‫النقل السائلي والهوائي للقدرة‬

Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Transmission

Dr. Mahmoud Hassan Onsa

Eng.

1
 ‫النقل السائلي والهوائي للقدرة‬
‫‪• Sun. 1100-1300‬‬
‫‪• Mon. 800-1000‬‬

‫معتمدة‬
‫محاض‬
‫تمرين‬
‫عملي‬

‫ساعة اتصال‬ ‫اسم المقرر‬ ‫رمز المقرر‬

‫رة‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫**‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ MEE42201‬اهتزازات‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫**‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ MEE42302‬النقل السائلي و الهوائي للقد ‪2‬‬
‫رة‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫**‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ MEE42403‬التبريد و التكييف‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫معمل الهندسة الميكانيكية ‪2‬‬ ‫‪MEE42004‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫اخالقيات المهنة‬ ‫‪MEE42205‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫اختياري (‪)1‬‬ ‫‪MEE42*11‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫**‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫اختياري (‪)2‬‬ ‫‪MEE42*12‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 Objectives
• Understanding the basics and design concepts
of hydraulic and pneumatic control.
• Knowledge of the different types and
components of hydraulic and pneumatic
systems.
• Understanding maintenance procedures of
hydraulic and pneumatic systems.

3
 ‫أهداف المقرر‬
‫• استيعاب الطالب لنظرية نقل القدرة عبر أنابيب الز(يت والهواء‬
‫• إحاطته بالخيارات المتوفرة ومكونات هذا النوع من‬
‫المنظومات‬
‫• طر(ق صيانته والمحافظة عليه‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 Course Description
• Fluid power and properties of hydraulic fluids
• Distribution system and Flow in pipes
• Hydraulic pumps
• Hydraulic actuators and motors and valves
• Hydraulic circuit design and analysis
• Pneumatic components. Pneumatic circuits
• Fluid logic control and electrical controls for fluid
power circuits
• Maintenance procedures.
5
 ‫وصف المقرر‬
‫القدرة في الموائع و خواص سوائل النقل‬ ‫•‬
‫منظومات التوزيع و السريان في األنابيب‬ ‫•‬
‫مضخات سوائل النقل‬ ‫•‬
‫مشغالت سوائل النقل و المحركات و الصمامات‬ ‫•‬
‫تصميم دارات النقل السائلي و تحليلها‬ ‫•‬
‫مكونات نظام النقل الهوائي‬ ‫•‬
‫المحكمات المنطقية السائلية و الكهربائية‬ ‫•‬
‫أساليب الصيانة‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪6‬‬
 References
• Text Books:
• Massey, Mechanics of Fluids, Van Rheinhold.
• M. Galal Rabie, Fluid Power Engineering, McGraw Hill
• References:
• Ashby, J. Power Hydraulics, Prentice Hall, 3rd edition
• Johnson.J, Hydraulics for Engineering technology,
Prentice Hall
• Parr, B A, Hydraulics and Pneumatics, Butterworth
Heinemann.

7
 Evaluation
Component Percentage of final grade
Final Examination 70
Tests (declared or else) 10
Home works 5
Projects and design 10
Attendance 5

8
 Basic Properties of Hydraulic Oils
• Viscosity (viscosity is the resistance to flow.)
• τ = μ du/dy
• μ = τ/(du/dy)

9
 Introduction to Hydraulic Power Systems
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 The Classification of Power Systems
1. Mechanical Power Systems
2. Electrical Power Systems
3. Pneumatic Power Systems
4. Hydrodynamic Power Systems
5. Hydrostatic Power Systems
• 1.3 Basic Hydraulic Power Systems
• 1.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic
Systems . . . .
• 1.5 Comparing Power Systems
10
 The Classification of Power Systems
• Power systems are used to transmit and control power.
• The following are the basic parts of a power system.
1. Source of energy, delivering mechanical power of
rotary motion. Electric motors and internal combustion
engines (ICE) are the most commonly used power
sources. For special applications, steam turbines, gas
turbines, or hydraulic turbines are used.
2. Energy transmission, transformation, and control
elements.
3. Load requiring mechanical power of either rotary or
linear motion.
In engineering applications, there exist different types of
power systems: mechanical, electrical, and fluid.
11
12
 Power Systems

13
 Mechanical Power Systems
• The mechanical power systems use mechanical
elements to transmit and control the mechanical
power.
• The drive train of a small car is a typical example of a
mechanical power system (see Fig. 1.3). The gearbox
(3) is connected to the engine (1) through the clutch
(2). The input shaft of the gear box turns at the same
speed as the engine. Its output shaft (4) turns at
different speeds, depending on the selected gear
transmission ratio. The power is then transmitted to
the wheels (8) through the universal joints (5), drive
shaft (6), and differential (7).
14
 Mechanical Power Systems

• The drive train The gearbox (3) is connected to the engine (1)
through the clutch (2). The input shaft of the gear box turns at
the same speed as the engine. Its output shaft (4) turns at
different speeds, depending on the selected gear transmission
ratio. The power is then transmitted to the wheels (8) through
the universal joints (5)[‫]وصلة ك(ردا(ن‬, drive shaft (6), and
differential (7).

15
• universal joints‫و(صلة ك((ردا(ن‬
• https://www.google.com/search?q=universal+joint&oq=universal+joint&aqs=chrome..
69i57j0i512l3j0i22i30l6.20916j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#fpstate=ive&vld
=cid:24473849,vid:LCMZz6YhbOQ

16
 Mechanical power systems .1
• When compared with other power systems,
mechanical power systems have advantages
such as
• relatively simple construction, maintenance,
and operation, as well as low cost.
• However, their power-to-weight ratio is
minimal, the power transmission distance is
too limited, and the flexibility and
controllability are poor.

17
 HW 1
1. What is power-to-weight ratio and how is it
calculated?
2. What are the values of diesel and petrol engine’s
power-to-weight ratio.
3. Compare the values of diesel and petrol engine’s
power-to-weight ratio with that of other power
systems.
4. How many kWh can be stored in 1m3 of air?
if 1.0 m3 of air from the atmosphere is very slowly
compressed into a 5 L bottle at 20 MPa (200 bar), the
potential energy stored is 530 kJ
18
End lecture 1 2 Jan. 2023
 Electrical Power Systems .Lecture
2 23 rd
Jan. 2023
• Electrical power systems solve the problems of
power transmission distance and flexibility, and
improve controllability, or by using a drum and wire.
However, holding the load position requires a special
braking system.

19
 Pneumatic Power Systems .3

• Pneumatic systems are power systems using compressed

air as a working medium for the power transmission.
• This transformation facilitates the transmission and
control of power.
• The air preparation includes filtration, drying,
• and the adding of lubricating oil mist.
• The compressed air is stored in
• the compressed air reservoirs and transmitted through
rigid and/or flexible lines.
• The pneumatic power is controlled by means of a set of
pressure, flow, and directional control valves
20
 .Power transmission in a pneumatic power system

21
 Hydrodynamic Power Systems .4
• The hydraulic power systems transmit mechanical power
by increasing the energy of hydraulic liquids. Two types
of hydraulic power systems are used: hydrodynamic and
hydrostatic.
• Hydrodynamic (also called hydrokinetic) power systems
transmit power by increasing mainly the kinetic energy
of liquid. Generally, these systems include a rotodynamic
pump, a turbine, and additional control elements. The
applications of hydrodynamic power systems are limited
to rotary motion. These systems replace the classical
mechanical transmission in the power stations and
vehicles due to their high power-to-weight ratio and
22
better controllability
 :hydrodynamic power systems

• hydraulic coupling and torque converter.

23
 5. Hydrostatic Power Systems
• the power is transmitted by increasing mainly
the pressure energy of liquid

24
 Power transmission in a hydraulic power
.system

25
 *

26
27
 ‫‪ 3 2023 / 1 /‬األثنين‬
‫• الحضور(‪36 :‬‬

‫‪28‬‬
 ‫• السؤال الثالث كتلة من الخرسانة ‪Concrete block)) (0.4 m)(0.4‬‬
‫)‪ )m)(0.3 m‬كثافتها ‪ ρconc=2300kg/m3‬يراد رفعها من البحر‬
‫(‪ .)ρsea=1025kg/m3‬احسب الشد على جبل الرافعة‬
‫• أ) قبل خروج الكتلة من سطح البحر‪،‬‬
‫• ب) وبعد خروج الكتلة من سطح البحر‪.‬‬
‫• ‪..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪..............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪...............‬‬
‫‪29‬‬
 .Load lifting by a forklift

30
 Calculations
• The force equals the total weight of the displaced parts (F = mg). The
work done by the forklift is W = Fy (1.1)
• By the end of the time period, Δt, the potential energy of the lifted
body is increased by E, where E = mgy = Fy (1.2)
where
E = Gained potential energy, J
F = Vertically applied force, N
g = Coefficient of gravitational force, m/s2
m = Mass of lifted body, kg
W = Work, J
y = Vertical displacement, m
• This amount of energy (E) is gained during time period Δt. The energy
delivered to the lifted body per unit of time is the delivered power N,
Where N = Fy/Δt = Fv (1.3)
N = Mechanical power delivered to the load, W
31
v = Lifting speed, m/s
32
 Calculations 2
• During the time period, Δt, the piston travels vertically a distance y.
• The volume of oil that entered the cylinder during this period is V =
Apy.
• Then, the oil flow rate that entered the cylinder is

• Assuming an ideal cylinder, then the hydraulic power inlet to the

cylinder is

Where: Ap = Piston area, m2

• p = Pressure of inlet oil, Pa
• Q = Flow rate, m3/s
•33 V = Piston swept volume, m3
 End l 12 1 2023

34
 Basic Hydraulic Power Systems
• The function of this system is summarized in the following:
1. The prime mover supplies the system with the required
mechanical power. The pump converts the input mechanical power
to hydraulic power.
2. The energy-carrying liquid is transmitted through the hydraulic
transmission lines: pipes and hoses. The hydraulic power is
controlled by means of valves of different types. This circuit
includes three different types of valves: a pressure control valve, a
directional control valve, and a flow control (throttlecheck) valve.
3. The controlled hydraulic power is communicated to the
hydraulic cylinder, which converts it to the required mechanical
power.
• Generally, the hydraulic power systems provide both rotary and
35
linear motions.
Hydraulic system circuit, schematic, and symbolic drawings

36
 1.4 The Advantages of Hydraulic Systems (1)
• 1.High power-to-weight ratio.
• 2. Self-lubrication.
• 3. There is no saturation phenomenon in the hydraulic
systems compared with saturation in electric machines. The
maximum torque of an electric motor is proportional to the
electric current, but it is limited by the magnetic saturation.
• 4. High force-to-mass and torque-to-inertia ratios, which
result in high acceleration capability and a rapid response of
the hydraulic motors.
• 5. High stiffness of the hydraulic cylinders, which allows
37
stopping loads at any intermediate position.
 The Advantages of Hydraulic Systems (2) 1.4

• 6. Simple protection against overloading.

• 7. Possibility of energy storage in hydraulic
accumulators.
• 8. Flexibility of transmission compared with
mechanical systems.
• 9. Availability of both rotary and rectilinear motions.
• 10. Safe regarding explosion hazards.

38
 The Disadvantages of Hydraulic 1.4
Systems
1. Hydraulic power is not readily available, unlike
electrical. Hydraulic generators are therefore required.
2. High cost of production due to the requirements of
small clearances and high precision production process.
3. High inertia of transmission lines, which increases
their response time.
4. Limitation of the maximum and minimum operating
temperature.
5. Fire hazard when using mineral oils.
6. Oil filtration problems.
39
40
41
 :Now you know how to

• 1. State the function of the power systems.

• 2. Discuss briefly the principle of operation of the
different power systems giving the necessary schemes.
• 3. Draw the circuit of a simple hydraulic system, in
standard symbols, and explain briefly the function of
its basic elements.
• 4. State the advantages and disadvantages of hydraulic
power systems.
• 5. Draw the circuit of a simple hydraulic system,

42
 End

43
 Hydraulic Oils and Theoretical Background

• Hydraulic fluids are used in hydrostatic power

systems to transmit power.
• +
• lubricate the contact surfaces,
• Cool different elements,
• and clean the system.

44
 Hydraulic Oils and Theoretical Background 2
• Basic Properties of Hydraulic Oils
1. Viscosity
2. Oil Density
3. Oil Compressibility
4. Thermal Expansion
5. Vapor Pressure
6. Lubrication and Anti-Wear Characteristics
7. Compatibility
8. Chemical Stability
9. Oxidation Stability
10.Foaming
11.Cleanliness
12.Thermal Properties
13.Acidity
14.Toxicity
45
15.Environmentally Acceptable Hydraulic Oils
 Basic Properties of Hydraulic Oils

• Objectives
• To study and understand the physical properties
of oils used in hydraulic circuits
• To know how these properties affect the
performance of a hydraulic device
‫• األهداف‬
‫ائر‬+‫ت المستخدمة في الدو‬+‫• دراسة وفهم الخصائص الفيزيائية للزيو‬
‫الهيدروليكية‬
‫• معرفة كيف تؤثر هذه الخصائص على أداء الجهاز الهيدروليكي‬
46
 Viscosity
• viscosity is the resistance to flow.

47
48
• A hydraulic fluid referred to as VG32 has a viscosity of
32 cSt at 40°C.
• The viscosity index (VI) of oil is a number used in
industry to indicate the effect of temperature
variation on the viscosity of the oil.
• A low VI signifies a relatively large change of viscosity
with temperature variation.
• A high VI means relatively little change in viscosity
over a wide temperature range.
• The best oil is the one that maintains constant
49
viscosity throughout temperature changes.
 cSt = 1 mm2/sec 1

The viscosity of fluids increases as its pressure increases

.These characteristics must be taken into account when planning
hydraulic systems which operate at wide pressure ranges.
However, when operating at pressure levels within 300 bar, the
.effect
50 of pressure on the oil viscosity is usually negligible
Why is viscosity important in hydraulic fluids?
The viscosity of a hydraulic fluid is a critical element in
the transfer of hydraulic power. The ideal viscosity
range for a fluid—and thus its highest efficiency—is
usually between 10 and 100 mm²/sec, depending on
.the application

Viscosity index Classification

Under 35 Low
to 80 35 Medium
to 110 80 High
Above 110 Very high

51
• VI improving additives and higher quality base
oils are widely used nowadays which increase
the VIs attainable beyond the value of 100.
The Viscosity Index of synthetic oils ranges
from 80 to over 400.
• (Study how we calculate VI)
www.tribology-abc.com Project
53
 ‫يناير ‪ 23‬محاضرة ‪ 2‬الحض(ور‬

‫‪54‬‬
 ‫محاضرة ‪3‬‬
‫األثنين‬

‫‪55‬‬
 ‫كثافة الزيت‬
‫• التعريف‪ :‬الكثافة هي الكتلة لكل وحدة حجم‪.ρ = m / V :‬‬
‫• تتر(اوح كثافة الزيوت الهيدر(وليكية المعدنية بين ‪ 850‬و ‪900‬‬
‫كجم ‪ /‬م ‪.3‬‬
‫• تهيمن على الخسائر( الهيدروليكية في عناصر االختناق‬
‫وخطوط النقل أساسا من قبل القصور الذاتي وخسائر‬
‫االحتكاك‬

‫‪56‬‬
 Effect of Density on Hydraulic System
Operation
• Orifice Flow: Orifices, short-tube or sharp-
edged, are a basic means of control in fluid
power systems.

57
 Oil Density
• Definition: The density is the mass per unit
volume: ρ = m/V.
• The density of mineral hydraulic oils ranges
from 850 to 900 kg/m3.
• The hydraulic losses in throttling elements and
transmission lines are dominated mainly by
the inertia and friction losses.

58
The fluid particles are accelerated from velocity v1 at section 1 to
the jet velocity, v2, at section 2 through a sharp-edged orifice.
The fluid flow between sections 1 and 2 is nearly streamlined or
potential flow, which justifies the application of Bernoulli’s equation
between these two sections.

59
 ‫ر‬
‫ر‬
‫‪60‬‬
 ‫ر‬
‫ر‬

‫‪61‬‬
62
63
64
 Hydraulic Inertia
• The dynamic behavior of hydraulic transmission
lines is affected by the fluid inertia, compressibility, and resistance.
• The effect of fluid inertia can be formulated, assuming
incompressible nonviscous flow, as follows:

65
 Hydraulic Inertia

Then

66
 ‫نهاية محاض(رة ‪3‬‬

‫‪67‬‬
 Effect of Oil Compressibility; Hydraulic
Capacitance
• Question:
Calculate the difference between the input and output flow rates of a line if the
rate of variation of pressure dP/dt = 13.4 MPa/s, given D = 10 mm, L = 3 m, B = 1.3
GPa, wall thickness h = 1 mm, Modulus of elasticity of wall material E = 210 GPa.

Given: dP/dt = 13.4 MPa/s, D = 10 mm, L = 3 m, B = 1.3 GPa, wall thickness h = 1 mm, Modulus of
elasticity of wall material E = 210 GPa

How and Why????

•

B = Bulk modulus of liquid, typically B = 1 to 2 GPa for mineral oils

68
 Effect of Oil Compressibility; Hydraulic Capacitance

69
 Effect of Oil Compressibility; Hydraulic Capacitance

70
 Effect of Oil Compressibility; Hydraulic Capacitance

71
72
 ‫نهاية محاض(رة االثنين‬

‫‪73‬‬
 Thermal Expansion 2.2.4

74
• In the case of oil trapped in a rigid vessel for a long
period, the pressure may increase to enormous
values due to the rise in oil temperature.
• The thermal expansion of the cylinder is negligible
with respect to that of the oil.
• Therefore, the oil volume remains constant, even
when its temperature increases, due to the combined
effect of the oil compressibility and its thermal
expansion. The change in pressure (ΔP) due to
temperature variation (ΔT) is deduced as follows.
Assuming that the total volume of oil is constant,
then ΔV = 0.
75
 Thermal Expansion 2.2.4

76 where ΔVC = Variation of volume due to oil compressibility, m3

• Example 2.2 A liquid of (α = 0.0007) and (B = 1
GPa), trapped in a rigid vessel, is subjected to
an increase in temperature of 50°C.
Assuming that the vessel is of negligible thermal
expansion, the oil pressure increases by 35 MPa.

77
 p 51‫اختبار‬
11. Calculate the difference between the input and output flow rates
of a line if the rate of variation of pressure dP/dt = 13.4 MPa/s,
given D = 10 mm, L = 3 m, B = 1.3 GPa, wall thickness h = 1 mm,
Modulus of elasticity of wall material, E = 210 GPa, B = Bulk
modulus of liquid, typically B = 1 to GPa for mineral oils.
• Given: dP/dt = 13.4 MPa/s, D = 10 mm, L = 3 m, B = 1.3 GPa, wall
thickness h = 1 mm, Modulus of elasticity of wall material E = 210
GPa

78
 ‫‪HW‬‬
‫‪• How does the density of the hydraulic fluid‬‬
‫?‪affect its inertia‬‬
‫• كيف تؤثر كثافة السائل الهيدروليكي على القصور الذاتي؟‬
‫• استخدم مثال ر(قمي لتحديد الزيادة في القصور الذاتي بالنسبة‬
‫للكثافة‪.‬‬

‫‪79‬‬
 3. Oil Compressibility
• Liquids are of very low compressibility, while gases are
highly compressible.
• Therefore, liquids are usually assumed incompressible.
• But this assumption is applied when the liquid
compressibility has no significant effect on the
performance of the studied system.
• Bulk modulus is a property that indicates the
compressibility of a fluid. With many of today's
hydraulic systems operating at pressures 5000 psi and
higher, ignoring bulk modulus can compromise
response time of a system.

80
 P50
• 2.6 Exercises
• 1. Derive an expression for the pressure and
power losses in a hydraulic transmission line of
constant diameter in the case of laminar flow.
• 2. Derive an expression for the hydraulic
resistance, R, of a hydraulic transmission line
and find the resultant resistance of two lines
connected in series or in parallel.

81
• 10. A hydraulic pipe line has a diameter D,
length L, wall thickness h, material bulk
modulus E, and oil bulk modulus B. Prove that
the hydraulic capacitance of the line is given
by:

82