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Objectives
• Describe factors that affect the formation of magma.
• Compare and contrast the different types of magma.
Vocabulary
– viscosity
Magma
Magma
• The ash that spews from some volcanoes can
form billowy clouds that travel around the world
before raining back down to Earth.
• In the last 10 000 years, more than 1500
different volcanoes have erupted, providing
evidence that Earth is indeed geologically active.
Magma
Types of Magma
• The three major types of magma are: basaltic
magma, andesitic magma, and rhyolitic magma.
– Basaltic magma has the same composition as basalt
and fuels the volcanoes that make up the Hawaiian
Islands and Surtsey, which is south of Iceland.
– Andesitic magma has the same composition as
andesite and fuels Mount St. Helens in Washington
State and Tambora in Indonesia.
– Rhyolitic magma has the same composition as granite
and fueled the dormant volcanoes in Yellowstone
National Park.
Magma
Types of Magma
Magma
Types of Magma
Magma Composition
– A number of factors determine the composition
of magma.
– Viscosity is the internal resistance to flow; the higher
the viscosity, the thicker the magma.
Magma
Types of Magma
Basaltic Magma
– Basaltic magma typically forms when rocks in the
upper mantle melt.
– Most basaltic magma rises relatively rapidly to Earth’s
surface and reacts very little with crustal rocks because
of its low viscosity.
– The volcanoes fueled by basaltic magma erupt
relatively quietly.
Magma
Types of Magma
Andesitic Magma
– Andesitic magma is found along continental margins,
where oceanic crust is subducted into Earth’s mantle,
and is formed from oceanic crust or oceanic sediments.
– Andesitic magma contains about 60 percent silica,
resulting in an intermediate viscosity.
– The volcanoes it fuels are said to have intermediate
eruptions.
Magma
Types of Magma
Rhyolitic Magma
– Rhyolitic magma forms when molten material rises
and mixes with the overlying silica- and water-rich
continental crust.
– Rhyolitic magma has high viscosity and fuels very
explosive volcanoes.
Magma
Viscosity
• The viscosity of magma and lava depends on both
temperature and composition.
– The hotter the magma or lava, the lower the viscosity.
– Magmas and lavas high in silica have higher viscosities
than magmas and lavas low in silica.
Magma
Section Assessment
1. Match the magma types with their characteristics.
___
B basaltic A. intermediate viscosity
___ content, forms from oceanic
A andesitic
crust and oceanic sediments
___
C rhyolitic
B. low viscosity and gas content,
forms from rocks in the upper
mantle
C. high viscosity, forms from
continental crust materials
Magma
Section Assessment
2. What would be the likely effect if the volcano at
Yellowstone National Park were to erupt? Why?
It would most likely be a devastating eruption
because it would be fueled by rhyolitic magma,
which has a very high viscosity and gas content.
Magma
Section Assessment
3. Identify whether the following statements are
true or false.
______
true It is unlikely that Mount Kilauea in Hawaii will
explosively erupt.
______
true Wet granite will melt at a lower temperature than
dry granite.
______
false A liquid with a high viscosity will also have a high
flow rate.
______
true Major eruptions of Mount St. Helens in
Washington state and Mount Fuji in Japan
would probably be similar in nature.
Intrusive Activity
Objectives
• Explain how magma affects overlying crustal rocks.
• Compare and contrast intrusive igneous rock bodies.
Vocabulary
– pluton
– batholith
– stock
– laccolith
– sill
– dike
Intrusive Activity
Intrusive Activity
• Magma, because it is molten, is less dense than
surrounding rocks.
• This density difference forces magma to move
upward and eventually come into contact with, or
intrude into, the overlying crust.
Intrusive Activity
Intrusive Activity
• Intruding magma can affect the crust in
several ways:
A. Magma can force the overlying rock apart and enter the
newly formed fissures.
B. Magma can also cause
blocks of rock to
break off and sink
into the magma, where
the rocks may
eventually melt.
C. Magma can melt the
rock into which it
intrudes.
Intrusive Activity
Plutons
• When magma cools, minerals form and over a
very long period of time; they will combine to form
intrusive igneous rock bodies.
• Plutons are intrusive igneous rock bodies that
can be exposed at Earth’s surface as a result of
uplift and erosion and are classified based on their
size, shape, and relationship to surrounding rocks.
Intrusive Activity
Plutons
Intrusive Activity
Plutons
Batholiths and Stocks
– Batholiths, the largest plutons, are irregularly shaped masses of coarse-grained
igneous rocks covering at least 100 km2 and take millions of years to form.
Plutons
Laccoliths
– A laccolith is a mushroom-shaped pluton with a round top and flat bottom
resulting from a Magma intrusion into parallel rock layers close to Earth’s surface.
Plutons
Sills and Dikes
– A sill is a pluton, ranging from only a few centimeters to hundreds of meters
in thickness, that forms when magma intrudes parallel to layers of rock.
Section Assessment
1. Match the following terms with their definitions.
___
D batholith A. a pluton that forms when
magma intrudes parallel to
___
B stock layers of rock
___
E laccolith B. an irregularly shaped pluton
___
A sill that is similar to a batholith but
smaller in size
___
C dike C. a pluton that cuts across
preexisting rocks
D. an irregularly shaped pluton
that covers at least 100 km2
E. a mushroom-shaped pluton
with a round top and flat bottom
Intrusive Activity
Section Assessment
2. How do sills and laccoliths differ?
Sills and laccoliths both result from magma
intrusions that are parallel to existing rock.
Laccoliths push the overlying layers upward,
creating a distinct mushroom-shape when they
cool and solidify. Sills are generally thinner and
do not cause a noticeable bump in the surface.
Intrusive Activity
Section Assessment
3. What surface feature are batholiths most
associated with?
Batholiths are found at the cores of many of
Earth’s mountain ranges.
Volcanoes
Objectives
• Describe the major parts of a volcano.
• Compare and contrast shield, cinder-cone, and composite
volcanoes.
• Contrast the volcanism that occurs at plate boundaries.
• Explain the relationship between volcanism and hot spots.
Vocabulary – cinder-cone volcano
– vent – composite volcano
– crater – tephra
– caldera – pyroclastic flow
– shield volcano – hot spot
Volcanoes
Anatomy of a Volcano
• When magma reaches Earth’s surface it is
called lava.
• A vent is where lava erupts through an opening
in the crust.
• As lava flows out onto the surface, it cools and
solidifies around the vent, eventually accumulating
to form a mountain known as a volcano.
• A crater is a bowl-shaped depression at the top
of a volcano that is connected to the magma
chamber by a vent.
Volcanoes
Anatomy of a Volcano
• Volcanic craters are usually less than 1 km
in diameter.
• Calderas are large depressions up to 50 km in
diameter that can form when the summit or the
side of a volcano collapses into the magma
chamber that once fueled the volcano.
Volcanoes
Anatomy of a Volcano
Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes
• The appearance of a volcano depends on
two factors:
– The type of material that forms the volcano
– The type of eruptions that occur
• Based on these two criteria, three major types of
volcanoes have been identified:
– Shield volcanoes
– Cinder-cone volcanoes
– Composite volcanoes
Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes
Shield Volcanoes
– A shield volcano is a mountain with broad, gently sloping sides and a nearly
circular base that forms when layer upon layer of basaltic lava accumulates during
nonexplosive eruptions.
Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes
Cinder-Cone Volcanoes
– A cinder-cone volcano is a generally small, steep-sided volcano that forms when
material ejected high into the air falls back to Earth and piles up around the vent.
– The magma that fuels these volcanoes contains more water and silica
than shield volcanoes, which makes them more explosive in nature.
Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes
Composite Volcanoes
– Composite volcanoes are large volcanoes that form
when layers of volcanic fragments alternate with lava.
– The magma that forms composite volcanoes commonly contains large amounts
of silica, water, and gases, making these volcanoes violently explosive.
Volcanoes
Types of Volcanoes
Sizes and Shape
– Shield volcanoes are by far the largest, and cinder-cone volcanoes are the smallest.
– Cinder-cone volcanoes have the steepest slopes, while shield volcanoes have the gentlest slopes.
– The slopes of cinder-cone and composite volcanoes are concave, and the slopes
of shield volcanoes
are straight.
Volcanoes
Volcanic Material
• Tephra are rock fragments thrown into the air
during a volcanic eruption.
• Tephra are classified by size, the smallest being
dust (less than 0.25 mm) and ash (0.25–2 mm).
• Somewhat larger fragments are called
lapilli, or “little stones” (2–64 mm in diameter).
• The largest tephra thrown from a volcano include
angular volcanic blocks and rounded or
streamlined volcanic bombs, both of which can be
the size of a house or larger.
Volcanoes
Volcanic Material
Pyroclastic Flows
– Some tephra cause tremendous damage and kill thousands of people.
– A pyroclastic flow is a cloud of volcanic gas, dust, and other tephra traveling at speeds of
nearly 200 km/h.
• The larger belt, the Circum-Pacific Belt, is also called the Pacific Ring of Fire.
• The smaller belt is called the Mediterranean Belt.
Volcanoes
Section Assessment
1. Match the following terms with their definitions.
___
A vent A. an opening in the crust from
which lava flows
___
C crater
B. depression caused by a
___
D tephra collapsed magma chamber
___
E pyroclastic flow C. a bowl-shaped depression
around an opening in the crust
___
B caldera
D. volcanic materials that are
thrown into the air during a
volcanic eruption
E. a cloud of rapidly moving,
extremely hot volcanic material
Volcanoes
Section Assessment
2. How can chains of volcanoes that form over a
hot spot track plate movement?
The hot spot is in a fixed location. All of the
volcanoes in the chain were over the hot spot
when they formed. The volcanoes’ movement
and the direction of the chain’s alignment
indicates the movement of the plate.
Volcanoes
Section Assessment
3. Identify whether the following statements are
true or false.
______
true Many cinder-cone volcanoes are less
than 500 m high.
______
false Volcanism is more common along divergent
boundaries as compared to convergent
boundaries.
______
false The Mediterranean Belt is also known as the
“Ring of Fire”.
______
true It can be 700ºC in the center of a pyroclastic flow.
Chapter Resources Menu
Study Guide
Section 18.1
Section 18.2
Section 18.3
Chapter Assessment
Image Bank
Section 18.1 Study Guide
Multiple Choice
1. Andesitic magma has a silica content of
about ___ percent.
a. 50 c. 70
b. 60 d. 80
Multiple Choice
2. Which of the following is the largest type
of pluton?
a. stock c. batholith
b. laccolith d. sill
Multiple Choice
3. Shield cone volcanoes are fueled by what kind
of magma?
a. basaltic c. tephra
b. andesitic d. rhyolitic
Multiple Choice
4. Where is divergent volcanism generally found?
a. ocean rifts c. ocean trench
b. mid-plate d. Abyssal plains
Multiple Choice
5. Where are most active volcanoes located?
a. divergent c. hot spots
boundaries
b. convergent d. transform
boundaries boundaries
Short Answer
6. How does the presence of water influence
whether a rock will melt?
At any given pressure, a wet mineral or rock
will melt at a lower temperature than the
same mineral or rock under dry conditions.
Chapter Assessment
Short Answer
7. What is the relationship between viscosity
and the temperature of magma or lava?
The hotter the magma or lava, the lower
the viscosity.
Chapter Assessment
True or False
8. Identify whether the following statements are
true or false.
______
false Andesitic magma has more explosive
potential
than rhyolitic magma.
false
______ A dike forms when magma intrudes parallel
to
true
layers of rock.
______ Cinder-cone volcanoes can form on the
true
flanks of
a shield volcano.
true
______ Many of the volcanoes in the Cascade range
Chapter 18 Images
Image Bank
Chapter 18 Images
Image Bank
Chapter 18 Images
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