Chapter 09 :

Transport in animals

9.1 Circulatory systems

9.2 The heart
9.3 Blood Vessels
9.4 Blood

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 9.1 Circulatory systems

Subtitles… Key words…

1. Oxygenating the blood 1. Circulatory systems

2. Double and single circulatory systems 2. Valves
3. Oxygenated blood
4. Deoxygenated blood
5. Double circulatory systems
6. Single circulatory systems
Exam-style Question(s)
9.1 Circulatory systems
• The main transport system of all mammals, including
humans, is the circulatory system. It is also called blood
system…

• There is a network of tubes, called blood vessels.

• A pump, the heart, keeps blood flowing through the vessels.

• Valves in the heart and blood vessels make sure the blood
flows in the right direction.

• In the figure, the arrows show the direction of blood flow.

• If we follow the arrows, beginning at the lungs, we can see

that blood flows into the left-hand side of the heart, and
then out to the rest of the body.

• It is brought back to the right-hand side of the heart, before

going back to the lungs again.

Figure 9.2
 9.1 Circulatory systems 1. Oxygenating the blood
• The blood in the left-hand side of the heart has come
from the lungs.

• It contains oxygen, which was picked up by the

capillaries surrounding the alveoli. It is called
oxygenated blood.

• This oxygenated blood is then sent around the body.

• Some of the oxygen in it is taken up by the body cells,

which need oxygen for respiration.

• When this happens, the blood becomes deoxygenated.

• The deoxygenated blood is brought back to the right-
hand side of the heart. It then goes to the lungs, where
a double circulatory system. it becomes oxygenated once more.
9.1 Circulatory systems 2. Double and single circulatory systems
• The circulatory system shown in previous figure is a double
circulatory system. This means that the blood passes through
the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body.

• We can think of the circulatory system being made up of two

parts - the blood vessels that take the blood to the lungs and
back, called the pulmonary circulation, and the blood vessels
that take the blood to the rest of the body and back, called the
systemic circulation.

• Double circulatory systems are found in all mammals, and also

in birds and reptiles. However, fish have a circulatory system in
which the blood passes through the heart only once on a
complete circuit. This is called a single circulatory system,
a single circulatory system.
 9.2 The heart

Subtitles… Key words…

1. Valves 1. Atria
2. Differences in muscle wall thickness 2. Ventricles
3. Coronary arteries 3. Septum
4. Preventing CHD 4. Pulmonary veins
5. Heartbeat 5. Venae cavae
6. How the heart beats 6. Aorta
7. Pulmonary artery
8. Coronary arteries
9. CHD (Coronary heart diease)
10. Pulse rate
11. ECG
9.2 The heart • The function of the heart is to pump blood
around the body.

• it is made of a special type of muscle called

cardiac muscle.

• This muscle contracts and relaxes regularly,

The left throughout life.
atrium
• A heart is divided into four chambers.

The right • The two upper chambers are called atria. The
atrium two lower chambers are ventricles. The
chambers on the left-hand side are completely
separated from the ones on the right-hand side
by a septum.
The left
ventricle • Both of the atria receive blood. The left atrium
The right
receives blood from the pulmonary veins,
ventricle
which come from the lungs.

• The right atrium receives blood from the rest of

Figure 9.4 the body, arriving through the venae cavae.
 9.2 The heart 1. Valves
• From the atria, the blood flows
into the ventricles.

• The ventricles then pump it out

of the heart. Semilunar Valve :

• They do this by contracting the Valves near to the entrances to the

muscle in their walls. aorta and pıulmonary artery, which
prevent backflow of blood from the
• The strong cardiac muscle arteries to the ventricles.
contracts with considerable force,
squeezing inwards on the blood
inside the heart and pushing it out.
Atrioventricular Valve :
• The blood in the left ventricle is
pumped into the aorta, which a valve between an atrium and a ventricle
takes the blood around the body. in the heart, which let blood to flow from
the atrium to the ventricle but not in the
• The right ventricle pumps blood opposite direction.
into the pulmonary artery, which
takes it to the lungs.
 9.2 The heart Exam-style Question(s)
(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Possible answers : (6)

• left atrium and left ventricle or right atrium and right ventri-
cle

• away from or towards or The septum.

• The muscles in the walls of the ventricles contract or atria. This squeezes inwards, making the volume inside the heart
smaller, which increases the pressure and pushes the blood out.
9.2 The heart 2. Differences in muscle wall thickness
• The function of the ventricles is quite different from the function
of the atria.

• The atria simply receive blood, from either the lungs or the body, and
supply it to the ventricles.

• The ventricles pump blood out of the heart and all around the body.
The left
To help them do this, the ventricles have much thicker, more
atrium
muscular walls than the atria.

The right • There is also a difference in the thickness of the walls of the right
atrium and left ventricles.
The left
ventricle • The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, which are very close to
the heart.
The right
ventricle
• But the left ventricle, however, pumps blood all around the body.

• So the left ventricle has an especially thick wall of muscle to enable it

to do this.
 9.2 The heart 3. Coronary arteries & blockage of it CHD
• When we look at the cross section of a heart, we
can see that there are blood vessels on the
outside of the heart.

• They are called the coronary arteries.

• These vessels supply blood to the heart muscles.

Coronary arteries :
9.2 The heart CHD : Disease caused by blokage of the coronary arteries
• The heart muscle needs a constant supply of nutrients and
oxygen, so that it can keep contracting and relaxing.

• The coronary arteries supply these nutrients and oxygen…

• If a coronary artery gets blocked - for example, by a blood clot -

the cardiac muscles run short of oxygen. cholesterol

• They cannot respire, so they cannot obtain energy to allow them

to contract.

• The heart therefore stops beating. This is called a heart attack

or cardiac arrest.

• Blockage of the coronary arteries is called coronary heart

disease.

• it is a very common cause of illness and death, especially in

developed countries.

4. Preventing CHD (coronary heart disease) :

 9.2 The heart 4. Preventing CHD (coronary heart disease) :
CHD, is the commonest cause of death in many countries.

No-one can completely eliminate the risk of developing CHD, but there is a lot that can be done to reduce this risk.

1. Smoking cigarettes ( Nicotine, cause damage to the circulatory system. ) STOP IT!

2. Diet ( In diet, high in salt, saturated fats or cholesterol increases the chances of getting CHD. )

3. Obesity ( Being very overweight increases the risk of CHD. ) EAT ENOUGH! & Regular exercise!

4. Stress ( Unmanageable or long­term stress appears to increases the chances of getting CHD. )

5. Genes ( Some people have genes that make it more likely they will get CHD )

6. Age ( The risk of developing CHD increases as you get older. ) DON’T GET OLDER!

7. Gender ( Men are more likely to develop CHD than women. )

8. Blood cholesterol levels (Two kinds of blood cholesterol - HDL and LDL. lf you have a lot of LDL increases the risk of CHD. )
9.2 The heart
• You may be able to feel your

5. Heartbeat
heart beating if you put your
hand on your chest.

• Most people's hearts beat

about 60 to 75 times a
minute when they are resting.

• If you put your head against a

friend's chest, or use a
stethoscope, you can also hear
the sounds of the valves
closing with each heart beat.
• They sound rather like 'lub-
dup'. Each complete 'lub-
dup' represents one heart
beat.
• A good way to measure the rate of your heart beat is to take your pulse rate.
• A pulse is caused by the expansion and relaxation of an artery.
• Your pulse rate is so the same as your heart rate.
• You can find a pulse wherever there is an artery fairly near to the surface of the skin.
• Two suitable places are inside your wrist, and just to the side of the big tendons in
your neck.
 A normal ECG. Figure 9.9 • In a hospital, the activity of
the heart can be recorded
as an ECG.

• Little electrodes are stuck

onto the person's body, and
the electrical activity in the
heart is recorded.

• The activity is recorded as a

kind of graph.
You can think of it as a graph with time on X-axis and electrical activity on the Y-axis.

The points labelled P, Q, R, S and T represent different stages of a heart beat.

Pulse Rate : ECG :

9.2 The heart 5. Heartbeat

9.2 The heart 6. How the heart beats
1) The atria Contract ( the ventricles relax ) : 2) The ventricles Contract ( the atria relax ) :
(1)
9.2 The heart
(2) Exam-style Question(s)

(3)

(4)

Possible answers :
• 0,70 s , 86 p/m or 0,82 s , 75 p/m or 0,90 s , 60 p/m
• Cholesterol can form deposits in their walls. or Protein can form deposits in their walls.

• In the heart wall. They provide O2 and nutrients for the heart muscle. or In the heart atrium, They provide CO2 for the heart
muscle.

• TV apps, listening to the sounds of the lungs, EEG or Phone apps, smart watches, ECG, Pulse rate, listening to the sounds of
the valves closing.
 Red blood cell A
Exam-style Question(s)

B C
Exam-style Question(s)
 9.3 Blood Vessels

Key words…
Subtitles…
1. Artery
1. Arteries
2. Capillary
2. Capillaries
3. Vein
3. Veins
4. Hepatic artery
4. Naming blood vessels
5. Hepatic veins
6. Renal artery
7. Renal Vein
8. Pulmonary artery
9. Pulmonary vein
Exam-style Question(s)
 9.3 Blood Vessels
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
• There are 3 main kinds of blood vessels: arteries,
capillaries and veins.

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

• They divide again and again, and eventually form very tiny
vessels called capillaries.

• The capillaries gradually join up with one another to form

large vessels called veins.

• Veins carry blood towards the heart

 9.3 Blood Vessels 1. Arteries
• When blood flows out of the heart, it
enters the arteries.

• The blood is then at very high pressure,

because it has been forced out of the heart
by the contraction of the muscular
ventricles.

• Arteries therefore need very strong

walls to withstand the high pressure of
the blood flowing through them.

• The arteries have elastic tissue in their

walls which can stretch and recoil with the
force of the blood.

• You can feel your arteries stretch and recoil when you feel your pulse in your wrist.

• The blood pressure in the arteries of your arm can be measured using a sphygmomanometer
9.3 Blood Vessels 2. Capillaries
• The function of the capillaries is to
take nutrients, oxygen and other
materials to all the cells in the
body, and to take away their waste
materials.

• To do this, their walls must be very

thin so that substances can get in
and out of them easily.

• The walls of the smallest capillaries

are only one cell thick
9.3 Blood Vessels 3. Veins

• Veins have valves in them to stop the blood flowing

backwards.

• Valves are not needed in the arteries, because the

• The blood flows more slowly and smoothly now. force of the heartbeat keeps blood moving forwards
through them.
• There is no need for veins to have such thick, strong,
• The large veins in your legs are squeezed by your leg
elastic walls.
muscles when you walk.

• This helps to push the blood back up to your heart.

9.3 Blood Vessels
9.3 Blood Vessels 4. Naming blood vessels Figure 9.16

This figure 9.16 illustrates the positions of the main arteries and
veins in the body.

Hepatic artery :

Hepatic veins :
(1)
9.3 Blood Vessels
Exam-style Question(s)
(2)

(3)

(4)
• Artery , capillary , vein or capillary , artery , vein or capillary , vein , artery
Possible answers :
• In the body organs , in the lungs, pulmonary artery or in the lungs, in the body organs, pulmonary artery

• To resist the high pressure of ventricules or To resist the high pressure of atria

• The hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood, and the hepatic portal vein brings blood rich in nutrients, from the small intes-
tine. Or the hepatic portal vein brings oxygenated blood, and The hepatic artery brings blood rich in nutrients, from the
small intestine.
Exam-style Question(s)
 9.4 Blood

Subtitles… Key words…

1. Red blood cells 1. Plasma

2. White blood cells 2. Red blood cells
3. Platelets 3. White blood cells
4. Plasma 4. Platelets
5. Haemoglobin
6. Phagocytosis
7. Phagocytes
8. Lymphocytes
9. Fibrinogen
10. Fibrin
Exam-style Question(s)
 • The liquid part of blood is called plasma.
9.4 Blood • Blood is a liquid that contains cells.
• Most of the cells that are carried in this liquid are red blood cells.
• A much smaller number are white blood cells.
• There are also small cell fragments formed from special cells in the bone marrow, called platelets

X 1500
 9.4 Blood 1. Red blood cells
• Red blood cells are red because
• Another unusual feature of red
they contain the pigment
blood cells is their shape.
haemoglobin.
• They are biconcave discs - like a
• This carries oxygen.
flat
• Haemoglobin is a protein, and
contains iron. • This shape gives them a relatively
• Red blood cells have to be made
large surface area compared with
so quickly because they do not
their volume.
live for very long.
• Each red cell only lives for about
• This high surface area to volume
four months. Because they have
ratio speeds up the rate at which
no nucleus
oxygen can diffuse in and out of
the red blood cell.
• The lack of a nucleus provide
more space for packing in
millions of molecules of
haemoglobin.
 9.4 Blood 2. White blood cells
• White cells are easily recognised.
• Because they have a nucleus,
which is often quite large and
lobed.
• They can move around and can
squeeze out through the walls of
blood capillaries .
(Figure 9.22).
• Their function is to fight
pathogens (disease-causing
bacteria and viruses), and to clear
up any dead body cells.
• Some of them do this by taking in
and digesting bacteria, in a
process called phagocytosis.
• Others produce chemicals called
antibodies.
• There are many different kinds of
white blood cells.
• They all have the function that de-
stroying pathogens in your body,
but they do it in different ways.
• Phagocytes are cells which can
move around the body, engulfing
and destroying pathogens (Figure
9.22).
• They also destroy any of your own
cells that are damaged or worn
out.
• Phagocytes will collect at the site
of the damage, to engulf and di-
gest any microorganisms which
might possibly get in.
 9.4 Blood 3. Platelets
• Platelets are small fragments
of cells, with no nucleus.
• They are made in the red
bone marrow, and they are
involved in blood clotting.
• Blood clotting stops
pathogens getting into the
body through breaks in the
skin.
• Blood clotting also prevents
too much blood loss.
• When a blood vessel is cut, the
platelets bump into the rough
edges of the cut, and react by
releasing a chemical.
• In the blood plasma, there is a
soluble protein called fibrinogen.
• The chemicals released by the
platelets and the damaged tissues
set off a chain of reactions, which
cause the fibrinogen to change
into fibrin.
• Fibrin is insoluble.
• As its name suggests, it forms
fibres. These form a mesh across
the wound.
• Red blood cells and platelets get
trapped in the tangle of fibrin
fibres, forming a blood clot.
9.4 Blood 4. Plasma

• Blood plasma is mostly water.

• Many substances are dissolved in

it.

• Soluble nutrients such as glucose,

amino acids, and minerals ions are
carried in the plasma.

• Plasma also transports hormones

such as adrenaline and transports
waste products, including carbon
dioxide and urea.
Exam-style Question(s)
9.4 Blood blood components
Summary…
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