PID CONTROLLERS

Presentation By :
Gagan sharma - 17BEE025
Shivam Shrivastava -18BEE013
Rahul Gupta - 18BEE011
Arbaz Shahid - 17BEE082

Supervisor:
Dr. Shahida Khathon
 CONTENT
1) Introduction to PID controller
2) Why do we need controller.
3) Difficulties we faced to achieve control technique
4) Roles / importance of electrical engg in achieving robustness of control system
5) Circuit of control logic,
6) Example of physical system where these control logics is applied
7) Conclusion
8) Reference
PID Controllers
● 1890’s, PID (Proportional - Integral – Derivative) Control,
originally developed in the form of motor governors,
which were manually adjusted.
● 1922, the first theory of PID Control was published by
Nicolas Minorsky, who was working for the US Navy.
● 1940’s, the first papers regarding PID tuning appeared.
● there are several hundred different rules for tuning PID
controllers (See Dwyer, 2009).
● Nowadays, 97% of regulatory controllers utilize PID
feedback
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PID CONTROLLER
Mathematical Form
 INTRODUCTION TO PID CONTROLLERS

● The basic idea behind a PID controller is to read a sensor,

then compute the desired actuator output by calculating
proportional, integral, and derivative responses and
summing those three components to compute the output.
● A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller or
three-term controller) is a control loop mechanism employing
feedback that is widely used in industrial control systems and a
variety of other applications requiring continuously modulated
control. A PID controller continuously calculates an error value.
 WHY DO WE NEED PID CONTROLLERS

● Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are used in most

automatic process control applications in industry today to regulate flow,
temperature, pressure, level, and many other industrial process variables.
● They automate regulation tasks that otherwise would have to be done
manually.
 WHY DO WE NEED PID CONTROLLERS

● E.g - Without a PID controller, manual control of water temperature

discharged from an industrial gas-fired heater is a tedious pro cess.

● But with the help of PID controllers , this task becomes easy.

● For neurtrilisation of the ph control, as it is one of the challenge faced.

● There are numerous industrial applications where PID Control
 Difficulties we faced to achieve control technique.

● The major source of problem is the senser itself .

● This is the particular hardware introduced in the structure on
order to make it more intelligent.
● The sensor produces the high frequency noise and also upon this
noise gets injected into the loop.
● Hence apart from the actual output , this noise also gets added
and thus affects the actual output signal.
ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRICAL ENGG IN CONTEXT OF ROBUSTNESS OF
CONTROL SYSTEM

CONTROLLER ACTUATOR PLANT

SENSOR

FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM

CONTROLLER

AMPLIFICATION

NOISE FILTERING

(Bcz output of sensor in

millivolt , milliampere only)

(due to sensor inserted in

loop)
Our main concern and the important one is the first one that is controller. Bcz due to
these our main primary requirement i.e ROBUSTNESS is achieved.

Controller is also called brain,all these muscles mainly( plant )are being controlled by these
brain and these brain is electrical in nature . these controller as far as the today trend is
concerned is either an op amp or a digital computer.

Noise filtering and amplification is also must as for the overall control system is concerned.
Circuit of logic control i.e PID

As we know that controller consist of two subsystem.

1)Error detector (which compare command signal with the actual controlled signal )
2)Control logic :
In some system control logic is simple proportional logics eg. bathroom toilet tank
and in some system particularly that of radar tracking system the logic was a
proportional + derivative logics and in some system we require proportional+
derivative + integral logic.
These type of logics can be achieved by using op amp circuit or digital computer etc..
The objective of control logic is to make for the purpose of to make controlled signal
follow the command signal insipite of disturbance .
Proportional logic
Proportional derivative (PD) logic
Proportional derivative integral (PID) logics
Mathematical Form
 CONCLUSION

● As a conclusion , a PID controller is the best controller for controlling

temperature based on some features.

ERROR AND RECOMMENDATIONS

● Due to lack of time the experiment of P- controller and the PI- controller
has end before the system reached its new state weather they have
achieved their steady state or not.
● To obtain the more accurate result and of such systems, experiment time
must be prolonged until the new steady state is achieved.
 REFERENCES

[1] IJ Nagrath ,M Gopal,”Control System Engineering” in

controller designing,New age international ,
2007,ch.10.pp.435-483.
[2] M. gopal ,’’control engineering” “nptel” lecture 30-45.
[3] Wikipedia : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller
[4] Elprocus: https://www.elprocus.com/the-working-of-a-pid-controller/
THANK YOU