Synchronous Design

• Synchronous circuits helps in building complex

systems
Synchronous Circuits • Built from logic gates and memory cells – driven by a
sequence of clock ticks
• Each logic gate computes a Boolean value once per
clock cycle
• Each memory cell stores a Boolean value from one
clock cycle to the next
• Three logic gates And, Not, and Or are used here
• All variables are implicitly assumed to be of type Bool

The component SynNot is same as Inverter Component

The output ‘out’ waits for the input ‘in’
The component SyncAnd takes 2 input Boolean
Variables and produces a Boolean output ‘out’
The output is set to the logical conjunction of the 2
inputs and awaits both the input variables
The component SyncOr takes 2 input Boolean
Variables and produces a Boolean output ‘out’
The local variables x, y, and z of SyncOr represent
internal wires that connect the 4 component gates
The output ‘out’ waits for the both the inputs
 The component SyncOr can be equivalently described using the operations of instantiation, parallel
composition and hiding:
Sequential Circuits

• The combinational circuits are stateless

• To model sequential circuits, we need a
component that can store a value in its state
from one round to the next.

Input: 2 Bool
Output: 1 Bool
1 Boolean state – x
2 split tasks :
A1 for computing the output ‘out’
A2 for updating ‘x’
Single mode extended-state machine with
3 mode-switches
Synchronous Latch Component

The Latch component is nondeterministic and fine-state, and its output does not wait either of its input variables
Synchronous 1 Bit Binary Counter Synchronous 3 Bit Binary Counter
An Xor (Exclusive-Or) gate has two Boolean inputs in1 and in2, and a Boolean output out. The output is 1 when
exactly one of its two inputs are 1 and is 0 otherwise. Define the combinational component SyncXor to capture
this desired functionality by composing And, Or, and Not gates.
Design a 1-bit synchronous adder 1BitAdder by composing instances of And, Or, Not, and Xor gates. The component
1BitAdder has three input variables x, y, and carry-in and two output variables z and carry-out. In each round, the value
encoded by the two output bits z and carry-out, where z is the least significant bit, should equal the sum of the values of
three input variables. Then, design a 3-bit synchronous adder 3BitAdder by composing three instances of the component
1BitAdder. The component 3BitAdder has input variables x0, x1, x2, y0, y1, y2, and carry-in and has output variables z0, z1,
z2, and carry-out. In each round, the 4-bit number encoded by the output variables z0, z1, z2, and carry-out should equal
the sum of the 3-bit number encoded by the input variables x0, x1, and x2, the 3-bit number encoded by the input
variables y0, y1, and y2, and the input value of carry-in.

Solution: The combinational circuit 1BitAdder, uses 2 instances of SyncAnd, one instance of SyncOr and 2 instances of
SyncOr.

The output of z is 1 when an odd number of the input variables equal 1 and the coutput carry-out is 1 when 2 or more of
the input variables equals 1