ELECTRICITY

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 What We will Learn
 Static Electricity

 Current Electricity
Electric Charge
 Source of Static Electricity
 Induction  Conductors and Insulators

 Conduction  Leaf Electroscope

 Properties of Electric  Point Discharge

charge  Lightning Conductor

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Static Current
Electricity Electricity
Deals with Deals with
charges at charges in
rest motion

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 History
• Electron means “amber” in Greek
• Thales of Miletus 600 BC discovered properties by
Greek.
• He rubbed amber (mineral) with fur and attracted
feathers.

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Static Electricity
 The Electricity developed on the surfaces on insulating
bodies when rubbed against each other is called
‘Frictional Electricity’ or ‘Static Electricity’.
 This is most noticeable when the rubbed substance is very
good insulating material.

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Electric Charge:
It is the property associated with matter due to which it
produces and experiences electrical and magnetic effects.

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Source of Static Electricity:
List of Objects acquiring two kinds of charges on rubbing

Sr No. Positive Charge Negative Charge

1 Glass rod Silk

2 Woolen Cloth or Fur Ebonite, Amber ,Rubber

3 Woolen Cloth Plastic

4 Dry Hair Plastic Comb

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Induction

 The Process of charging a conductor from a charged body without touching

them together is called induction.
 The distribution of charge that results from a change in the distribution of
electrons on an object when a charged object is placed near it is called
‘induced charge separation’.
Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation
 Induction
 The electric potential of earth is always taken as zero .Electric
potential of a positively charged sphere will be positive. This
means electric potential of positively charged sphere will be
greater than that of earth.
 When a positively charged sphere is earthed or grounded using
a conducting wire, the current flows from the sphere (High
potential ) to the ground (Low Potential)
 Earthing is the process of transferring immediate discharge of
an electricity to directly earth plate, by means of low
resistance electrical cables and wires.
Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation
Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation
Attraction of charged body for
uncharged conductor

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 Properties of electric charge
 Scalar quantity
 Like charges repeal with each other while unlike charges attract
each other
 Additivity of charge: charges can be added using simple rule of algebra
 Conservation of electric charge
 Quantisation of charge: Every charge is integral multiple of a certain
smallest amount of charge that exists in nature.

 Charges is always associated with mass

 Charge is transferable
 The charge resides on the outer surface of a conductor

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

Quantisation of charge:

Charges are associated with mass:

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Charge is transferable:

 Charge resides on the outer surface of a

conductor

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 Conductors and Insulators
 Electrical conductivity depends upon how tightly the electrons
are bound to the nucleus of the atom.

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Distribution of charge is not uniform
on the surface of a conductor

 The surface charge density is inversely proportional to radius

of curvature. It is maximum where the radius of curvature is
minimum.

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Leaf Electroscope

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Leaf Electroscope
DETECTION OF PRESENCE OF CHARGE ON A BODY USING ELECTROSCOPE:
(CONDUCTIION & INDUCTION)

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Charge on the
Charge on Effect on object to be
Electroscope leaves
tested
Positive Increase Positive
Decrease Negative or Neutral
Negative Increase Negative
Decrease Positive or Neutral
No charge Divergence Charged(+ or -)
No divergence Neutral

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Point Discharge
 Charges leak out from sharp points.
 The negative charges on reaching the
tip neutralize some positive charge,
hence lower its positive charge and
potential.
 This is called Point discharge

 The discharging of a sharply pointed charged conductor in atmosphere is

called point discharge or corona discharge.
 The movement of positive charges(ions) and negative charges (electrons)near
a pointed charged conductor causes an air disturbance which is called electric
wind.
Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation
 Lightning Conductor

 It is a device which protects

buildings from the lightning
either by neutralizing or by
conducting.

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How clouds get charged?

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

How clouds get charged?

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

How clouds get charged?

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

How clouds get charged?

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

How clouds get charged?

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

How clouds get charged?

Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation

 Why air becomes a conductor during
lightning?

Positive charges collect near the upper edges of

clouds
Negative charges collect near the lower edges of
clouds
Accumulation of positive charges near thr ground
also (Induction )
Negative and Positive charges meets ,producing a
streak of light and sound
Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation
 Unit of Electric charge

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 Coulomb’s law

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Pre-Nurture and Career Foundation