1.

Introduction to Mine
Surveying
(CENG MnEg414)
1. Introduction to mine
1. Introduction
surveying
• Mine surveying is a branch of mining science and
technology that focus on opencast and
underground mining purposes.
• It includes all measurements, calculations and
mapping which serve the purpose of ascertaining
and documenting information at all stages from
prospecting to exploitation and utilizing mineral
deposits both by surface and underground
working
1. Introduction to mine
1.1
surveying
Introduction
• These enable new mine works
measurementsand avoid
possibl
to flooded ones,
older
connections to be y madeallow between
different and also to establish
underground passages
the
boundaries of mining claims and territories.
• The methods and the instruments used for open cast
and underground mine surveying are similar to
those used for normal surveys the difference is only
where the working points are fixed on the
underground mine, which is on the ceiling of the
rocks in the tunnels.
1. Introduction to mine
2. Surveying tools
surveying
• Surveying operations are very often associated with
the preparation of survey drawings, which may be
maps, plans, sections or elevation drawings, and
profiles.
• Plans/Maps
–Plans and maps are drawings on a horizontal plane
which show the main physical features on the
ground, such as buildings, fences, roads, rivers,
lakes and forests, as well as the changes in
elevation between land forms such as valleys and
hills (called vertical relief).
1. Introduction to mine
2. Surveying tools
surveying
–Plans are a large-scale (1: 10 000 or larger) a true-
to- scale representations, while maps are usually
small- scale drawings (1: 10 000 or smaller) which
contain features represented by conventional signs
or generalized symbols.
• Sections
–Drawings in a vertical plane are known as sections,
cross-sections or elevations. It is a vertical plan as
it would appear upon an upright plane cutting
through a building, or a line of proposed road,
sewerage line, etc.,
1. Introduction to mine
2. Surveying tools
surveying
–A long section such as along a proposed road or rail
route is known as a longitudinal section (profile),
while sections taken at right angles to the
longitudinal line are known as cross-sections. Cross
sections are usually taken at regular intervals and
at sudden changes in the center-line profile.
• Photographs
–Photogrammetry is a type of surveying which make
use of photographs taken either directly from the
ground (Terrestrial or ground photogrammetry) or
from air (Aerial photogrammetry).
1. Introduction to mine
1.2 Surveying tools
surveying
–In terrestrial photogrammetry maps are
prepared from terrestrial (or ground)
photographs taken from different points on the
earth surface for measurement purposes;
–whereas, in aerial photogrammetry maps are
produced from air photographs.
–Aerial photographs are photos taken from the
air making use of an aeroplane or balloon
1. Introduction to mine
3. Comparison of the Engineering and
surveying
Cartographic Graphic Document
• Engineering and cartographic drawings are graphical
means of communicating information about objects,
structures, or places that show how the subjects will
look when completed.
• Cartography is the art, science, and technology of
making maps, together with their study as scientific
documents and works of art.
• It includes all types of maps, plans, charts, and
sections, three-dimensional models and globes
representing the Earth or any celestial body at any
scale.
1. Introduction to mine
3. Comparison of the Engineering and
surveying
Cartographic Graphic Document
• An engineering graphic document is a
graphical language that
communicates
(all needed ideas
information)
and from information
the
who designed a engineer,
workers,
the
part,make
will to it. who
• Between cartographic and engineering graphic
document there are some theoretical and practical
similarities. Both domains use practically the same
techniques and their main goal is to communicate
effectively and in a useful way.
1. Introduction to mine
4. Scale
surveying
• Scale is a mathematical ratio of distance on the
map to the corresponding distance on the
ground.
• Scale of a map can generally be classified as large
(>= 1:1,000), medium (1:1,000 to 1:10,000) and
small scale (<= 1:10,000).
• Large denominators indicate small scale; whereas
small denominators are indicative of large scale.
In a small scale map, features are small and
generalized. In a large scale map, features are
1. Introduction to mine
Types of measuring scale
surveying
• Plain Scale- represents either two units or only
one unit and its fraction. It consists of a line
divided in to suitable numbers of equal parts or
units, the first of which is subdivided in to smaller
parts.

• Comparative scale- the scales having the common

representation fraction but graduated
comparatively read different units
to
comparative called
1. Introduction to mine
Types of measuring
surveying
scale
• Such scales showing inches and
comparatively miles and
centimeters, degree and
kilometers,
radians, time and distance traveled,
etc.

• The advantage is that measurements are

taken directly in the desired unit without any
calculations.
1. Introduction to mine
Types of measuring scale
surveying
• Diagonal Scale - a diagonal scale represents either
three units or only one unit and its fraction up to
second place of decimal point. It consists of a line
divided in to suitable number of equal parts. The
first part is subdivided into suitable number of
equal parts, each of which is further divided into
smallest parts by diagonals.
1. Introduction to mine
Types of measuring scale
surveying
• Vernier Scale - a vernier scaleis, an additional,
scale which allows a distance or angle
measurement to be read more precisely than
directly reading a uniformly divided straight or
circular measurement scale.
Next Topic:
Preparation and interpretation
of topographic maps