land for cultivation, they go to others field
roofing materials(per days they do construction jobs, some days for work
cu.m in MJ) they go to agriculture field.
Door materials Wood and
board  
Window Alumnium
materials and glass  
Since the U value of HCB is lesser than brick it would be
better to use HCB or other alternative building materials
like CSEB, adobe, RHPP can also be used which are more
sustainable and can be prepared locally. The roofing
materials can be replaced by slate, tile and straw which can
make the dwellings more vernacular and local economic
opportunities can also be created.
Conclusion Sustainability Scale

80
60
40

marks obtained out

of 90
20
0

Bardibas

Series1 48

Figure above shows that none of the settlement lies in the range of 0-30
grade. Bardibas lies in medium level of sustainability. people in Bardibas
are marginalized from both social and economic aspects. There are many
factors that needs to be improved in order to make them socially and
economically sustain. Kind consideration has to be given by concerned
authority in the various aspects like solid waste management, clean
drinking water, livelihood structure and opportunity, community
participation etc in Bardibas.
 TARA HOUSING
• Location: Alakananda, New Delhi, India
• Principle Architect: Charles Correa
• Area: 1.48 hectares
• Numbers of Units: More than 125 units of 2 and 3 bed rooms
• Density: 375 people per hectare
• Client: Tara Cooperative Group Housing Society
• Structural system: Reinforced concrete, brick wall
• Cost: $1.48 Million

Tara housing designed by Architect Charles Correa was

constructed in 1978. Tara Housing is developed in 1.48 hectares,
housing more than 125 units for middle-class families. Two and
three-bedroom apartments are planned around a central
courtyard, creating an attractive inner environment. Only
pedestrian entries are allowed on the premises. Parking lots are
at the back of the housing. Every house has its own open terrace
garden. The hanging portion creates barriers form the sun so,
thereby creating shaded areas. Central garden leave the
interaction of the traffic behind a wall which is parallel to ta
Guru Ravidash Marg street(south-east).Site is closed by
Alaknanda road on north and Guru Ravidsh Marga on east.
 Tara Apartment

Neighborhoods unit

Blue line: Vehicular path

Red line: Pedestrian path

Materials:
Usually refined exposed brick and concrete construction reflects
the Architects prevailing commitment to the modernist idiom.
• In term of social housing group, the project takes big advantages of natural
resources like lighting ,ventilation and all the family share these feature
equally. Indian sense is illustrated in the use of the concrete bands, panels
of exposed brick, portals, overhangs and shape edges.
• By separating the outside world and providing an interior garden, the
building preserves well the private life of the family within.
• N-S orientation of narrow built-up provides the thermal comfort
to the users in the central community spaces and also provides
the winter sun to the individual terraces.
• Majority of the private open spaces on the SE get optimum sun
in the morning and afternoon during winters. While evening sun
is absent in these areas during summers. In contrary the rest of
the private spaces do not get afternoon winter sun. This shows
marked difference in the usability of these two open spaces.
• Majority of surface and hard surfaces which absorbs and reflects
the solar radiation and radiates heats later.