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1 2/1/2009, 2:33 AM
 1-2-2009 pmrsufESm 5

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1-2 (05).pmd 1 2/1/2009, 2:33 AM

 pmrsufESm 6 1- 2-2009

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1-2 (06).pmd 1 2/1/2009, 2:33 AM

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obm0rSmawGUwJh tcsuftvufrsm;pGmudk pepfwus½IMunfhavhvmMuw,f ( Observation)?
wdki;f wmMuw,f(Measurement)? trsK;d tpm;owfrSwMf uw,f(Classification)/ 'DvkdeJY&&Scd JhMuwJh
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Hypothesis, Model awGu 'Djzpf&yfawG bmaMumifh(Why) jzpfw,fqkw d mudk &Si;f vif;jyoEdkiw
'gaMumifh Laws, Hypotheses, Theories awGukdoabmaygufNyD; concept rdatmifvkyMf u&rSm
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"mwkaA'oif½dk;opfrSm Chapter (1) to Chapter (15) txdyg&Sw d ,f/ Chapter (1) uawmh
The electronic structure of atoms, periodic table and chemical bonds tcef;yJ jzpfw,f/
'Dtcef;rSm Atom xufao;i,fwJhtrIerf sm;jzpfwJh proton, neutron eJY electron awG taMumif;udk
avhvm&rSmjzpfNyD; Atom awG&JU electron wnfaqmufyHkukt d ao;pdwf avhvm&ygr,f/ 'ghtjyifj'yfpif
rsm;&JUtvSnfhrSefZ,m; The Periodic Table of the Elements udkxyfrHoif,l&ygr,f/ xdkrSwpfzef
j'yfpifrsm; (Elements)udkvQyfppf"mwfzkd j'yfpif (Electropositive elements)eJY vQyfppf"mwfrj'yfpif
(Electronegative elements)rsm; taMumif;udko& d S&d rSmjzpfw,f/ Atom t&G,t f pm;? Atom rsm;\
Ionization energy eJY Electron affinity taMumif;awGtjyif "mwfpnf;rsm;jzpfwJh vQyfppfpnf;
(Ionic bond)? zufpyfpnf; (Covalent bond)? ay;rQpnf; (Coordinate bond) eJY owåKpnf;
(Metallic bond) awGtaMumif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,favhvm&rSmjzpfw,f/'Dtcef;rSm 2003 ckESpftxd
awGU&Sx d m;wJh j'yfpiftopf(14)ckeSihf Periodic Table udkjznfhpu G x
f m;w,f/ 'gaMumifh j'yfpifaygif;
(118) jynfhomG ;NyDjzpfw,f/ Questions and Problems Section wGif ÓPfprf;ar;cGe;f rsm;udkvnf;
vdktyfovdk jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
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xkxnf(Volume)? zdtm;(Pressure) eJU tylcsed (f Temperature)wdkY wpfckeJYwpfck qufo, G yf Hk"mwfaiGU
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diffusion awGtaMumif;tjyif ,if;wdkYeJYqufE, f JhykpämawGukd wGucf su&f rSm jzpfw,f/ Questions
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and Problems Section wGif ÓPfprf;ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; vdktyfovdk jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (3) Stoichiometry tcef;rSm "mwkaA'nDrQjcif;awG? "mwfjyKjcif;awGudk "mwk
ocsFmtaejzifh ajz&Si;f avhvm&rSmjzpfw,f/ Questions and Problems Section wGif ar;cGef;topf
rsm;udkvnf; vdktyfovdkjznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (4) Electrolysis vQyfppf"mwfNzdKcGJjcif;tcef;rSm Conductors, Electrolyte and
Electrical Conductivity taMumif;? The ionic theory ESifh Electrolysis of salt solutions
taMumif;tjyif Fraday's law of electrolysis eJYoufqkid w
f Jhykpämrsm;udk avhvmajz&Si;f &rSm jzpfw,f/
Questions and Problems Section wGif ÓPfprf;ar;cGe;f rsm;udkvnf;vdktyfovdkjznfhpu G xf m;w,f/
1-2 (15).pmd 1 2/1/2009, 2:33 AM
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"mwfavsmhjcif;? "mwfjyKjcif;awGukdavhvm&r,f/ "mwfwkd;ypön;f Oxidizing agent ? "mwfavsmhypön;f
Reducing agent taMumif;t&mawG? "mwfwkd;jcif;? "mwfavsmhjcif; nDrQjcif;rsm;n§jd cif; (Balancing
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(half-reaction)method eJY nDrQjcif;rsm; n§ed nf;udkyg tao;pdwaf vhvmMu&ygr,f/ Questions
and Problems Section wGif ÓPfprf;ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; vdktyfovdk jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (6) Rates of reactions and equilibria tcef;rSm"mwfjyKjcif;eJY "mwfjyKEIe;f "mwfjyK
nDrQajcrsm;udk Oyrmrsm;jzifhavhvmNyD; oif,l&rSmjzpfw,f/ txl;ojzifh vDcsmwvD,m; ed,mr
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and Problems Section wGif ÓPfprf;ar;cGef;rsm;udk vdktyfovdk jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (7) Energy changes in chemical reaction tcef;rSmawmh pGr;f tiftrsK;d rsK;d jzpfwJh
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&&Swd Jh pufrIprG ;f tif (Mechanical energy) taMumif;t&mawGukd qufpyfavhvm&rSmjzpfw,f/
txl;ojzifh 'Dtcef;rSm"mwfjyKjcif;üjzpfay:aom tylxu G "f mwfjyKjcif; (Exothermic reaction)? tylpkyf
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(Heat of combustion)? j'yfaygif;jzpftyl (Heat of formation)? "mwfjy,fjcif;tyl (Heat of
neutralization) taMumif;t&mawGeJYqufpyfNyD; Hess's law of constant heat summation ykpämawG
udk wGux f kwNf yD;avhvm&rSmjzpfvkdY pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;ygw,f/ 'Dtcef;rSmvnf; Questions and
Problems Section wGif ÓPfprf;ar;cGef;rsm;? ykpämtopfrsm;yg vdktyfovdk jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (8) Some important metals and their compounds tcef;rSmta&;BuD;wJhowåK
rsm;jzpfwJh qdk'D,rf (Sodium)? r*¾eDqD,rf (Magnesium)? u,fvq f D,rf (Calcium)? tvlrDeD,rf
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r,f/'Dtcef;rSmvnf; Questions and Problems Section wGif ar;cGef;topfrsm;udk vdktyfovdk
jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (9) rSm Metal Reactivity tcef;opfjzpfNyD; pufrIvkyi f ef;rSm ta&;BuD;aom owåKrsm;
jzpfwhJ oH (Iron)? aMu;eD (Copper)? aiG (Silver)? oGyf (Zinc) wd&Yk J Uxw k , f el nf;rsm;? owåKj'yfaygif;rsm;&JU
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Series of Metals udk tajccHí owåKrsm;xkwaf zmfyHkukd &Si;f jyxm;w,f/ Recycling of Metals ,
Rusting of iron and Alloys wdkUukt d ao;pdw&f Si;f jyxm;w,f/ Questions and Problems Section
wGif ÓPfprf;ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; vdktyfovdk jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (10) tcef;rSm Nitrogen "mwfaiGUxkwaf zmfyHk? *kPo f wdårsm;eJYtoHk;jyKyHkrsm;udk oif,l&
ygr,f/ 'ghtjyif Nitrogen &JUta&;BuD;wJh Compounds rsm;jzpfwJh Ammonia (NH3), Nitrogen
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wdkYukdus,u f s,jf yefYjyefYavhvm&ygr,f/ 'Dtcef;rSmvnf; Questions and Problems Section wGif
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f ,f/ Chapter (11) Sulphur and its compounds tcef;rSm uefY Sulphur udk rnfokdYxkwaf zmfyHk
toGiu f JGrsm; wnfaqmufyHkESihf ½kyEf Sih"f mwf*kPo f wdårsm;udk tao;pdwaf vhvm&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'ghtjyif
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"mwfjyKjcif;rsm;udk avhvm&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dtcef;rSmvnf; Questions and Problems SectionwGif
ar;cGef;topfrsm;udkvnf; vdktyfovdk jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (12) The Halogens tcef;rSm a[vdk*sifrsm;jzpfwJh Chlorine (Cl2), Bromine
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Theory rsm;? The hydrogen ion exponent (pH) tufppfjyif;tm; (Strength of acids)
tufppfESihfaAhp"f mwfNyKjcif;rsm; (Neutralization of acids and bases) qm;rsm;a&oGif;NzKdcJGjcif;
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xkxnfwdkif;"mwfcJGjcif; (Titration or volumetric analysis) wdkY&JUoabmw&m;eJY vufawGU
vkyif ef;wGif toHk;jyKyHkrsm;udk Oyrmrsm;jzifh avhvmwGucf suNf yD; tajz&Sm&rSmjzpfw,f/ 'Dtcef;rSmvnf;
Questions and Problems Section wGifar;cGef;topfrsm;udkvnf; vdktyfovdk jznfhpGufxm;w,f/
Chapter (14) Organic chemistry tcef;rSm Carbon compounds rsm;jzpfwJh Alkane
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tufoaem (Ethanol)&JU xkwaf zmfyHktrsK;d rsK;d eJY "mwfjyKnDrQjcif;rsm;udk avhvm&ygr,f/
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(Biodiesel, LPG , CNG and Biogas ) tp&Sad om taMumif;t&mopfrsm;udk jznfhpu G x f m;w,f/
'Dtcef;wGif Questions and Problems Section ü ÓPfprf;ar;cGe;f rsm;udkvnf; vdktyfovdk jznfhpu G f
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Chapter (15) Chemistry in Society tcef;rSm acwfrD v,f,mpdkuy f sK;d a&;u@rSm ta&;yg
wJh"mwfajrMoZm (Chemical fertilizers) taMumif;wifjyxm;ygw,f/ taMumif;uawmh pyg;
tygt0if aumufyJoD;ESHpku d yf sK;d wJhtcgrSm tyifrsm;&JUtm[m&"mwfjzpfwJh Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus
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1-2 (16).pmd 1 2/1/2009, 2:33 AM

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1-2 (20).pmd 1 2/1/2009, 2:34 AM