Criminological

Research
 Definition of Research

according to Good and Scates (1972)

Research is a careful critical discipline inquiry varying in technique and method
according to the nature and conditions of the problems identified directed toward the
clarification irresolution (or both) of the problem.
According to Aquino (1970)
Research is simply, the systematic search for pertinent information on specific topic
or problem. after a careful, systematic search for pertinent information or data on a
specific topic no problem, and after the research worker has analyzed and interpreted
the data, you have he eventually faces another essential task that he's preparing the
research report you
 Definition of Research
according to Halpin (1996)
Research is the process of gathering data of information to solve a particular or specific
problem in scientific manner.
according to Quinton (2006)
research in its broadest sense is an attempt to gain solutions to problems. more
precisely, it is the collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of
prediction or explanation.
According to Parel  (1973) and cited by Sanchez (1998)
Research is a systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of answering
questions posed by the researcher.
 Definition of Research

according to Calderon and  Gonzales (1993)

Research is a purposive, systematic and scientific process of
gathering, analyzing, classifying, organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for the
solution of a problem, for prediction, for invention, for the discovery of truth, or for
the expansion or verification of existing knowledge, all for the preservation and
improvement of the quality of human life.
Criminological Research

• Is defined as a careful systematic study of knowledge in the field of

criminology or criminal justice, undertaken to discover or
established facts or causations of crime. it is also defined as a
systematic process of collecting and analyzing crime in victim data
to find an answer to a question or a solution to the criminological
or victimization problem and to validate or test existing
criminological and victimization theories.
 • Rather than viewing certain
elementary research concepts and
procedures in scientific methodology
as foreign element the criminal justice
professional may, once he or she has
Why study mastered them discover a very

criminological valuable tool for assessing current and

future problems. Once familiarity with
research? this tool is gained, much of the
anxiety on technical reports academic
concepts and research findings can be
dispensed with.
• Criminological research provides the tools necessary to
approach issues in criminal justice from a more rigorous
standpoint and enable adventure beyond opinions based
solely on non-scientific observations and experiences
much of what appears in criminological research is of
course not unique to the criminal justice but is in fact
borrowed from other social sciences and applied two
criminal justice topics and examples the techniques
applicable to avoid variety of areas are excellent broad
based skills.
Purposes of
Research
Main Purpose of
Research
The main purpose of research is
to serve man. (Good, 1972)
Main Goals of Research
a. The goal of b. satisfy man's
c. to improve his
research is the craving for more
judgment;
good life; understanding;

d. to add to his e. to reduce the f. to relieve

power; burden of work; suffering; and 

g. to increase
satisfaction
in multitudinous
ways. 
Specific Purposes
and Goals of
Research
 b. to find answers to problems which c. to discover previously
a. to discover new facts about known d. to improve existing techniques and
are only partially solved by existing unrecognized substances and
phenomena;  develop new instruments or product;
methods and information; elements;

h. And then to prove basis for

f. to order related, valid
e. discover pathways of action of
generalizations into systematized
known substance or elements;
science;
decision making in business,
g. to satisfy researchers curiosity.
industry, education, government and
in other undertakings.

j. to acquire a better and deeper

I. To find answers to queries by understanding about a phenomenon k.  to expand or verify existing l. to improve educational practices for
means of scientific methods that can be known and understood knowledge. raising the quality of school products
better by research.

m. to improve mine with more of the o. to make work travel and
basic needs more and better food, n. promote health and prolong life communication faster easier and
clothing, shelter, etc. more comfortable.
Characteristics of
Good Research
1. Research is 2. Research is 3. Research is
systematic. controlled. empirical.

5. Research is 6. Research employs

4. Research is
objective, unbiased and quantitative or
analytical.
logic. statistical methods.

7. Research employs 8. research is original 9. Research is done by

hypothesis. work an expert.

10. Research is
12. Research requires
accurate investigation, 11.  Research is patient
an effort-making
observation and and unhurried activity.
capacity.
description.

13. Research requires

courage
Differences between Research
and Problem Solving
 RESEARCH PROBLEM-SOLVING

There may not be a problem, only There is always a problem to be

interest in answering a question or a solved.
query

A research problem is more rigorous A problem to be solved is less

and broader in scope. broad

The research problem is not The problem to be solve must be

necessary defined specifically defined specifically and identified
definitely
 RESEARCH PROBLEM-SOLVING
all research is intended to solve kind of Problem solving does not always involve
problem, but this is not the primary aim. research.
Research is conducted not primarily to solve a problem solving is always intended to
problem but to make  contribution to general solve a problem
knowledge
Research is concerned with broad problem, problem solving is concerned with a
recurrent phenomena and wide application specific problem and once the problem is
through generalization. It is concerned we solved that is the end.
defining and outlining the properties of
phenomena, read forecasting future
occurrences so that they may be predicted and
controlled and with this crying the relationship
of phenomena by explaining how and why.
KINDS and CLASSIFICATIONS OF
RESEARCH
There are many kinds of  research which are classified select according
to their distinctive features some of the classifications are as follows:
1. according to purpose
2. according to goal
3. according to the level of investigation
4. according to the type of analysis
5. according to scope
6. according to choice of answers to problems
7. according to statistical content
8. according to time elements
 Travers (1978) identifies 3 broadly different kinds of
research namely predictive directive and illuminative.

According to
purpose- 1. Predictive and prognostic research- has the purpose
of determining the future operation of the variables
under investigation with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better. predictive research
proposes to give the result from one specific
educational practice or pattern and seeks to establish a
close statistical connection between characteristics of
the students and prediction of educational outcome
 Directive research- determines what
should be done based on the findings
this is to remedy and unsatisfactory
condition if there is any

According to
purpose- illuminative research- is concerned
with the interaction of the components
of the variable being investigated As
for example "interaction of the
components of and aims to show the
connections among."
 research may be defined as basic or
pure research and applied research

According to Goal
basic or pure research- it's done for
the development of theories and
principles. It is conducted for the
intellectual pleasure or learning much
of this kind of research has been done
in psychology and sociology.
 Applied research- is the application of
the results of pure research. this is
testing the efficacy of theories and
principles. to determine if this is true
one conducts an experiment in which
there are two classes in one class uses
phrase but in the other class there is
According to Goal no praise at all all other things are
kept equal. at the end of the
experimental period he gives the same
test to the two classes if the scores of
the students in the class with praise
are significantly higher than those in
the class without praise then the
principle is true.
 Vockell
(1993) for isis
research
According to Level according to the
of Investigation levels of
investigation
into:
 Exploratory research-the researcher studies
the variables pertinent to specific situation

According descriptive research- the researcher studies

to purpose- the relationship of the variables

experimental research- the  researcher 

tudies the effects of the variables on each
other
 Analytical research- the researcher
attempts to identify and isolate the

According components of the research situation

to the type
of analysis holistic research- holistic research begins
with the total situation focusing attention
on the system first and then on its internal
relationships
• under this category in action is action research. this type of research is
done on a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so
big. it is almost a problem solving. In education, it is the " on the
job" type of problem solving or research used by teachers supervisors and
administrators to improve the quality of their decisions and actions; it
seeks more dependable and appropriate means of promoting and
evaluating students growth in line with specific and general objectives
and attempts to improve educational practices without reference to
whether findings would be applicable beyond the group studied