Water Purification

Introduction
• Under the conditions of modern life, we need enormous quantities of
pure water.
• In many regions, the requirements are greater than available local
supplies, and water must be transported over considerable distances
at great expense.
• In this experiment, you will study some of the methods by which
impurities may be removed from water to make it fit for home,
industrial, or medical use.
Introduction
Filtration
• Filtration, the process in which solid particles in a liquid or
gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits
the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles.
• Either the clarified fluid or the solid particles removed from the fluid
may be the desired product.
Sand Filtration
Sand Filtration Experiment
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNyhY9dR2VE
Sedimentation
• Sedimentation is the process of deposition of a solid material from a
state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or water).
Sedimentation
• Particle size has a great effect on sedimentation time
Sedimentation Virtual Lab
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfYQEYTaAMo
Coagulation
• The coagulation process involves adding iron or aluminum salts, such
as aluminum sulphate, ferric sulphate, ferric chloride or polymers, to
the water.
• These chemicals are called coagulants, and have a positive charge.
• The positive charge of the coagulant neutralizes the negative charge
of dissolved and suspended particles in the water.
• When this reaction occurs, the particles bind together, or coagulate
(this process is sometimes also called flocculation).
Coagulation
• The larger particles, or floc, are heavy and quickly settle to the bottom
of the water supply.
• This settling process is called sedimentation.
• The following diagram illustrates the basic reactions and processes
that occur during coagulation.
Coagulation Virtual Lab
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uuQ77vAV_U
Distillation
• Distillation is an inexpensive and relatively simple technique used to
purify liquids.
• Chemists often use this method to separate homogeneous solutions
of two or more liquids.
Distillation
• In industry, distillation is used to separate the economically important
components of fossil fuels including natural gas, gasoline, kerosene,
heating oil, and lubricants.
Distillation
• In the food industry, distillation is used to concentrate the alcohol in
wines and other beverages obtained from the natural fermentation of
fruits and vegetables.
Distillation
• Both of these economically important processes separate liquids,
which do not interact with one another, by differences in their boiling
points.
Distillation Virtual Lab
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrA1OawpeNk

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IWy_hdgKJM