METHODS OF

RESEARCH
AN INTRODUCTION
OUTLINE
 Meaning of Research
 Purposes of Research
 Characteristics of Good Research
 Kinds and Classifications of Research
 The Scientific Method of Research
 The Research Problem
 Title, Statement of the Problem & Hypothesis
Brief Activity…
Arrange the steps of scientific method of research :
 Research design

 Implications & conclusions

 Hypothesis

 Library research

 Collect data

 Problem identification

 Analyze data

 Recommendation
Arrange the steps of scientific method of
research :

 1. Problem identification
 2. Library research
 3. Hypothesis
 4. Research design
 5. Collect data
 6. Analyze data
 7. Implications & conclusions
 8. Recommendation
Meanings of Research
 Careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying
techniques and method…

 A systematic search for pertinent information on a

specific topic/problem.
RESEARCH IS…
According to Calderon and Gonzales (1993),
research is defined as a purposive, systematic
and scientific process of gathering, analyzing,
classifying, organizing, presenting and
interpreting data for the solution of a problem,
for prediction for invention, for the discovery of
truth, or for the expansion or verification of
existing knowledge, all for the preservation and
improvement of the quality of human life.
 Even though research aims to answer
questions of the curious and discovers
knowledge to improve the human life from
the problems that it is struggling with,
researchers also face problems that hinders
them in achieving its aim.
 Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry

Illogical reasoning mystification

Tradition

Authority “to err is human”

Inaccurate observation dogmatism

Overgeneralization

Selective observation

Made-up information
Kinds & Classification
 C. ACCORDING TO THE
LEVELS OF INVESTIGATION
 Exploratory
 Descriptive
 Experimental

 D. ACCORDING TO THE TYPE

OF ANALYSIS
 Analytic
 Holistic
Purposes of Research
 Good life
 Deeper understanding
 Improve judgment & decision-making

 Satisfy curiosity
 Promote health & prolong life
 Characteristics of
GOOD RESEARCH
 1. Systematic
 2. controlled
 3. Empirical
 4. Analytical
 5. Objective, unbiased & logical
 6. Original work
 7. Done by an expert
 8. Accurate investigation, observation & description
 9. Patient & unhurried
 10. Effort-making capacity
 11. Requires courage
Kinds & Classification
 A. ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
 Predictive or prognostic
 Directive
 Illuminative
Kinds & Classification
 B. ACCORDING TO GOAL
 Basic or pure research
 Applied
Kinds & Classification
 E. ACCORDING TO SCOPE
 Action research
 F. ACCORDING TO CHOICE
OF ANSWERS TO
PROBLEMS
 Evaluation
 Developmental
Kinds & Classification
 G. ACCORDING
TOSTATISTICAL CONTENT
 Quantitative
 Non- quantitative

 H. ACCORDING
TOTIME ELEMENT
 Historical
 Descriptive
 Experimental
I. RESEARCH PROBLEM
 Elements:
 Why conduct the study?
 What is to be studied?
 Where to be conducted?
 When is the study to be carreid out?
 Who will participate the study?
I. RESEARCH PROBLEM
 GUIDELINES:
 Chosen
 Interest
 Specialization
 Competence
 Financial Capacity
 Researchable& Manageable
I. RESEARCH PROBLEM
 GUIDELINES:
 Researchable & Manageable
 Data access,
 criteria-laden,
 answers sub-problems,
 hypothesis is testable,
 valid & reliable tools,
 time-bound,
 significant/relevant to present situations,
 Practicality and implement ability of results
 Original, critical and reflective thinking in solving
 Has delimitations
 I. RESEARCH PROBLEM
 GUIDELINES:
 Time-bounded
 Significant/relevant to present situations,
 Practicality and implement ability of results
 Original, critical and reflective thinking in solving
 I. RESEARCH PROBLEM
 GUIDELINES:
 Has contributions: national, local, human knowledge,
solutions to problems
 Do not advocate the antisocial values (drug addiction,
cruelty, hatred, multiple sex mating, etc.)
 Return of investment: monetary, promotion, skills in the
profession, prestige & reputation
 I. RESEARCH PROBLEM
 GUIDELINES:
 Considers hazards involved, either physical, social or legal
TITLE DEVELOPMENT
 CHARACTERISTICS:
 Formulated ahead of the conduct research.
 Contain the subject matter , the locale, population, and
period of the study.
 Indicates what is expected to be found inside the thesis
report.
 Brief & concise.
 Written in inverted pyramid, all words are capitalized
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 GUIDELINES:
 Formulated ahead of the conduct research
 Interrogative format
 Clear & unequivocal
 Researchable
 Answers are interpreted independently
 Each question contributes to the development of the
whole research topic
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 GUIDELINES:
 NOTE
 Before writing the specific questions, determine first the
different aspects of research problem to be studied and for
each aspect make one specific question (sub- questions if
necessary).
 Start with general statement of the problem and
subquestions afterwards.
HYPOTHESIS

Tentative conclusion to a specific question; an

educated guess for a specific question
2 FORMS
 Operational
 Null Form

FUNCTIONS
 Designing the study
 Determine assumptions
 Determining the relevance of the study
 Bases for explanation of the gathered data
 Aid in consolidating findings and formulating conclusions
Activity
 1. Academic stress and self-regulation strategies
among senior college students
 2. Stress Management and academic performance
of Education Students
Group Activity

Develop a concept paper for

a possible research undertaking and formulate the
following:
A. TITLE
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
a. General
b. Specific Questions

C. Hypothesis
a. operational
b. Null form
* Report your agreed concept paper in the class.