INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS (2)

Summarizing Data

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 LO2-1 Summarize qualitative variables with
frequency and relative frequency tables.

FREQUENCY TABLE A grouping of qualitative data into mutually

exclusive and collectively exhaustive classes showing the number of
observations in each class.

2-2
 LO2-2 Display a frequency
table using a bar or pie chart.

BAR CHART A graph that shows qualitative classes on the

horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The
class frequencies are proportional to the heights of the bars.

2-3
 LO2-2

Pie Charts

PIE CHART A chart that shows the proportion or percent that

each class represents of the total number of frequencies.

2-4
LO2-2

2-5
LO2-2

2-6
LO2-2

2-7
 LO2-3 Summarize quantitative variables with
frequency and relative frequency distributions.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A grouping of quantitative

data into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive
classes showing the number of observations in each class.

Example:
Frequency distribution
of profits for
Applewood Auto Group

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LO2-3

2-9
 LO2-3

Kathryn Ball of the Applewood

Auto Group wants to describe the
data collected on the profits for
the 180 vehicles sold last month
at the four Applewood locations.
She would like to know:

1.What is the typical profit for the

180 vehicles sold?
2.What is the largest profit on any
sale?
3.What is the lowest profit on any
sale?
4.What is the typical value of profit
or around what value of profit
does the data tend to cluster?

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 LO2-3

Frequency Table – Example

Continued

2-11
 LO2-3

Frequency Table – Example

Continued

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 LO2-3

Frequency Table – Example

Continued

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 LO2-3

Relative Class Frequencies

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 LO2-3

To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency

distribution, each of the class frequencies is divided by the total
number of observations.

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LO2-4 Display a frequency distribution
using a histogram or frequency polygon.

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 LO2-4

HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis
and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are
represented by the heights of the bars and the bars are drawn adjacent to
each other.

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LO2-4

2-18
 LO2-4

Frequency Polygon

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LO2-4

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LO2-4

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LO2-4

2-22
 Sales Data
Data in Excel file Variables description (see
page 18 of text book)

• Age: the age of the buyer at the time

of the purchase.
• Cross-sectional data are observations that come
• Profit: from earned by the
the amount
different individuals or groups at a single point in time
dealership on the sale of each vehicle.
(same day, month, year, period) • Location: the dealership where vehicle
• Time-series/longitudinal data is a set wasof purchased.
observations
collected at usually discrete and equally
• Vehicle type: SUV, Sedan, cmpact,
spaced time intervals. hybrid, or truck.
• Previous: the number of vehicles
previously purchased at any of the four
Applewood dealerships by the
180 consumer.
vehicles

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 Frequency Tables
FOR QUALITATIVES VARIABLE
Location Freq Rel.Freq
1 Kane 52 52/180=0.2889
2 Olean 40 40/180=0.2222
3 Sheffield 45 45/180=0.2500
4 Tionesta 43 43/180=0.2389
Bar
Total=180 Total=1.0000 Chart

Sales Unit by Location

% Sales Unit by Location

Kane 29%

25
Olean 22%

Percentage

15
Sheffield 25% Tionesta 24%
5
0

Sh

Ti
Pie

O
Ka

on
ef
le

e
ne

fi
an

st
el
Chart

a
d
Location
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 Frequency Distribution
FOR QUANTITATIVES VARIABLE
Class limits f rf rf(%) cf cf(%)
[200,600) 8 0.04 4.44 8 4.44
[600,1000) 11 0.06 6.11 19 10.56
[1000,1400) 23 0.13 12.78 42 23.33
[1400,1800) 38 0.21 21.11 80 44.44 Histogram
[1800,2200) 45 0.25 25.00 125 69.44
[2200,2600) 32 0.18 17.78 157 87.22
23 units/sold Variation of Profit/unit sold
[2600,3000) 19 0.11 10.56 176 97.78
[3000,3400) 4with each 2.22 180 100.00
0.02
50

profit >=1000 45

and <1400 38
40

32
Unit Sold

30

23
19
20

11
8
10

4
0

00

00

00

00

00

00

00
0
0

60
20

26

30
10

14

18

22

34
Profit/unit ($)
25
23 units/sold
with each
profit >=1000
and <1400

Mid Point of class $1000 to $1400

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 Central distribution &
Dispersion of data
With numerical measures

Population Mean:

Sample Mean:

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 Calculate Mean
With grouped data
Class limits f Variation of Profit/unit sold
[200,600) 8

50
45
[600,1000) 11 38

40
[1000,1400) 23 32

Unit Sold

30
[1400,1800) 38 23

OR 19

20
[1800,2200) 45 11
[2200,2600) 32 8

10
4

[2600,3000) 19
0

00

00

00
00

00

0
0

0
[3000,3400) 4
20

60

10

14

22

26

30
18

34
Profit/unit ($)

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 X= { 7, 5, 1, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6 }

= { 1, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7 }

median(X)= 6

Y= { 7, 5, 1, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6 }
= { 1, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7 }

median(Y)= 5.5

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How about campus woman dress?
Hijab, Trousers, Maxi/Midi/Mini Skirts, Hotpants
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• Mean=21.429 does not give typical value.
• GM=17.096 gives better typical value (for skewed to the right distribution)
• GM does not work when one or more observations have 0s or negative values.
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EXAMPLE:
The return on investment earned by Atkins Construction Company for
four successive years was: 30 percent, 20 percent, -40 percent, and 200
percent. What is the geometric mean rate of return on investment?

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Online Quiz