í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 1 -´÷-Ja 2007
Nisanth: Yea. That's true. So budget or no
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
280
Nisanth: How is the cultivation going on?
(´u´-≤ƒßª’ç ᙫ ÖçC?)
Drupad: Just getting along. Not so bad anyway.
(àüÓ -Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.)
Nisanth: How far has the ploughing gone?
(ü¿’†oôç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Å®·çC?)
plough = °æx-¢˛ = ü¿’†oôç/ Ø√í∫L
Drupad: A few more acres remain. We must
put our back into it and finish it in a
day or two.
(´’J-éÌEo áéπ-®√©’ ÖØ√o®·. ᙫíÓ éπ≠dæ
°æ-úÁjØ√ äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™x °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.)
You are backing the wrong horse
Nisanth: My tractor has broken down and the
puddle wheels are too rusty. They
have to be replaced.
(Ø√ vö«éπd®˝ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. ü∆E ü¿´·t
îªv鬩’ ¶«í¬ ûª’°æ¤p-°æöÀd §Úߪ÷®·. ¢√öÀE
´÷®√aL.)
puddle = ®Óúø’x, Éûª®ΩîÓôx F∞¡Ÿx, ´·êuçí¬ ´®Ω{ç
F∞¡Ÿx ELîË í∫’çô©’.
puddle wheels = vö«éπd®˝ ¢Á†éπ §Ò©ç ü¿’†o-ö«-EéÀ
ûªT-LçîË ü¿´·t îªv鬩’
Drupad: Is it a major or minor trouble? I mean
your tractor.
(
F vö«éπd®˝èπ◊ ´*a† Ææ´’Ææu, °ü¿lü∆,
*†oü∆?)
major = °ü¿l/ -á-èπ◊\-¢Áj†,
minor = Ææy©p-¢Á’i-†/- *-†o-üÁj†
Nisanth: I'm afraid it's major. My mechanic is
just useless. Can you suggest a good
one?
(ÅC major trouble ÅØË Ø√ ¶µºßª’ç/ ņ’-
´÷†ç. Ø√ ¢Á’é¬Eé˙ ™«¶µºç ™‰ü¿’. ´’ç*
¢Á’é¬-E-é˙†’ -á-´JØÁjØ√ îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√?)
Drupad: Call my mechanic. He knows tractors
of any make like the back of his hand.
(Ø√ ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙†’ °œ©’-´¤. ÅûªúÕéÀ à ®Ω-éπ-¢Á’i†
vö«éπd-È®jØ√ î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.)
of any make = à éπç°F ûªßª÷K Å®·Ø√/ à
model Å®·Ø√)
Nisanth: I've used my tractor too long. I think
I'd better sell it off and buy a new one.
(Ø√ vö«éπd®˝†’ ´’K- á-èπ◊\´é¬©ç ¢√ú≈†’.
ü∆Eo Ţ˒tÆœ éÌûªhC é̆’éÓ\´úøç ´’ç*-
üË¢Á÷?)
Drupad: Do it before the budget is out this
month end. The fear is motor vehicles
and motor spares may be taxed high-
er than now.
(Ñ ØÁ™«-ê-®Ω’™ •úÁöb ¸ ´îËa ´·çüË
éÌØÁß˝’. ¢Á÷ö«®Ω’ ¢√£æ«-Ø√©÷, NúÕ-¶µ«-í¬©
O’ü¿ É°æp-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ °æ†’o NCµç-îª-´-
îªaØË ¶µºßª’ç ÖçC.)
Spares/ spare parts = NúÕ-¶µ«-í¬©’
Nisanth: Of late the government has started
back door increase in taxes, by tax-
ing the raw material.
(´·úÕ Ææ®Ω’-èπ◊© O’ü¿ °æ†’o ¢Ëߪ’ôç ü∆y®√
Ñ ´’üµ¿u v°æ¶µº’ûªyç üÌúÕf ü∆J† °æ†’o©’
°çîªôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-öÀdçC.)
raw material = ´·úø Ææ®Ωèπ◊.
Drupad: And some times by a mid year rise in
tax.
(´’J-éÌ-Eo-≤ƒ®Ω’x Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´’üµ¿u °æ†’o
-°ç-îªôç ü∆y®√)
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
b) I know Vijayawada like the
budget, prices can go up if the gov- back of my hand.
ernment so wants it.
(Ø√èπ◊ Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø î√™« ¶«í¬/
(Å´¤†’. Eï¢Ë’. v°æ¶µº’ûªyç üµ¿®Ω©’ °çî√-©- °æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.)
†’-èπ◊çõ‰, •úÁöb ¸ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’) c) He knows Physics like the
Drupad: But some how I am sure that the gov- back of his hand.
ernment may not raise taxes. A number (Åûª-úÕéÀ °∂œ>é˙q èπ~◊ùoçí¬
-v°æ-¨¡o:
of states are going to the polls soon. ûÁ©’Ææ’.)
3) Back door increase in taxes =
Below - beneath - under.
(é¬E Ñ≤ƒJ v°æ¶µº’ûªyç °æ†’o©’ °çîª-ü¿E
؈’ í∫öÀdí¬ †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’. î√™« ®√≥ƒZ™x üÌúÕf-ü∆-J†/ °æ®Ó-éπ~çí¬ °æ†’o© °ç°æ¤.
a) The government has started back door on - over - above ¶µ‰ü∆-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
áEoéπ©’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®·.)
increase in taxes.
Going to polls = áEo-éπ©’ ï®Ω-í∫ôç/ áEo-éπ™ x – G. í∫ù‰≠ˇ, N¨»-ê-°æôoç.
§ƒ™Ô_-†ôç (v°æ¶µº’ûªyç üÌúÕf-ü∆-J† °æ†’o-°ç-îªôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-
*çC.(•úÁöb ¸ ü∆y®√ é¬èπ◊çú≈.) ) ï¢√•’:
Nisanth: Which party do you think will win?
back door = üÌúÕf-ü∆-J†/ °æ®Ó-éπ~çí¬/ üÌçí∫-ûª- Below = beneath = underneath
(à §ƒKd Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤) †çí¬/ ¢Á÷ÆæçûÓ. There are, however some differences in
Drupad: Any doubt that the ruling party will
a) His father works at the office. So he got the the use of these words.
win? I am sure it's going to. job through the back door. Below = at a lower level place than some-
body or some thing; lower in rank, status or
position.
a) We can see the fish swimming below
the surface of water.
b) A constable is below a sub inspector
c) The window is below the ceiling
Beneath means immediately under (cov-
ered up)
(ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o §ƒKd Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË ÅûªúÕ ûªçvúÕ ÅüË Ç°∂‘Æˇ™ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’. Åçü¿’-´©x
N≠æߪ’ç™ FÍé-´’Ø√o ÆæçüË-£æ«´÷? ÅC
Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E ؈’ í∫öÀdí¬ †´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’.)
Åûª-†-éπ\úø ÖüÓuí∫ç §Òçü∆úø’ (Åçõ‰ v°æA¶µº ´©x a) His body lay beneath a heap of stones
é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ûªçvúÕ °æ©’-èπ◊-•-úÕ-´©x) b) Beneath the book lay a Rs. 1000/- note.
Nisanth: You are backing the wrong horse, b) He is trying back door methods to get the
friend. The main opposition will be Difference between below and beneath:
contract.
back in power in most of the states. below: at lower level any-
(Ç é¬çvö«é˙d†’ ¢Á÷Ææçí¬/ üÌúÕf-ü∆-J-ØÁjØ√ §Òçü¿-ö«-
(†’´¤y ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ §ƒKdE Ææ§Ú®˝d îËÆæ’h- where.
EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)
Ø√o´¤. v°æüµ∆† v°æA-°æéπ~ç î√™«®√≥ƒZ™x c) I don't advise back door methods. Let's go beneath: Immediately/
just under.
according to rules.
AJT ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç-™éÀ ´Ææ’hçC.)
Drupad: OK, Let's see. (îª÷ü∆lç) a) Hanging on the wall
(üÌçí∫ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’/ üÌúÕf-ü∆J °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’ Ø√ Ææ©-£æ…-



é¬ü¿’ (¢√öÀéÀ ؈’ N®Ω’ü¿l¥ç). E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç was a picture below a
Real life situations spoken English
™ ™ back ûÓ ¢Á∞«lç.) map = The picture
expressions îª÷ü∆lç. É™«çöÀ expres-
´îËa, ´’J-éÌEo 4) Backing the wrong horse = could be any where
sions ¢√úøôç ´©x, áèπ◊\´ °ü¿l-´÷-ô©’ ¢√úË-îÓô, Ñ ãúÕ-§Ú-ûª’-†o-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊/ Èí©’°æ¤ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰E N≠æ-ߪ÷- below the map.
(back ™«çöÀ) ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕûË, ´’† con- b) The map lay beneath a newspaper =
≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† EéÀ ´’ü¿l-A-´yúøç.
versation
a) Those who supported the NDA in the last
Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. The newspaper was just above/ cover-
Look at the following expressions from the general elections were backing the wrong ing the map.
dialogue above. horse. underneath = almost the same as beneath
1) We must put our back into it and finish it in a
(í∫ûª áEo-éπ™x áFfßË’èπ◊ ´’ü¿l-A-*a† ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ = Immediately under/ below something
day or two. §ƒKdéÀ ´’ü¿l-A-î√a®Ω’. when it car or hides it.
2) He knows tractors of any make like the back b) America backed the wrong horse in Korea.
of his hand. a) The ball rolled underneath the stand-
ing car = The car covered the ball
(Å¢Á’-Jé¬ éÌJ-ߪ÷™ Èí©’°æ¤ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰E ´®√_Eo
3) Of late the government has started back
under it.
Ææ´’-Jnç-*çC.)
door increase in taxes.
c) Expecting Indian movies to be without
4) You are backing the wrong horse. b) He was wearing a shirt underneath the
obscenity is backing the wrong horse.
The expressions in the sentences above are: sweater.
(ÅQx-©-ûª-™‰-E ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE-´÷-©’ -Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†’éÓ-´-úøç
1) put our back into it. Ææ-Jé¬-ü¿’/ ï®Ω-í∫E °æE. (Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ ®√´¤.)) under = below something.
a) They sat under a tree. (Physical posi-
2) knows tractors like the back of his hand. (Backing the wrong horse ÅØËC í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆©
tion)
3) back door increase in taxes. †’ç* ´*açC. ãúÕ-§ÚßË’ í∫’v®Ωç-O’ü¿ °æùç °ôdúøç
4) backing the wrong horse. ÅE Å®Ωnç.) b) The country is under UPA rule now and
1) put our back into it. the state, under congress rule = under
v°æ¨¡o:
(äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ (´’†ç) áçûª-®·Ø√ v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôç.) the control of.
a) We must put our back into it and finish it in a under = below, when we say, 'It may cost
day or two. i. ¢√®Ωh©’ Åçõ‰ †÷uÆˇ éπü∆. News èπ◊ singular under Rs. 10000/- or below Rs. 10,000/-
(¢Ë’ç áçûÁjØ√ v¨¡´’-°æúÕ äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV™x ü∆Eo àN’öÀ? ii) On = just above something.
°æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.) ii. ´®Ωt ÂÆpLxç-í˚†’ varma ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ Verma a) The book is on the table. (The table sup-
b) If the government really puts its back into it, ÅE ®√≤ƒh-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? ports the book.)
total literacy is not impossible.
– ÅL-¨ÎöÀd ≤ƒyN’-ü∆Æˇ, b) over = anywhere above, some height
above.
(v°æ¶µº’ûªyç Eïçí¬ v¨¡N’ÊÆh/ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úÕûË °æ‹Jh A§ƒp-ߪ’-°æLx, éπKç-†-í∫®˝- >-™«x.
Åéπ~-®√-Ææuûª Å≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬ü¿’.)
c) If only you put your back into it, you can real-
ï¢√•’: a) He jumped over the wall.
i. News, *´®Ω 's' Öçúøôç ´©x 'over' also means, above
ly achieve it.
plural in amount, height, age,
(†’¢Ëyí∫†éπ Eïçí¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úÕûË, ≤ƒCµç-îª-í∫-©´¤.) ņ’-èπ◊çö«ç– é¬E
English ™ news á°æ¤púø÷ etc.
d) Put your back into and nothing is impossible.
singular, ü∆EéÀ plural ™‰ü¿’. b) He is over 6' tall
(áçûÁjØ√ v¨¡´’-°æ-úÕûË àD Å≤ƒ-üµ¿uç-é¬ü¿’.)
2) Know (some thing/ somebody) like the
Å®·Ø√ ü∆E´·çü¿’ a/ an c) The bridge is five feet
back of one's hand = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬/ ®√ü¿’. above the water level.
°æ‹Jhí¬ ûÁL-Ææ’ç-úøôç (éπ®Ω-ûª-™«-´’-©éπç). a) I have news for you / important news for d) He is over 60 years in age.
a) He knows tractors of any make like the back you.
of his hand. b) This is good news / This news is good.
(ᙫçöÀ vö«éπd®Ωx®·Ø√ Åûª-úÕéÀ ¶«í¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬/ ii. ´®Ωt ÅØËC Indian name éπü∆. 鬕öÀd Öî√a-®Ω-
èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) ù†’ •öÀd à spelling Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. - M. SURESAN