7.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1
2
Defining the inverses

 Trigonometric functions are periodic, hence

not one-to-one in their domains.
 If we restrict the trigonometric functions to
intervals on which they are one-to-one, then
we can define their inverses.

3
4
Domain
restriction that
makes the
trigonometric
functions one-
to-one

5
6
Domain
restriction that
makes the
trigonometric
functions one-
to-one

7
8
Inverses for the restricted trigo
functions

−1
𝑦=sin 𝑥=arcsin𝑥 9
10
Generate the graphs of inverse trigo
functions via reflection on

 The graphs of the inverse trigonometric functions

can be obtained by reflecting the graphs of the
restricted trigo functions through the line y = x.

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12
 −1 −1
sin 𝑥 vs.sin 𝑥 cos𝑥 vs.cos 𝑥

13
14
 −1 −1
tan𝑥 vs.tan 𝑥 cot 𝑥vs.cot 𝑥

15
16
 −1 −1
csc 𝑥 vs.csc 𝑥 sec𝑥 vs. sec 𝑥

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Some specific values of sin-1 x and cos-1 x

27
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Some specific values of tan-1 x

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𝑦 = sec 𝑥
5 3 3 5
− 𝜋 − 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
−
2 2

39
40
𝑦 = sec 𝑥
5 3 3 5
− 𝜋 − 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋
−
2 2

−𝜋 𝜋

Period: 2 41
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This branch is chosen as the ‘default’ curve

47
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Identity involving and
f =p - q =

q = cos-1x; =q

cosf = cos (p - q) = - cosq q

f = cos-1(- cosq ) = cos-1(-x)

Add up q and f:
q +f = cos-1x + cos-1(-x)
p = cos-1x + cos-1(-x)

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Identity involving and
=q

= p /2 -q

−1 𝜋
−1
cos 𝑥=𝜃;sin 𝑥= −𝜃 ;
2 ( )
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 Example 4
 Find cos a, tan a, sec a,  sin a = 2/3
csc a if a = sin-1 (2/3).  ...

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The derivative of y = sin-1 x

−1 −1
𝑓 (𝑥)=sin 𝑥⇒𝑓 (𝑥)=sin 𝑥;
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58
𝑑 1
( sin 𝑥 ) =
−1
𝑑𝑥 √ 1− 𝑥 2

Note that the graph is not

differentiable at the end
points of x=1 because
the tangents at these
points are vertical.

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The derivative of y = sin-1 u

If 𝑢=𝑢(𝑥) is an dif rentiable function of 𝑥,

Note that |u |<1 for the formula to apply

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Example 7 Applying the derivative
formula
𝑑 −1 2
sin 𝑥 =...
𝑑𝑥

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 The derivative of tan-1 u

−1
𝜃=tan 𝑥⇒𝑥=tan 𝜃 x

1
(1+x2)

𝜃
By virtue of the chain rule, the above relation can be
generalized to

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Example 8

𝑥(𝑡)=tan √𝑡.
−1

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The derivative of = sec-1 x

−1
𝑦=sec 𝑥⇒𝑥=sec 𝑦 69
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 The derivative of y = sec-1 u

By virtue of chain rule, we obtain

71
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Example 5 Using the formula

𝑑
sec ( 5 𝑥 ) =.. .
−1 4
𝑑𝑥

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Derivatives of the other three

 The derivative of cos-1x, cot-1x, csc-1x can be

easily obtained thanks to the following
identities:

Link to fig. 7.21 75

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Example 10 A tangent line to the
arccotangent curve
 Find an equation for the tangent to the graph
of y = cot-1 x at x = -1.

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Integration formula

 By integrating both sides of the derivative

formulas in Table 7.3, we obtain three
useful integration formulas in Table 7.4.

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Example 11 Using the integral
formulas

√3/2
𝑑𝑥
(𝑎) ∫ =¿¿
√2/2 √1−𝑥 2

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Example 13 Completing the square

❑ ❑ ❑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 =¿∫ 2 =¿∫ √−¿¿¿ ¿¿¿
❑ √ 4𝑥−𝑥 ❑ √−(𝑥 −4𝑥) ❑

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 Example 15 Using substitution

❑ ❑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
❑ √𝑒 −6 ❑ √( 𝑒 ) − (√6 )
2𝑥 𝑥2 2

In the last step, we have used the substitution

, so that

87