Crystal Binding and

Elastic Constants
 Bonding

 Magnetic force
 Gravitational force
 Electrostatic force

 Cohesive Energy
 Lattice Energy
 CRYSTALS OF INERT GASES

𝑼
=− 𝛛
𝛛𝒓
𝑭
 Uncouple / Unperturbed Hamiltonian

Origin of repulsion!!

 Perturbed Hamiltonian
 CRYSTALS OF INERT GASES
 zero point energy
 Change of variables
′ 1 1
𝑈 = ℏ ( 𝜔 𝑠 + 𝜔𝑎 ) 𝑈 =2 ℏ 𝜔0
2 2

′
∆ 𝑈 =𝑈 −𝑈

𝑑1
𝐸1 ≈ 3
𝑅
 Two frequencies Symmetric and antisymmetric
𝑑2 =𝛼 𝐸1

𝑈 = 𝐸1 𝑑 2=𝛼 𝐸 1 𝐸1
𝑑1 𝑑 1 1
𝑈≈ 6
≈ 6
𝑅 𝑅
 Repulsive Interaction
 Pauli exclusion principle
B
𝑈 ( 𝑅)= 12
𝑅
 Equilibrium lattice constant
 If there are N atoms in crystal (Ignore their K.E)

Rest atoms cohesive energy same for all inert gases.

𝟏
≈
𝒎
IONIC CRYSTALS

The lattice energy is 7.9 eV. The cohesive energy

is 7.9 – 5.14 + 3.61 = 6.4 eV.
IONIC CRYSTALS

 z is the number of nearest neighbors of any ions

 IONIC CRYSTALS

Evaluation of the Madelung Constant

IONIC CRYSTALS
 COVALENT CRYSTALS
• Details of the interaction potential for the covalent bond
require a quantum mechanical treatment.

• the space wave function has two possible states:

• symmetric
• anti-symmetric
• Similarly, the spin wave function can be:
• symmetric (with both spins aligned)
• anti-symmetric (with both spins opposed).