Single column manometer

Vertical Single manometer

The volume that move from x-x to z-z datum
= the volume that rise in right tube above x-x datum
P1=P2

P+ρ1g(h1+δh)= ρ2g(h2+δh)
P+ρ1g(h1+ =ρ2g(h2+ )
is very small
So, P= ρ2g(h2)- ρ1g(h1)
 Inclined single column manometers

P1  P 2
P  1 g ( h1  h)   2 g ( h2  h)
a a
P  1 g ( h1  h2 )   2 g ( h2  h2 )
A A
a
is very small
A
 P   2 g ( h2 )  1 g ( h1 )
P   2 g (l sin  )  1 g ( h1 )
P 
h  2 l sin   h1
1 g 1
 Example 1
The inclined manometer is filled with oil that has a specific gravity of
0.85 what angle a will yield a deflection 20 cm in the inclined tube when
the air pressure in the cistern is increased 600 N/m2

Increase pressure with 600 N/m 2  20cm in the tube

with nglecting the drop of oil
Pincrease  0.2 sin   9.81 850  600
  21.1o
 Example 2
Figure shows a single column manometer connected to a pipe containing a liquid of
specific gravity 0.8 .the ratio of the reservoir to the limb is 100. find the pressure in
the pipe?

P1  P 2
P  800  9.81 (0.3  h)  13600 9.81 (0.5  h)
1 1
P  800  9.81(0.3  0.5)  13600 9.81(0.5  0.5)
100 100
P  2393.6  67375.1
P  64981.5
P 64981.5
h   8.28 m  of liquid
1 g 800  9.81
 Differential manometers
For measuring the difference of pressure between any 2
points in a pipeline or in 2 pipes or containers, it is employed.
 some of the most common types of DM’s:
2-piezometer Manometer: Useful if, P at each of the points is small
cannot be used to measure the ∆P’s in gases.
Inverted U-tube manometer: used to measure small ∆P in liquids
upper part can be filled with a light manometric fluid (low Sp.gravity) or by air.
U-tube Differential manometer: lower part of manometer contains
heavy manometric fluid than the liquid of which the P has to be determined.
Micromanometer: for measuring very small ∆P or the measurement of ∆P
with very high precision
U –tube Differential manometer

At datum x - x
P1  P 2
PA   A g (h1  h)  PB   B g (h1 )   mercury gh

U-shape glass tube

 Example

At datum x - x
P1  P 2
PB   B g (1  h)  PA   B g (3.6)   mercury gh

200 103  800  9.81 1  h   110 103  1600  9.81 3.6  13600  9.81 h
207848  7848h   166505.6  133416h 
41342.4  125568h 
h  0.329 m
 Inverted U-tube Differential manometers
Consists of glass tube in U-shape and
held inverted .

At datum x - x
P1  P 2
PA   A g (h1 )  PB   B g (h2 )   liquid gh
 Example 4

At datum x - x
P1  P 2
PA  2 1000  9.81  19620 N/m 2

PA   A g (h1 )  PB   B g (h2 )   liquid gh

19620  1000  9.81 0.3  PB  1000  9.81 0.1  800  9.81 0.15
PB  18835 N/m 2  18.8 kN/m 2
 More about manometer
disadvantages of manometers:
Slow response - only useful for very slowly varying P’s- no use at all for
fluctuating P’s;
For the "U" tube manometer two measurements must be taken
simultaneously to get the h value. This may be avoided by using a tube with a
much larger cross-sectional area on one side of the manometer than the other ;
It is often difficult to measure small variations in pressure - a different
manometric fluid may be required - alternatively a sloping manometer may be
employed; It cannot be used for very large pressures unless several
manometers are connected in series;
For very accurate work the temperature and relationship between temperature
and P must be known;
advantages of manometers:
They are very simple.
No calibration is required.
Self study: problem
Micromanometer-working principle &
problem
Mechanical Gauges-slight knowledge