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    Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that yield monosaccharides like glucose upon hydrolysis. They are abundant in living organisms and serve as the main energy source. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (yield 2-10 monosaccharides), and polysaccharides (most complex, yield several monosaccharides). Common polysaccharides include starch, found in plants and a major energy source, glycogen which functions as animal starch and is stored in the liver and muscles, and cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls.

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    Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that yield monosaccharides like glucose upon hydrolysis. They are abundant in living organisms and serve as the main energy source. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (yield 2-10 monosaccharides), and polysaccharides (most complex, yield several monosaccharides). Common polysaccharides include starch, found in plants and a major energy source, glycogen which functions as animal starch and is stored in the liver and muscles, and cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls.

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    6 views11 pages

    Carbohydrates

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Atif
    Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones that yield monosaccharides like glucose upon hydrolysis. They are abundant in living organisms and serve as the main energy source. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (yield 2-10 monosaccharides), and polysaccharides (most complex, yield several monosaccharides). Common polysaccharides include starch, found in plants and a major energy source, glycogen which functions as animal starch and is stored in the liver and muscles, and cellulose, the main component of plant cell walls.

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    Carbohydrates

    PRESENTER: MUHAMMAD FAIZAN ZAKIR (19568)


    Definition

     Polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones, or complex substances which on hydrolysis


    yield polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones subunits.
    Occurance

     Abundantly in living organisms


     In all organisms and almost in all parts of the cell
     E.g. cellulose, cotton, paper, starch, cane sugar etc.
     Main source of energy
     Main constituent of cell wall in plants and micro-organisms
    Types of Carbohydrates

     Monosaccharaides
     Oligosaccharides
     polysaccharaides
    Monosaccharaides

     Simple sugars
     Sweet in taste
     Readily aqueous soluble
     Can’t be hydrolyzed into simple sugar
     Chemically either polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketones

    Aldehyde
    Ketone
    Monosaccharaides

     3 – 7 C-atoms monosaccharaides are found


     E.g. Glucose
     Presents in all fruits
     Human blood contains 0.08% glucose
     Presents in disaccharides and polysaccharides
     Polysaccharides yields monosaccharaides on complex hydrolysis
    Oligosaccharides

     Less sweet in taste


     Less soluble in water
     Yields 2 – 10 monosaccharaides on hydrolysis
     E.g. disaccharides & trisaccharides
     Glycosidic Bond:
     Covalent bond between two monosaccharaides
     Sucrose C12H22O11(Sugar can) is most familiar disaccharide
     Yields fructose & glucose on hydrolysis
    Polysaccharides

     Most complex & most complex carbohydrate in nature


     Branched & tasteless
     Several monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds
     Higher molecular weight
     Sparingly soluble in water
     E.g. starch, cellulose & glycogen etc.
    Starch

     Found in fruits, grains, seeds & tubers


     Main source of carbohydrates for animals
     Yields glucose molecules on hydrolysis
     Gives blue color with iodine
     Types
     Amylose: unbranched chains of glucose & soluble in hot water
     Amylopectin: branched chains & insoluble in hot & cold water
    Glycogen

     Animal Starch
     Chief form of carbohydrate stored in animal body
     Found in all animal cells but abundantly in liver & muscles
     Insoluble in water
     Gives red color with iodine
     Yields glucose on hydrolysis
    Cellulose

     Most abundant carbohydrate in nature


     Pure cellulose – Cotton
     Main constituent of cell wall of plants
     Insoluble in water
     Yields glucose on hydrolysis
     Indigestible for humans
     Digestible for herbivores – microorganisms secrete an enzyme called cellulose for
    digestion
     Gives no color with iodine

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