Tayabas Western Academy

Founded 1928
Recognized by the Government
Candelaria, Quezon

WEEK 4
Elements and Principles of Art
GEC 5 – Art appreciation

MARY GRACE LALONG-ISIP RAMOS

INSTRUCTOR
 Tayabas Western Academy
Founded 1928
Recognized by the Government
Candelaria, Quezon

Elements and Principles of Art

needed for the creation

of art
Elements of Art

1. Visual
2. Auditory
Elements of Art: Visual

1.Line – refers to a point moving at an identifiable path

 has length and direction, width
 1 dimensional
 has variations (orientation/direction, shape, thickness)
Elements of Art: Visual

a) Horizontal line – normally they are associated with rest or calm

b) Vertical line – connote evaluation or height

c) Diagonal line– convey movement or stability

d) Crooked line – convey violence, conflict or struggle

Elements of Art: Visual

e) Curved line – used to express softness, grace, flexibility, or even

sensuality
Francisco de Goya

• Known for his prints, master of

etched works and use of aquatint
Elements of Art: Visual

2-3. Shape and Form – related to each other because they

both define the space
SHAPE – refers to 2D (2 dimensions: height, width) and 3D (three
dimensions: length, width, and height/depth
a) Geometric - squares, triangles, cubes, spheres, cones
etc.
Elements of Art: Visual

2. Shape and Form

b) Organic - shapes that are those readily occurring in nature,
(regular and asymmetrical)
Elements of Art: Visual
Elements of Art: Visual

4.Space – refers to a feeling of depth or three dimensions. It

can also refer to the artist's use of the area within the picture plane.
The area around the primary objects in a work of art is known as
negative space, while the space occupied by the primary objects is
known as positive space. (Example of artwork: Sculptures)
Elements of Art: Visual

5. Color – one of the elements that enhances the appeal of an artwork

Elements of Art: Visual

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
Property of Color

a. Hue – this dimension of color gives its name. It can be subdivided into :
• Primary Colors – red, yellow and blue

• Secondary Colors – green, orange and violet

• Tertiary Colors – six in total, these hues are achieved when primary and secondary colors are
mixed.

b. Value – refers to the darkness or brightness of colors

- Used by the artist to create illusion of depth and solidity, mood, communicate a feeling, or
establishing a scene (day and night)

• Light colors – taken as the source of light in the composition

• Dark colors – the lack or even the absence of light
Property of Color

b. Value – refers to the darkness or brightness of colors

• Tint – this is a lighter color than the normal value (pink for red)

• Shade – this is a darker color than a normal value(maroon for red)

c. Intensity – refers to the color’s brightness or dullness

- strength of color

o Bright or warm colors – positive energy

o Dull or cool colors – sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm

o Monochromatic harmonies – use the variations of a hue.

 Property of Color

b. Intensity – refers to the color’s brightness or dullness

- strength of color

o Bright or warm colors – positive energy

o Dull or cool colors – sedate/soothing, seriousness or calm

o Monochromatic harmonies – use the variations of a hue.

- use any single color plus tints, shades and tones of the same color. 

o Complementary harmonies – involve two colors opposite each other in the color
wheel.

o Analogous harmonies – make use of two colors in the color wheel.

Elements of Art: Visual

6. Texture –the perceived surface quality of a work of art. It may be

perceived physically, through the sense of touch, or visually, or both

• Textures in the two-dimensional plane – texture can be implied using one

technique or a combination of other elements of art.
Elements of Art: Visual

6. Texture
• Surface texture – refers to the texture of the three dimensional art object
Planes and Perspectives

Picture Plane - is the actual surface of the painting or drawing, where no

illusion of a third dimensions exists. (as if you are looking through a window)
Planes and Perspectives

Linear perspective - is a mathematical system used to create the illusion of

space and distance on a flat surface.

To properly use the linear perspective a painter has to imagine the canvas
as an "open window" through which he sees the subject of the painting.
Linear Perspective
Proponents of Linear
Perspective

1.Leon Battista Alberti

2.Paolo Uccello
3.Filippo Brunelleschi
Linear Perspective

It was used based on the following observations:

a. As forms and objects recede, the smaller they become.

b. We were taught that parallel lines never meet. However, when they too,
seem to converge when they recede into a distance, at a point, they both
disappear.
the point of disappearance Vanishing point
Three types of Perspective

a. One-point perspective- this type of perspective show parallel lines that

seem to converge at a specific and lone vanishing point, along the
horizontal line. (used in depicting roads, tracks, hallways or rows of trees)
Three types of Perspective

b) Two-point perspective – refers to a painting or drawing that makes use of

two vanishing points, which can be placed anywhere along the horizon
line. (used in depicting houses or buildings in the landscape that are viewed from a specific corner.)
Three types of Perspective
Three types of Perspective
Three types of Perspective

c. Three-point perspective – the viewer is looking at a scene from above or

below
Three types of Perspective
Three types of Perspective
Elements of Art : Auditory

Music – is a kind of art that is classified as an auditory art

- a kind of art that is commonly used and answers a specific
role or function
Elements of Music:

1. Rhythm
2. Dynamics
3. Melody
4. Harmony
5. Timbre
6. Texture
Elements of Music:

1. Rhythm – pulse of the music

- often associated to the term beat, meter and tempo
 BEAT - the basic unit of music
 TEMPO – refers to the speed of music
 METER - refers to the regularly recurring patterns and accents
such as bars and beats.
Variations in Tempo:

1. Largo – slowly and broadly

2. Andante – walking pace
3. Moderato – at moderate speed
4. Allegro – fast
5. Vivace – lively
6. Accelerando – gradually speeding up
7. Rallentado – gradually slowing down
Variations in Tempo:

8. Allargando – getting slower, broadening

9. Rubato – literally “robbed time” rhythm is played freely for expressive

effect
Elements of Music:

2. Dynamics – refers to the loudness or quietness of music

o Pianissimo [pp] – very quiet
o Piano [p] – quiet
o Mezzo-piano [mp] – moderately quiet
o Mezzo-forte[mf] – moderately loud
o Forte [f] – loud
o Fortissimo [ff] – very loud
Elements of Music:

2. Dynamics – refers to the loudness or quietness of music

crescendo – increase in loudness
decrescendo – decease in loudness

3. Melody – refers to the linear presentation of pitch.

• PITCH – is the highness or lowness of musical sound.
Elements of Music:

4) Harmony – refers to the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously.

5) Timbre – refers to the quality that distinguishes a voice or an instrument from
another.
6) Texture – the number of melodies, the type of layers and their relatedness in a
composition
Elements of Art:
The elements of art are the visual tools
that the artist uses to create a
composition.
Principles of Art
The principles of art represent how the artist
uses the elements of art to create an effect
and to help convey the artist's intent.
Source: https://www.sandburgart.com/elements-principles#:~:text=The%20elements%20of%20art%20are,help%20convey%20the%20artist's%20intent.
Principles of Art:
1. Balance – refers to the distribution of the visual elements in
view of their placement in relation to each other.

Copyright Infringement Not Intended

Principles of Art:

Three Forms of Balance:

1.1 Symmetrical
1.2 Asymmetrical
1.3 Radial

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Principles of Art:

Three Forms of Balance:

1.1 Symmetrical – the elements used on one side are reflected on
the other

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Principles of Art:

Three Forms of Balance:

1.2 Asymmetrical – the elements that are not the same (or of the
same weight) on each side, putting the heaviness on one side.

Copyright Infringement Not Intended

Principles of Art:

Three Forms of Balance:

1.3 Radial – there is a central point in the composition, around
which elements and objects are distributed.
- it is symmetry in several directions

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 Principles of Art:

2. Scale and Proportion

Scale – refers to the size in relation to what is normal
for the figure or object in question.
- refers to the overall physical size of an artwork or objects in the artwork.
We always relate scale to the size of the human body - how big or small the piece is in
relation to us. An artist may decide to use a scale which is different from life-sized and this
will have an impact on how it feels.
Source: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxfsnbk/revision/5#:~:text=Scale%20refers%20to%20the%20overall,impact%20on%20how%20it%20feels.
Principles of Art: Scale

Copyright Infringement Not Intended

Principles of Art: Scale

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Principles of Art:

2. Scale and Proportion

Proportion – is the size of the components/objects in
relation to one another when taken as a
composition or a unit.
- it also refer to the value such as amounts or
number of elements or objects in the
composition
Principles of Art:

2. Scale and Proportion

Proportion can be:
2.1 Natural
2.2 Exaggerated
2.3 Idealized
 Principles of Art:

Proportion can be:

2.1 Natural – relates to the realistic size of the visual elements in the
artwork, especially for figurative artworks (accuracy in relation to the real world)
Principles of Art:

Proportion can be:

2.2 Exaggerated – refers to the unusual size relations of
visual elements, deliberately exaggerating the
immensity or minuteness of an object.

Diminutive – an element is smaller than expected

Monumental – an element appears to be larger than
what is presumed.
Principles of Art:

Proportion can be:

2.3 Idealized – it follows canons of perfection
Principles of Art:

3 – 4. Emphasis and Contrast

Emphasis - it allows the attention of the viewer to a focal point(s),
accentuating or drawing attention to these elements or objects.

Contrast - is the disparity between the elements that figure into the
composition.
Principles of Art:

5 – 6. Unity and Variety

Unity - is about separate parts working together in a composition.
- In an artwork, unity creates a sense of harmony and wholeness by using
similar elements and placing them in a way that creates a feeling of
“oneness.”
Principles of Art:

5 – 6. Unity and Variety

Variety – is the principle that aims to retain the interest by allowing
patches or areas that both excite and allow the eye to rest.
- VARIETY adds interest by using juxtaposition and contrasting elements
within the composition.
.
Principles of Art:

7. Harmony – is when the elements or objects achieve a sense of flow and

interconnectedness.

8. Movement – it refers to the direction of the viewing eye as it goes through

the artwork.
(the focal points can be lines, edges, shape, and color)
Principles of Art:

9. Rhythm – is created when an element is repeated, creating implied

movement. It is a combination of elements repeated, but with variations.

10. – 11. Repetition and Pattern –

Principles of Art:

10. Repetition - refers to one object or shape repeated; 

11. Pattern -  is a combination of elements or shapes repeated in a
recurring and regular arrangement