Ch.

10 The Muscular System

I. Introduction
A. Types of Muscles by function
1. Agonist or Prime mover - main responsibility for
movement
 Synergists:
 fixators stabilize origin
2. Antagonist:
B. Naming Skeletal Muscles
1. Direction of fibers
 Rectus = straight
2. Relative size
 Maximus = largest
3. By location
 Temporalis
4. By number of origins
 Triceps , Biceps
Naming Skeletal Muscles
5. By origin/insertion
location
 Sternocleidomastoid
6. By shape
 Deltoid = triangular
7. By action
 Flexor and extensor
C. Arrangement of muscle fibers into Fascicles:
can be circular or straight, long or short

Figure 6.14
What To Know for lab– MUSCLES
•**Identify muscle

•Muscles Groups (Quadriceps …)

•*Actions from lab book

•Prime Mover, Synergistic, Antagonistic

•*Origin & Insertion: from Lab Book and general location on

bone– distal, middle proximal
II. Muscles that cause facial expressions
and that move the head Epicranius

Galea
aponeurotica
Corrugator
*Frontal belly
supercilii (Frontalis)
*Orbicularis oculi Occipital
Levator labii belly
superioris
*Zygomaticus *Temporalis
minor and major
*Buccinator
*Masseter
Risorius
*Sternocleidomastoid
*Orbicularis oris
*Trapezius
Mentalis
Depressor Splenius capitis
labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
Platysma

Figure 10.6
Head and Neck Muscles- Muscle to do in Lab

Figure 6.15
A. MUSCLES OF MASTICATION AND TONGUE
MOVEMENT
Temporalis
Four pairs:
1. Prime movers of jaw closure
a) Temporalis and masseter
 Cranial Nerve VII, Facial
 Do in lab
Masseter
2. Grinding movements
b) Medial and lateral pterygoids
Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve)
See LAB BOOK for INSERTIONS,
ORIGINS, and ACTIONS
Medial & Lateral
pterygoid muscles
 Temporalis

Orbicularis
oris Masseter
Buccinator

(a)
Figure 10.7a
 Lateral
pterygoid

Medial
pterygoid

Masseter
pulled away

(b)

Figure 10.7b
B. Facial Expression Muscles-- SEE LAB BOOK
a) Epicarnius-Frontal Belly = Frontalis
-Elevates eyebrows & wrinkles forehead
b) Orbicularis muscles = muscle forms a ring around a part of
the face
i) Orbicularis Oculi: encircles eye
-Closes eye
ii) Orbicularis Oris: encircles lips/mouth
-Brings lips together, kissing
c) Zygomaticus (two parts)
-Elevates sides of mouth, smiling
d) Buccinator– mostly deep to iand below the most-inferior
zygomaticus
- Compresses checks inward-- wistling
C. Muscles of the Neck that move Head
FLEXION
a) Sternocleidomastoid—
- If both sides contract together causes head
flexion
- If one side contracts only, causes lateral
rotation
b) Scalenes—
- deep to Sternocleidomastoid
- Cause lateral head rotation

EXTENSION
a)Trapezius: upper back muscle that extends to
back of head
- Extends head and other movements will do
later

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 Base of
1st cervical occipital bone
vertebra Mastoid
process
Middle
Sternocleido- scalene
mastoid Anterior
scalene
Posterior
scalene

(a) Anterior

Figure 10.9a
Figure 10.9b Muscles of the anterior neck and throat used in swallowing.

Platysma
(cut)

Mylohyoid

Omohyoid
(superior belly)
Sternohyoid

Sternocleido-
mastoid

END

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Figure 10.10b Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head and trunk.

Mastoid process

Splenius
capitis
Spinous
processes
of the
vertebrae
Splenius
cervicis

Posterior
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Figure 10.10d Muscles of the neck and vertebral column that move the head and trunk.

Ligamentum
nuchae
Mastoid process
of temporal bone Semispinalis
Longissimus capitis capitis
Semispinalis
cervicis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Longissimus cervicis
Semispinalis
thoracis
Iliocostalis thoracis
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Iliocostalis
Erector Longissimus
spinae
Spinalis
Multifidus
Iliocostalis
lumborum Quadratus
lumborum
External oblique

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