Thermodynamics 1

Chapter 1
Introduction and Basic Concepts

Assoc.Prof.Dr.Sommai Priprem

Reference: Cengel, Yunus A. and Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th ed., New York, McGraw-Hill: 2006.
Basic Concepts
 The study of
thermodynamics is
concerned with the
ways energy is stored
within a body and how
energy
transformations,
transformations
which involve heat
and work,
work may take
place.

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The Thermodynamics Laws
 One of the most fundamental laws of nature
is the conservation of energy principle.
principle
 It is the FIRST LAW of Thermodynamics.
 It also called the principle of ENERGY
BALANCE

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Approaches to studying
thermodynamics
 Classical Thermodynamics
 (Macro)

 Statistical Thermodynamics
 (Micro)

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Applications of Thermodynamics

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 เทคนิคและวิธีในการวิเคราะห์

สิ่ งที่เกี่ยวข้องได้แก่
 ตัวกลาง....
สารทำงาน (Working Fluid)..มวล
 พลังงาน ..

ความร้อน ..งานกล..พลังงานในตัวของไหล
 กรอบ...ขอบเขต ที่เกี่ยวข้อง

เราจะเขียนรู ปง่ ายๆ เพือ่ แสดงทุกอย่ างทีเ่ กีย่ วข้ อง ในสิ่ งทีจ่ ะต้ องวิเคราะห์
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Units
SI USCS Slug
Mass Kilogram Pound-mass Slug-mass
(kg) (lbm) (slug)
Time Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)

Length Meter (m) Foot (ft) Foot (ft)

Force Newton (N) Pound-force (lbf) Pound-force

(lbf)

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Units……..Prefix
Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol Multiple

kilo k 103 milli m 10-3

Mega M 106 micro μ 10-6
giga G 109 nano n 10-9
tera T 1012 pico p 10-12

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 Force, F = ma, kg-m/s2 = N
 Weight, W = mg, kg-m/s2 = N
 Pressure, P = F/A, N/m2 = Pa
1 Bar =
105 Pa

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 Group Discussion
1. Water 1 m3 vs Water 1 m3 /kg
2. Water 1 m3 vs Water 1 m3 /s
3. Water 1 kg vs Water 1 kg /s
Example 1.2 A tank is filled with oil whose density is ρ = 850
kg/m3. If the volume of the Tank is V = 2 m3, determind the
amount of mass m in the tank.
Solution m = ρV
m = (850 kg/m3)(2 m3)
m = 1,700 kg Answer

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Thermodynamics 

ENERGY
FLUID
Thermodynamics System
 เพิอ่ ความชัดเจนในการวิเคราะห์

 ต้องกำหนด system ก่อน

Solid/Rigid Body  Free Body Diagram

Fluid  System

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Closed System

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Open System

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Control Volume Technic 1

Fuel
cv

Air Exhaust Gases

cv cv

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Control Volume Technic 2

Air

F
Intake Stroke

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Isolated system
 Closed system where no heat or work (energy) may cross
the system boundary

Isolated system boundary

work system
mass
Surr 1 heat

Surr 2 Surr 3

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Total Energy of a System
 Sum of all forms of energy (i.e., thermal, mechanical,
kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, chemical, and
nuclear) that can exist in a system
 For systems we typically deal with in this course, sum of
internal, kinetic, and potential energies

 E = U + KE + PE
 E = Total energy of system

 U = internal energy

 KE = kinetic energy = mV2/2

 PE = potential energy = mgz

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 System’s Internal Energy

System’s Internal Energy = Sum of Microscopic Energies

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Properties of a system

 Any characteristic of a system in

equilibrium is called a property.
 Intensive
 Extensive

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State and Equilibrium
 State of a system
 system that is not undergoing any change
 all properties of system are known & are not changing
 if one property changes then the state of the system
changes
 Thermodynamic equilibrium
 “equilibrium” - state of balance
 A system is in equilibrium if it maintains thermal (uniform
temperature), mechanical (uniform pressure), phase (mass
of two phases), and chemical equilibrium

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Processes & Paths
 Process
 when a system changes from
one equilibrium state to
another one
 Path
 series of states which a system
passes through during a
process

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1-6

Quasi-Equilibrium Processes
 System remains practically in
equilibrium at all times
 Easier to analyze (equations of
state can apply)
 Work-producing devices deliver
the most work
 Work-consuming devices consume
the least amount of work

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State Postulate & Cycles
 State Postulate
The thermodynamic state of a 2
simple compressible substance is P Process B
completely specified by two
independent intensive properties. 1

Process A
 Cycles
A process (or a series of connected V

processes) with identical end

states

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State point identification
 Cold Water
• How can we identified
 Cooler Water the different
 Warm Water
• How can we tell the
 Warmer Water EXACT condition of a
 Hot Water fluid
 Boiled Water
 Boiling Water

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Process & Cycle

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Process & Cycle

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Example 1 Boiling Water in a kettle
 นักศึกษาร่ วมคิดเป็ นกลุ่ม / แล้วนำเสนอ
 โจทย์ “ต้ องใช้ แกสหุงต้ มเท่ าใด
จึงจะต้ มน้ำในกาให้ เดือด”
 เขียนรู ป (diagram) – แสดง mass (fluid) - Energy
 กำหนดระบบ (thermodynamics System)
 เขียน Process Path
 แสดงแนวคิดในการคำนวณหา “คำตอบ”
 ต้องรู้อะไรบ้างจึงจะตอบโจทย์ที่ต้ งั ไว้ได้

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Example 2 Car Lift
 โจทย์ “ต้ องการยกรถขึน้ ให้ สูงตามทีก่ ำหนด”
 เขียนรู ป (diagram) – แสดง mass (fluid) - Energy
 กำหนดระบบ (thermodynamics System)
 เขียน Process Path
 แสดงแนวคิดในการคำนวณหา “คำตอบ”
 ต้องรู้อะไรบ้างจึงจะตอบโจทย์ที่ต้ งั ไว้ได้

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Example 3 Car Lift #2
 จากโจทย์ขอ้ ที่แล้ว
 ถ้าต้องการออกแบบให้เครื่ องยกทำงาน
โดยสามารถ ยกรถขึ้น – ค้างไว้ – ลดระดับ
ลงมาที่เดิม – ยกคันใหม่ข้ ึน
 เขียนระบบทางกล
 เขียนกระบวนการทางเทอร์โมไดนามิคส์

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The Zero Law of Thermodynamics
 If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with
a third body, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

B if T A = TC
A
and T B = TC
then TA = TB
C

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Temperature Scale
C K F R
9
T  F = T  C  32 99.975 373.125 211.955 671.625
Boiling

5 point
of water
at 1 atm

0.01 273.16 32.02 491.69 Triple

point of
water

Absolute
0 zero
-273.15 -459.67 0

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Pressure Atmospheric Pressure
Gage Pressure
Absolute Pressure

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 Example 1.6 Measuring Pressure with a Manometer
A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a
tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and the
manometer column height is 55 cm, as show in fig 1-46.
If the local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine the
absolute pressure within the tank.

Pabs= Patm+ Pg
Pg = ρgh
ans 100.6 kPa
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 Example 1.8 Measuring Atmospheric Pressure with a Barometer
Determine the pressure at a location where the
barometric reading is 740 mm.Hg. and the gravitational
acceleration is g = 9.81 m/s2. Assume the temperature of
mercury to be 10oC, at which its density is 13,570 kg/m3.

Pg = ρgh
ans 98.5 kPa
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 Example 1.9 Effect og Piston Weight on Pressure in a Cylinder
The piston of a vertical piston-cylinder device containing a gas has a
mass of 60 kg and a cross-sectional area of 0.04 m2., as shown in Fif
1-54. The local atmospheric pressure is 0.97 bar, and the gravitational
acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 . (a) Determine the pressure inside the
cylinder. (b) If some heat is transferred to the gas and its volume is
doubled, do you expect the pressure inside the cylinder change?

Pabs= Patm+ Ppiston

Ppiston = W/A
ans 1.12 bar
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That’s for today
Don’t forget to review by reading a TEXT
BOOK.

Next lecture “Properties..”

please bring along a
Thermodynamics TABLE