Electricity

Part 4

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Recall …..

• Electric potential difference between two points

in the electric field is the work done per unit • Work done to move a charge q from a point in the electric
charge in moving small positive point charge from field where the electric potential is V e1 to another where
one point to the other in the electrical field.
the electric potential is Ve2 is

• W = q [Ve2 - Ve1 ]

• W = q ΔVe

• Δve = W ÷ q

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 Internal Resistance Of A Cell (r)
• It is the resistance offered by the electrolyte and the electrodes of a cell.

• It leads to energy loss or power loss in the cell. (It causes electric power dissipation
in the cell)

• It depends on:

• (i) nature of the electrodes and electrolyte

• (ii) separation between the electrodes

• (iii) area of the immersed portion of the electrodes

• (iv) temperature of the electrolyte: internal resistance of the cell decreases

with increase in its temperature.

• S.I. Unit: ohm

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 • What is the p.d. across internal resistance of the cell?

• 1.0 V

• 1.0 J of energy is supplied by the cell in driving 1 C

through the internal resistance of the cell.

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• What is the p.d. across the external resistors?

• 9.0 V

• 9.0 J of energy is supplied by the cell in driving 1 C

through the external resistors.

• This is called terminal voltage OR terminal p.d. of the

cell.

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 Terminal Voltage OR Terminal p.d of a cell (V)

• It is the pd across the terminals of a cell in closed circuit.

• p.d across the total/effective external resistance is equal to the

terminal voltage.

• It is measured using a voltmeter.

• S.I. Unit: volt

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• Which voltmeter gives the terminal p.d
of the cell?

• V1 and V2

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 • What is the total p.d. across the entire circuit?

• 10.0 V

• 10.0 J of energy is supplied by the cell in driving 1

C through the external resistors and the internal
resistance of the cell.

• This is the called electromotive force (EMF) of the

cell.

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 Electromotive Force (EMF) (ε)
 It is defined as work done per unit charge by the cell in moving the charge
completely round the closed circuit through the cell.

 EMF is the p.d. across the terminals of the cell in open circuit.

 EMF, ε = Work done ÷ Charge

 S.I Unit : volt (V)

 It is measured using a voltmeter

 Factors on which EMF of a cell depends

 Nature of the electrodes

 Nature of the electrolyte

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• Which voltmeter gives EMF of the cell?

• V1

• What will be the reading on V2?

• 0V

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 Relation between ε, r and R
• IR + Ir = ε

• V + Ir = ε

• P.d. across the external resistance + p.d. across the

internal resistance = EMF of cell

• V = ε – Ir

• V<ε

• I=

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 I=
• I = 0 when the circuit is open as then R =

• I is maximum when R = 0 and is given by Imax =

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 Graph of V against I
• V = ε – Ir

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Equation relating ε, V and R

• ε = V +Ir

•r=

•r= R

•r=R
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• Reading of the voltmeter when switch is open = 12 V

• Reading of the voltmeter when switch is closed = 10 V

• What is the internal resistance of the cell?

• 2 ohm

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• (a)The emf of the battery is 9.00 V and the internal resistance is considered negligible. The external
resistance is 50 Ω. What is the current and the pd across 50 Ω ?

• (b) When an ammeter of resistance 2 Ω is connected in circuit to measure the current, what is the
reading shown by the ammeter?

• (c) Now a voltmeter of resistance 50 Ω is connected to measure the pd across the 50 Ω. What is the
reading of the voltmeter?

• (a) 0.18 A, 9.0 V

• (b) 0.17 A

• (c) 8.3 V
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 Electrical Power(P)

• It is the rate at which energy is transformed.

• P = energy transformed ÷ time taken

• S.I. Unit : watt (W)

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 Electric power delivered by the cell(P)
• P = the amount of chemical energy converted into electrical energy ÷ time

• P = εQ ÷ t

• P = εI

• ε is the EMF of the cell

• Q is the charge that flows through the cell in time t

• Definition of EMF of cell: The power supplied by the cell per unit current drawn from the cell is defined
as the EMF of the cell

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 Electric Power Dissipated In The Resistor(P)

• P = the amount of electrical energy converted into heat energy ÷ time

• P = QV÷ t

• P = IV

• P = I2 R

• P = V2 ÷ R

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 εI = I 2 R + I 2 r
Power delivered by the cell = Power dissipated across the external resistance +

Power dissipated across the internal resistance

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 Power Rating Of An Electrical Device

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 • What is the resistance of the device?

• 48 ohm

• What is the maximum current that the

device can flow through the device without
damaging it?

• 5A

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 kilowatt hour (kWh)
• Electrical energy consumption is measured in kWh

• It is the amount of energy used by a device of power 1 kW for a time of 1 hour.

• 1kWh = 1 kW x 1 h

• = 1000 Wh

• = 1000 x 3600 Ws

• = 3.6 x 106 J

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 Brightness of the bulbs
• Greater the electric power dissipated across the bulb, the brighter it is.

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• What is the current through each resistor?

• What is the power delivered by the cell?

• I = 0.08 A

• I1 = I2 = 0.04 A

• Power delivered by the cell = 0.96 W

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 Cells In Series

 The effective emf of the cells in series

increases.
 The internal resistance of the series
combination of cells increases.

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 Cells In Parallel
• The effective emf of the cells in parallel is equal
to the emf of one cell in the parallel
combination.
• The internal resistance of the parallel
combination of cells decreases.

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 Primary cell

• Primary cell converts chemical energy to electrical

energy until all the chemicals in the cell are
exhausted.

• Recharging the cell is not possible.

• Example: dry cell, voltaic cell, Leclanche cell

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 Secondary cell
• Secondary cells can be recharged and the chemicals in it are
converted back to their original form so that electrical energy can
be supplied by the cell again.

• Energy conversion during charging of a cell is electrical energy to

chemical energy.

• Example : lead acid accumulator, nickel – zinc battery

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• During discharging of cell,
V = ε – Ir

• During charging of a cell,

V = ε + Ir

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 Capacity of a cell

• Capacity of a cell is the amount of charge it can deliver to

an external circuit in its lifetime.
• It is measured in ampere-hour (Ah).

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 Capacity of a cell

• A lead acid battery may have a capacity of 100 Ah.

• The current demand for starting a car on a cold winter day can easily approach 150 A.

• But the battery will be able to turn on the car engine for a few minutes rather than two-
thirds of an hour we might expect.

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 Capacity of a cell

• If the cell is discharged at a high rate, then the cell will

become exhausted or needs recharging in a short time.

• If the discharge current in low, then the cell will supply

energy for longer time.

• A cell of 40 Ah capacity can supply 2 A for 20 h or 4 A for 10

h.

• Practical cells do not discharge in a linear manner.

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• The initial terminal pd is higher than the quoted value of emf,

but the initial value quickly drops to the rated emf

(approximately).

• For most of the discharge time, the terminal pd remains more

or less constant at or around the quoted emf. Sometimes there

is a slow decline in the value of the terminal pd due to the

increase in the internal resistance.

• As the cell approaches exhaustion, the terminal pd drops very

rapidly to a low level.

• If the current is switched off, the terminal pd rises and can

eventually reach the rated value again. But when the

discharge is resumed, the terminal pd falls very quickly to the

low value that it had before.

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 Variation of the capacity of a Ni-Cd cell with the number of cycles of discharging - charging

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References

IB Physics guide IB Physics IB past papers Various internet

2016 Textbooks sources

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