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Module 20
Module 20
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• What are the important magnetic properties?
Chapter 21 - 1
Magnetic medium layer is
usually a cobalt-based alloy
Chapter 21 - 2
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts
3. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
4. Ferromagnetism
5. Antiferromagnerism and Ferrimagnetism
6. The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior
7. Domains and Hysteresis
8. Magnetic Anisotropy
9. Soft Magnetic Materials
10. Hard Magnetic Materials
11. Magnetic Storage
12. Superconductivity
Chapter 21 - 3
1. Introduction: Magnetism
• Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena
that are mediated by magnetic fields.
– Exert an attractive or repulsive force or influence on
other materials
– Electric currents and the magnetic moments of
elementary particles give rise to a magnetic field, which
acts on other currents and magnetic moments.
• Magnetic devices:
– Compass, power generators, transformers, electrical
motors, radio, telephone, computer, video, …
• Magnets: iron, some steels, lodestone, …
• All substances affected by magnetic field
Chapter 21 - 4
Brief history of Magnetism
• 1300 BC compass used to help finding directions in China.
• 800 BC Greeks observe magnetite (Fe3O4) attract iron (Fe).
Fig_21_02
Fig_21_01 Chapter 21 -
Generation of a Magnetic Field - Vacuum
• Created by current through a coil:
B0 N = total number of turns
ℓ = length of the coil (m)
I = current (ampere)
H H = applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m)
B0 = magnetic flux density in a vacuum
I
(tesla)
• Computation of the applied magnetic field, H:
Chapter 21 - 8
Generation of a Magnetic Field -
within a Solid Material (cont.)
• Magnetization M = mH 磁化率
Magnetic susceptibility
(dimensionless)
• B in terms of H and M B = μ 0H +
μ 0M
• Combining the above two equations:
B m > 0 B== (1 mμ)μ
μ0H+ + 00H
mH
Chapter 21 -
磁學的物理量及其單位換算
磁學量名
SI 符號和單位 CGS 符號和單位 單位換算
稱
Φ Wb Φ Mx 1Mx=10-
磁通量 韋伯 馬克士威 8 Wb
磁感應強 1Gs=10-
B 特斯拉 T B 高斯 Gs 4 T
度
1Oe=103/
磁場強度 H 安/米 A/m H 奧斯特 Oe
4π A/m
M A/m M Gs 1Gs=103
磁化強度 安/米 高斯 A/m
磁極化強 1Gs=10-
J 特斯拉 T 4πM 高斯 Gs 4 T
度
1MGOe=
磁能積 BH 焦/米3 J/m 3 BH 高•奧 GOe 102/4π
kJ/m3
真空磁導 μ0 4π•10-7H/m - 1 -
率
Chapter 21 - 11
Origins of Magnetic Moments
• Magnetic moments arise from electron motions and the
spins on electrons.
magnetic moments
electron electron
nucleus spin
(2)
paramagnetic (
m ~ 10-4)
e.g., Al, Cr,
Mo, Na, Ti,
Zr
vacuum
(m = 0)
(1)
Chapter 21 - 14
diamagnetic
Table_21_02
Chapter 21 -
Magnetic Responses for 4 Types
No Applied Applied
Magnetic Field (H = 0) Magnetic Field (H)
opposing
(1) diamagnetic
none
random
aligned
(2) paramagnetic
aligned
aligned
(3) ferromagnetic
(4) ferrimagnetic
Chapter 21 - 16
4. Ferromagnetism
• Metals possess a permanent magnetic moment in the
absence of an external field and manifest very large
and permanent magnetizations.
– displayed by the transition metals iron (as BCC -ferrite),
cobalt, nickel, and gadolinium (Gd)
– Net magnetic moment per atom for Fe, Co and Ni are
2.22, 1.72 and 0.6 μB
• Magnetic susceptibilities as high as 106 are
possible for ferromagnetic materials.
– result from atomic magnetic moments due to
uncanceled electron spins as a consequence of the
electron structure.
Chapter 21 - 17
5. Antiferromagnetism (MnO) and Ferrimagnetism (Fe3O4)
Fig_21_08
Fig_21_09
Table_21_03
Chapter 21 -
Table_21_04
Chapter 21 -
6. Temperature on magnetic behavior
• Curie temperature (Tc): with increasing
temp., the saturation magnetism decrease
gradually and then abruptly drops to zero.
Chapter 21 - 20
7. Domains and Hysteresis
•As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic
domains change shape and size by movement of
domain boundaries.
Bsat
H
H
induction (B)
aligned magnetic
H moment grow at
expense of poorly
aligned ones!
H
0 Applied Magnetic Field (H)
H=0
Chapter 21 - 21
7. Hysteresis and
Permanent
• Magnetization
The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon
B
Stage 2. Apply H,
Stage 3. Remove H, alignment align domains
remains! => permanent magnet!
H
Stage 4. Coercivity, HC
Negative H needed to Stage 1. Initial (unmagnetized state)
demagnitize!
Chapter 21 - 22
8. Magnetic Anisotropy
• The dependence of magnetic behavior on
crystallography orientation
Fig_21_18
Chapter 21 - 23
9-10. Hard and Soft Magnetic Materials
Soft
-- example: tungsten steel --
Hc = 5900 amp-turn/m) H
Chapter 21 - 24
Chapter 21 - 25
Chapter 21 - 26
Chapter 21 - 27
Brass bound lodestone, ferrite block and NdFeB magnet:
each store the same magnetic energy (~0.4J) & contain ~70%
iron by weight, yet the mass has decreased a thousand fold.
Chapter 21 - 28
11. Magnetic Storage
• Digitized data in the form of electrical signals are transferred to
and recorded digitally on a magnetic medium (tape or disk)
• This transference is accomplished by a recording system that
consists of a read/write head
-- “write” or record data by applying a
magnetic field that aligns domains in
small regions of the recording medium
-- “read” or retrieve data from
medium by sensing changes in
magnetization
Chapter 21 - 29
Magnetic Storage Media Types
• Hard disk drives (granular/perpendicular media):
-- CoCr alloy grains (darker regions)
separated by oxide grain boundary Fig. 21.24, Callister
segregant layer (lighter regions) & Rethwisch 9e.
80 nm
(Courtesy of Seagate
-- Magnetization direction of each Recording Media)
~ 500 nm
Copper
(normal)
4.2 K
• TC = critical temperature
= temperature below which material is superconductive
Chapter 21 - 31
Critical Properties of
Superconductive Materials
TC = critical temperature - if T > TC not superconducting JC =
critical current density - if J > JC not
superconducting HC = critical magnetic field - if H > HC not
superconducting
Chapter 21 - 32
Meissner Effect
• Superconductors expel magnetic fields
normal superconductor
Chapter 21 - 33
Chapter 21 - 34
Advances in Superconductivity
• Research in superconductive materials was stagnant for
many years.
– Everyone assumed TC,max was about 23 K
– Many theories said it was impossible to increase
TC beyond this value
• 1987- new materials were discovered with TC > 30 K
– ceramics of form Ba1-xKxBiO3-y
– Started enormous race
• YBa2Cu3O7-x TC = 90 K
• Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox TC = 122 K
• difficult to make since oxidation state is very important
• The major problem is that these ceramic materials are
inherently brittle.
Chapter 21 - 35
Summary
• A magnetic field is produced when a current flows
through a wire coil.
• Magnetic induction (B):
-- an internal magnetic field is induced in a material that is
situated within an external magnetic field (H).
-- magnetic moments result from electron interactions with
the applied magnetic field
• Types of material responses to magnetic fields are:
-- ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic (large magnetic
susceptibilities)
-- paramagnetic (small and positive magnetic susceptibilities)
-- diamagnetic (small and negative magnetic susceptibilities)
• Types of ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic materials:
-- Hard: large coercivities
-- Soft: small coercivities
• Magnetic storage media:
-- particulate γ-Fe2O3 in polymeric film (tape)
Chapter 21 - 36
-- thin film CoPtCr or CoCrTa (hard drive)