Properties of

Fluid
1

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

Fluid
A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as a Fluid.

Distinction between a solid and a fluid is made on the basis of the substance’s ability to
resist an applied shear (or tangential) stress that tends to change its shape.

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

Fluid as continuum
Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase.

It is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance and view it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no holes, that is, a continuum.

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

Fluid Properties
Any characteristic of a system is called a property.

Fluid
Properties

Intensive properties Extensive properties

(independent of the mass of a (depend on the size—or extent

system) —of the system)

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

Properties of Fluid

 Density/ Mass Density:

 Specific Volume: The reciprocal of density is the specific volume v

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

Properties of Fluid
 Specific gravity: defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of some standard substance at a specified temperature.

 Specific Weight/ Weight Density: The weight of a unit volume of a

substance is called specific weight.

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

Properties of Fluid
 Viscosity: Properties of a Fluid which offer resistance to the movement of one
layer of fluid over another layer of fluid.
Shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity The force a flowing fluid exerts
with respect to y on a body in the flow direction is
called the drag force, and the
Newton’s Law of viscosity magnitude of this force depends,
in part, on viscosity

(Shrear stress) (Shrear strain)

The shear force acting on a Newtonian fluid layer

= 10 poise
Wednesday, March 13, 2024
 Viscosity…
 Kinematic Viscosity: Defined as the ratio between dynamic viscosity and the
density of the fluid.

Unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s

One stoke = cm2/s

 Relation between viscosity with temperature:

Cohesive forces
Collision Wednesday, March 13, 2024
 Viscosity…

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

 Types of Fluid
1. Ideal Fluid: A fluid, which is incompressible having
no viscosity.

2. Real Fluid: Which possesses viscosity. (All the fluid in

actual practice).

3. Newtonian Fluid: Real fluid, the shear stress is

directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. Ex:
Water, air, alcohol, glycerol, and thin motor oil etc.

4. Non-Newtonian Fluid: Shear stress is not proportinal

to the rate of shear strain. Ex: custard, toothpaste, starch
suspensions, corn starch, paint, blood, melted butter, and
shampoo.

5. Ideal Plastic: Shear stress is more than the yield value

and the shear stress is proportinal to the rate of shear
strain.

Thixotropic: Crude oil, lipstick, certain paints, and Printing Ink.

Wednesday, March 13, 2024
 Important parameters and Phenomenon of Fluid

 Vapor Pressure (Pv): defined as the pressure exerted by its vapor in phase equilibrium with
its liquid at a given temperature.

Pv is a property of the pure substance, and turns out to be identical to the saturation pressure Psat
of the liquid
(Pv = Psat)

 Cavitation: Cavitation is the formation of vapor phase cavities, or bubbles, within a liquid,
usually due to rapid changes in localized pressure.

The pressure spikes resulting from the large number of bubbles collapsing near a solid surface
over a long period of time may cause erosion, surface pitting, fatigue failure, and the eventual
destruction of the components or machinery.

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

 Important parameters and Phenomenon of Fluid
 Compressibility and Modulous of Elasticity:Compressibility is the reciprocal of the bulk
modulous of elasticity, K which is defined as the ratio of compressive stress to volumetric
strain.

Wednesday, March 13, 2024

 Important parameters and Phenomenon of Fluid
 Surface tension: Defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of
liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible
fluids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane under
tension.

 Capillarity: Defined as a phenomena of rise or fall of liquid surface

in a small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the
tube is held vertically in the liquid.
The rise of liquid surface is called the capillary rise and the fall of
liquid surface is known as capillary depression.

Wednesday, March 13, 2024