Order HYMENOPTERA

(ant, bees, wasps)

Gen.charact
1. Winged members of this order with 4 wings (2
pairs). The hind wings smaller than the front wings
and attached to these by means of tiny hooks on their
anterior margin.
2. Mouth parts of the chewing or chewing-lapping type
3. Antennae consisting of 10 or more segments.
 4. The ovipositor usually well-developed; in
some forms modified into a sting which
function as an organ of offence and defence.
5. Holometabolous development, larvae
grublike, maggotlike or eruciform.
Med. Imp.
1. Painful bites (ants)
Stings (bees, wasps)
2. Individuals allergic to insect venomsare
sometimes affected seriously and death may
occur, especially when there are numerous
stings.
3. I.H. of Dicrocelium dendriticum
 Some important superfamilies :
1. Formicoidea (ants)
2. Vespoidea (yellow jackets)
3. Apoidea (bees)

Order LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies, moths)

Gen.charact.
1. Winged 2 pairs and most of the body and legs
covered with scales
2. Mouth parts either the siphoning type or
vestigial.
3. Compound eyes prominent
4. Metamorphosis complete; larvae as well as
pupae vary in form and structure according to
the characteristic features of each family.
Med. Imp.
1. Mild to serious eruptions of the skin accompanied by itching
and often systemic disorders, resulting from contact with
hairs of caterpillars, that contain toxin resulting dermatitis,
conjunctivitis, corneal ulcer.
2. As hosts of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta.
3. Eye-frequenting Lepidoptera as possible vectors of eye
infections such as bovine epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
4. Scoleciasis (tissue infestation by larva)
5. Entomophobia

Order COLEOPTERA (beetles)

Gen.charact.
1. In winged forms, the 1st pair (called elytra) are
thick, horny, without distinct veins, and serve as
covers for the membranous hind wings. When at
rest the elytra meet in a straight line down the
middle of the back.
2. Chewing type of mouth parts with well-
developed mandibles.
3. Antennae variable, lamellate, serrate, pectinate,

etc.
4. Larvae vary in form in different families.
Med. Imp.
1. Blistering effect on the skin sometimes resulting in
severe vesicular dermatitis caused by contact with the
insect. E. species belonging to the Fam. Meloidae
(blister beetles).
2. Irritating effects on kidneys resulting from the use of
cantharidin.
3. Canthariasis (cutaneous, intestinal, urinary, nasal and
ocular) infestations of the body by beetles or by their
eggs or larvae.
4. As hosts of helminth parasites :
a. Gongylonema pulchrum Molin
b. Moniliformis moniliformis Bremser
c. Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus Pallas
d. Hymenolepis diminuta Rudolphi
e. H. nana Siebold
f. Raillietina cesticillus Molin
5. Tenebrio molitor (flour beetle) transmits H.diminuta and
H.nana
6. Lytta vesicatoria (Spanish fly) contains cantharidin.
Order ORTHOPTERA (cockroaches, grasshoppers,
mantids, crickets)
Gen.charact.
1. Front wings generally long and narrow, leathery or
parchment-like in texture, hindwings broad,
membranous and folded beneath the forewings.
2. Elongate body, well-developed cerci; some species with
long ovipositors.
3. Chewing type of mouth parts.
4. Gradual metamorphosis (paurometabola).
5. Some species stridulate or produce sound either by

rubbing the front wings together or by rubbing the

hind femora against the front wings.
6. Legs modified for walking (as in roaches), jumping

(as in grasshoppers), digging (as in male crickets)

or grasping prey (a in preying mantis).
Some species :
1. Blattella germanica (German cockroaches),
small, less than 18 mm, pronotum with 2 dark,
longitudinal stripes.
2. Blatta orientalis (Oriental cockroaches), large, 18
mm or more, forewings not reaching the tip of
abdomen, that of male covering 2/3 of abdomen.
Female wing pads widely separated; blackish
species.
3. Periplaneta australasiae (Australasian
cockroaches), forewings in both sexes extending
beyond posterior tip of abdomen. Dark, blackish-
brown species with shiny integument and
yellowish markings on pronotum and/or forewings.

Med. Imp.
Cockroaches :
1. Annoyance in households
2. Mechanical vectors of many bacterial, protozoan and
helminthic infections.
3. Possible Intermediate hosts of :
a. H.nana
b. M.moniliformis
4. Possible biologic vectors of : polio and hepatitis viruses.
5. Excreta contains carcinogenic substance (?)

Female lays eggs into “ootheca”. Each ootheca

contains teens of eggs which then placed in dark
place to hatch. Each female can produce 6 – 10
oothecas.
Incomplete metamorphosis : Egg (in ½ to 2
months) --- nymph (in 1 month to 1 year, ecdysis
several times) --- adult.
Life span : 1 year or more.