12 Gas Laws PVT Combined

Gases
I. Physical
Properties
(A) describe and calculate the relations between
volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for
an ideal gas as described by Boyle's law, Charles' law,
Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure, and the
ideal gas law;
9 (B) perform stoichiometric calculations, including
determination of mass and volume relationships
between reactants and products for reactions involving
gases; and
9 (C) describe the postulates of kinetic molecular
theory.
A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
 Particles in an ideal gas…
• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions.
• are in constant, random, straight-
line motion.
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• have an avg. KE directly related to
Kelvin temperature.
Watch the video on this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3f_VJ87Df0
B. Real Gases
 Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other
 Gas behavior is most ideal…

• at low pressures
• at high temperatures
• in nonpolar atoms/molecules
C. Characteristics of Gases
 Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
 Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
 Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
C. Characteristics of Gases
 Gases can be compressed.
• no volume = lots of empty space
 Gases undergo diffusion & effusion.
• random motion
Absolute Zero
 The greater the atomic and molecular

motion, the greater the temperature is of a
substance.
 If all atomic and molecular motion would

stop, the temperature would be at absolute
zero (0 Kelvin or -273 oC)
Diffusion and Effusion
 Diffusion – describes the movement of one
material through another
• Particles diffuse from an area of high
concentration to low concentration
 Effusion – gas escapes through a tiny opening.
 The heavier the molecule, the slower it will

effuse or diffuse
Diffusion and Effusion
Diffusion Effusion
Watch the video on this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VO41-8J254Q
D. Temperature
 Always use absolute temperature
(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºF
-459 32 212
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373
C  59 F  32 K = ºC + 273

E. Pressure
force
pressure 
area
Which shoes create the most pressure?

E. Pressure
 Barometer
• measures atmospheric pressure
Aneroid Barometer
Mercury Barometer
E. Pressure
 Manometer
• measures contained gas pressure
U-tube Manometer Bourdon-tube gauge

E. Pressure
 KEY UNITS AT SEA LEVEL
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm
760 mm Hg N
760 torr
kPa  2
m
14.7 psi
F. STP
STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Ch. 12 - Gases
II. The Gas

Laws
BOYLES
CHARLES
GAY-
LUSSAC
A. Boyle’s Law
P
PV = k
V
A. Boyle’s Law
 The pressure and volume of a
gas are inversely related
• at constant mass & temp
P
PV = k
V
A. Boyle’s Law
Watch this video using the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xto88gMmDzw
E. Gas Law Problems
 A gas occupies 100. mL at 150.
kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.
BOYLE’S LAW
GIVEN: P V WORK:
V1 = 100. mL P 1V 1T 2 = P 2V 2T 1
P1 = 150. kPa (150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = ? V2 = 75.0 mL
P2 = 200. kPa
B. Charles’ Law
V
V
k
T
T
B. Charles’ Law
 The volume and absolute
temperature (K) of a gas are
directly related
• at constant mass & pressure
V
V
k
T
T
B. Charles’ Law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZpuMBkf1Ss
E. Gas Law Problems
 A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.
Find its volume at 94°C.
CHARLES’ LAW
GIVEN: T V WORK:
V1 = 473 cm3 P 1V 1T 2 = P 2V 2T 1
T1 = 36°C = 309K (473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = ?
V2 = 562 cm3
T2 = 94°C = 367K
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law
How are the pressure and

temperature of a gas related?
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or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Gay-Lussac’s Law
As the temperature of an enclosed

gas increases, the pressure
increases, if the volume is constant.

Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s law states that the

pressure of a gas is directly proportional
to the Kelvin temperature if the volume
remains constant.
P1 P2
=
T1 T2

Gay-Lussac’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s law can be applied to
reduce the time it takes to cook food.
• In a pressure cooker, food cooks
faster than in an ordinary pot
because trapped steam becomes
hotter than it would under normal
atmospheric pressure.
• But the pressure rises, which
increases the risk of an explosion.
• A pressure cooker has a valve that
allows some vapor to escape
when the pressure exceeds the set
value.
PUT THE LINK HERE…
Sample Problem 14.3
Using Gay-Lussac’s Law

Aerosol cans carry labels warning not to
incinerate (burn) the cans or store them
above a certain temperature. This
problem will show why it is dangerous to
dispose of aerosol cans in a fire. The
gas in a used aerosol can is at a
o
pressure of 103 kPa at 25 C. If the can
is thrown onto a fire, what will the
pressure be when the temperature
reaches 928oC?
Sample Problem 14.3
1 Analyze List the knowns and the

unknown.
Use Gay Lussac’s law (P1/T1 = P2/T2) to
calculate the unknown pressure (P2).
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
P1 = 103 kPa P2 = ? kPa
T1 = 25oC
o
T2 = 928 C
Sample Problem 14.3
2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Remember, because this problem
involves temperatures and a gas law,
the temperatures must be expressed in
kelvins.
o
T1 = 25 C + 273 = 298 K
o
T2 = 928 C + 273 = 1201 K

Sample Problem 14.3

Write the equation for Gay Lussac’s law.
P1 P2
=
T1 T2

Sample Problem 14.3

Rearrange the equation to isolate P2.
P1 P2 Isolate P2 by multiplying
= both sides by T2:
T1 T2
P P2
T2  1 =  T2
T1 T2
P 1  T2
P2 =
T1
Sample Problem 14.3
Substitute the known values for P1, T2,

and T1 into the equation and solve.
103 kPa  1201 K

P2 =
298 K
P2 = 415 kPa
P2 = 4.15  102 kPa
Sample Problem 14.3
3 Evaluate Does the result make sense?
• From the kinetic theory, one would

expect the increase in temperature
of a gas to produce an increase in
pressure if the volume remains
constant.
• The calculated value does show
such an increase.

A pressure cooker containing kale and
some water starts at 298 K and 101 kPa.
The cooker is heated, and the pressure
increases to 136 kPa. What is the final
temperature inside the cooker?

A pressure cooker containing kale and
some water starts at 298 K and 101 kPa.
The cooker is heated, and the pressure
increases to 136 kPa. What is the final
temperature inside the cooker?
P2  T1
T2 =
P1
136 kPa  298 K
T2 =
101 kPa
T2 = 400 K
The Combined Gas Law

How
are the pressure,
volume, and temperature of a gas
related?

There is a single expression, called

the combined gas law, that
combines Boyle’s law, Charles’s
law, and Gay-Lussac’s law.
P1  V1 P2  V2
=
T1 T2

When
only the amount of gas is
constant, the combined gas law
describes the relationship among
pressure, volume, and temperature.

You can derive the other laws from the combined
gas law by holding one variable constant.
• Suppose you hold the temperature constant

(T1 = T2).
• Rearrange the combined gas law so that
the two temperature terms on the same
side of the equation.
P 2  V 2  T1
P1  V1 =
T2
• Because (T1 = T2), the ratio of T1 to T2 is

equal to one.
• Multiplying by 1 does not change a value in
an equation.
P 2  V 2  T1
P1  V1 =
T2
• So when temperature is constant, you can

delete the temperature ratio from the
rearranged combined gas law.
• What you are left with is the equation for
Boyle’s law.
P1  V1 = P2  V2
• A similar process yields Charles’s law when

pressure remains constant.
• Another similar process yields Gay-
Lussac’s law when volume remains
constant.

Sample Problem 14.4
Using the Combined Gas Law
The volume of a gas-filled

balloon is 30.0 L at 313 K
and 153 kPa pressure.
What would the volume be
at standard temperature
and pressure (STP)?

Sample Problem 14.4
1 Analyze List the knowns and the

unknown.
Use the combined gas law (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2)
to calculate the unknown volume (V2).
KNOWNS UNKNOWN
V1 = 30.0 L V2 = ? L
T1 = 313 K
P1 = 153 kPa
T2 = 273 K (standard temperature)
P = 101.3 kPa (standard pressure)

Sample Problem 14.4
State the combined gas law.
P1  V1 P2  V2
=
T1 T2

Sample Problem 14.4

Rearrange the equation to isolate V2.
P1  V1 P2  V2
=
T1 T2
Isolate P2 by multiplying both sides
by T2:
T2  P1  V1 P2  V2  T2
=
P2 T1 T2 P2
V1  P1  T2
V2 =
P2  T1
Sample Problem 14.4

Substitute the known quantities into the
equation and solve.
V2 = 30.0 L  153 kPa  273 K

101.3 kPa  313 K
V2 = 39.5 L

Sample Problem 14.4
3 Evaluate Does the result make sense?
• A decrease in temperature and a

decrease in pressure have opposite
effects on the volume.
• To evaluate the increase in volume,
multiply V1 (30.0 L) by the ratio of P1
to P2 (1.51) and the ratio of T1 to T2
(0.872).
• The result is 39.5 L.
Which of the following equations could be
used to correctly calculate the final
temperature of a gas?
V1  P1  V2
A. T2 = P2  T1
V2  P2  T1
B. T2 = V1  P1
V2  P1  T1
C. T2 = V1  P2
V1  P1  T1
D. T2 = V2  P2
Which of the following equations could be
used to correctly calculate the final
temperature of a gas?
V1  P1  V2
A. T2 = P2  T1
V2  P2  T1
B. T2 = V1  P1
V2  P1  T1
C. T2 = V1  P2
V1  P1  T1
D. T2 = V2  P2
Key Concepts
If the temperature is constant, as the pressure of
a gas increases, the volume decreases.
As the temperature of an enclosed gas

increases, the volume increases, if the pressure
is constant.
As the temperature of an enclosed gas increases,

the pressure increases, if the volume is constant.
When only the amount of gas is constant, the

combined gas law describes the relationship among
pressure, volume, and temperature.
Key Equations
Boyle’s law: P1  V1 = P2  V2
V1 V2
Charles’s law: =
T1 T2
P1 P2
Gay-Lussac’s law: =
T1 T2
P1  V1 P2  V2
Combined Gas law: =
T1 T2
Glossary Terms
• Boyle’s law: for a given mass of gas at constant
temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with
pressure
• Charles’s law: the volume of a fixed mass of gas is
directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the
pressure is kept constant
• Gay-Lussac’s law: the pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the volume is
constant
• Combined Gas law: the law that describes the
relationship among the pressure, temperature, and
volume of an enclosed gas

12 Gas Laws PVT Combined

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Gases

 Gas behavior is most ideal…

 The greater the atomic and molecular

 If all atomic and molecular motion would

 The heavier the molecule, the slower it will

C  59 F  32 K = ºC + 273

Which shoes create the most pressure?

U-tube Manometer Bourdon-tube gauge

II. The Gas

How are the pressure and

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

As the temperature of an enclosed

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

Gay-Lussac’s law states that the

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

Using Gay-Lussac’s Law

1 Analyze List the knowns and the

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

Substitute the known values for P1, T2,

103 kPa  1201 K

3 Evaluate Does the result make sense?

• From the kinetic theory, one would

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

The Combined Gas Law

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

There is a single expression, called

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

• Suppose you hold the temperature constant

• Because (T1 = T2), the ratio of T1 to T2 is

• So when temperature is constant, you can

• A similar process yields Charles’s law when

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

Using the Combined Gas Law

The volume of a gas-filled

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

1 Analyze List the knowns and the

P = 101.3 kPa (standard pressure)

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

State the combined gas law.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

2 Calculate Solve for the unknown.

V2 = 30.0 L  153 kPa  273 K

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.,

3 Evaluate Does the result make sense?

• A decrease in temperature and a

As the temperature of an enclosed gas

As the temperature of an enclosed gas increases,

When only the amount of gas is constant, the

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