Cell Division

Reda Quidet | General Biology 1

What is the significance of Cell
Division?
Hair nail reproduction

Growth Injury Repair

CHECKPOINT
 CHECKPOINT

A critical control point in the Cell Cycle where stop and go-
ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle. Animal cells have
built-in stop signals that halt the cell cycles and checkpoints
until overridden by go-ahead signals.
 3 MAJOR CHECKPOINT

G1 Checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint
M Checkpoint
G1 CHECKPOINT

 The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and
that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting
daughter cells.
 If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will
usually continue with the Cell Cycle.
 If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal, it will exit the Cell
Cycle and switch to a non-dividing state called G0. Most cells in the
human body are in the G0 phase.
G2 CHECKPOINT

Ensures that DNA replication in S

phase has been successfully
completed.
 M CHECKPOINT

The M checkpoint is also known as the spindle

checkpoint: here, the cell examines whether all the
sister chromatids are correctly attached to the
spindle microtubules (Metaphase). Because the
separation of the sister chromatids during anaphase
is an irreversible step, the cycle will not proceed
until all the chromosomes are firmly attached to at
least two spindle fibers from opposite poles of the
cell.
MITOSIS
 Creating
identical
copies
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 MITOSIS
CELL DIVISION: MITOSIS
MITOSIS
Mitosis is nuclear division; the process by which the NUCLEUS divides to produce TWO NEW NUCLEI.
Mitosis results in two daughter cells that are GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to each other and to the parental
cell from which they came.
Phases of Mitosis

Pro p ha se Me ta p ha se Ana p ha se Te lo p ha se
 PROPHASE

Prophase is the preparatory stage, during prophase,

centrioles move toward opposite sides of the nucleus.
 METAPHASE

Metaphase—is when chromosomes become arranged so

that their centromeres become aligned in one place, halfway
between the two spindle poles. The long axes of the
chromosomes are 90 degrees to the spindle axis. The plane of
alignment is called the metaphase plate.
 ANAPHASE

Anaphase is initiated by the separation of sister

chromatids at their junction point at the centromere.
The daughter chromosomes then move toward the
poles.
 ANAPHASE

Anaphase is initiated by the separation of sister

chromatids at their junction point at the centromere.
The daughter chromosomes then move toward the
poles.
 ANAPHASE

Anaphase is initiated by the separation of sister

chromatids at their junction point at the centromere.
The daughter chromosomes then move toward the
poles.
 TELOPHASE

Telophase is when daughter chromosomes complete their migration to the

poles. The two sets of progeny chromosomes are assembled into two-
groups at opposite ends of the cell. The chromosomes uncoil and assume
their extended form during interphase. A nuclear membrane then forms
around each chromosome group and the spindle microtubules disappear.
Soon, the nucleolus reforms.