CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONSTRUCTION
& GRAPHICS (CE-212)
Marks Distribution

Theory
100

Quiz Mid Term Exam Final Exam

25 25 50
Course Learning Outcomes
PLO 1 Engg .
Knowledge
CLO’s and
1. Explain different construction
PLO’s
techniques using different 
materials. (C2)

2. Explain drawing techniques for


buildings. (C2)
  CEC&G deals with the construction
techniques & materials adopted/used for
different civil engineering projects to
ensure
 Systematic
 Safe and
Introduction  Economical
Completion of projects
 Graphical tools like CAD Softwares, Building
Information Modelling (computer-aided
drafting) provides the facility to draw the
detailed drawings of projects.
 Civil engineering projects can be
broadly classified in to the followings
categories.
Civil  Buildings(All types)
Engineering  Roads, Railways, Airports & Bridges
Projects  Dams, Reservoirs & Canals.
 Underground structures (Tunnels)
 1. Architectural Works
• Architectural works involves Planning, orientation
and aesthetics of the Projects.
Projects Works 2. Structural design works
• Structural design work involves design of horizontal
and vertical components of Projects.
• Horizontal components are … Floors, Beams, Slabs
etc.
• Vertical components are …. Columns, walls

3. Execution works
• It involves the Physical execution of work at site by
using the drawings and specifications.
Site Selection
 It means selection of best site for the project which provide
 Safety
 Economy
 It is a project specific job.
 It depends on the
 Requirements of user/client
 Use of Project
 Finance available
Site Selection - Valid
Once
 Selection of site is only valid once
there are multiple choices. For
example if one decides to purchase a
plot he should consider orientation
of plot and it’s location.
 On the other hand if a person wants
to reconstruct ancestor’s house he
has no choice but to achieve
objectives at the same location
General Rules for Site Selection

 It should provide minimum disturbance to

the residents of the area.
 Site should be selected that it provides
good drainage.
 Site should be easily accessible.
 Construction material should be easily
available.
 Transportation of construction material is
easy.
 Level of site.

Climatic conditions.

Factors for Subsoil conditions.

Site Selection Modern facilities.

Other facilities.

Surroundings.
Type of building
i.e. residential, educational, hospital etc.
Other considerations
like noise/ air pollution and well-drained
Orientation of Buildings &
Setting out of Civil
Engineering Projects

What is Orientation of buildings?

The art of placing a building in such a
position so that it’s front faces a
particular direction is called orientation.
It also includes the arrangements of
rooms of a building so as to provide
natural comfort to inmates.
  To place the building so as to suit its
surroundings.
 To provide natural comfort to users.
 To provide privacy to inmates.
Orientation of  To protect residents from dust and noise
Buildings pollution.
 To place the building in such direction that
its minimum portion comes in contact with
direct rain showers so as to avoid dampness
in building.
 1. Surroundings of the Site

• The building should be so oriented that it suits

Factors surrounding of the site.

Effecting the 2. Approach to road or street

Orientation of • Approach to nearby road means a good

orientation.
Building
3. Sun Movement.

• Sun path and sun rays are important in

deciding the placement of different rooms in
a building.
 Sun Movement

 Sun is the important

source of energy, natural
light and Temperature.
 If sunrays are properly
falling on the building
then it will provide a good
living conditions in the
buildings.
 • Drawing or Living rooms SE W
• Dining rooms SE SW
• Bed rooms SE NW
• Verandah S W
• Kitchen NE SE
• Stairs, Stairs case & stores NE NW

Arrangement of Rooms w.r.t Sun

Building and Building Components
 Good building site
Properly planned and designed
Adequate provision for sleeping,
Requirements bathing, rest and recreation
of a Good Rooms properly placed according to
utility
Residential Properly oriented
Building Privacy from outside and inside
Free movement within the building
Quality fittings and fixtures
 Design of a House

 Every effort is made to utilize the full natural resources such as wind, sun and etc.
 Maximum facilities should be provided within the funds and space available
 Plot sizes are measured in ft2, yd2, Marla or kanal.
 1 kanal = 20 Marla, 1 Marla = 272 ft2 (actual) or 225 ft2
 Standard size of 1 kanal plot is 50’ x 90’ and 10 Marla plot is 35’ x 65’
 Design of a House

 Restrictions vary from society/ authority to society/ authority. These form

building bylaws. For example; common construction restrictions are:-
 10’ open space in front.
 5’-10’ open space in rear.
 5’ open space at one side.
 A two-floor building is normally 20% cheaper than one-floor building if
covered area is the same.
 Rectangular rooms provide better utilization of space.
Components Superstructure: The
portion of the structure
which is visible or which is
of Buildings above the ground level is
called super-structure

Sub-Structure: The portion

of the structure present
underground is called sub-
structure including the
foundations and the
basements, if present
 Ceiling Height (C.H.)
Bottom of roof slab is called ceiling. Height
of the ceiling from the finished floor level is
called ceiling height normally varies from 8
to 12 ft
Sill Level (S.L.)
Components of It is the level of bottom of main windows
Buildings generally 3 ft. higher than the floor level
Finished Floor Level (F.F.L)
Top level of floor in any part of the building
is called finished floor level. It may be
different for rooms verandahs and open areas
of a building
 Plinth Level (P.L)
It is the level of the ground floor top in main
part of the building. It is made higher than the
ground level by an amount depending upon the
following factors with a
Components of minimum of 1 ft.
Buildings The building must be prevented from
rainwater to come inside the building
Drainage of the used water from the building
must be easy.
Further trends in the locality like raising of
street and road levels is to be kept in mind
  Parapet
Small wall provided on periphery of the
roof for safety and privacy purposes is
called parapet wall having a height of 1’-
0” to about 5’-0” from top of the roof
Components of slab.

Buildings
 Boundary Wall
It is the outermost wall of a building
marking the boundary of the area used to
provide safety and privacy inside the
building. Its height varies from 5 to 7 ft.
 Components of Buildings

Riser and Tread:

 The height covered in one step of a stair is called riser and width of
horizontal platform required for one step of stair is tread. For Public
buildings, riser is usually made equal to 6- in.
Flight of Stairs:
 A Series of stair-steps arranged together usually in a single line is called a
flight.
 Maximum number of steps in a single flight must not exceed 12 to 14. (Due
to unease for user and larger span requirement.
 Number of treads in a flight of stair is always one lesser than the number of
riseers.
 Landing in stairs
The horizontal platform provided between
two flights of a stair is called landing.
It enables us to change the direction of
Components of stairs.
Buildings Sunshade
Sunshade is sloping or horizontal R.C.C.
cantilever slab provided over openings on
external walls to provide protection from sun
and rain.
Foundation:
The portion of a structure under columns
and walls which transfers load of a
structure to the soil underneath in a safe
way without excessive settlement is called
Components of
foundation. Buildings
The function of a foundation is to re-
distribute the load over a larger area
reducing the load per unit area.
THANKS