Text As Connected

Discourse
LESSON 1

Ms. Joena May Buensalida

 Text
 Came from the old French word textus which
means “the scriptures”
 A text is generally a written material especially
longer pieces of writing as in a book, a letter,
or a news paper.
 A group of idea that have been combined
together to make a point or one central idea.
 It is also made up of sentences
 It deals with cohesion
 Discourse
 It comes from the Latin word discursus which
denoted conversation, argument or speech.
 It is a text with distinct features and purpose.
 Formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic
where concepts and insights are arranged in
an organized and logical manner
 An extended extension of thoughts or ideas
 Purpose of Discourse

1. TO INFORM – it gives facts,

directions or instructions to the
readers.
2. TO PERSUADE – it aims to influence
the readers that the argument is better.
3. TO ENTERTAIN – to provide
someone amusement or enjoyment
 Types of Discourse
1. ARGUMENTATION – refers to the action or
process of reasoning systematically in support of
an idea, action or theory.
2. DESCRIPTION – this is a discourse intended to
give a mental image of something experienced.
3. EXPOSITION – designed to convey information
or explain what is difficult to understand
4. NARRATION – this is the action or process of
narrating a story.
 Text vs Discourse

 TEXT is made up of sentences having

the property of grammatical cohesion
 DISCOURSE is made up of
utterances having the property of
coherence
 COHERENCE – how clear and
logical ideas are organized
 COHESION – flow from one
sentence to the next
 Good Cohesion is Achieved Through the
Following Main Methods

 REFERENCE WORDS
 REPEATED WORDS/IDEAS
 ELLIPSIS
 SUBSTITUTION
 TRANSITIONAL SIGNALS
Cohesion is an important feature in academic writing.
Cohesion can help ensure that you are writing coheres or
‘stick together’. Cohesion will make it easier for the
reader to follow the main ideas in your essay or report.
You can achieved good cohesion by paying attention to
five important features. The first important feature is
repeated words. A second key feature is reference words.
A third one is transition signals. A fourth is substitution.
The final important aspect is ellipsis.
 Reference Words
Cohesion is an important feature in academic writing.
It can help ensure that you are writing coheres or
Cohesion
, whichwill make it easier for the
‘stick together’. Cohesion
reader to follow the main ideas in your essay or report.
You can achieved good cohesion by paying attention to
of these
five important features. The first important feature is
repeated words. A second key feature is reference words.
A third one is transition signals. A fourth is substitution.
The final important aspect is ellipsis.
 Repeated Words/Ideas
Cohesion is an important feature in academic writing. It
can help ensure that you are writing coheres or ‘stick
together’, which will make it easier for the reader to
follow the main ideas in your essay or report. You can
achieve good cohesion by paying attention to five
important features. The first of these is repeated words. A
second key feature is reference words. A third one is
transition signals. A fourth is substitution. The final
important aspect is ellipsis.
 TRANSITION SIGNALS
- words o phrases that signals relationship between ideas
- also called linking phrases/sign post phrases/cohesive devices
- transitions to show examples, order of importance,
chronological order, list, addition AND ALTERNATIVES

Ca use Effe ct Com pa rison Contra st

Tra nsitions Tra nsitions Tra nsitions Tra nsitions
Fo r this
As a r e s ult s imila r ly h owe ve r
r e a s on
b e c a us e o f Con s e qu e n tly ju s t like wh e r e a s
 Transitional Signal
Cohesion is an important feature in academic writing. It
can help ensure that you are writing coheres or ‘stick
together’, which will make it easier for the reader to
follow the main ideas in your essay or report. You can
achieve good cohesion by paying attention to five
important features. The first of these is repeated words. A
second key feature is reference words. A third one is
transition signals. A fourth is substitution. The final
important aspect is ellipsis.
 Substitution
 Substitutes/replace an earlier words with another
word(s)
The graph on the left shows calorie intake by age,
while the one on the right shows daily exercise levels.

Drinking alcohol before driving is banned in many

countries, since doing so can seriously impair one’s
ability to drive safely.
 Ellipsis
 Leaving out words because the meaning is already
clear.
The first graph shows a high calorie intake for 20-25
yearsXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
old, the first graph showsXXXXX
lower calorie intake
for 25-30 years old, and the first graph showsXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX a very
low calorie intake for those over 30.
 COHERENCE
 Relates o organization
and relation of ideas.
 Also about how clear
and easy the ideas are
to understand.
 How to improve coherence?

 Make sure ideas are well

organized
 Make sure the ideas can be
understood by the reader.
 Text

Writer Reader
 Text As Connected Discourse

 A text is a connected discourse which

means that all ideas in the text must
be related in the sense that they would
express only one main idea, or that
the text must have unity by
combining all ideas to emphasize
central idea.
 Connected Discourse as a Written
Text

 This refers to a text with a distinct

features and purpose in which
ideas are coherently arranged.
QUESTIONS?