Luminary 4 of 3

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No.
3 1
2 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3
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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3 3

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aemufyikd ;f rSmvnf; *syefacwfrmS vnf; pmtkyaf wG pmwrf;awG / trsm;=uD;
a&;cJw h ,f? tJ'v D kd a&;cJjh cif;udk ta=umif;jyKjyD;awmh aemufyikd ;f rSmvnf; pmtkyf
ajrmufrsm;pGma&;cJw h ,faygAh sm? OD;av;vSa&;cJw h hJ pmtkyaf wGu pmtkyaf ygi;f (100)
ausm&f adS wmh OD;av;vSta=umif;udk pma&;q&mwa,muftaeESihf awmfawmf rsm;
rsm; odygw,f? u|eaf wmfu, kd w f ikd v
f nf; i,fi,fuwnf;u owif;pmq&mvkyf cJh w,f/
/ OD;av;vSEiS v hf nf; owif;pmESiyhf wfoufjyD; awmh qufqrH KS awGtrsm;=uD; vkycf hJ &wJh
tcgusawmh OD;av;vS&J@owif;pm q&mtajctaeawG / owif;pmq&m *k%f
owWad wG / *k%&f nfukd u|eaf wmftrsm;=uD;odygw,f? od@k aomf u|eaf wmf tckae jyef
jyD; pOf;pm;wJt h cgusawmh OD;av;vSukd u|eaf wmf owif;pmq&m=uD; vlxOk ;D vS/
aemufwcg pma&;q&m=uD; vlxOk ;D vS / aemufwcg 'D=um;xJrmS ppfjyD;p qdv k @kd &&dS if z
q y v vkyif ef;awG / *syefacwfwek ;f u tm&Svil ,f vkyif ef;awG / ppfjyD;wJah emufyikd ;f

rSm z q y v tzJ@G csKyf=uD;&J@ txufjrefrmjynf tzJ@G crGJ mS twGi;f a&;r_;wd@k bmwd@k
vkyfcJhw,f? u|efawmf=um;zl;wmawG trsm;=uD;&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dawmh OD;av;vS
t=umif;udk oH;k oyfyg&if owif;pmq&m / pma&;q&m/ Edik if aH &;orm; qdw k hJ b0awG
udk vnf; awG@&r,f? 'gawGEiS yhf wfoufv@kd vnf; u|eaf wmf xdawG@ / =uKH awG@ / cHpm;ae&
wmawGukd vnf; trsm;=uD;&Syd gw,f// 'gayr,fh tcku|eaf wmfjyefpOf;pm; wJt h cgus
awmh OD;av;vS ESp(f 100) jynfrh mS u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f mu bmajymcsiv f nf;qdak wmh
OD;av;vSukd vlwa,muftaeESihf u|eaf wmfatmifjrifwmawGukd ajymcsiw f phJ w
d uf
ay:vmw,fAsm?
owif;pm q&mwa,muftaeESihf atmifjrifwhJ vlxOk ;D vS/ pma&; q&m
wa,muftaeESifh atmifjrifwJh vlxkOD;vS/ EdkifiHa&;orm; wa,muftaeESifh
atmifjrifwhJ vlxOk ;D vS aygAh sm? tJ'gawGxuf u|eaf wmfu vlwa,muftaeESihf
atmifjrifwhJ vlxOk ;D vSqjkd yD; u|eaf wmfpOf;pm;rdwmav;ay:vmw,f? tJ'v D kd pOf;pm;
wJt h cgusawmh vlxOk ;D vSukd u|eaf wmf b,fvakd wmifajymcsio f vJqakd wmh vlxOk ;D vS
qdw k phJ um;uaeaygAh sm‘xk ’qdw k [hJ mawmif tomav;jzKwfxm;jyD;awmh vlO;D vS qdk
wJh yHpk EH iS hf u|eaf wmfajymjycsiw f mawG trsm;=uD; pdwx f rJ mS ay:vmw,f? bmjzpfv@kd
'D[may:vmvJqw kd thJ cgusawmh OD;av;vSu tckeu ajymcJo h vdk owif;pm q&m
/ pma&;q&m / Edik if aH &;orm;tjzpfEiS hf olb0udak tmifjrifpmG wnfaqmufcw hJ ,f? jzwf
oef;cJw h ,f? pHerlemyk*Kd~ vf owif;pmq&m / pHerlemyk*Kd~ vf pma&;q&m / pHerlemyk*Kd~ vf
Edik if aH &;orm; qdw k hJ yHo k ¿meftaeESihf atmifjrifwhJ yk*Kd~ vftaeESihf cHpm;& w,fAsm ?
tJ'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfu OD;av;vS&@J ESp(f 100)jynfah e@rmS u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f hJ
tae txm;u vlO;D vSaygh / vlxk OD;vSawmif r[kwb f J vlO;D vS / vlbAJ sm/ OD; av;vS[m
vlEiS hf tvGew f w l hJ yk*Kd~ vf / vlom;pdwf tvGe=f uD;rm;wJh yk*Kd~ vf / vltvGeq f efwhJ yk*Kd~ vf
/ vlwa,mufrmS &So d if&h t dS yfwhJ tvGe=f uD;rm;wJh ESv;kH om;ESihf jynf0h wJh yk*Kd~ vf ponf
aygAh sm // u|eaf wmf'gawG oGm;awG@w,f? tJ'gawGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd erlemav;awG
u|eaf wmf enf;enf;xkwaf jymcsiyf gw,f? yxrqH;k u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f hJ t a=umif;u
apmapmu u|eaf wmfajymcJw h hJ pum;xJrmS vnf; yg ygw,f? vlxOk ;D vS[m b,fawmh
jzpfjzpf u|eaf wmf tvGeif ,f&, G pf Oftcsed f touf(20)avmuf vlvm; ajrmuf&if
ajrmufrmS aygAh sm? pmayorm;wd@k / pma&;q&m / owif;pmq&m ponfyh pkH H rsK;d ESihf
taetxm;usawmh vlom;ajrmufwhJ t&G,rf sK;d r[kwb f ;l aygh ?

u|eaf wmf vnf; bm rSrodwhJ t&G,f t'Dvt kd &G,rf mS udk OD;av;vS[m
u|efawmfESifh xdawG@qufqHwJhtcg / ajymqdkwJh tcg / tvGefudk=uifemwJhpdwf/
ulnDvdkcsifwJhpdwf/ ajrawmif ajrmufay;csifwJhpdwf/ ysKd;axmifay;csifwJhpdwf/
tm;ay;csifwJhpdwf qdkwmawG[m tjynfhtv#HyJAsm // ol&J@ apwemxkawGu
tvGe=f uD;rm;ygw,f?
tJ'Dtcgusawmh u|efawmf vli,fwa,muftaeESifh OD;av;vSudk
tJ'DtcsdefxJupjyD;awmh =unf!dkwmbJ Asm? ol&J@pmayudk u|efawmfodyfjyD;awmh
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; tuJjzwfEikd w f hJ taetxm;/ wefz;kd xm;Edik w f hJ taetxm; &Scd sirf v S nf;
&Srd ,f? ol@&@J pma&;q&m owif;pmq&m udak ygh ? od@k aomf OD;av;vSukd vlwa,muf
taeESihf awG@vu kd wf t
hJ cg u|eaf wmfukd vl om;w a,mufyyD aD ygAh sm? u|eaf wmfukd
vlom;pdwftjynfhESifh u|efawmfudkvnf; vlom;wa,mufvdk oabmxm;jyD;
ajymqdq k ufqw H m awG@wt hJ cgusawmh u|eaf wmfrmS twdik ;f rodwhJ tm;wufrKS awG /
0rf;ajrmufrKS awG 'gawGuakd wG@w,f? 'gu u|ef awmf yxrajymcsiw f hJ wcsuaf yg?h
u|efawmfajymcsifwmu ckeu u|efawmfajymcJhwJh 0rf;ajrmufw,fqdkwJh
pum;aygh / 0rf;ajrmufw,fqw kd phJ um;udk u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f m bmvnf;qdak wmh
u|efawmfwdk@ Armpum;rSmvnf;&Sdygw,f? rk'dwm vdk@qdkwJh [mrsKd; vdkaygh?
olwyg;atmifjrifjcif; / =u;D yGm;jcif; / csr;f omjcif; / wd;k wufjcif;qdw k mawGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd
0rf;ajrmuf&w,f/ 0rf;om&w,fqw kd [
hJ m pum;&Syd gw,f? 'g[m tvGef aumif;ygw,f
qdw k hJ uHw&m;ygy?J jA[Rp&kd w f &m; xJu w&m;aygh // tJ'[ D mu wjcm; vlwa,muf&@J
atmifjrifjcif;/ =uD;yGm;jcif; ay:rSmwnfjyD;awmh 0rf;ajrmufwmAsm?
u|ef a wmf OD ; vS u d k ajymcsif w J h 0rf ; ajrmuf j cif ; yH k ¿ ef u OD ; vS [ m
Ak'<bmomaumif;wa,muftaeeJ@ Ak'<bmomw&m;awGeJ@ jynfhpHkr,fqdkwm
u|eaf wmfajymp&mrvdk ygb;l / od@k aomf u|eaf wmfu b,fvakd jymcsiv f qJ akd wmh OD;vSukd
c&pf , mef orR m usrf ; pmwd k @ / bmwd k @ rS m oH k ; wJ h p um;eJ @ jynf h 0 wJ h yk * ~ d K vf v d k @
u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f ,f/ tJ'pD um;u bmvJqakd wmh 0rf;ajrmufw,fqw kd m c&pf,mef
orRmusr;f pmudk zwf=unf&h if awG@ygvrd rhf ,f? ae&maygi;f rsm;pGmrSm 0rf;ajrmufw,f/
0rf;ajrmufw,fqw kd m vlawGu 0rf;ajrmufw,f/ bk&m;ocif&@J ajymqdk
rde@f rmS csuf a=umifh 0rf;ajrmufw,f/ c&pfawmfe@J awG@wt hJ cgrmS 0rf;ajrmufw,f/ olw@kd
rdom;pk awG awG@wJhtcgrSm 0rf;ajrmufw,f/ tvkyftudkifvkyfudkifae&if;rS

0rf;ajrmufw,f/ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;aygh// c&pf,mef&J@ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;toHk;tE_ef;u
olwa,mufwnf; ol[mol 0rf;ajrmufaewm/ qif;&Jwt hJ cgrmS vnf; 0rf;ajrmuf
aer,f/ csr;f omwJt h cgrmS vnf; 0rf;ajrmufaer,f/ wjcm;vle@J awG@wt hJ cgrmS vnf;
0rf;ajrmufaer,f/ olu, kd w
f ikd f tusO;f usaewJt h cgrsK;d pde;f yDwhJ wd@k / bmwd@k v@kd aygAh sm/
yDx&dw
k @kd bmwd@k vkd yk*Kd~ vfrsm; 0rf;ajrmufwmbJAs? c&pf,mefu 'D[mudk
awmfawmf wefz;kd xm;w,f/ 0rf;ajrmufjcif;ayg?h tJ'h aD wmh u|eaf wmfu OD;av;vSukd
tJ'Dpum;eJ@,SOf+yD;awmh ajymcsifw,f? OD;av;vS[m olb0wckvHk; ausmfjzwfwJh
tcsdefayghAsm/ u|efawmftouf (20)avmufu awG@wJh OD;vS u|efawmftouf
(50)avmuf r S m =umcJ h w J h E S p f a ygif ; (30)avmuf =um;umvrS m OD ; av;vS e J @
r=umc%awG@ygw,f? r=umc%qufq&H ygw,f? OD;vSuvnf; u|eaf wmfukd tvGeu f kd
*&kpu kd yf gw,f?
tJ'D OD;vS[m bmOD;vSvJqdkawmh t+rJwrf; 0rf;ajrmuf aewJh OD;vSAs?
vl@b0rSmae ae&jcif;/vl@b0rSm tvkyfvkyfudkifae&jcif;/ vl@b0rSm aexdkif&jcif;/
vl@b0rSm touf&Sifae&jcif;/ vl@b0rSm tjcm;aom tjcm;aom vlom;rsm;eJ@
quf q H a ygif ; oif ; ae&jcif ; / vl @ b0rS m tjcm;aom tjcm;aom vl o m;rsm;
qif;&J'kuQawGudk ulnDapmifha&Smuf&jcif;qdkwJh tay:rSm OD;vS[m t+rJwrf;
0rf ; ajrmuf a ew,f ? OD ; vS & J @ vl @ b0tay:rS m vl o m;wa,muf t aeeJ @
0rf;ajrmufjcif;[m tawmfu h kd }uD;rm;ygw,f?
tJ'gukd OD;vSe@J aygi;f oif;zl;wJh vlwikd ;f odygw,f? OD;vS&@J aer_/ xdik rf /_ ajymr_/
qdrk a_ wGukd tuJcwfwhJ vlreS o f r# odygw,f? u|eaf wmf tJ'v D b kd aJ jymcsif ygw,f?
OD;vS[m t+rJwrf; vl@b0rSm 0rf;ajrmufaewJh yk*Kd~ vfjzpfw,fv@kd u|eaf wmfajymcsif
ygw,f? 'g 'kwd,wcsufaygh/ aemufwcsuf u|efawmfajymcsifwm bmvJqdkawmh
OD;vS[m vli,fw@kd / rsK;d qufopfw@kd / tckacwf-acwfpm;wJh pum;E_e;f eJ@ oH;k pGv J @kd &&Sd if
rsKd;qufopfayghAsm/ 'DrsKd;qufopfawG ay:rSm OD;vS[m tvGef tav;xm;w,f?
u|eaf wmfapmapmu ajymovdk u|eaf wmftouf i,fi,f&, G &f ,G /f u|eaf wmfvnf;
a,mifvnfvnfe@J pmayavmuwd@k / bmwd@k rmS a&mufaewJt h csed /f tJ'rD mS OD;vSe@J
awG@wikd ;f OD;vS[m pum;ajymwJt h cgrmS / u|eaf wmfukd ulnw D t hJ cgrmS / apmifah &SmufwhJ
tcgrSm/ tm;ay;wJh tcgrSm t+rJwrf; ysKd;axmifw,f? vlwzufom;udk vli,f/
vl&G,fayghAsm ysKd;axmifay;csifwJh vuQ%mawG/ pdwf"gwfawG u|efawmft+rJwrf;

oG m ;awG @ w,f ? tJ ' D [ mu aemuf y d k i f ; rS m uswJ h t cgusawmh rE W a v;rS m &d S w J h
pma&;q&maygif ; rsm;pG m / tJ ' D acwf r S m emrnf } uD ; aewJ h armif p G r f ; &nf w d k @ /
armifomEd;k wd@k / armifr;kd olw@kd tjcm;tjcm;aygAh sm/ rsm;pGmaom udw k ifr;kd wd@k ponfayg/h
wuUodkvf “0if;udk” qdkwJh yk*~dKvfawG/ pma&;q&maygif;rsm;pGmudk OD;vS[m
ysK;d axmifay;cJw h ,fAs?
OD;vS&J@ tm;ay;r_/ OD;vS&J@ pnf;&Hk;r_/ OD;vS&J@ v_Haqmfr_ / OD;vS&J@ enf;jyr_
awGa=umifh rE Wav; pmayavmu[m bmbJajymajym 'Dae@ pmayavmurSm
q&mwqlawGtaeeJ@ rif;rlEdkif=uwJh pma&;q&mrsm;ay:aygufcJhw,f? rE Wav;
pmayv_y&f mS ;r_uae+yD;awmh/ 'Dvy_ &f mS ;r_uaebJ Oyrmqdak wmh jrefrmpum;/pmayudk
pum;ajym[efe@J a&;r,fqw kd hJ v_y&f mS ;r_awG txdaygh OD;vS[m a&S@aqmifa&S@&u G jf yK
Edik cf w
hJ ,f? pma&;q&maygi;f rsm;pGmudk tm;ay;Edik cf w hJ ,f/ ysK;d axmifEikd cf w
hJ ,f? ajrawmif
ajrSmufay;EdkifcJhw,fvdk@ u|efawmfwdk@ ajymvdk@&ygw,f? tJ'g[m odyf+yD;awmh
xif&mS ;wJt h csuyf g?
aemufwcsuu f u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f mu vli,frsm;udk ysK;d axmifwahJ e&mrSm
(odk@r[kwf) vli,f/ vl&G,frsm;udktm;ay;tm;ajrSmufjyKwJh ae&mrSm/ OD;vS&J@
erlemxm;p&m tcsuaf v; w csuu f /kd usaemfajymjycsiyf gw,f? usaemfw@kd (1970)
ausmaf usmaf v; w0du k f avmufrmS / OD;vSuae+yD;/ pmtkyw f tkyf xkwcf w hJ ,fAs?
“vlwvHk;” qdkwhJ pmtkyf wtkyf/ tJ'Dpmtkyfav;udk OD;vS[m tJ'Dtcsdefu
bmeJ@&u kd vf nf;qdak wmh/ r-q- v acwfrmS / puULuvnf;tvGe&f mS ;aewJt h cgusawmh/
r_dif;&dkuf puULeJ@ pmtkyfav; wtkyf&dkufw,fAs? r_dif;&dkufpuULeJ@ &dkufwJhtcgrSm/
puULav;udk acgu+f yD;awmhr/S [db k uf'b D uf&ukd /f twGi;f rSmawmh/ tv,facgirf mS
pmES p f b uf u d k [d k b uf / 'D b uf / ausmbuf ul ; roG m ;atmif a ygh A sm?
rS i f a yguf r oG m ;atmif ac:wmaygh ? [d k b uf r S m pmawG oG m ;rxif a tmif /
tJ'Dpmtkyfav;udk ao;ao;av; &dkufwJhtcg &dkuf+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@vnf;
tvGeo f abmuswmaygAh sm?
OD;av;vS&@J wDxiG pf w d /f enf;vrf;&SmwJph w d /f jrefrmh&;kd &m "avhawGukd az:
xkwcf siw f phJ w
d af yg?h tJ'gawGtwGuf usaemfw@kd jrif&w,f? usaemfw@kd jynfuae
+yD;awmh/ usaemfw@kd OD;vSe@J twl c&D;oGm;wJt h cgrmS / OD;vSu &xm;wGaJ y:rSmawG@whJ
rdom;pkwpke@J awG@w,f? tJ'rD mS uav; av;wa,mufygvmw,f? OD;vSu b,fol

ta=umif;jzpfjzpf/ ckeu ajymcJo h vd/k 0rf;ajrmufwphJ w d ef @J vlwzufom;udk ulnw D ,f
apmifah &Smufw,f? uav; av;eJ@ pum;pyfrw d ,f? uav; av;eJ@vnf; pum;ajym
w,f? +yD;wJt h cgusawmh/ OD;vS[m tJ'pD mtkyaf v;ud/k “vlwvH;k ” qdw k hJ pmtkyaf v;
xkw+f y;D awmh/ 'Duav;twGuf OD;vSuae+y;D awmh/ ol@vufrw S ef @J a&;+y;D awmh/ uav;
emrnfav;yg a&;+yD;awmh/ uav; av;udk ay;cJw h ,f? aemifwae@ pmzwfwwfwhJ
tcsed af yg/h uav; av;u pmzwfwwfykH ray:ao;ygb;l ? oli,fwef;avmuf/ od@k r
[kwv f @kd &&dS ifvnf;/ rl}udKavmufyJ t&G,af yg?h 'gayr,hf 'Duav;[m }uD;vmwJt h cg
rSm/ pmzwfEikd w f t
hJ cgrmS / zwfygap qdw k hJ apwemrsKd ;eJ@ ay;cJw h ,f?
tJ'aD wmh qdv k w kd mu/ OD;vS[m vli,fv&l , G rf sm;udk cs;D jrSiw hf ,fqw kd hJ ae
&mrSm/ pma&;q&maygupf awGaygAh sm? vli,f pma&;q&mawG/ cs;D jrSihf ajrSmufpm;wJh
oabmom rubl;/ aemufb0 rsKd ;qufopf vli,f/ vl&, G /f uav; oli,fu p+yD;
awmh/ tJ'v D kd *&kpu kd w f ,fv@kd / usaemfajymcsiyf gw,f? tvGeu f kd vlqefw,fayg?h
aemufwck usaemfajymcsiw f mu/ OD;av;vS[m olu, kd w f ikd f vlqefovd/k tjcm;
vlqefwhJ yk*Kd~ vfrsm;udv k nf;/ t+rJwrf; ta&;w,lvyk w f ,f? tav;xm;w,f?
*k%w f ifw,f? odEw d< ifw,f qdw k t hJ csuu f /kd usaemfajymcsiyf gw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vJ
qdak wmh/ usaemf rE aW v;a&mufomG ;wJt h cg =uawmh/ OD;vSu wcgwnf;udk cs;D cs;D
usL;usL; ajymwJh yk*Kd~ vfwa,muf&w dS ,fAs? tJ'guawmh OD;ausmv f q S w kd hJ yk*Kd~ vfayg?h
OD;ausmv f S qdw k m/ rE aW v;rSm aemufyikd ;f rSm/ tom;owfvw G f (owfowfvw G )f
pm; a&;wd@k / bmwd@k ukd v_y&f mS ;cJw h /hJ OD;aqmifcw hJ hJ yk*K~d vf? pma&;av; vkyaf e&muae/
aiGawG bmawG pkaqmif;+yD;awmh/ bd;k bGm;&dyo f mwd@k / xlaxmifa&;wd@k / rE aW v;rSm
o+*õKvf/ tavmif;/ &kyfuvmyfrsm;/ vlaoaumifrsm;udk/ o+*dKvfzdk@pufrsdK;
xlaxmifwmwd@k / ponfjzifh vkyif ef;awG trsm;}uD;vkyo f mG ;wJ/h pHxm;avmufwhJ
yk*Kd~ vfayg?h
OD;ausmv f S qdw k m rE aW v;om;awmh odygvrd rhf ,f? txl;ojzifh [dak cwf
wke;f uaygAh sm/ vGecf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f (30) avmufu/ tvGeu f kd xif&mS ;wJh yk*Kd~ vf/ OD;
ausmv f u S q kd kd OD;vSu/ ody+f yD;awmh tav;xm;wmAs? OD;ausmv f &S @J ud, k uf siw hf &m;
OD;ausmv f &S @J taetxdik /f tajymtqd/k aiGo;Hk pGw J mu p+yD;awmh/ tukev f ;kH ud/k
awmfawmfu h kd OD;vS[m/ vlom;qefwv hJ u l kd t+rJwrf; cs;D usL;/ odEw d< ifw,f qdw k m/
OD; ausmv f eS @J OD;vS&@J qufqaH &;rSmvnf;/ xif&mS ;ygw,f?

tJ't D wdik ;f yJ OD;vS[m tjcm;/ tjcm;aom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;aygAh sm/ t+rJwrf;
tav;ay;+yD;awmh/ 'D vlom;qefwhJ yk*Kd~ vfawGu/kd t+rJwef; tav;xm;+yD;awmh/
qufqcH w hJ ,f? tJ'gawGukd usaemf csKyf+y;D ajymcsiw f mu/ bmvJqakd wmh/ usaemfajym
wmawGu enf;ygw,f? aumufEw k +f yD;awmh/ tcsed u f v kd nf; iS@J +yD;awmh/ usaemf
tusO;f csKH ;ajym&wmyg?
trSet f wdik ;f ajym&&if/ OD;vS[m vlom;wa,muftaeeJ@/ olu, kd w f ikd vf nf;
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aemifw&+yD; &Sdcdk;awmif;yefcJhygw,f? olw&m;tm;xkwfwJhtcg OD;vSudk rw&m;
jyKrlc@J wmudk owd&+yD; w&m;tm;xkwv f @kd rjzpfEikd af tmif pdwrf csr;f omjzpf&vd@k qd+k yD;
tdrw f ikd &f ma&muf vma&mufawmif;yefwmyg? OD;vSu “rSm;cJyh gw,f”vd@k awmif;yef
&wm vH;k 0r&Scd yhJ g?
vlxOk ;D vSuawmh axmifxrJ mS b,forl rS vkyEf ikd w f mawGukd vkycf yhJ gw,f?
axmifxrJ mS tm;upm;toif;awG zG@J pnf;+y;D olu, kd wf ikd v
f J upm;ygw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;
yHjk yifawG pkaqmif;jcif;eJ@ tusO;f om;awG&@J b0udk avhvmrSwo f m;jcif;wd@k uv kd nf;
vkycf yhJ gw,f? axmifuxGuv f mawmh yHjk yifpmtkyaf wGxw k yf gw,f? qufvuf+y;D awmh

vJ axmifjyifyrS avhvmpkaqmif;ygw,f? OD;vSu, G vf eG af wmh ykjH yifpmtkyaf ygi;f 50
avmuf xkwaf 0+y;D cJyh gw,f? urBmrSm yHjk yifpak qmif;wJt h vkyu f kd trsm;qH;k vkycf o hJ w
l OD;
jzpfvmcJ+h yD; OD;vS&@J yHjk yifawGukd Edik if w
H umu bmompum;rsKd ;pHek @J bmomjyefc=hJ uyg
w,f? pmayAdrmefq/k trsKd ;om;pmayqkawGvJ &cJyh gw,f?
vlxOk ;D vS[m axmifxrJ mS avhvmpkaqmif;cJh axmifom;awGta=umif;
udkvnf; 0xWKozG,f zGJ@EGJ@az:usL; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhygw,f? axmifESifhvlom;/
avESit hf wl/ ppftcspEf iS hf axmif/ avSmifcsKd ifx h rJ S iSuif ,frsm;/ ppf+yD;p axmifwcH g;
pojzifh a&;om;cJ&h mrSm “axmifEiS v hf o l m;”(1957)u pmayAdrmefq/k “avSmifcsKd ifh
wGif;rS iSufi,frsm;”(1958)u ,leufpudkqk toD;oD;&&SdcJ@ygw,f? yxrwef;
o&kyrf eS 0f xÎK awGyg?
vlxOk ;D vS[m axmifwiG ;f uae+yD; ZeD;ESihf om;orD;rsm;xHukd a&;om;ay;yd@k
wJph mawGuv kd J jyefvnfppk n;f+y;D pmtkyx f wk cf &hJ mrSm jrefrmpmayordik ;f rSm taumif;qH;k
“ay;pm”rsm;tjzpf rSww f rf;wif&rJh pmtkyrf sKd ;udk wDxiG x f wk Ef ikd cf w
hJ ,fv@kd qd&k ygr,f?
vlxOk ;D vS[m +idr;f csr;f a&;ud, k pf m;vS,f owif;pmq&mtjzpfe@J urBm@Eikd if H
tES@H tjym;udv k J oGm;a&mufc&hJ wJt h cg c&D;oGm;pmayrsmudv k J a&;xkwEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f?
tif'ekd ;D &Sm;(1963) eJ@ *syefu(kd 1962) oGm;wJch &D;pOfrsm;ta=umif;udk a&;wJph mtkyrf sm;
[m xif&mS ;ygw,f?
vlxOk ;D vS[m rif;wke;f rif;}u;D xkwaf 0cJw h hJ “&wemyHak ejynfawmf”owif;pm
utp owif;pmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;cJhol jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh
“owif;pmrsm;onf ordik ;f udak jymae=uonf (1963)”/ “owif;pmrsm;uajymwJh
ppfwiG ;f Armjynf pmtkyf 4 wGJ (1968)”/ “owif;pmrsm;uajymwJh ppf+yD;Armjynf
(1969)”/ pwJ h owif ; pmord k i f ; qd k i f & m pmtk y f a wG u d k xk w f E d k i f c J h y gw,f ?
'Dpmtkyrf sKd ;awGuvJ vlxOk ;D vSuvGv J @kd b,forl S rxkwEf ikd /f rxkwzf ;l cJyh gb;l ?
vlxOk ;D vS avhvmjyKpkcw hJ hJ pmtkyaf wGxrJ mS “u|eaf wmf.....”pmpOf [mvJ
ta&;yg t&ma&mufygw,f? acwf+ydKifvlr_a&;b0udk wenf;wzHkxif[yfxm;wJh
“o&kyfrSef”pmawGyJjzpfygw,f? u|efawmfAsL&dku&uf (1970)/ u|efawmfpwD;yGJpm;
(1970)/ u|ef a wmf o wif ; axmuf (1971)/ u|ef a wmf j rif ; orm; (1972)
pwJph mtkyaf wG[m acwfukd avhvm&mrSm ryg&ifrjzpfwhJ pmtkyaf wGyg? 'Dpmtkyrf sKd ;
awGuv kd J vlxOk ;D vSuvGv J @kd b,forl rS vkycf /hJ rvkyEf ikd /f rvkyzf ;l cJyh gb;l ?
vlxOk ;D vS[m tJovdk wOD;csi;f pGr;f aqmifcw hJ mawGtjyif tzG@J tpnf;eJ@
pnf;&H;k vkyaf qmifcw hJ mawGvJ trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,f? txufArmEdik if H pma&;q&mtoif;
rSm vl}uD;awGtm;vHk;udk pdwfvdkvuf& wufwuf=uG=uG yg0ifv_yf&Sm;apcJhovdk
vl i ,f r sm;ud k v nf ; 0goemeJ @ tpG r f ; tptav#muf v_ y f & S m ;yg0if v matmif
pnf;&H;k odr;f oGi;f Edik cf yhJ gw,f? q&m}u;D jrrsKd ;vGi/f q&m}u;D OD;jr (ausmufpm0efa[mif;)
/ a&$jynf OD;bwif/ a&$uikd ;f om; q&mawmf/ ygarmuQcsKyf OD;ausm&f if/ ordik ;f ygarmuQ
a'gufwmoef;xGef; pwJh q&m}uD;awG[m vli,fawGudk okawoe tarGawG
teD;uyftarG ay;oGm;cJ=h uygw,f? vli,fawGuvJ q&m}u;D rsm;&J@ =o0g'udk em,ljcif;/
q&m}uD;rsm;xH teD;uyf ar;jref;avhvmjcif;/ q&m}uD;rsm;eJ@twl c&D;oGm;&if; tul
okawoejyKjcif; pwJh tcGit hf vrf;eJ@ tawG@t}uHKrsm; trsm;tjym; &&S=d uygw,f?
vl}uD;/ vli,fw@kd yl;aygi;f az:xkwcf w hJ hJ okawoe pmwrf;rsm;[m pmayavmuudk
todopfrsm; a0iSay;urf;Edik cf yhJ gw,f?
vlxOk ;D vS OD;aqmifvy_ &f mS ;cJw h hJ Armpm ta&;tom;opf ac: “ajymovdak &;”
v_y&f mS ;r_[m Armpmayordik ;f eJ h Armpum;ordik ;f rSm trSwx f ifxif t&Sq d ;kH “bmom
pum;v_yf&Sm;r_”jzpfygw,f? vlxkOD;vS/ ygarmuQcsKyf OD;ausmf&ifeJ hordkif;ygarmuQ
a'guw f moef;xGe;f wdk u h OD;aqmiftm;ay;+yD; armifomEd;k u pmwrf;a&;om;wifoiG ;f
cJhygw,f? 'Dae@vli,ftrsm;tjym;[m ajymovdka&;ae=uwm vlxkOD;vSu
vl i ,f a wG a &S @ u owW d & S d & S d OD ; aqmif c J h v d k @ ay:xG u f v mwJ h &v'f j zpf y gw,f ?
ynm&S d a vmurS m “qif o G m ;rl ” vd k h v J x if & S m ;cJ h y gw,f ? OD ; ausmf & if u
“qifomG ;&ifvrf;jzpfw,f”vdk ah =u;G a=umftm;ay;cJw h mudk ta=umif;jyK+y;D ac:=uwmyg?
vlxOk ;D vS[m wOD;csi;f taeeJ ah &m/ tzG@J tpnf; taeeJ@a&m/ vl}uD;awGukd
a&m/ vli,fawGuakd &m/ wuUov kd ef ,fajrwGi;f u pmayorm;awGuakd &m/ wuUov kd jf yify
u pmayorm;awGudka&m yg0ifvkyfaqmifvmatmif pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmfcJhwm[m
ol@touf 20 avmufu pcJ+h yD; touf &0 ausmt f xd ESpaf ygi;f 50 avmuf=umcJh
ygw,f? cktcg vlxOk ;D vS &Sad o;&if oufwrf; 100 jynfch yhJ g+yD? ESpaf ygi;f 100 twGi;f rSm
xl;jcm;wJh Armhom;aumif;wa,muf taeeJ@ *k%jf yKyGv J yk jf cif;[m ylaZmfxu kd o f u l kd
ylaZmfjcif;wdw k hJ r*Fvmajrmufwt hJ jyif aemifvmaemufom; vli,frsm; taeeJ@vnf;
tm;us*% k ,f zl ,G f rkcsjzpfayvdrrhf ,fv@kd u|eaf wmfw@kd ,H=k unfyga=umif; wifjyvdu k &f
ygw,f?
armifprG ;f &nf
2009/ pufwifbm 15

vlxOk ;D vS&@J wdik ;f &if;om;&d;k &m "avh
avhvmr_
armif p G r f ; &nf
u|eaf wmf'aD e@ ajymjyrSmuawmh jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;wd@k &@J ,Ofaus;r_"avh

xHkpHta=umif;yJjzpfygw,f? ckvdk ajymjzpfwm[mvJ vlxkOD;vS &mjynfhyGJawG
urBmeJ@t0ef;vky=f uawmh vlxOk ;D vS&@J pGr;f aqmifcsuaf wG/ *k%&f nfawGukd az:xkwaf jym
qd=k uwJth cg wdik ;f &if;om;"avhx;kH pHawG avhvma&;qdw k m xdyw f ef;uyg0ifvmcJw h mudk
=um;od=u&ygvrd rhf ,f?
vlxOk ;D vS[m csi;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ &Sr;f / &0rf/ yavmif/ em*/ &cdik /f rGe/f
pwJh jrefrmEdik if H wdik ;f &if;om;awG&@J yHjk yifawGukd pkaqmif;xkwaf 0cJw
h m yHjk yifpmtkyaf ygi;f
(50)avmufe;D yg; &Scd yhJ gw,f? 'Dvkd wdik ;f &if;om;yHjk yifawGukd pkaqmif;xkwaf 0Edik w f m[m
ArmjynfrmS vlxOk ;D vSwa,mufyJ pGr;f aqmifEikd cf +hJ y;D urBmrSmvJ 'Dvykd *k Kd~ vf wOD;wnf;&J@
pGr;f aqmifrr_ sKd ;[m r&So d avmuf&mS ;ygw,f? OD;av; vlxOk ;D vS[m yHjk yifawGpak qmif;&Hk
ru "avhx;kH pHawGuv kd J avhvmygw,f? Folk Song vd@k ac:wJh vlxak w;awGuv kd J
pkaqmif;avhvm+y;D pmwrf;awGa&;om;/ zwf=um;cJyh gw,f? 'Dvt kd vkyrf sKd ;udw
k a,uf
wnf;vky&f wm rvG,yf gb;l ? OD;av;uawmh te,fe,ft&yf&yfu owif;axmufawGe@J
rdwaf qGawGqu D kd yxrtqifh pma&;+yD;ar;w,f? +yD;awmh vlu, kd w
f ikd f oGm;a&muf
avhvmpkaqmif;ygw,f? "gwyf &kH u kd wf m/ toHoiG ;f wm/ yef;csqD &mawGygac:oGm;+yD;
yef;csqD wJG mawGvJ vkyyf gw,f? av,mOfyseH @J omG ;&&if c&D;p&dwf trsm;}uD; ukeu f s
ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd uv kd J ac:oGm;zl;ygw,f?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlx&k @J ,Ofaus;r_ &d;k &m"avhx;kH pHukd avhvm&mrSm Folk Cul-
ture, Folk Core, Folk Art, Folk Dance, Folk Music, Folk Song, Folk Tale
pojzifh u¾awG trsKd ;rsKd ;&Syd gw,f? vlx&k ;kd &mtu/ vlx&k ;kd &myef;cs/D vlx&k ;kd &maw;/
vlx&k ;kd &m*D;w/ vlx&k ;kd &myHjk yif qd+k yD;trsKd ;rsKd ;&Syd gw,f? +cHK+yD;awmhac:&&if vlxOk ;D vSukd

Folk Lurists vlx&k ;kd &m okawoDv@kd ac:&r,fxifygw,f? vlxOk ;D vSvkd yk*Kd~ vfrsKd ;
pkaqmif;xm;wmawGudk ordkif;ynm&Sif/ rEk\aA' ynm&Sif/ pmayynm&Sif/
bmomaA'ynm&Sif pwJh ynm&Sio f ak woD trsKd ;rsKd ;u xyfraH vhvmvd@k rqH;k Edik yf gb;l ?
'gawGukd wm0efo/d wefz;kd odwhJ OD;Ekw@kd vkd tpd;k &rsKd ;u vkyaf qmifz;l ygw,f? pmayAdrmef
rSm OD;rif;Edik w f @kd v/kd rEk\ausm0f if;wd@k vkd oD;oef@ynm&Siaf wG arG;xkwv f yk uf ikd cf zhJ ;l ygw,f?
ppftpdk;&wufvmwJhtcg 'gawG&J@wefzdk;udk rodawmh rvkyfawmhygbl;? rvkyfcJ@&if
acwftqufquf aemifvmaemufom;awGu used q f w
J mudk cH&rSmygy?J
tpd;k &u oD;oef@ynm&Siaf wGarG;/ oD;oef@XmeawG zGiv hf pS w f nfaxmif+yD;
rvkyfwJhtcgrSm ordkif;Xme/ jrefrmpmXme/ t*FvdyfpmXme/ rEk\aA'Xme pwJh
wuUov kd Xf meawGu pGr;f aqmifEikd yf gw,f? Oyrm &cdik u f ausmif;om;udk &cdik "f avh/
&cdik b f mom pum;qdik &f m usr;f jyKcdik ;f Edik yf gw,f? rEk\aA'Xmeu qvHv k rl sKd ;"avhukd
avhvmusrf;jyK+yD; yHkESdyfxkwfa0wmawmif awG@zl;ygw,f? jrefrmpmXmeuvJ
wdik ;f &if;om;bmompum; avhvmcsuf pmwrf;awG&ydS gw,f? wwfEikd &f if pmtkyx f wk zf @kd
aumif;ygw,f?
ArmjynfrmS wdbuf jrefrm/ rGef crm/ xdik ;f &Sr;f pwJh vlrsKd ;pktyk pf k tvGerf sm;
ygw,f? vlxkOD;vSu yHkjyifpkaqmif;a&;udk t"duxm;+yD; vkyfaqmifoGm;cJhyg+yD?
qufvuf+yD; wdkif;&if;om; bmompum;/ pum;yHk/ pum;xm/ aw;oDcsif;/ *Dw/
tuawGudk avhvmp&m trsm}uD;usefygao;w,f? wcsdK@udk EdkifiHjcm;om;awGu
avhvmoGm;=uygw,f? olwdk@eJ@ yl;wGJavhvm+yD; ynm,lzdk@ aumif;ygw,f?
wcsKd @wikd ;f &if;om;awGe@J bmompum;awGu wdraf umaysmufu, G yf gawmhr,f? Oyrm
x&Hk vlrsKd ;qd&k if (10)a&mufawmifrjynfah wmhz;l vd@k od&ygw,f? 'gawGuakd vhvm&mrSm
avhvmenf; pepfynmvJ vdt k yfygw,f? Adv k af e0if; vufxufu bmomodyyH` nm
avhvmr_twGuf Edik if jH cm;udk ynmoifvw $ af wmh bkrod brode@J ydwyf ifczhJ ;l ygw,f?
'ga=umifh jrefrmpmXme[m tvGeef pfemcJyh gw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd Eikd if u H acwfaemufus
aeawmh olrsm;Edik if u H o
kd mG +yD; avhvmzd@k vtkd yfygw,f? omuDrsKd ;qd+k yD; tajcmufwu kd f
b0ifjrifah evd@k rjzpfygb;l ? vlxOk ;D vSvkd xGe;f xGe;f ayguaf yguf avhvmtm;xkwo f al wG
ay:xGe;f ygapvd@k qkawmif;vdu k yf gw,f?
u|efawmf armifprG ;f &nfyg
2010 ZEM 0 g&D 18

wduk yf 0JG ifrvm;
ppfu|efcrH vm;
(vl x k t pnf ; ta0;xJ r S w d k u f y G J )
xl ; wif h
“Armjynf zufqpfppftyk pf &k @J ppfu|ejf yKa&; (2008) zG@J pnf;yHek @J (2010)

azmufjyefaumufuspw f hJ a&G;aumufyu JG kd qef@usiw f u kd zf suzf @kd / usaemfu tqdw k if
oGi;f ygrh ,f? 'g[m ppftm%m&Sif pepfukd wdu k zf sujf cif;vJ jzpfygw,f?”
“ppftm%m&Sif pepfe@J zufqpfppftyk pf u k kd qef@usiaf wmfveS w f hJ pdwq f EN
[m vlxak wG&@J &ifxrJ mS &Sio f efaeqJjzpfygw,f? puUe@f wikd ;f rSm zdEydS rf a_ wG/ tEdik u f sihf
jc,fv, S rf a_ wG/ jyif;xefvmor# ckcaH wmfveS w f hJ pdw"f gw[ f mvJ &Sio f efaerSmygy?J
tJ'D pdw"f gwaf wGe@J wdu k yf 0JG if&rSm jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh r[kw&f if rcHwhJ pdw"f gw/f r
w&m;wm/ zdEydS t f Edik uf siw fh mudk ckcw H eG ;f vSeyf pf&r,fqw kd hJ pdw"f gwu f /kd puUe@f wikd ;f rSm
arG;jrLxm;zd@k vw kd ,f? 'Dpw d "f gw[ f m &J&aJ wmuf aerSom ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd jymcs
ypfEikd rf ,f? 'gro S m vGwv f yfa&;eJ@ 'Dru kd a&pDukd &&Srd mS jzpfw,f?”
“'Dtpnf;ta0;cef;rxJrmS a&mufaewJh usaemfw@kd vlxak wGaum/ jynf
wGi;f u tzdEydS cf v H xl ak wGyg ppftyk pf &k @J zdEydS rf a_ tmufrmS Zufpif;cHaerSmvm;/ vGwf
ajrmufz@kd wdu k yf 0JG ifrvm;/ qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifrvm;/ ppfu|ecf rH vm;?”
“quf+yD; ppfu|erf cHEikd b f ;l ? wku d yf 0JG if&r,f/ wdu k yf 0JG if&r,f?”
“'ga=umifh r[kwrf cHpw d "f gw[ f m wdu k yf 0JG if pdw"f gwjf zpfw,f? rw&m;
wm/ zdEydS t f Edik u f sifh jc,fv, S w f mudk awmfveS cf ck &H r,fqw kd hJ pdw"f gw[ f m/ wdu k yf JG
0if pdw"f gwjf zpfw,f? 'Dpw d "f gw[ f m awmfveS af &;twGuf armif;ESit f m; jzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh usaemf 'Dae&muae txyfxyf owday;E_;d aqmfaejcif; jzpfygw,f?”
“Armjynf oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom tzdEydS cf /H aoG;pkycf aH e&wJh vlrsKd ;pH/k t
rsKd ;om; jynfov l x l ak wG&@J vGwv f yfr/_ 'Dru kd a&pDe@J vltcGit hf a&;awGukd csKd ;zsuaf e
cJw
h hJ ol[m ppftyk pf jk zpfw,f? tJ't D cGit hf a&;awGukd ‘ay;yg/--ay;yg’ wpmpm

awmif;qdak ewJh vlxak wG/ rGe;f =uyf rat;csr;f wJv h al wGukd pufaoewfawGe@J ypfcwf
owfjzwfaewmvJ 'Dppftyk pf yk jJ zpfw,f?”
“ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f +yD;/ vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf x JG rJ mS &ke;f uefae=uwJ/h oHCmhacgi;f
aqmif/ ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif/ vlxak cgi;f aqmif rSeo f r#u/kd zufqpf i&Jcef;/ t
usO;f axmifawGxrJ mS x!fx h m;+y;D / !Si;f yef; ESyd pf uf/ owfjzwfaewmvJ/ 'Dppftyk pf yk ?J
b,ftyk pf rk S r[kwb f ;l ?”
“'Dru kd a&pDukd t=urf;wrf;qH;k / t&kid ;f pdik ;f qH;k / vlrqefq;kH / taumufuspf
qH;k / &kud cf sKd ;zsuq f ;D aewJt h wGu/f tJ'pD pftyk pf [ k m zufqpfjzpfw,f? jynfo@l 'Dru kd
a&pDukd wprusef zsuq f ;D acs r$ypfwhJ zufqpfjzpfw,f? 'Dzufqpf ppftyk pf u k /kd tpd;k &
tzG@J tpnf;tjzpf w&m;0if todtrSwjf yKay;&rwJ?h ”
“vlx}k uD;cifAsm;--- zufqpfppftyk pf u k /kd tpd;k &tjzpf axmufcyH govm;/
qef@usirf mS vm;?”
“qef@usiyf gw,f? axmufcw H v hJ /l opPmazmufjzpfw,f?”
“zufqpfppftyk pf -k --- tvkrd &S-d ---- ppfwef;vsm; jyef=uyg?”
“aumif;+yD? 'g jzif&h if zufqpfppftyk pf u k kd tm%mqufvuf csKyfuikd x f m;
zk@d / ppftyk pf &k @J tusKd ;pD;yGm;awGtwGuf umuG,af pmihaf &Smufxm;wJ/h (2008) ppf zG@J
pnf;yHu k kd usawmfw@kd vlxt k oD;oD;u axmufc&H rSmvm;/ qef@usi&f rSmvm;”
“b,fvekd nf;eJ@rS raxmufcEH ikd b f ;l ? qef@usiw f u kd yf 0JG if=u&r,f? jynfwiG ;f
u qef@usiw f vhJ x l u k kd usawmfw@kd tm;ay;uln&D r,f?”
“(2008) ppf zG@J pnf;yHx k rJ mS vlrsKd ;toD;oD;&J@ ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiahf wGukd ydwf
yif csKyfjc,fxm;w,f? tqd;k wumh tqd;k qH;k / (2) csuu f kd xkwjf yygrh ,f? yk'rf (445)
udk =u!f?h ppftyk pf k e0w/ etz acwfrmS usL;vGecf w hJ hJ tjzpfreS o f r#/ vlx/k ausmif;
om;/ oHCm awGukd owfjzwfco hJ r#/ vGw+f idr;f cGi&hf xm;w,f? b,fw&m;&H;k rSmrS w
&m;pGJ qdv k @kd r&&Sad p&wJ?h twdwu f usL;vGecf w hJ hJ ppf&mZ0wfra_ wG/ tem*gwrf mS usL;
vGerf ,f/h ppf&mZ0wfra_ wG rSeo f r#/ vGw+f idr;f cGihf &xm;w,f qdak wmh/ 'D (2008)
ppfu|ejf yKa&; zG@J pnf;yHu k /kd usaemfw@kd vlxak wGu/ wjrwfwEd;k / acgi;f ay:wif &Guf
xm; &rSmvm;? ajcaxmufe@J eif;acs&rSmvm;? ajymvdu k pf rf;yg?”
“ppfz@JG pnf;yHu k kd eif;acsypf&r,f? cseif;ypf&r,f?”
“(2008) zG@J pnf;yHk tcef; (5) ud=k u!f?h olw@kd ppftyk pf &k @J vufuikd w f wk f

trsKd ;om;nDvmcH ud, k pf m;vS,af wGawmif rodvu kd &f yJ/ zG@J pnf;yHpk mtkyf yHEk ydS af wmh
rS/ x!fah &;wJt h csuu f kd axmufjyygrh ,f? tcef; (5) tkycf sKyfa&; u¾udk =u!fh
vdu k yf g? ‘Edik if aH wmf umuG,af &;eJ@ vH+k cHKa&;aumifpw D ’hJ tJ'D aumifp[ D m orRw
txufu jzpfw,f? (2008) ppf zG@J pnf;yHk touf&iS af eor#/ ppfwyfO;D pD;wJh tJ'D vHk
+cHKa&; aumifpu D tcsed rf a&G;/ tm%modr;f ,lEikd w f ,f? 'ga=umihf vlxt k oD;oD;&J@
tcGit hf a&;rSeo f r#/ vGwv f yfciG rfh eS o f r#/ tEdik u f sihf csKyfuikd x f m;wJh ppfz@JG pnf;yH[k m
vlxak wG/ usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k ud/k cdik ;f EGm;awGozG,f ezm;}uKd ;xd;k rSm jzpfw,f? 'g a=umihf
'D ppfz@JG pnf;yHu k kd a&$cs +yD;/ ylaZmf&rSmvm;? rD;&d@_ jymcsypf&rSmvm;?”
“rD;&d@_ jymcsypf&r,f? jymcsypf=u? tdro f moH;k puULtjzpf (2008) zG@J pnf;yHk
udk vlxu k oH;k =u&r,f?”
“1962 ck rwfv (2) &ufuae ,ae@txd/ wdik ;f jynfukd tkypf ;kd zdEydS af ewJh
ppftyk pf k tqufquf[m/ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd r+idr;f owfEikd w f t hJ jyif/ jynfwiG ;f ppf[m
olw@kd &@J tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGu/f pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;jzpfvmcJw h ,f? olw@kd u, kd of w l @kd wdik ;f
jynf&@J u,fwif&iS af wGtjzpf wifajrSmufc=hJ uw,f? jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ jynfwiG ;f
+idr;f csr;f a&;/ wnf+idraf &;/ vGwv f yfa&;twGuf vdv k m;=uwJ/h tjypfrhJ jynfoal wGukd
owfjzwfacsre_ ;f cJw h ,f? wdik ;f jynf&@J om;aumif;&wem/ orD;aumif;&wemawG acs
r_e;f cHc=hJ u&w,f? ppftyk pf k zdEydS t f Edik u f si/fh owfjzwfacsre_ ;f cHc&hJ or#/ (48) ESpt f wGi;f
jynfoal wG&@J tavmif;awG/ t&d;k awGuo kd m/ xyfxm;r,fq&kd if awmifvykd akH erSm
jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd vlxt k m;vH;k / ud, k uhf u kd , kd f jyef+yD;ar;cGe;f xkw&f
awmhr,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfw&m;cH/ ppfAv kd cf sKyfqw kd hJ ppf&mZ0wfaumifawG/ rk'rd ;f aumif
awG/ qif;&JwiG ;f eufapwJ/h vl!eG @f w;kH apwJ/h wdik ;f jynf&@J w&m;cHawG/ wdik ;f jynf z&dzk &J
+yKd uGaJ tmif/ aoG;cGzJ Ed ydS af ewJh wdik ;f jynf&@J w&m;cHawG/ ppf&mZ0wfaumifawGukd tpd;k
&tjzpfe@J vlxu k wifajrSmufz@kd vdyk gao;ovm;?”
“rvdb k ;l ? rvdb k ;l ? tydyk J vmrajymeJ@?”
“ppftyk pf k acgi;f aqmif zufqpfoef;a&$e@J ppf&mZ0wfaumifawGukd jrefrm
Edik if H a&S@aersm;aumifpeD @J vltcGit hf a&; apmif=h u!fah &; tzG@J tpnf;awG/ ppf&mZ
0wfr_ azmfxw k af &;tzG@J awG aygi;f pyf+yD;/ a&mr+rdK@rmS &Sw d /hJ Edik if w H um ppf&mZ0wf w
&m;&H;k (ICC) rSm pGcJ suw f ifz@kd jyifqifae=u+yD? 'Dvkd tajctae t&yf&yfrmS ppf
acgi;f aqmif oef;a&$ukd usaemfw@kd vlxak wGu orRw wifajrSmufrmS vm;?”

trsdK;om;nDvmcH “vH;k 0 pdwu f ;l r&Sb
d ;l ? rk'rd ;f acgi;f aqmif? (2003)
ud, k pf m;vS,af wGawmif 'Dy,J if; vlowfacgi;f aqmif/ (2007) ta&;awmfyu kH kd
rodvu kd &f yJ/ owfjzwfacsre_ ;f ypfcw hJ hJ ppf&mZ0wfaumif/ t=urf;zuf
zGJ ph nf;yHpk mtkyf }u@zH w
G f *d% k ;f acgi;f aqmifu/kd orRw wifajrSmufrmS
yHEk ydS af wmh rS/ vm;vd@k vmar;wmudu k vGev f +S yD?”
x!fah &;wJt h csufukd “'gjzihf aumif;+yD? usaemfwdk@vlxkawGu
axmufjyyghr,f? (2008) ppfu|ejf yKa&; zG@J pnf;yHu k kd todtrSwrf jyKovd/k
tcef; (5) qef @ usif w d k u f z suf o vd k / (2010) uvd r f u uspf
tkycf sKyfa&; u¾udk a&G;aumufyu JG kd yg/ usaemfw@kd vlxt k oD;oD; qef@usif
}u!fh vdu k yf g? uef@uGufvdkuf=u+yD? ppfzGJ@pnf;yHkudk axmuf cH+yD;/
‘Edik if aH wmf umuG,af &;eJ h a&G;aumufy0JG ifr,f/h v$waf wmf ukvm;xdik f 0ifxikd zf @kd
vHjk cHKa&;aumifpw D ’hJ }udK;pm;wJh/ a&G;aumufyGJrSm rJay;r,fhvlawGudkyg/
tJ'D aumifp[ D m jywfjywfom;om; ajym&awmhr,f? wdik ;f jynftwGuf r
orRw txufu jzpfw,f? aumif;qd;k 0g; ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f ypf&
(2008) ppf zGJ ph nf;yHk r,fh tpm;/ wdik ;f jynfvw G af jrmuf atmifu,fwif&
touf&iS af eor#/ r,f h t pm;/ (2008) ppf z G J @ pnf ; yH k t wd k i f ; / (2010)
ppfwyfO;D pD;wJh a&G ; aumuf y G J 0 if a &;/ zuf q pf p pf t k y f p k tvd k u s
tJ'D vHk jcHKa&; aumifpu D axmufcw H /hJ rdrw d @kd tusKd ;pD;yGm;eJ@ ppftyk pf ek @J qufpyfae
tcsderf a&G;/ wJh opPmazmufvufuikd w f w k af wGukd &H@_ cs&rSmvm;?
tm%modr;f ,lEikd w f ,f? ol&aJ umif;awGtjzpf av;pm;& rSmvm;?”
'ga}umihf vlxt k oD;oD;&J h “&ef o l j zpf o vm;? rjzpf b l ; vm;vd k @
tcGit hf a&;rSeo f r#/ ar;&rSmjzpfw,f? ar;wmvdkaew,f? &efol@rdwfaqG/
vGwv f yfciG rfh eS o f r#/ &efol@vuf&Hk;awG[m &efoljzpfw,f? ppftkyfpk[m
tEdik u f sifh csKyfuikd x f m;wJh vlx&k @J &efo?l wdik ;f jynf&@J &efojl zpfw,f?”
ppfzJG ph nf;yH[ k m “'Dvq kd &kd if vlx&k @J oabmxm;/ jywfom;
vlxak wG/ usaemfwhkd tm;vH;k ud/k wJth wdik ;f / usaemf tqdx k yf+yD; wifoiG ;f ygrh ,f? ppf
cdik ;f EGm;awGozG,f tm%m&Sif pepfukd oufq;kd &Sno f /l igw@kd &efojl zpfw,f?
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd oufq;kd &Sno f l vlx&k efojl zpfw,f?
a&G;aumufy0JG ifo/l a&G;aumufyJG axmufco H al wG rSeo f r#/

ppf&mZ0wfaumif/ ppftyk pf k zufqpfe@J tr_wJG wwGx J /J 'kw, d ppf&mZ0wf aumifawG
jzpfw,f? [kwyf govm;cifAsm?”
“[kww f ,f----[kww f ,f? ppf&mZ0wfaumifawG&@J aemufvu kd af wG[m
ppf&mZ0wfaumifawGjzpfw,f? [kww f ,f?”
“'ga=umifh ppftyk pf &k @J vufyg;apawG/ vufuikd w f wk af wG/ +cHpnf;&d;k cGxikd f
oa,mifa,mife@J ppfz@JG pnf;yHek @J (2010) a&G;aumufyu JG kd axmufcw H hJ uavuacs/
uvdru f usp/f wwd,tkypf ak wGu/kd usaemfw@kd vlxak wGu/ &_@H csypf&r,f? &H@_ csr,f
r[kwv f m;?”
“opPmazmufawGukd &H@_ csw,f? tvdak wmf&d vufuikd w f wk af wGukd &H@_ csw,f
azmufjyefa&;orm;/ avmufaumifawGukd &H@_ csw,f? t+rJwrf; &H@_ csaer,f?”
“aemufq;kH taeeJ@ tqdw k csujf yKyg&ap? wdik ;f jynfw;kd wufz@kd / +idr;f csr;f zd@k /
wnf+idrzf @kd / vGwv f yfre_ @J 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Szd @kd / ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f ypf&rSm jzpf
w,f? vl@tzG@J tpnf;opf/ pnf;vH;k nD!w G w
f /hJ z,f'&,f jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf
zd@k uvnf;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuo f rd ;f ypf&rSmjzpfw,f? (62) ckEpS f Zlvikd v f (&)
&uf/ (8) &ufxu J p+yD;/ ,ae@txd rsKd ;quftvdu k f ol&aJ umif;jynfov l x l ak wG/
ausmif;om;/ oHCmawmfawG/ taxmiftaomif;[m ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f
ypfa&;twGu/f touf/ aoG;/ ac|; ay;+y;D / wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ uw,f? ol&aJ umif;awG[m rd
cif 'Dajr}uD;tay:rSm twH;k t&H;k / usq;kH cJ=h uwmjzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd &@J ajcz0g;
atmufu rdcifajrv$mudk vufe@J yw k +f yD;/ oufaojycdik ;f prf;yg? rdcifajru ajymjyyg
vdrrhf ,f? [kww f ,f/ igo h m;wd@k ? [kww f ,f/ igo h rD;wd@k ? olw@kd awG[m ppftm%m
&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f a&;twGu/f touf/ aoG; ay;cJah =umif;/ oufaojyKygvrd rhf ,f?”
“ESpaf ygi;f (65) ESpef @J (6) v/ axmif'%fcsxm;cHc&hJ wJ/h wdu k yf 0JG ifaeqJ/
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif/ oHCmacgi;f aqmif/ vlxak cgi;f aqmif/ vlrsKd ;pkacgi;f aqmif
awG/ Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awG&@J &yfwnfcsuef @J oabmxm;uvnf;/ ppftm%m&Sif
pepf zsuo f rd ;f a&;jzpfw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDa&;jzpfw,f? tJ'u D sq;kH cJw h hJ usaemfw@kd t
av;jyK OD;!$wf ae&wJh ol&aJ umif; t&mtaxmife@J ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f / tepfemcH wdu k f
yG0J ifae=uwJ/h jynfoal wG/ ol&aJ umif; Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&@J rsuEf mS udk axmuf
xm;oihyf go vm;?”
“axmufxm;+yD;om;yg? olw@kd &@J aus;Zl;w&m;udk rarhb;l ?”

wdkif;jynfwdk;wufzdk h/_idrf;csrf;zdk h/ wnfjidrfzdk h/ vGwfvyfr+eJ h'Drdkua&pD&&Sdzdk h/
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuford ;f ypf&rSm jzpf w,f?
vl htzGJ htpnf;opf/ pnf;vHk;nD!GwfwJh/ z,f'&,f jynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf zdk h uvnf;/
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd zsuford ;f ypf&rSmjzpfw,f?
(62) ckESpf Zlvdkifv (&) &uf/ (8) &ufxJupjyD;/ ,ae htxd rsdK;quftvdkuf
ol&aJ umif;jynfov l xl ak wG/ ausmif;om;/ oHCmawmfawG/
taxmiftaomif;[m ppftm%m&Sifpepf zsufodrf; ypfa&;twGuf/
touf/ aoG;/ ac|; ay;jyD;/ wdkufyGJ0ifcJh}uw,f? ol&Jaumif;awG[m rd cif 'Dajr}uD;tay:rSm
twHk;t&Hk;/ usqHk;cJh}uwmjzpfw,f?
usaemfwdk h&J h ajcz0g; atmufu rdcifajrv$mudk vufeJ hykwfjyD;/ oufaojycdkif;prf;yg?
rdcifajru ajymjyyg vdrfhr,f?
[kwfw,f/ ighom;wdk h? [kwfw,f/ ighorD;wdk h? olwdk hawG[m
ppftm%m &Sifpepf zsufodrf;a&;twGuf/ touf/ aoG; ay;cJha-umif;/ oufaojyKyghvdrfhr,f?
“'gjzifh ol&aJ umif;jynfoal wG&@J touf/ aoG;eJ@a&;cJw h hJ tzdEydS cf H vlx}k uD;

w&yfv;kH / ac|;eJ@aoG;eJ@ a&;cJw h hJ ‘ppftm%m&Sipf epf zsuo f rd ;f ypf’qdwk hJ Edik if aH &; t
vHu/kd usaemfw@kd qufvuf pdu k xf &l r,f?”
“pduk xf &l r,f---pku d xf &l r,f? jrifrh m;oxuf jrifrh m;atmif pdu k x f &l r,f?
'Dru
kd a&pDe@J vGwv f yfa&;twGu/f wdu k yf u JG kd jrSi=hf uyg? 'DtvHukd jrSi=hf uyg?”
“t&d;k a=ua=u/ ta&crf;crf;/ ppftm%m&Sipf epf”
“zsuo f rd ;f ypf-----zsuo f rd ;f ypf”
“vGwv f yfa&;twGu-f --wdu k yf 0JG if=u”
“wdu k yf 0JG if=u-----wdu k yf 0JG if=u?”
“ppfz@JG pnf;yHek @J (2010) a&G;aumufy/JG ”
“qef@usiyf pf=u-------&du k cf sKd ;ypf=u?”
“zufqpf ppftyk pf /k ”
“usq;kH ygap------usq;kH ygap?”
xl ; wif h
'D Z if b m 25/ 2009
c&pP r wf a e h

ppftm%m&Si pf epf oufq;kd &Snaf pol
vlxk&efol
armif p d k ; csd e f
(u)
zufqpfppftyk pf u k olw@kd tm%m+rJa&;// zdEydS af oG;pkwjf c,fv, S af &; twGuf
ppfz@JG pnf;yHu k kd olw@kd pw d wf ikd ;f usa&;qGv J u kd =f uonf ? xdzk @JG pnf;yHo k nf tzdEydS cf H tEdik u f sihf
cH vlxt k wGuf ppfu|ejf yKa&; zG@J pnf;yHjk zpfvmcJo h nf? xdzk @JG pnf;yHu k kd 2010 a&G;aumufyJG
u taumiftxnfazmfrmS jzpfonf?
uvdeu f uspf a&G;aumufy+JG y;D v#if Armjynf trsKd ;om;jynfov l x l k toD;oD;
onf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/hf ud, k =f u
h rRmud, k zf efw;D cGihf jzpfonfh vGyv f yfpmG qENxw k af zmfciG /hf
a[majyma&;om;cGi/hf or*~z@JG pnf;cGi/hf vGyv f yfpmG rJay;cGi/hf vlxt k pd;k &xlaxmifciG hf
&&So d mG ;rSmvm;? vGyv f yfpmG xkwv f yk af &mif;0,fciG /hf pdu k yf sKd ;cGi/hf tcGit hf a&;rsm; wef;wl
&&Scd pH m;cGihf omwlnrD #ciG /hf w&m;r#wcGihf ponfh 'Dru kd a&pDEiS +hf idr;f csr;f jcif; ud&k &So d mG ;Edil f
=uygrh vm;? tzdEydS cf H trsKd ;om;vlxt k oD;oD; vdck siaf wmifw h aeonfh xdt k jcif;t&m
rsm; wckrS r&&SdEdlifonfhtjyif ,ae@awG@}uHK &ifqdkifae&onfh vGyfvyfr_ESifhtwl
'Dru kd a&pD qdwo f Ok ;f aejcif;onf w&m;0if qufvufqw d o f Ok ;f +rJ qdwo f Ok ;f um zufqpf
ppftyk pf k wnfaxmifxm;aom ppftm%m&Siaf cwfonf ydI k yifraJ rSmif euf&ildS ;f aerSm
jzpfonf? onfxufrydak y? aocsm&J@vm;/ [kwyf grh vm; [lIar;vmygu xdo k rl mS
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd vufawG@cpH m;ae&jcif;udk ab;z,fxw k u f m wrifvrf;v$yJ pfvu kd f
onfh olomjzpf ayvdrrhf nf? trSew f &m;udk rodusKd ;usijf yKolom jzpfayvdrrhf nf?
(c)
xdo k @kd aom ppfu|ejf yKa&; ppfz@JG pnf;yH/k uvdru f s ,kwrf maom a&G;aumufyu JG kd
axmufcrH aJ y;olrsm;/ a&G;aumufy0JG ifvo kd rl sm;um; tb,forl sm; jzpf=uoenf;?
t*F g+*dKvfom;rsm;avm? od@k r[kwf tjcm;aom +*dKvfrsm;rS a&mufvmcJ=h uaom
+*Kd vo f m;rsm;avm? ay:vGix f if&mS ;ap&ef r[kwrf eS ;f odv#uf wrifar;cGe;f xkwv f u kd jf cif;
omjzpfonf? b,f+*dKvfurS a&mufvm=uolrsm;r[kw?f &efopl pftyk pf rk mefewfu

arG;zGm;ay;vdu k o
f nfh vufuikd w f w k rf sm;/ opPmazmufavmufaumifrsm; jzpfonf?
zufqpfu arG;zGm;jc,fv, S cf ohJ jzifh xdv k yl *k Kd~ vrf sm;rSm trGet f jrwfrsm;rjzpfEild /f wdik ;f jynf
.om;aumif;&wem/orD;aumif;&wemrsm;rjzpfEild ?f vH;k 0rjzpfEild ?f wdik ;f jynfEiS v hf rl sKd ;
udk u,fwifolrsm;rjzpfEdlif?wdkif;jynfudk qkwf,kwfepfrGef;apolrsm;/ wdkif;jynfudk
+idrf;csrf;om,mr_xuf/ avmifrD;usapol ppftkyfpkrmefewfrsm;. vufyg;aprsm;
jzpfojzifh jrifjh rwforl sm;/ wefb;kd &So d rl sm;/ *k%o f u d mQ }uD;rm;olrsm; vH;k 0rjzpfEild ?f
wenf;tm;jzpf &efou l ol.vufuikd w f w k rf sm;udk ESpEf pS q
f ,ftwGi;f arG;zGm;cJh
jcif;jzpfonf? &efozl ufqpfu vGyv f yfrE_ iS hf 'Dru kd a&pDukd vH;k 0qdwu f ,G yf suof Ok ;f oGm;
atmif zefwD;+yD;zdESdyftEdlifusifhr_udk tawmrowf/ rD;ukef,rf;ukef usifhoHk;&mrS
ynmwwfwcsKd @onf '%frcHEild b f J ud, k u f sKd ;udzk ufw, G &f if; tacsmiform;jzpfvm
onf? avS}uKH pD;jzpfvmonf? xd@k o@kd qw k ,f w k of mG ;&if; wcsKd @opPmazmufjzpfomG ;onf?
wcsKd @wefjyefawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;jzpfvmonf?
ppftyk pf .k a&G;aumufyo JG nf ppftm%m&Sipf epf a&ykwrf piftikd }f uD; ab;u
a&pD;ajrmif;tjzpf vrf;zGiahf y;vdu k o f nfh a&ykwaf jrmif; a&v$aJ jrmif;jzpfonf? xdak &ykwf
ajrmif;udk pnf;urf;&Sad om 'Dru kd a&pD[k zufqpfu urŠn;f xd;k xm;onf? xdak &ykwaf &pD;
ajrmif;xJo@kd tb,fo@kd aom ta=umif;jycsujf zpf cke;f qif;vdu k yf gap/ ckeq f if;vdu k =f u
onfh vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;rSm tacsmiform;rsm;jzpfomru opPmazmufjzpfomG ;=uonf?
wdik ;f jynfukd u,fwifrnft h pm; zdEydS o f pl pftyk pf Ek iS t hf wl epfreG ;f onfx h uf epfreG ;f atmif
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qd;k 0g; uavuacsrsm;om jzpfonf? ,ae@}uH zh w G f uavuacsrsm;/ opPmazmuf
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yl;wGw J &m;cH ppf&mZ0wfaumifrsm;onf wdik ;f jynfEiS hf vlrsKd ;twGuf tzdEydS cf v H xl k
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zdESdyfa&;vufudkifwkwfrsm;/ ppftkyfpkaemuf+rD;qGJrsm;tjzpf ociftm;& u|efyg;0
ppftyk pf u k kd tvkyt f au|; jyKcJ=h uonf?
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ESiv hf x l u
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OD;qH;k aps;OD;azmufol jzpfomG ;onf? Tok@d tm;jzifh tazmufjyefq;kH aom zufqpf
ppftyk pf k ESihf opPmazmufvufuikd w f w k rf sm;onf vlx. k &efo/l wdik ;f jynf. &eforl sm;yif
jzpfonf? (C)
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vlxt k oD;oD;onf rdrw d @kd . tcGit hf m%mudk jyefvnfwu kd , f &l onfh wdu k yf tJG wGi;f
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onf pGr;f tif}uD;rm;ouJo h @kd / enf;y&d,m,frsm;udv k nf; zefw;D Edil o f rl sm;jzpfonf?
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&rnf? z,fusOf xm;&rnf? wkid ;f jynfEiS hf b0wlvx l rk sm;tay: opPmazmufI ,kwn f hH
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opPmazmufavmufaumif tvdrk &S/d opPmazmufavmufaumif ud&k @H_ csw,f/ &_@H cs=u?
ponfjzifh 0dik ;f 0ef;atmf[pf &_@H cs&rnf? xdt k jyKtrlEiS hf vky[ f efonf &efo@l twGuf
usnq f efrsm; jzpfonf?
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a[majym+yD;onft h cg qufvufI 2010 a&G;aumufyu JG kd qef@usi=f urSmjzpfonf?
xdu k vdru f uspf a&G;aumufyu JG kd rnfo@kd wu kd zf su=f u/ qef@usit f }kH uG wdu k yf 0JG if=urvJ/
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armif a umif ;
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“uyfzm;&yfzm;” “ zm;pnf;ig;pnf;” qkd+yD; rsm;rSrsm;? usKyfwdk@ acgif;aqmif
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zm;pm;olawG aygi;f +yD;vkypf m; aewJh ¶du k pf m;vkyif ef;}uD;vd@k ajym&rvdyk gy?J
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pm;zm;awG *Gi=f uavyJ tawmfukd &ifemp&mvnf;aumif;/ &GpH &mvnf;aumif;ygw,f?
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Half Baked) owif;orm;awG zGwmvJ ygoayg?h olw@kd uom tar&duefabmyGu J
zifav;wGef@vdrfwGef@vdrfeJ@ (Cheer Leader) awGvdk a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;udk
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'DZ;D ¶d;k }uD;awG[m yDo;Hk vk;H (PPP] Professional Political Prostitute)
awGqw kd m trsm;uod+y;D om;yg?aemuf yDo;Hk vk;H ydik &f iS f ESpcf sKŒd pm;zm;}u;D uawmh jynfyu
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t"duvky&f r,fw/hJ 'ga=umifh a&G;aumufy0JG ifjyD; rJqEN&iS af wGukd Edik if aH &;todynm
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'gyJ? &Jabmfausmfoef;
Kyaw_than2004@yahoo²com
29 / 1 / 2010
Kyaw_t@hotmail²com
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pdw0f g'ESihf &ky0f g'wk@d . tajccHrsm;udk wd@k ww d @kd wd &Si;f vif;zGiq hf ckd ohJ nf?
,QK Ttcef;wGif rmhupf 0f g' rwdik rf pDS w d 0f g' (emrf0g') rsm;ESihf um;vfrmhupf f
ESihf ra&S;raESmif;/ acwf+ydKif&yk 0f g' oabmw&m;rsm;tjyif/ xdpk w d 0f g'ESihf &ky0f g'ESpcf u k kd
aygi;f pyfxm;onfh t,ltqrsm;udk t=urf;zsi;f wifjyygrnf?
qENpGJ pdwf0g'
vGecf o
hJ nfh ESpaf ygi;f oH;k &mcef@u qENppJG w d 0f g'(Subjective Idealism)[laom
tawG;tac:w&yf ay:aygucf b hJ ;l onf? ,if;0g'.tqdt k & &kyu f rBm/ &kyaf vmuonf
b,ftcgrrS &Sd [lIjzpfayonf? wu,fwnf&o dS nfh t&mrSm u|Eyfk w f @kd . pdwx f w J iG &f dS
onfh awG;ac:r_rsm;/ tm&krH sm;omjzpfonf? ,if;wd@k rv S IJG jyify&kyu f saom trSew f &m;
[lonf r&S/d tjcm;bmrSvnf; r&S[ d k ,lqonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd . tjyifywGif u|Eyfk w f @kd oEd ikd f
aom 'dXjzpfaom trSew f &m;[lI r&SEd ikd (f r&SEd ikd )f ? u|Eyfk w f @kd wu,foad eonfrmS
u|Eyfk wf @kd . jyifywGi&f adS eaom &ky0f wWKrsm;. “yHyk ef;o¾mef” rsm;udo k m odaejcif;
jzpfonf? xdt k &m0wWKrsm;. ol@tvdt k av#muf wnf&adS ejcif;udk rodEidl f [kqo kd nf?
,if;tcsuo f nf rl&if;tawG;tac:. tESpcf sKyfjzpfonf? xdt k ESpcf sKyfukd

xrfrH &Si;f jy&v#if Tod@k jzpfonf? Oyrm - pm;yGw J vH;k udk a@&aS rSmufwiG f awG@jrifonf
qdyk gp@kd ?vlu odjrifvu kd o f nfrmS av;a'gijhf zpfjcif;/ t!dak &mif/ t0ga&mif (ponfh t
a&miftqif;) rsm;udk odjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;wd@k rv S I
JG tjcm;bmrSvnf;r&S/d bmudrk v S nf;
rod&EdS idl [ f I l jzpfonf? ,if;uJo h @kd aom pdw0f g'onf rsm;pGm acwfpm;vmcJo h nf?
"e&Sit f awG;tac: ynm&Sirf sm;u Tod@k qo kd nf? u|Eyfk wf @kd onf wu,f&/dS t[kw&f dS
aom urBmavmu}u;D . ta=umif;udyk I kd odvmEdil o f nf? Tod@k jzifh obm0 tiftm;pk
rsm;udk xde;f csKyfEikd u f m/ vl@tEG,}f u;D wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf &; twGuf vkyaf qmifEild rf nf
[kqckd o hJ nf? xdo k @kd ajym+y;D umrS wu,f&dS t[kw&f adS om urBmavmu}uD;udk rodEild f
[k qd=k ujyefonf? rmrmat;. ,Hw k rf;pum;oDcsi;f aw;oGm;xJu “armifw@kd a,musmf ;
awG&,f/ pum;awG=uG,u f m wwfEild v f eG ;f vSw,f” [kq&kd awmhrnf? "e&Siaf wG;ac:
ynm&Sirf sm;. =o0g'rsm;/ tawG;tac:rsm;onf uarmufur Aavmif;AvJ jzpfae
avawmhonf? pdw0f g'w D @kd . pdw0f g'onf pdwu f rBmavmuESihf &kyu f rBmavmu
ESppf &kH o
dS nf[k vuQx H m;a=umif; a@&w S cef;wGif qdck +hJ y;D jzpfonf? pdwu f rBmavmuonf
&kyu f rBmavmu xuf y"geusonf[k ,lqa=umif;udv k nf; azmfjycJ+h yD? wjcm;wzuf
wGif &ky0f g'onf &kyu f rBmavmu}uD; wckwnf;om&SI d pdwaf vmu (emrfavmu) udk
jiif;y,fco hJ nf?
&kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g' (Dualism)
pdw0f g'ESihf &ky0f g'wd@k onf aphpyfIr&atmif qef@usijf cm;em;
ae=uonf? od@k jzpfI tcsKd @aom ynm&Sirf sm;url &ky0f g'ESif ph w d 0f g'udk aphpyfaygi;f pnf;
&ef }udK;pm;v#uf &Sad e=uao;onf? xd}k udK;pm;csurf sm;xJrS &kyef mrf'eG w f 0JG g' (Dual-
ism)onf wckjzpfonf? wcsKd @u “'dw G 0W g'”[lI ac: =uonf? pdw0f g'ESihf &ky0f g'udk
aphpyfaygi;f pnf;&ef }udK;pm;cJo h nfh tawG;tac:ynm&Sirf sm;xJrS wcsKd @uakd &G;cs,f
azmfjyoGm;ygrnf? od@k &mwGif ,if;wd@k . tawG;tac:rsm;udk tjynft h pHk azmfjyEdil rf mS
r[kwyf J Ttcef;ESihf qufpyfaeonfh xifomjrifomaom tcsut f vuf wcsKd @uo kd m
xkwEf w k f azmfjyoGm;rSmjzpfonf? a&S;OD;pGm azmfjyvdo k nfh tawG;tac:ynm&Sirf mS
&Jaea';um; ( Desearters, R1596 - 1651)? jyifopfjynf “vma[;”+rdK@uav;wGif
arG;zGm;cJo h nfh jyifopfjynfom;? olu vlwiG &f adS ompdwEf iS hf &kyu f b kd &k m;ocifu zefw;D
xm;onf? pdwEf iS &hf yk w f @kd onf wckEiS w hf ck oD;jcm;&yfwnfae=uonf? od@k &mwGif 4if;wd@k
ESpcf pk vH;k onf bk&m;ocifukd rScD &dk yfwnfae =u&onf? 4if;wd@k onf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;onfh

“xm0&tajccHw&m;rsm;” jzpf=uonf? pdwEf iS &hf yk o f nf wdu k &f u kd qf ef@usib f ufjzpf
onf? &kyf.*k%f&nfrSm xkxnfy"me&Sdjcif; jzpfonf? pdwf.*k%f&nfrSm awG;ac:
Edik jf cif;jzpfonf ? pdwEf iS &hf yk o f nf vH;k 0uGmjcm;onf? pdwo f nf xkxnfr&S/d xdek nf;wl
&kyo f nfvnf; rawG;awmEdik af y? od@k aomfpw d Ef iS hf &kyt
f =um;wGif qufE, G rf _ wck&o dS nf
rSm aocsmonf? ,if;wd@k ESpcf o k nf oabmt& uGjJ ym;aomfvnf; cGI J r&Edil af tmif
'Gew f aJG eonf? pdwEf iS hf &ky&f adS jymif;vJrw _ @kd onf wckEiS w hf ck twke@f tjyef aus;Zl;jyK
ae=uonf [kqo kd nf? a';um;. wynfrh sm;url Tod@k qo kd nf? pdwEf iS hf &kyw f @kd onf
+yKd iw f v l y_ &f mS ;aeonf qdak omfvnf; wckEiS w hf ck aus;Zl;jyKae=uonfh oabmrsKd ;r[kw?f
csed u f u kd af y;xm;aom em&D 2 vH;k uJo h @kd pdw. f v_y&f mS ;r_EiS hf &ky. f v_y&f mS ;r_ wd@k onf
rdrv d rf;a=umif;ESirhf rd d ,SO+f ydKifomG ;aejcif;om jzpfonf? bk&m;ocif zefw;D xm;ojzifh
xdo k @kd +ydKifwv l y_ &f mS ;ae=ujcif; jzpfonf[k qdo k nf?
a';um;ESio hf . l wynfrh sm;u pdwEf iS hf &kyf qufE, G yf u kH kd }udK;yrf;ajz&Si;f aomf
vnf; ajyvnfr_ r&cJah y? tawG;tac: ynm&Sif pyifEq kd m (1632-1677) u a';um;
ESi&hf yk ef mrf 'Gew f 0JG g' ('dw G 0W g') udq
k ef@usicf ohJ nf? pyifEq kd m. tvdt k & pdwEf iS hf &kyo f nf
rsO;f aumufwck. cGuaf eaom twGi;f bufEiS hf cH;k aeaom tjyifbufw@kd uo hJ @kd jzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh tjyeftvSef tusKd ;jyKr_ jy\emudk xnfoiG ;f &efrvdk [kqo kd nf? wckEiS w hf ck
tjyeftvSef tusKd ;jyKjcif; r&Sad omfvnf; ESpcf pk vH;k r&Sv d #irf jzpf[k qdo k nf? &ky=f urf;
0g'rSmuJo h @kd pdw. f jy\emrsm;udk &kyt f m;jzifh ajz&Si;f &ef rjzpfEild ?f pdwyf "ge 0g'rSm
uJo h @kd vnf; &ky. f jy\emrsm;udk pdwt f m;jzifh rajz&Si;f Edil af y? pdwEf iS hf &kyw f @kd onf
obm0avmuwGif tnDtr# ta&;yg=uonf[k oluqdo k nf?
tawG;tac:ynm&Sif vdik Af ed (1646-1716) u pdwEf iS hf &kyjf y\emudk Tod@k
ajz&Sif;onf? pdwfESifh&kyf v_yf&Sm;jzpfay:r_rsm;rSm olwdk@bmomolwdk@ tjyeftvSef
v_y&f mS ;=ujcif; r[kw?f Ttcsed u f sv#if Tod@k jzpf&rnf? Tod@k v_y&f mS ; jzpfay:vm&
rnf[k bk&m;ocifu }uKd wifzefqif;xm;onf[k qdo k nf? wdik u f yfem&D 2 vH;k udk w+yKd if
wnf; }udKwifprD x H m;aoma=umifh xdt k csed o f @kd a&mufaomtcg w+ydKifeuf (12)em&D
xd;k &jcif; jzpfonf[k qdo k nf? xdek m&DEpS v f ;kH onf tjyeftvSef aus;Zl;jyKae=uaom
a=umifrh [kwf yk*K~ v d w f OD;. }uKd wifzefw;D xm;aoma=umifh w+yKd ifwnf;(12) em&Djrnf
&jcif; jzpfonf[q k okd nf? &kyEf iS hf emrfqufqaH &; oabmw&m;udv k nf; vdik Af edu
bk&m;ocif. }udKwifzefqif;xm;aom tqifajypGmjzpfay:r_ oabmw&m;tjzpf &Si;f

pdwEf iS &hf yk o f nf wdu k &f u kd q f ef u h sifbufjzpfonf? &ky. f *k%&f nfrmS
xkxnfy"me&Sjd cif; jzpfonf? pdw. f *k%&f nfrmS awG;ac: Edil jf cif;jzpfon /f
pdwEf iS &hf yk o f nf vH;k 0uGmjcm;onf? pdwo f nf xkxnfr&S/d xdek nf;wl &kyo f nfvnf;
rawG;awmEdil af y? odk ah omf pdwEf iS hf &kyt f }um;wGif qufE, G rf w + ck &So
d nfrmS
aocsmonf? ,if;wdk h ESpcf o k nf oabmt& uGjJ ym;aomfvnf;
cGI
J r&Edil af tmif 'Gew f aJG eonf?
jycJoh nf? tawG;tac:ynm&Sif *|eaf vmh(uf) (1632-1704) u pdwEf iS &hf yk f qufo, G f
yHu
k &kd iS ;f jy&mY &kyaf vmu&Sd t&m0wWK tjzpftysurf sm;ESihf vl.tm&kH aygurf sm; xdawG@
aomtcg vlwiG t f m&Hck pH m;r_rsm; jzpfvm=uonf? vl.pdwo f nf &kyaf vmuudo k d
onf[q k &kd mY &kyaf vmu. tESpo f m&oabmudk pdwu f odonfr[kwf &kyt f ajccH
ay:wGif wnfraDS e&aom *k%o f wWrd sm;udo k m odjcif;jzpfonf[k qdo k nf? tm&Hck pH m;r_
rsm;rSmvnf; tqdyk g*% k &f nfrsm;om jzpfonf? Oyrm pm;yGw J vH;k udk odonf qd&k mY
vl.tm&Hw k iG f pm;yGw J iG &f adS om ta&miftqif;/ tus,t f 0ef;/ xkxnfyrm%/ tav;
csed f ponf*h % k &f nfrsm;udo k m odjcif;jzpfonf? od@k aomf &kyx f m0& tajccHurkd u l m;
odvnf;rod/ odvnf; rodEild f [kqo kd nf?
*|eaf vmh(uf). t,ltqudk qef@usio f nfh tawG;tac:ynm&Sif aemuf
wOD;rSm “bmuav” jzpfonf? &kyx f m0& tajccHukd xkwyf ,fvu kd o f nf? bmuav
(1685 - 1753) . tawG;tac:t& TurBmavmuwGif odEild o f r#onf pdw. f
t,ltq rsm;omjzpfonf? tm&Ht k m;jzifh od&or#rmS vnf; pdwt f ,ltqrsm;om
jzpfI &kyrf [kwaf cs? vlw@kd oo d r#rmS ppfppf tm&Hck pH m;r_wiG f ay:vmonfh *k%t f csi;f
t&mrsm;om jzpfonf? xm0&bk&m;ocifonf 0wWKypPn;f rsm;udk tpOfxad wG@ae&
ojzifh u|Eyfk w f @kd jrifawG@xad wG@ od&@dS aeaom (Oyrm-pmtkyw f tkyo f nf) bk&m;ocif.
pdwx f w J iG v f nf; &Sad omt&mjzpfonf?trSerf mS xdpk mtkyEf iS hf ywfoufaom todonf
yif bk&m;ocifu vl.pdwx f o J @kd xnfah y;vdu k af om emrfoabmom jzpfayawmhonf?
p=um0Vm}uD; wckv;kH onf bk&m;ocifu zefqif;xm; aom 0d^m%avmu }uD;om
jzpfonf [kqo kd nf? (0d^m% (0g) 0d^m%fqo kd nfrmS tm&Ho k jd zifh odjrifor# pdwu f ;l
oufoufjzifh awG;awmjcif;rsKd ;udk qdv k o kd nf?) qdck +hJ yD;jzpfonf t h awG;tac:rsm;onf
pdwEf iS &hf yk f (&kyEf iS ehf mrf) wd@k . qufpyfy/kH tquftpyfr&Syd kH wd@k ukd azmfjyxm;onf?
tESpcf sLyfI azmjfycJo h jzifh ,if;wd@k . tawG;tac: rsm;udk pdw0f ifpm;ygu qufvufI

avhvm=uyguek f [lIom ajym&ayawmhrnf? taemufwikd ;f tawG;tac:ynm&Sif
wcsKd @.pdw0f g'udk wpGe;f wp azmfxw k &f jcif;rSm pdw0f g'ESihf puf,E , W m;&ky0f g' rnfo@kd
jcm;em;oenf;? xd0k g' 2 ckEiS hf tEkyÉdavmr&ky0f g'onf rnfo@kd jcm;em;oenf;? aoG;pkwf
jc,fv, S rf a_ tmufrS vGwaf jrmufz@kd /r w&m;tEdil u f sihf zdEydS rf u
_ kd wGe;f vSeaf wmfveS , f if;
vGwv f yfa&;udk t&,lz@kd rnfo@kd aom 0g'oabmw&m;udk wnfaqmuf pdu k xf =l u
rnfenf;? awmfveS af &; w&yftwGuf awmfveS af om tawG;tac:onf tvif;a&mif
vrf;jyjzpfonf? yJu h ikd jf zpfonf? xd@k jyif tawG;tac:[lonf ajrv#Kd ;rd;k ysH tvdv k kd
ay:xGuv f mjcif ;r[kw?f vl@tzG@J xrJ S vlw@kd . tawG;tac:rsm;jzpf&m vlwef;pm;
ay:pumvrS ,ae@txd/ vlwef;pm;wdu k yf JG yÉdyuQ toD;oD;udk wenf;r[kww f enf;
xif[yfxm;jcif; rsm;omjzpfonf? rwlujJG ym;aom tawG;tac:rsm;udk qef;ppfavh
vm&ayrnf? tarSmifvm;/ tvif;vm;/ tqdyv f m;/ tm;aq;vm; cGjJ crf;&ayvdrrhf nf?
vl@tzGt J pnf;ajymif;vJa&; twGuf awmfveS &f mwGif jzpfap/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;opfukd
xlaxmif&mwGif jzpfap vlxkESifh acgif;aqmifwdk@. wdk;wufaom tawG;tac:
pdwf"gwfjzifhom wnfaqmuf&,lEdlifrSm jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh tawG;tac:rsm;udk
qef;ppf&ayrnf? xd@k aemuf (vlrv _ ufawG@b0/ trsKd ;om; jynfov l xl }k u;D wpf&yfv;kH .
vlrb _ 0) awmif;qdak om tawG;tac:udk pdu k x f l =u&ayvdrrhf nf? vlrw _ ;kd wufa&;
tjrifukd pdu k xf &l ayvdrrhf nf?
rmhufpf0g'Drsm; cH,lxm;onfh odr_
tEkyÉdavmr &ky0f g'udk vuQ, H =kH unfxm;=uaom vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;onf ody`H
enf;usord _ (yuwd t&Sw d &m;udk yuwdtwdik ;f odr)_ udk vuQx H m;=u+yD; jzpfonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh pdwf0g'/ emrf0g'/ puf,E Wm; &kyf0g'rsm;udk odyHènf;us0g' tjzpf
vufrcHc=hJ uay? rmhupf 0f g'D rsm;onf odye`H nf;/ vufawG@tusq;kH enf; udo k m vufcH
onf? vufawG@b0udo k m vufco H nf? xd@k a=umifh rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;onf odye`H nf;usord _
udo k m ,Hpk m;=ujcif;jzpfonf? ,if;wd@k . odru _ vdk nf; tusO;f csKyf+yD; Tae&mwGiaf zmf
jyygrnf? olw@kd . odrr_ mS Tod@k jzpfonf? touf&adS om &kycf E<mrsm;wGif tm&Hak =um
zG@J pnf;r_pepf &So d nf? A[dt k m&Hk a=umzG@J pnf;r_rS OD;aESmuf[I l jzpfay:vmonf? xd@k
aemuftm&Hu k kd A[djk yKaom pdw. f tajccH vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;onfvnf; ay:ayguf
vm=uonf? OD;aESmuf jzpfay:wd;k wufro _ nf tqifjh rifv h maomtcg tawG;tac:
[laom ydI k jrifah om pdwyf ikd ;f vkyaf qmifcsurf sKd ; jzpfay:vmonf?

odyy`H nm&Sif cE<maA' yg&*lwpfO;D jzpfol tDAefyufAavm (h &k&mS ;vlrsKd ;) u
“tm&Hak =umzG@J pnf;r_pepfonf trsm;,lq=uouJo h @kd ud, k t
f *F gz@JG pnf;r_ tpdwt f ydik ;f
wpfck ESiw hf pfcu k kd qufo, G af y;aom t&mr[kw?f ud, k t f *F g zG@J pnf;r_}uD; wpfcv k ;kH ESihf
ywf0ef;usif wd@k ukd qufo, G af y;aomt&mjzpfonf?” [k&mS azGawG@&cdS o hJ nf? tm&Hak =um
zG@J pnf;r_EiS hf vkyaf qmifcsuaf =umifh wd&p>mefrsm;onf 4if;wd@k . ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf b,fvkd
qufq&H rnfukd odvm.? b,fvykd wf0ef;usiw f iG f touf&iS &f rnfukd odvmonf?
b,fvkd tajctaersKd ;wGif b,fvw kd ek @f jyef&rnf udo k v d m=uonf? tajctaeESihf
tnD v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G f wke@f jyefEild af &;twGuf wd&p>mefrsm;onf 4if;wd@k . ajcvufrsm;
ESihf tm&H'k gG &rsm;udk toH;k jyK=uonf? jzpfpOfwckv;kH udk xde;f csKyfxm;onfh 'Gg&onf
OD;aESmufyif jzpfonf? vltjzpfo@kd a&muf&v dS monfh tcgY odpw d jf zpfay:r_onf
tjrifq h ;kH od@k a&muf&dS vmum tawG;tac: jzpfvmonf? tawG;tac:onf &kyjf zpf
aom vl@O;D aESmuf. v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf o_ m jzpfonf? vlwiG &f adS omem;/ rsupf /d ud, k /f
ESmacgi;f / v#mwd@k jzifh jyify&ky0f wWKrsm;/ xdawG@qufqjH yKrlaqmif&u G jf cif;jzifh odpwd rf sm;
jzpfay:vmcJo h nf? tm&kcH pH m;r_rsm; &&Sv d mcJo h nf? aemufxyfwzef tm&Hck pH m;vdak om
qENrsm; jzpfay:vmcJo h nf? ud, k tf *F g zG@J pnf;r_EiS hf ywf0ef;usiw f @kd ukd tm&Hak =umzG@J pnf;
r_pepfu qufo, G af y;vdu k jf cif;jzifh todw&m;/ todtjrifw@kd jzpfay:vmcJjh cif; jzpf
onf?
&kyfcE<mwckY wpHkwckaom t*F gzGJ@pnf;r_/ wpHkwckaom ZD0tajctae
jzpfxeG ;f vmonft h cg ywf0ef;usi&f yk b f 0ESihf &du k cf wf&mrS awG;jcif;/ xdjcif;/ awmifw h jcif;/
odjcif; wdk@jzpfay:vmcJhonf? tu,fI &kyfcE<m&Sdtpdwftydkif;rsm; ysufpD;aeonf?
csdK@,Gif;aeonf ESifhw+ydKifeuf tqdkygawG;jcif;/ odjcif;/ xdjcif;/ awmifhwjcif;
wd@k onfvnf; ysuaf vawmhonf? xd@k a=umifh pdw0f g'rD sm;/ emrf0g'rD sm;. oabm
w&m;jzpfonfh pdwEf iS hf &kyo f nf woD;wjcm;pDjzpfonf? oHywfay;xm;onfh em&D 2
vH;k uJo
h @kd woD;wjcm;pD v_y&f mS ;aejcif; jzpfonf [laomt,ltqrsm;udk odyy`H nm&Sif
rsm;u qef@usio f uJo h @kd rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;uvnf; qef@usicf =hJ uavonf? rmhupf 0f g'rD sm;
taejzifh pdw. f wu,f&jdS cif;/ t[kw&f jdS cif;udk rjiif;qdak y? emrfcE<m[laom odjrifjcif;/
cHpm;jcif;/ awG;awmjcif;/ qENjyKjcif; ponfo h pd w
d rf sm;onf &kycf E<mESihf oD;jcm;uif;vGwf
aeonf qdo k nft h csuu f o kd m jiif;y,fc=hJ ujcif;jzpfonf? emrfcE<monf &kycf E<mudk
trSrD jyK (trSrD jyK) yJwnf&adS eonfh qdo k nft h csuu f ykd g jiif;y,fco hJ nf?

pdwo f nf&yk Ef iS hf cGI
J r&ay? pdwyf ikd ;f vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;onf OD;aESmuf.vkyf
aqmifcsurf sm; jzpfonf? OD;aESmufonfvEl iS hf urBmavmu}u;D udk qufo, G af y;onfh
t*F gtpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfonf? t&m0wWKrsm;/ &kyu f rBmudk odjrifonft h &monf tm&Hjk zpf
onf? tm&Ho k nftm&Hak =umrsm;. jyK jyifzefw;D aomwke@f jyefrr_ S xGuaf y:vmcJjh cif;
jzpfonf? vlw@kd wiG f xdjcif;/ odjcif;/ jrifjcif;paom tm&Ho k rd sm; od&v dS monfomru
tcsujf yu&d,m wpfcjk zpfaom pum;ajymjcif; (bmompum;) yg wxyfxJ uyfygvm
cJo
h nf? tm&Hq k okd nfrmS 'Gg&ajcmufyg;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom t=unf"mwf ajcmufyg;
udk qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf? rsuaf phonf tvif;tarSmif/ ta&miftaoG;[laom tm&Hu k kd
cHpm;.? em;onftoHuckd pH m;onf? ESmacgi;f onf teH@uckd pH m;onf? tjriftm&H/k
teH@tm&H/k t=um;tm&H/k v#mrS&&Sad om t&omtm&H/k ud, k jf zifx h ad wG@onfh xdawG@r_
tm&Hk ponfh tm&Hw k @kd onf OD;aESmuf. v_y&f mS ;vkyaf qmifcsuo f m jzpfonf? 'Gg&wckcrk S
0ifvmaom t=unf"h mwfwckco k nf OD;aESmuf. v_y&f mS ;r_xo J @kd a&mufomG ;aom
tcgusrS tm&Hk [kxifvmonf? Oyrm-rsuaf phr0S ifvmaom rsuaf pht=unf"mwfonf
OD;aESmufo@kd a&muf+yD;rSomodjcif;/ jrifjcif; jzpfvmum rsuaf phtm&Hjk zpfvm.? od@k jzifh
OD;aESmuf. cHpm;r_vyk af qmifcsux f YJ tm&Hyk s@H E@HS rr_ sm;udk wke@f jyefonft h &m rsm;pkaygi;f
oGm;aomtcg/ tm&Ho k nf odjrifjcif;tjzpfo@kd ul;ajymif;oGm;onf? cHpm;jcif;oufouf
r#r[kwaf wmhyJ tylut kd yl [kojd cif;/ tvif;udt k vif; [kojd cif; ponfjzifo h jd cif;/
jrifjcif;rsm ;jzpfvmonf? od@k jzpf&m odjrifjcif;onf tm&Hq k ikd &f m odjrifjcif; jzpfonf?
tm&Hrk sm;xJwiG f t&m0wWKrsm;onf jrifv#ijf rifjcif; ay:.? =um;v#i=f um;jcif; ay:.?
,if;tm&Hkrsm;onf wu,f&Sdt[kwf&Sdaom y&rwfjzpfonf? ,if;tm&Hkrsm;udk
ynwfjyK&avonf? owfrSwf&avonf? Oyrm-rD;udkvufjzifh xdawG@aomtcg
jyif;jyaom tm&Hck pH m;r_u&kd &So d nf? xdt k m&Hck pH m;r_ y&rwfukd “ylw,f”[lIynwf
vduk o f nf? xd@k aemuf bmompum;jzifh todtrSwjf yKvu kd o f nf? pum;onf wdu k &f u dk f
tcsujf y u&d,mr[kw?f oG,0f u kd t f csujf y u&d,mjzpfonf? pum;rSm t&m0wWKudk
onmjyK+y;D rSom xdt k &m0wWK. tm&Ho k @kd a&mufatmify@kd &aom u&d,momjzpfonf?
Tod@k jzifh pum;onf ynwfjyKjcif;trSK / a,bl,s onmjyK jcif;trSKwd@k ukd jyKvky. f ?
xd@k rw
S qifh vl.awG;ac: jcif;/ ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;ponfw h @kd jzpfay:vmonf?
pum;onf tm&Hrk aS y:vmonft h wGuf tm&HEk iS chf I JG r&ay? vl.OD;aESmuf
xJwiG f xdt k &mESpcf o k nf w&Hrvyf wke@f jyefvy_ &f mS ;v#uf &S=d uonf? xd@k a=umifh

pum;onf tm&HEk iS fh cGI J r&ay/ awG;ac: jcif;onfvnf; tm&HEk iS chf I JG r&ay? vl.tawG;
tac:onf vl.&kyb f 0 tajctaersm;ESihf cGI J r&ay? tm&Hrk &Sv d #if pum;vnf;r&SEd ild ?f
tawG;tac: vnf; r&SEd ild af y? wzef tm&Ht k oD;oD;twGuf pum;r&Sv d #if tawG;tac:
r&SdEdlif/ tawG;tac:r&Sdv#if rzGH@+zdK;rwdk;wufEdlifay? t&m0wWKrsm;udk tm&kHpGJjcif;/
odjrifjcif; ponfw@kd onf vlu xdt k &m0wWKrsm;tm; b,fvx kd ifonf/ awG;onf
ponft h csuu f kd pGI
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ajymjyjcif;onf ,if;wd@k . tm&krH sm; tvkyv f yk w
f wfatmif oif=um;ay;jcif;jzpfonf?
oH k ; oyf c suf t usOf ;
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&Sif;vif;az:xkwfjcif;jzpfonf? xdkodk@ r&Sif;vif;bl;qdkv#if uGif;qufrsm;udk
jzwfawmufxm;onfEiS hf rjcm; &Sad yvdrrhf nf? ,QKvnf; rmhupf 0f g'/ rmhupf Ef iS t hf ed *f s,f
wd@k . avmutjrifrsm;udk +cHKiHI k aumufcsucf sz@kd vdt k yfvmcJjh yefojzifh tusO;f csKyf
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tawG;tac: (tbd"rRm)rsm;onf tqifq h ifh ausmjf zwfc=hJ u+y;D aemuf 19&mpktpwGif
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tawG;tac:w&yfvHk;onf o&zl aqmif;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
acwfa[mif; tawG;tac: emrf0g'/ pdwf0g' rsm;udk tqHk;owfap&eftwGuf
ol.tawG;tac:rsm; ay:xGuv f mcJjh cif;jzpfonf? rmhupf . f tawG;tac:onf -
(1) acwfa[mif;tbd"rRmrScx JG u G v f maom c&D;rSww f ikd w f ckjzpfonf?
(2) rmhupf 0f g'onf vrf;a=umif;opfay:wGif ay:aygucf o hJ nf?
(3) tawG;tac:e,fy,fwiG f awmfveS af jymif;vJjcif;wckjzpfonf?
(4) aoG;pkwjf c,fv, S af om vlwef;pm;tjzpf avmutjyifukd azmfjyaom
tawG;tac: w&yfr[kw?f jynfov l xl uk kd vufatmufct H jzpf xm;&Sad &;twGuf rdr. d
tkyfcsKyfr_ESifh awG;ac:r_udk twif;t=uyf v$rf;rdk;ap&ef }udK;pm;aeonfh vlenf;pk
tawG;tac:r[kw?f aoG;pkwjf c,fv, S rf _ tm;vH;k udk wGe;f vSeu f m vlwef;pm;rJh tzG@J
tpnf;udk wnfaqmufa&;twGuf wdkufyJGrsm;twGif;Y omrmefjynfolvlxkudk
tusKd ;jyKaeaom tawG;tac: jzpfonf? rd k ; ajropf
Zef e 0g&D / 9 /2010

wHv#yfa&$jynf tckawmh atmifEidk f taemuf Am*s;D
tydkif;(8) eD;,m;rSm tvkyo f pfukd ajymif;vkyaf e+yD?
abmfvwDr;kd rSmu vlrnf;rsm;onf?
“u&if ,Ofaus;aom vlrnf;awGu cspcf ifz@kd aumif;o
oifwikd ;f av;udjk rifwmeJ h avmuf qk;d oGr;f aomif;use;f aom vlrnf;rsm;.
'g wdk v
h rl sKd;qd_k yD; tE W & m,f u vnf ; rao;vS ? &xm;ay:rS m
ajy;vmcJw h m? um;ay:rSm oDcsi;f rzGizhf @kd wm;jrpfxm;aomfvnf;
wu,fwef;us olw@kd u, kd pf &D ŒJ em;=uyfypd ad uG;xJu tefxu G f
tudv k nf; aeonfh 'd;k 'd;k 'ef@'ef@toHawGu t+rJvkd qlyu G f
cyfa-umufa-umuf yJu”G xaewwfonf? onf=um;xJrSm oDcsif;oH
udv k r$ ;f atmif/ um; od@k r[kwf &xm;pufou H kd
cGgndK ausmv f r$ ;f atmif tjyeftvSef atmf[pf ajym
qd+k y;D &,f=urnf?

'grrS [kwf yg;pyfyyJ g+yD; em;rygorl sm;ES,f b,fo@l pum;rS b,fou l em;raxmifbJ
tvkt,uf ajymyJajymae=urnf? 'guawmh tar&duefxJ vSdrfh0ifvm aeonfh
pydeEf iS rhf uUqu D kd vlrsK;d rsm;vnf; xdek nf;wlygy?J jrefrmhtnma'ou ajymavh&o dS nfh
vufyyH ifquf&uf (Z&uf) usqo kd vdk u|uu f |un f aH ewm? wcgw&H um;orm;yif
um;armif ; r&Ek d i f a vmuf a tmif taES m if h t ,S u f j zpf I um;&yf u m
wm;jrpf&ætjyeftvSeaf tmf[pf=u&vnf; jzpfwwfonf? w&Sp&f pS æ f wzyf zyfcaf wG
a&m h h h tqif;rSm vufcv,fwacsmif;yif axmifjyoGm;=uao;onf?
qd;k wmu arSmifaecsed v f jl ywfonfah e&mrsm;wGiv f ,k ufc&H wmrsK;d jzpfonf?
atmifEkdifaeonfh&yfuGufu bwfpfum;*dwf ESifhtawmftvSrf;a0;onf? aps;csKd
aoma=umifh tuket f usoufomrvm;iSm;rdonf? nqkid ;f tvkyu f oef;aumifausmf
jyef vm=u&onfh um;r&So d l wa,mufwnf;orm;awGtwGuf tvGet f E W &m,f
}u;D onf?
a&SŒu cyfwnfwnfyw d &f yf+y;D ydu k q
f aH wmif;rnf? rygb;l ²²[kajymrdvsS ijf zpfap/
racsriHajymrdvsS ijf zpfap/ &ku d Ef uS v f , k l rnf? od@k r[kwf owfcsiv f nf;owfypfcv hJ rd rhf nf?
onfawmh tawG@t}uHK&Sdxm;aomolrsm;u oifay;xm;onfhtwdkif; tJ'Dvkd
yk*Kd~ vaf v;awGurkd o'Nga=u;ay;zd@k tdyx f rJ mS t+rJ (5) a':vmavmuf aqmifxm;&onf?
awmif;vSsif rsuEf mS rysuaf patmifxed ;f &if; tqifajyatmifajymum 'gyyJ gv@kd yg[k
ud,k yhf u kd q f EH iS u hf ,kd f atmufusKŒd +yD;qufo&onf? tJvdk qdv k sS iaf wmh olw@kd u (5)
a':vm&vnf; ajyvnfonf? ud, k v f ckd &H onfv h rl sK;d wnrSm q,fa,mufavmufqv kd sS if
vnf; olw@kd twGuf enf;wmrSr[kww f m?
Tonfu um;r&So d nft h wGuf cH&onfh aemuf'u k w Q rsK;d jzpf.?
wcsKŒd uajymonf? 'Dtrnf;awGu tdb k m;rm;orwjzpfvm+y;D wJah emuf yd+k y;D
aqmif=h uGm;ajrmuf=uGyEdk idk v f mowJ?h bmrS rqdik [ f x k if&aomfvnf; [kwo f vdv k kd
awmh&o dS nf? tdb k m;rm;ud, k w f idk u f ol@u, kd of l jynfoal &SŒarSmufrmS ajcokwyf q k ;kd
ajrpG , G u f sK;d eJ@&yfaeygw,fv@kd ol@&ŒJ orwvufcw H rhJ ed @f ceG ;f rSm ajymcJah o;wmyg? olw@kd u
vlrnf;wa,muf orwjzpf wmeJ@ olrsm;acs;G ESpJ mudk aq;csz@kd tEk=urf;pD;aewmudak wmh
orwu tm;ay;rSmr[kwf? odk@aomf udk,fydkif^m%fESifh qifjcifpOf;pm;r_ EHkeJ@

“wd&pd m> eftcGit
hf a&;qdak wmh
ol u h kd owfumrSowfa&m wwfEidk f orSspdwf csrf;csrf;
omomeJ rh emrusif touf&iS cf iG hf ay;zdk wh &d pd m> efawGtwGuf
jyXmef;xm; wJOh ya'jzpfrmS aygh?
olawGuawmh olwdk@xkH;pHtwdkif; 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm igwdk@vlrnf;u orwuGæqdkum
ajrmuf=uG ajrmuf =uGjzpfvm=uwmawGuvnf; &Sad ejyefonf?
atmifEdkifhtwGufuawmh tkdbm;rm;rsufESmudkjrifwkdif; oli,fi,fu
oGm;=unfhcJhzl;aom qifjzLawmfqdkonfhtaumif i,fav;udk owd&um+yHK;rd+rJ?
qifyef;a&mifav;ygæqko d nfo
h u l qd/k trSeu f awmh c&koif;pJaG ewmygumG ajymonfo h u l
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tJonfw;kH u Ekid if aH &;ESiEhf , G of nfh onfvjkd yufv;kH av;rsK;d awGukd touft&G,t f &a&m
Edik if aH &;aemufcu H kd r,Ofyg;ao;wma=umifah &mr&,fwwfc?hJ tck awmh&,fwwfvm+yD/
tdb k m;rm;udjk rifwikd ;f vnf; vlyef;a&mif}uD; æ [k atmifEikd &f ,fcsiv f mrd+rJ?
wnaerSmawmh eJe+J i;D pDpjD zpfaewma=umifh tcsed jf ynfrh vkyaf wmhbJ vlvu J m
apmapmjyef v mcJ h o nf ? t&if v d k aemuf q H k ; &xm;csd e f oef ; aumif oef ; vJ G
r[kwfonfhtwGuf aq;orm;awG&efuawmhvGwf+yD[k pdwfat;IrSrqHk;ao;?
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cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSmawG@vkduf&onf? tom;jzLjzLav;ESifh awmfawmfi,fao;wmudk
ta0;uyif cef@reS ;f Edik o f nf? pdwx f rJ mS xifu h eJyo l mG ;onf? atmifEikd uf ae@a&mnyg
tvkyv f yk af e&onft h wGuf ud, k 0hf ef;usiuf kd ud,
k whf idk ;f jynfu vlawG xyfa&mufvmwm
udyk if rodavmuf atmifjzpfaeonf?
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vdkufonf? wa,mufu pufbD;udk,l+yD; eif;oGm;onf? u&ifav;ESifh usefcJhonfh
wa,muf eyrf;vH;k ae&mod@k v$m;ueJa&muf+yD; vlcsi;f qJG cGm&if; tvdk tavSsmuf
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ud, k x f vd ufa&mufvyk rf jd cif;?

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okw&f if; ol@ab;rSm ,SO&f yfvmonf? atmifEikd f xk;d wm cHvu dk &f aom aumifav;
uvnf; atmifEikd u hf kd bmaumifvJ od&&ef csed q f um=unf&h if; emoGm;aom ol@ar;&d;k
udk vufEiS yhf w G o
f yfaeonf? pufb;D pD;oGm;aom aumifav;u aemufjyefvn S =hf unf+h y;D
jyefvn S v hf monf?
atmifEikd u f ywf0ef;usiu f kd tuJcwf&if; tajctaer[efvsS iEf ydS v f u kd &f ef
Edkif;0rf;0rf;udk toifhwifxm;vdkufonf? olwdk@udkvmulrnfh aemufxyf vlrdkuf
b,fEpS af ,mufrsm; &Sad eao;vJqw kd mud?k avmavmq,fawmhrawG@&? u&ifav;
xuf olw@kd u ESpEf pS o f ;kH ESpcf ef@}uD;onfyh ?kH vlaumifawGuawmh olw@kd uydx k mG ;onf?
atmifEidk u f vl}uD;jzpfaeonfh twGuf olw@kd uvnf;cyfqq cyfawGawG&adS eonf?
vlru kd f vufoifav;awG jzpfy&kH wm tuJcwfvu kd rf +d y;D onft h wGuf atmifEikd u f zH;k udk
a'gEiS rhf mefEiS hf quf[efjyifonf? ig Ekid ;f 0rf;0rf;udak c:vdu k rf ,fæ [k ajymvSsuaf yg?h
“a[;²²*dik ;f / igu ol@pufb;D udk pD;aumif;ovm;vk@d c% awmif;pD;=unfw h myJ?
ol@pufb;D u igt h wGuf pD;raumif; bl;? a[hæ rif;bD; jyef,”l ajymajymqdq k Ekd iS hf
xdv k rl nf;av;u pufb;D ay:uckeq f if;+y;D u&ifav;a&SŒxd;k &yfay;vdu k of nf? u&ifav;u
ol@pufb;D udk zrf;xde;f &if; atmifEidk u f kd =unfah eonf?
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cyfwnfwnfEiS +hf cdr;f ajcmufum zH;k udk jyeford ;f vdu k o f nf? xdk trnf;av;ESpaf umif
xGuo f mG ;onftxd aumifav;u ol@ukd Za0Z0g=unfw h ;kH ?
“awmfawmfemoGm;vm; nDav;”
“at;²²eif Armvm;”
atmifEidk f ol@u+kd yHK;jyvku d o f nf?
“u&if o if w d k i f ; av;ud k j rif w meJ @ 'g wd k @ vl r sKd ; qd k + yD ; ajy;vmcJ h w m?
wu,f w ef ; us tud k v nf ; cyf a =umuf a =umuf yJ u G ? ol w d k @ utk y f p k t &rf ;
awmifv h @kd uawmh 0dik ;f &du k &f ifaorSm? aemufukd jy\emrjzpfatmifaeaemf nD”
“at;- ig bmrS rvkyb f ;l ? olw@kd u [d;k wae@uvnf; igtvkyx f u G &f mS wm
tjyefarSmifawmh tJ'aD umifawGyJ arSmifxJ u xGuv f m+yD; ydu k q f aH wmif;w,f? igrh mS

ay;p&mr&Sb d ;l ajymwm em;rvnfb;l ? tJ'w D ;kH uvnf; wcg&efjzpfy;D yD? tck igh pufb;D udk
twif;vdu k v f w k ,f? 'gu ig urfx h w J ek ;f u wd@k qu D kd pmvmoifay;wJh aAmfvefw, D m
q&m rdu k cf uf igu h vkd m awG@+yD; 0,fay;cJw h [ hJ m/ ig ray;Ekid b f ;l ”
“t&ifwcg &efjzpfawmha&m rif;Edik cf o hJ vm;” [k atmifEikd u f aumifav;udk
uspD ,fvu kd o f nf?
“b,fEikd rf vJ[ aumif&mæ igu Zmwfvu kd rf rS [kww f m”
oluawmh olwwfovdk ajymcsvu dk w f mygy?J 'gayr,fh atmifEidk &hf ifbwfrmS
vm+idomG ;&onf? apmv,frLS ;udk tdrjf yef vku d yf @kd awmh q,fEh pS Ef pS t f &G,f jzLjzLwkwf
wkwfav;ESifhcspfp&mnDrav;wa,muf/ touf (40) 0ef;usif ol@tarESifh
&ifcGifydkufnDi,fav;wdk@ESifh ol@udkrdwfqufay;onf? rESpfuyJ olwdk@vdk 'kuQonf
ae&mcsxm;a&;tpDtpOfjzifh a&mufvm onfh u&ifro d m;pkxu J (7) ESpt f &G,u f av;
rav; rw&m;usi}hf uo H wfjzwfwmcH&onfh owif;udk wqifph um;ESihf =um;xm;onfh
tay:rSmvnf; tarvkyo f ul pd;k &draf =umif;ajymonf? taz rygvm?
“olw@dk tazu awmfveS af &;orm;yJ? awmfveS af &;udk opPmrazmufb;l wJ?h
ol @ &J a bmf a wG u d k rxm;cJ h E d k i f b l ; wJ h ? 'gayrJ h 'D u av;awG y nma&;twG u f ig
oGm;csi&f ifomG ;ygv@kd tcGiahf y;w,f? iSux f +d y;D aq;ukp&mr&Sv d @kd &l;oGm;wJo h al wG&wdS ,f?
ydv
k ,D u dk muG,af q;rxd;k Edik v f @kd csno hf mG ;wJu h av;awG&w dS ,f? igu h av;awGukd ig tJ'v D kd
tjzpf rcHEikd b f ;l ? 'ga=umifh ig xGuv f mcJw h m? olw@kd tazu ajymw,f? ig raysm&f if
jyefvmcJw h ”hJ
pmrwwfaom rdcifqu D om;orD;rsm;tay:xm;onfah rSsmv f ifch suu f av;u
vSyvGe;f vSonf? od@k aomf avmavmq,f tvky&f mS ae&olu v,frLS ;omjzpfonf?
v,frSL;tar tvkyfvkyfrnfqkdvSsif ol@uav;udk ae@uav;xdef;ausmif;ydk@&rnf?
tJ'gutvGefaps;}uD;onf? t*Fvdyf pum;rwwfbJtvkyfvkyf&rnfqdkvSsif vc
t&rf;enf;+y;D tvGeyf ifyef;aomtvkyu f o kd m tcsed yf ikd ;f &Smvky&f vdrrhf nf? onf uav;udk
uav;xde;f Xme oGm;xm;&onfph &dwEf iS hf ol&mS vd@k &onfah iGu bJpm;bJacsjzpfaerSm
aocsmonf? aemuf t}uD;aumifu ausmif;rwufb;l qdv k sS iaf wmif tdrif mS ;c/ a&zd;k
rD;zdk;qdkwmawGtwGuf 'Daumifav;u t&rf;&kef;uef&rnf? onfvdkqdkvSsif

tvwfrav;udk b,fou l ausmif;yd@k ausmif;}uKd vyk rf vJ? q,fo h ;kH ESpaf tmufuav;awG
w a,mufwnf; tjyifxu G cf iG rhf &Swd mu tar&duefjynfaxmifp&k ŒJ uav;Oya'?
tckavmavmq,fawmh tar&duefjynfaxmifpu k akd &muf+y;D (8) vtwGi;f
'kuo Q nftjzpf vufcaH c:,lxm;onfh twGuf tar&dueftpd;k &u wm0ef,al y;xm;
onfah pmifah &SmufrO_ ya't& olw@kd ajyvnfae=uao;onf? a&zd;k rD;zd;k ESihf tdrv f c
wcsKdŒudkvnf;uscHay;onf? odk@aomf v,frSL;u (8) vausmf+yD;IrS wa,mufrS
tvkyrf &vSsif tqifrajyjzpf rSmudk tarESit hf wlawG;ylaewwf+yD? nDrav;uawmh
ausmif;awmhwufae+yD? pmvku d Ef ikd of nf? nDrav;aysmo f nf[k oluajymonf?
“igu tvkyfrysif;bl;? tvkyfr&SdrS ysif;wm? 'gayr,fh ig tvkyfoGm;
avSsmufwm r&bl;? igu t*Fvyd pf um;enf; enf;awmh ajymwwfayr,fh rke@f qidk rf mS
oGm;vkyfawmh olwdk@rkef@awGeHrnfawG igrodbl;? pm;aomufqdkifoGm;awmh vnf;
olwdk@tpm;taomufeHrnfawG igrodbl;? wu,fvdk@ wa,mufa,mufu ighudk
igem;vnfatmif &Si;f jyay;Edik &f ifawmh ig csujf cif;vkyEf ikd rf mS yJ” [k ajymonf?
olw@kd ro d m;pkqu D jyefvmonfw h idk f atmifEikd t
hf awG;xJrmS onfro d m;pk
vku d yf gvmonf? odyrf =umcifrmS atmifEikd f Armwa,mufEiS q hf ufo, G rf o
d nf? olu
taemufAm*s;D eD;,m;u =uufom;puf&t kH wGuf tvkyo f rm;yJpG m;vkyaf eonfo h ?l
yJpG m;cudk (3) vpmjzwfrnf[ak jymonf? yJpG m;cjzwf+yD;om;awmifrS wem&Dukd (8)
a':vmcJGqdkawmh rqdk;? aemuf+yD; tJonfrSm oGm;ae&rnf? tcsdefjynfhpm&if;
r0ifb;l qdv k sS iaf wmif wywfukd em&D (40) awmh tcsed yf Ekd iS 0hf ifomG ;onf[o k &d onf?
aemuf+y;D puf&u kH tdrif mS ;ay;wmuvnf; wywfukd (40) yJqakd wmh wvvH;k rS aep&dw/f
rD;zd;k / a&zd;k tm;vH;k (160) yJusrnf? c&D;p&dwEf iS hf c&D;oGm; csed u f ek pf &mrvdak wmh?
taomuftpm;r&So d al wGqkd tom;wif wywfukd (250) avmufprk o d nf[k
qdo k nf? wv a':vmwaxmif pkrad om ae&mudk olbma=umifh rajymif;Ekid &f rvJ?
tcGeaf y;zd@k z,fxm;vSsiaf wmif wv (500) avmufawmh olprk rd nf? tdru f kd yHrk eS af y;+y;D
ol@twGuf yHrk eS yf u kd q
f pH rk zd @kd vrf;pav;ay:vmonf? aemuf+yD; ausmif;wufcsio f l
awGtwGuf puf&u kH tvkyf csed u f kd tqifajyatmifppD Ofay;onf[q k okd nf? 'gqv kd sS if
ausmif;wckck qufwufEikd rf nf?

tck ol *pf z f a &S m h y f (Gift Shop) rS m vk y f w mvnf ; wem&D u d k
&Spaf ':vmcJ&G onfqakd yrnfh wywfukd (15) em&D avmufom&wm/ onfawmh tcsed yf ikd ;f
tvkyu f av;awG [dak jy;vky&f onfajy;vky&f ESihf tcsed Ef iS chf &D;p&dwu f axmif;onf?
tJvrkd rS vkyv f nf; tvkyw f vkyw f nf;ESihf rScD I kd r&? onfvEkd iS hf tcsed t f m;aiGy&kd ,fv@kd
ajymyavmuf atmifr&Sb d J &yfwnfaecJ&h wm av;ig;ESp&f adS e+yD? tdrv f cuvnf;
tenf;qH;k yifvsS if (300) 0ef;usi?f
apmv,frLS ;udo k v l rS ;f ajymvku d o f nf? vdu k rf vm;vd@k ? v,frLS ;u 0rf;om
tm;& vufcHonf? onfvdkESifh yJGpm;u qufay;aom u,f&Dorm;u olwdk@
udv k mac:onf? oluvnf; u&ifvrl sK;d wa,mufyjJ zpfonf? olawmif;onfh c&D;p&dwu f
enf;enf;}uD;onf? od@k aomf'gu wuUpiD mS ;ovkd em&DEiS w hf u G , f o l nfyx J m;ygawmh?
od@k aomf eAD*w d w f m (Navigator) [kac:onfh vrf;jyonfph ufuav;wyfqifc
wa,mufudk a':vm (50) ay;&rnf qdkwmuawmh awmfawmf w&m;vGefonfh
udpjP zpfonf?
“rif;&JŒtvkyrf mS vdt k yfv@kd rif;0,fxm;wJyh u kd q f u H kd igw@kd u ray;Edik b f ;l ?
eAD*w d w f mu zH;k awGxrJ mS vnf;ygwmyJ? rif; tJ'go;kH &vd@k igw@kd ig;q,fpx D yfay;&
r,fq&kd if tJ't D vkyu f kd igw@kd rvkyaf wmhb;l uGm/ igzh ;kH xJu eAD*w d wf meJ@ oGm;r,f?
ydu
k q f rH ay;Ekid bf ;l ” [k atmifEikd u f ajymawmh olu atmifEikd u hf kd a=umifa=umif}uD;
=unfhaeonf? rvnf&_yf²²qkdwm 'grsKd;[k atmifEdkifodvkduf.? olukd,fwkdifu
zHk;wvHk;&JŒtoHk;udkaocsmrodygbJ odorSsav;ESifh udk,fhvlrsKd;tcsif;csif; jyefacG
aewmæc&D;p&dwf (100) Navigator a=u;u (50) pDw?hJ
aemufawmh wa,muf ESpq f ,fpaD wmhay;qkyd ;D ZGwu f yfajymaejyefonf?
apmv,frLS ;ud=k unfah wmh rsuEf mS i,fav;ESi?hf olu tvkyv f akd eol? rw&m;wmudk
rcHwwfonfph w d u f kd tvkyv f cdk sipf w d jf zifh csK;d ESrd zf @dk }uKd ;pm;aeonfh uav;vl}u;D av; udk
oem;wmESiyhf J tavSsmah y;vku d o f nf? ud, k u f tJonfpuf&v kH yd pf mudk od&wmr[kw?f
tpuwnf;u yJpG m;cay;& r,fqw kd m od+y;D om;? yJpG m;ESiyhf wfoufvsS if onfvjkd zwfpm;
vwfpm;awGygvmrnfqw kd m od+y;D om;rd@k atmifo h ;D atmifh oufEiS yhf J olw@kd aps;wnfch hJ
=u&onf?

“ig -uufudkifwm -urf;vdkhwJh? aemufyD; wcgwnf; (2)
aumifrudkif&bl;wJh? eif pOf;pm;-unfh/ 'Daeh-uufum;u
aemuf usw,f? waumifpDudkifae&if igwdk howfrJh
taumifawG tcsdefrD txJudk b,fxnfhEdkifrvJ”
wvrf;vHk; um;awmufvdk@acGacgufvmonfhv,frSL;u ae&rnfhtcef;
xJa&mufonfEiS hf xd;k vScJ svu kd u
f m ajymonfh pum;u- “ig trd;k wd@k e@J wcgrS rcJzG ;l bl;?
aewwfygrh vm; rod” wJ?h onfvEkd iS yhf J olw@kd taemufAm*s;D eD;,m;udak &mufvmonf?
onfvEkd iS yhf J yJpG m;uiSm;ay;aomtdru f av;xJwiG f (2) a,mufcef;rSm twlae=uonf?
atmifEikd u f =uufom;xkwo f nfh ae&mrSm&+y;D v,frLS ;u um;ay:u =uuft&Siaf wGukd
o,fcsw d af y;&onfh ae&mod@k a&mufomG ;onf?
b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf taomuftpm;uif;+y;D aiGuykd J wpdu k rf wfrwf&mS azGvo kd al wG
twGuf vkyfaysmfaomtvkyf tjzpf atmifEdkifuauseyfygonf? v,frSL;tem;&Sd
aewmudu k txD;useq f efru
_ kd avSsmyh g;aponfr[kwv f m;? olu uav;om omjzpf+y;D
urfx h rJ mS }uD;jyif;vm&oljzpfonft h wGuv f nf; olrodao;wmawG/ odoifI h ajymjy
ae&wmawGuu kd wae@ wae@ ta=umif;t&mrxyfap&? wcsKŒd usawmh olu, kd f
wkid yf if rodaomta=umif;t&m rsm;jzpfaewwfao;aoma=umifh tJvkd ar;cGe;f rsK;d
0ifvmvSsiaf wmh ol@xuft&m&mydo k o d nfh udak 0+idr;f xHo@dk zH;k qufar;+yD;rS v,frLS ;udk
jyefvnfrSs a0&onf? tom;usaeonfhwkdif wcgw&H v,frSL;uol@tarudk
vGr;f a=umif;ajymwwfonf? od@k aomf pyfppk w d 0f ifpm; p&mawG=um;rSm ody}f uD;awmh
tonf;toefrjzpfv?S
Am*sD ; eD ; ,m;u &_ c if ; av;awG u t&d k i f ; qef q ef v S y onf ? obm0
taiG @ touf a wG u vl @ pd w f u d k =unf v if c srf ; jr aponf ? td r f E S i f h p uf & H k u
odyrf a0;vSaoma=umifh olw@kd vrf;avSsmufjyef&wmudk ESpo f ufonf? Ed@k r@kd vsS if puf&rkH mS
waeukef rwfwyf&yf+yD; tvkyv f yk ?f tdru
f sawmh ud, k t
hf cef;xJu ud, k t hf yd ,f mrSmyJ
vJavSsmif;ESi=hf umawmh vlu +cHcwfarG;xm;cH& onfh 0ufwaumifvkd tqDw;kd wd;k
vmonf?

v,frLS ;qdv k sS iyf J onfa&muf+y;D wvtwGi;f rSm odoo d mom0+zKd ;vmonf?
onfrSmu =uufa=umfuvnf; rpm;csifrS tqHk;? wckyJ&Sdonf? tJonfrSm
tm&Stpm;taomuf0,fIr&? bdkpmawGudkvnf; ESpfa,mufvHk;urpHkruf?
atmifEikd rhf mS ygvmonfh iyd/ rSspq f wkd mawGuvnf; ajcGwmpm;ae&if;u ESpaf ,mufpm
jzpfIukecf +hJ yD? aemuf wywfyw d f &ufusvsS iaf wmh ar&Dvif;bufomG ;+yD; aps;0,frnf
[kreS ;f xm;onf?
olapmapma&mufvSsif olu xrif;csufxm;wwf+yD; v,frSL;uvnf;
oljyefa&mufEiS hf csux f m;ay;&ef }uKd ;pm;wwf ygonf? odycf suw f wfvo S nfawmhr[kw?f
igu iyd&nfe@J rsS pw f @kd yJ pm;wwfwmæqdo k nfph um;u atmifEidk &hf ifukd xdaompum;
jzpfaejyefonf? onfiyd&nfEiS rhf sS pw f @kd yifvsS if trd;k u csuaf u|;wm[k ajym&if;vnf;
&,faewwf ao;onf? od@k aomf u&ifwmvayg[if;udak wmh v,frLS ; aumif;aumif;
csuw f wfonf? atmifEikd u f vnf; v,frLS ;&JŒ wmvayguakd wmh tao}udKufonf?
atmifEikd [ f if;csuaf ewH;k v,frLS ; jyefa&mufvmonf?
“arG;w,f[/ eif bmcsuaf ewmvJ udak tmifEikd ”f [k vSr;f ar;onf? v,frLS ;
pum;ajymvSsif [xdk;oHudk xGufr& aoma=umifh avhusifhcef;vkyfcdkif;aomtcg
wcsKdŒpum; awGrSm tawmf&D&onf? usDp,fvdkpdwfESifh [xdk;xnfh &onfh v-
tuQ&mrsK;d pHu k kd avSsmuf&w G cf idk ;f +yD; atmifEidk &f ,f+yDqrkd jS zifh v,frLS ;rsuEf mS uav;u
eD&v
J mwwfwm tysKrd av; &Suaf ewmESiyhf if wlaeao;onf?
“ig;csO&f nf[if;csuw f ,fumG / [dw k ae@u qm;odyx f m;wJih g;udk i&kyo
f ;D eJ@
a=umfw,fu”G
“at;/ ig AdkufqmwmeJ@ tawmfyJ? atmf h h h'Dae@ ig qlygAdkufqm
atmfcx H cd w
hJ ,f”
“[kwv f m;/ bmjzpfv@kd v”J
wcgw&HwiG f bmompum;tcuftcJa=umifh em;vnfrv _ w
GJ mawG&v dS sS if
atmifEdkifu vdkufvHajz&Sif;ay;&wm av;awG&Sd onf? wcsKdŒqlygAdkufqmawGu
pyJe;f epfawGjzpf+yD; olw@kd u, kd Ef u d_ uf vnf; pum;udk yDoatmifajym wwfwmr[kw?f
'gt
h jyif tEkid u f siv hf pkd w
d w f @kd / yg0gjyvdw k mwd@k uvnf; &So d nf? wcgwcgus pum;udk odyf

em;rvnfonfw h idk af tmif tEdik f usi+hf yD; npf+yD; ckid ;f wm[k cHpm;&onfu h pd rP sK;d awGrmS
v,frLS ;urcHcsi?f onfuav;uvnf; r[kwrf cH ZwfZwfusJ av;yJqw kd m aygi;f =unfh
av odavjzpfonf?
v,frLS ;u ol@t0wfxw k uf kd ypfcsvu kd o
f nfEiS w hf +yKd iw
f nf; arG;yG=urf;cif;ay:
ajcypfvufypfxidk cf svu kd o f nf?
“ig =uufuikd w f m =urf;vd@k w?hJ aemufy;D wcgwnf; (2) aumifrudik &f bl;wJ?h
eif pOf;pm;=unf/h 'Dae@ =uufum;u aemuf usw,f? waumifpu D ikd af e&if igw@kd
owfrt hJ aumifawG tcsed rf D txJukd b,fxnfEh ikd rf vJ? 'Dawmh jrefjref+yD;atmif igu
ESpaf umifwcgwnf;qJw G m tJ'v D kd rqJ&G bl;wJ?h ajz;ajz;udik w f ?hJ owfr,f=h uufawG&ŒJ
vnfyif;udk cyfjrefjrefuikd v f u kd v
f @kd =uufawG atmfox H u
G w
f meJ@ qlygAu kd q
f mu ajy;vmyD;
aemufwcgqkd tvkyjf zKwfr,fv@kd ajymw,f/ olu ajymao;w,f? &du k æ f &du k ef @J æ
bmvJrodb;l / 'Daumif[mæ”
“Animal right vd@k ajymwmvm;”
“at; æat;? [kwfw,f?? bmvJæwd&dp>meftcGifhta&;æ/ ig em;
rvnfEdkifbl;? 'Daumifudkifwm igvnfyif;emoGm;yDqdkyD; 'D=uufawGu ighudk
w&m;pJEG idk v
f m;? olu c% ae igv h ufuvGww f meJ@ ao&rSmyJ[m”
v,frLS ;ajymwmvnf;[kww f wk w
f wk rf @kd atmifEikd f oabmusum &,fvu kd rf d
ao;onf?
“wd&pd m> eftcGit hf a&;qdak wmh ol@ukd owfumrSowfa&m wwfEidk f orSspw d f
csr;f csr;f omomeJ@ remrusif touf&iS cf iG hf ay;zd@k wd&pd m> efawGtwGuf jyXmef;xm;
wJhOya'jzpfrSmaygh? igvnf; odyfawmhrodbl;uG? 'DrSmu uav;tcGifhta&;/ vl@
tcGifhta&;/ rdef;rtcGifhta&;/ tajcmuftcGifhta&;²²tcGifhta&;eJ@ Oya'awGu
trsm;}uD;? olu =urf;=urf;rudkifeJ@qdk rudkifeJ@aygh v,frSL;&m? bmcufvdk@vJ?
um;aemufusv@kd ta&twGurf jynfw h m olw@kd upd ?P cyf=urf;=urf;udik rf v d @kd Animal
right eJ@ oGm;+id&if udk,fhudpPjzpfoGm;r,f? 'DEdkifiHrSmae&if 'DEdkifiH&JŒ Oya'udk
vduk ef m&rSmyJr[kwv f m;”
“[aumif&/ igwdk@usawmh &GmxJudk tpkd;&ppfwyf0ifvmwmeJ@ pyg;awG

tdrfawG rD;&d_ŒcH&w,f? acG;ajy;0ufajy; ajy;cJh&w,f? igwdk@qdk trkd;wdk@xrf;ajy;wJh
yvkid ;f xJrmS ikyw f yk x f idk +f yD; vljzpfvmcJ&h wm? eifw@kd vkd tdref @J +cHe@J ae+yD;rS vl jzpfc&hJ wm
r[kwb f ;l ? wcgwav rSspaf wmifcsK;d pm;zd@k r&Sb d ;l ? rSsp&f mS awG@vnf; tpd;k &wyfe@J e;D aevd@k
rD;rzd&k v J @kd rSspt f pdr;f awGukd 'Dwidk ;f pm;cJ&h w,f? pyfvnf;pyf/ cg;vnf;cg;w,f? xDæ G ?
bk&m;ocifu igu h kd tpuwnf;u 'DrmS wd&pd m> efjzpfcidk ;f vdu k &f if aumif;r,faem?
'DEidk if u
H towfc&H r,fw h &d pd m> efawmif igw@kd xuf Zdru f sao;w,f? aocge;D qJqaJ wmif
=urf;=urf; rudik &f bl;wJ/h —wJrh yS ?J vluvlvrkd aecJ&h bJ acG;vk0d ufvakd jy;&if; }u;D vm+y;D
tckawmh towfc&H r,fw h &d pd m> efukd =urf; =urf;udik &f if tvkyjf yKw+fy;D xrif;iwfr,fh
wkdif;jynfudka&mufvm&w,f/ *sD;Zufu tptaemufoefw,fvdk@ wcgrS ig
rxifcb hJ ;l ²²²”
“tJ'gu igw@kd wikd ;f jynf a&$jrefrmjynfav²²² 'gu tar&duefjynfaxmifpu k /G
rif;uvnf; qef@usib f uf (2) ckukd vmqJaG ph+yD; igu h kd acgi;f pm;ay;aejyefyg+yD”
tcGit hf a&;qdo k nfph um;udk enf;enf;rS em;vnfcpH m;Ir&onfv h ,frLS ;udk
=unhu f m atmifEikd &f ,fro d nf?
“a[hvl/ 'g &Dp&mr[kwfbl;As” [k ab;em;utoHxGufvmawmhrS
atmifEdkifu udkvif;xGef;udk owd&onf? ol@ ta=umif;udk atmifEdkifodyfrodyg?
oluvnf; tdE, dN bufuae onfbufukd 'kuo Q nftjzpfEiS hf a&mufvm onfqw kd m
avmuf y J atmif E d k i f o d x m;onf ? tvk y f t wl w l v k y f = u&if ; csOf & nf [ if ;
aomufcsiaf =umif;ajym=u&if; xrif;pm;ac:xm;vd@k a&mufaeol?
“usaemfaxmifxrJ mS ig;ESpaf ecJ&h zl;w,f? usaemfbmrSrvkyv f @dk rodb;l vd@k
ajymr_eJ@? usaemfhtazu tJeft,fvf'DtzJG@ 0if/ &JawGu ol@pm&Gufpmwef;wcsKdŒ
vm&Sm&if;eJ@ usaemhu f ykd g zrf;ac:oGm;wmAs? tcsKyx f rJ mS usaemfu h kd rif;taz bmvkyv f /J
b,foel @J qufo, G o f vJar;ar;+yD;&ku d wf mAsm/ usaemfvnf;bmrSrod&/ bmrSvnf;
rvky&f bJe@J ccH &hJ wm veJ@ csyD ;D =umw,f? aemufy;D axmif (5) ESpcf svu kd w
f ,f? tazhudk
tm;ay;ulnrD e_ @J pGcJ suw f if+yD; axmifcsvu kd wf myJ”
atmifEdkif udkvif;xGef;udk =unfhum bmajym&rSef;rodjzpfoGm;onf?
v,frLS ;uvnf; ai;vd@k ?

“rif;u vli,fvnf;jzpf/ vufeufudkif+yD;
vlawmifowfvmao;wm h h h
EGm; owfwJh ae&mrSm aeygvm;uG? ydkufqHydk&w,f”
“v,frLS ;ajymovdyk ?J 'DrmS towfc&H wJ=h uufawGrmS awmif owfawmhr,fh

tcsed t f xd oufawmifo h ufom aecGi&hf wm udk odvu kd &f wJth csed rf mS tcsKyfcef;xJrmS
usaemfah usmay:usvmwJh ppfzed yfawG/ usaemfAh u kd af y:usvmwJh vufo;D csuf awGukd
owd&vm+yD; tJ'DwHk;u txdk;tuefcH&ovdk tpdrf;vwfvwfjyefemvmrdw,f/
usaemfwdk@wkdif;jynf[m wu,fudk vljzpf&_H;aewJhwkdif;jynfAs/ vlwa,muf&JŒ
arG;&mygtcGit hf a&;awG tm;vH;k qH;k &H;_ aewm rsK;d quf (2) qufuae (3) quf jzpfvmwJh
tcgusawmh vlawGuvnf; tJ'v D kd bmrSr&wmudu k yHrk eS v
f @kd xifuek =f uwJt h xd/
usaemfwdk@wkdif;jynfu vlawG [m 'DrSmwd&dp>mefawGudkay;xm;wJhtcGifhta&;&JŒ
w0ufawmif vl@tcGit hf a&;udk r&=ubl;As/ tJ'guu kd emusn;f zd@k &Suzf @kd aumif;aewm”
atmifEidk u f v,frLS ;vdv k nf; &Gmyke;f &Gma&Smifb0eJ@ ajrjr‡Kyfrikd ;f awG=um;rSm
rajy;v$m;cJh&bl;ovdk +rdKŒay:uygwD tzJG@awG ESifhvnf; tvSrf;uGma0;cJholrdk@
onfv'dk u k aQ wGta=umif; jynfwiG ;f rSmwke;f u wu,furkd odcw hJ mtrSe?f od@k aomf
vufonf;qdyv f sS iaf wmh vufxyd u f em&rSe;f odatmifawmh atmifEikd rhf mS vlom;
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pmemem;vnfEidk yf gonf?
// æææææ// ææææææ//
atmifEdkifqDu zHk;csoGm;onftxd udka0+idrf; zHk;udk rydwfjzpfao;bJ
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pum;jyefu jrefrmvlrsK;d ygy?J pum;jyefqw kd mxuf wu,fawmh yJpG m;vd@k ajym&if
ydkrSefrSmyg? +yD;awmh ywfpfydk@ESifhvmonfhol? tJonfacwfu 'kuQonftaeESifh
tar&duefuv kd molu onfavmufvnf;rrsm;vSao;? aemuf ywfpyf @kd EiS v hf molawGu

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wJAh rmvlenf;pkav; pkpnf;nDnw G pf mG aevdo k nfph wd Ef iS hf csO;f uyfro d l ud, k o f mvSsif
emusif cH&cufaom a0'emawGEiS hf use&f pfc&hJ wwfonft h wGuf aemufqkd ywfpyf @kd
orm;rsm; udk ud, k u f yJ OD; atmifa&Smif&onfuvnf; w'ku?Q
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wu,fawmh wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0ESifh awmxJa&mufcJholwa,muftwGuf
t*Fvdyfpum;udk tenf;tusOf;awmh olwwfEdkifcJhygonf? odk@aomf yJGpm;u
olyaJ jymr,fqakd wmh ajymayg?h jy\emu yJpG m;u tar&duefrmS tae=umIyJ Arm
pum; toH;k tE_e;f udk arhomG ;vd@k vm;awmhrod? tajymrwwf awmh qJovdq k okd nfh
tjzpfrsK;d ESihf udak 0+idr;f wd;k cJ&h avonf?
“rif;u vli,fvnf;jzpf/ vufeufuikd +f yD; vlawmifowfvmao;wm/ EGm;
owfwhJ ae&mrSm aeygvm;uG? ydu k q f yH &kd w,f”
cE<mudk,fxJrSmvSnfhywfaeorSsaoG;v$wfa=umomru aoG;jyefa=um
awGxu J yg zsO;f ueJ usiw f ufomG ;onf? aoG;a=um awG ayguu f JG jywfxu G +f y;D awmhrsm;
aoG;pdrf;&Sif&Sifyef;xGufaeovdk wzsOf;zsOf; emusifvkdufcJhwm &dk;wGif;csOfqDxJtxd
eufeuf&i_d ;f &di_ ;f ?
tvkv d q kd yk rf +d yD;om;jzpfomG ;onfv h ufo;D udk tJ'v D &l ŒJ ar;&d;k ay:csujf cif;
a&mufroGm;jzpfatmif tHudkwif;wif; }udwf+yD; xdef;xm;cJh&onf? udka0+idrf;om
e*g;waumifqv kd sS if tJonfvl jymtwdusomG ;rSmaocsmygonf? vlrsK;d jcm;a&SŒrSm
udk,fhaygifudk,fvSefraxmif;vdkonfhtwGuf xdef;csKyfxm;vkduf&onfha'gorD;u
udak 0+ird ;f . ESv;kH om;udk w[kw[ f w k Ef iS hf vm[yfaecJo h nf?
“usKyf? vufeufudkifcJhw,f? usKyfusnfqHa=umifh wzufvl aovm;
raovm; usKyfrodcb hJ ;l ? usKyfow d mu rw&m;tEdik u f sirhf r_ sK;d udk b,fae&mrSmrS/
b,foludkrS onf;cHrSmr[kwfbl;? omreftcsdefrSm usKyfu y&Gufqdwf waumif/
jcifwaumifudkawmif aoapvkdwJhpdwfeJ@zdrowf&ufbl;? 'gayr,fh usKyfwdk@

bJG@ESif;obifcef;ra&SŒrSm cspfolESifhæ rdbESifh
wJGum"mwfyHk&dkuf&if; tqHk;owfcGifh romcJhwJh igwdk@&ifxJu
ao&mygr,fh trm&GwfawGudk rjrifEdkifavmufatmif
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vlwa,mufvnfyif;udv k rd cf sK;d ypfz@kd vufweG @f aer,fah umifawmhvnf;r[kwb f ;l ”
tJonfypGJ m;rsuEf mS rJueJjzpfomG ;onf? olw@kd EpS af ,muf&ŒJ pum;udak pmifah e
onfh refae*smu tajctae wif;rmae wmudk +idrf+yD;apmifh=unfhaecJhonf?
udak 0+ird ;f rsuEf mS &JŒwif;rmr_EiS hf qkyx f m;onfv h ufo;D &JŒjyif;tm;udk wGuq f rdyEkH iS hf yJpG m;
u bmrSqufrajym&Jc?hJ wu,fv@kd 'grsK;d aemufwcGe;f xyfajymvSsiv f nf; udak 0+idr;f
wu,fpw d x f ed ;f Edik af wmhrmS r[kw?f
aemufawmh udak 0+idr;f u refae*smbuf vSnu hf m wku d &f ukd pf um;ajymcJ+h yD;
ausmcdik ;f xGuv f mcJah wmhonf?rif;wd@k vyk if ef;udpk w d 0f ifpm;ayr,fh 'Doabmufrom;
eJ@tvkyfvkyfae&&if ig vlowfr_jzpfvdrfhr,f? aqm&D;yJæ [k? a'gif;wdarmif;wd
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vufo;D ESix hf ;kd acgi;f ESihf wku d w f u dk +f yD; &ifurGJ wwfickd rhJ o
d nf?
ajym&ufavjcif;/ vufeufuikd zf ;l w,f// EGm;owfw?hJ
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bJG@ESif;obifcef;ra&SŒrSm cspfolESifhæ rdbESifh wJGum"mwfyHk&dkuf&if; tqHk;owfcGifh
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vlrS [kw&f ŒJ vm; æ [k tJonfvu l akd r;vku d cf sio
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Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr karen
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tcef; ( 28 )
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aumif;aumif; wae h od&r,f? igb,fvkd aumifvq J w
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ukjd zwfjyD; ukvm;av; pdwx f u J used q f rJ w
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owfjyD; 0ifaiG&SmaewJh ol[m =uGufukd b,fa=umufyghrvJ?

ukv d al csm acgi;f raumif;bl;vkd h ukvm;av; pdwx f rJ mS xifw,f?
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=uG u f r suf E S m uk d j rif a wmh pd w f x J r S m taqmif u vl a wG =uG u f r S m xm;wmuk d
owd&vmw,f?
b,fvdk vkyrf vJ? vufxrJ mS =uGu&f u dk wf hJ wkwyf grvmbl;? 'Dvekd J h pOf;pm;
=unfah e&if; &mbmpkwaf wGudk ausmw f ufjy;D jrufawmxJudk =uu G af wGw;dk 0ifomG ;w,f?
ukvm;av; pdwx f rJ mS aysmo f vkcd pH m;&w,f? wkwrf ygawmh =uGu&f u dk rf owf&bl;ayg?h
b,favmufoufom oGm;ovJ? wcgwavawmhvnf; aumifav;[m =uGuo f wf
orm; vky&f wmukd &GrH ek ;f ovkd cHpm;rdwm trSeb f ?J
qufvufazmfjyay;oGm;ygrnf?
bmomjyef q d k o l Roland Hardy (c) armif a rmif v wf

tcef;quf
'Da&jrifoh pf
jroef;wif h
jrefrmhq&kd ,
S v
f pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS xkwaf 0cGifhjyK+yD;aemuf
ydwfyif wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef ; wif h . 'Da&jrifhopf (armfpDwkef; ESifh w&kwaf wmfveS af &;)
pmtkyftm;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh vufawG hb0 w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh
cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd h avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufco J jzifh today;jcif; r&So
d nfukd cGivhf w
$ af y;yg&ef
awmif;yeftyfygon)f
,cifvrStquf
4if;wd@k u 4if;wd@k . ud, k yf ikd af oe*FAsK[mudk csrw S v f ukd =f uonf? 4if;wd@k .
aoe*FAsK[mrSm Tod@k jzpfonf? wyfeaD wmfukd wd;k cs@J &rnf? ajymufusm;ppf0g'onf
acwfrrSaD wmh? &efou l kd ud,k ehf ,fajrxJo@kd jrSm;ac:I wdu k o f !f/h enf;y&d,,fonf
ud, k ehf ,fajrudk qH;k &H;_ aponf? ,ck tpd;k &tzG@J ukd xlaxmif+yD;+yD? wyfeaD wmfonf
t+rJwrf; ppfwyfwwyf jzpfvm+yD? ,ck cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS w hf ukd o f !fh ppfyo JG nf/ tpd;k &
csi;f / Edik if cH si;f =um;u ppfyjJG zpfonf? ppfwyf}uD;ESpw f yf wdu k =f uo!fh ppfyjJG zpfonf?
xdak =umifh ajymufusm;ppf0g'. taiG@toufreS o f r#ukd pGe@f vw $ yf pf&rnf? xd@k a=umihf
vH;k 0 rwf0g'usaom tajccHrrl sm;udk vdu k ef musio hf ;kH &rnf? Tonfw@kd rmS q,f

a,mufukd wa,mufjzifh wdu k &f rnf? w&mudk q,fa,mufjzihf wdu k &f rnf? &efol
udk tjyif;txef vdu k vf w
H u kd cf u kd I f atmify, JG &l rnf? ppfrsuEf mS aygi;f pH/k zGiI hf wdu k f
&rnf? +rKd @}u;D rsm;udk odr;f &rnf? w+yKd ufeufwnf;wGif a'oESpcf Yk / vufo;D ESpzf ufjzifh
xd;k &rnf? &efou l vmwdu k v f #if ud, k ehf ,fajrxJo@kd t0ifrcHy/J “+rdK@wcH g;” tjyif
zufxu G I f wdu k &f rnf? ud, k u f t&ifO;D atmifwu kd jf cif;jzif/h tompD;&atmif,&l
rnf? ud, k hf “td;k cGuyf ef;uef” rsm;ud&k efot l cGrJ cH&atmif xde;f odr;f &rnf? ud, k ehf ,f
ajrrS wvufrr# qkwrf ay;&?
Tonfw@kd rmS *d% k ;f cGaJ &; orm;rsm;u csrw S o f !f/h aoe*FAsK[mrsm; jzpf
onf? cseaf u&Sw d .f pwkwEˆ iS hf yOPr “0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;” xd;k ppfrsm;wGif w&kwu f eG f
jrLepfygwo D nf Taoe*FAsK[mrsm;udk usio hf ;kH cJo
h nf? 1932 ck ZGev f ESihf atmufwkd
bmv twGi;f Y/ cseaf u&Sw d u f olu, kd w f ikd f uGyu f u J m pwkwˆ “0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;”
xd;k ppfukd qifEo J$ nf? ol@XmecsKyfukd 0l[efwiG x f m;um/ tv,fyikd ;f ESihf awmifyikd ;f /
w&kwjf ynf&dS wuGw J jym;pD jzpfaeaom/ uGejf rLepfw@kd . tajccHa'orsm;udk pI wdu k f
cJo
h nf? Txd;k ppfwiG rf l cseaf u&Sw d u f wyfom; av;ode;f oH;k onf? cseaf u&Sw d o f nf
use;f ud@k axmif acgi;f aqmifo!f/h tajccHpcef;i,frsm;ud/k tvG,w f ul odr;f Edik cf hJ onf?
use;f ud@k axmifonf Zufc|rjf ynfe,fwiG f tajccHa'owck xlaxmif&ef t }uHjzifh
taemufbufo@kd qkwcf mG xGuaf jy;oGm;cJo h nf?
Tudpu P kd rauseyfojzihf w&kww f jynfv;kH wGif ausmif;om;tH=k uGrr_ sm;
t ES@H tjym;/ ay:ayguv f mcJo h nf? *syefukd ckcq H ef@usi&f ef/ cseaf u&Sw d u f kd awmif;qkd
vmcJ=h uonf? ausmif;om;aygi;f rsm;pGm zrf;qD;jcif;/ owfjzwfjcif; cHc=hJ u&onf?
1933 ckEpS Yf qdAk , D uf A[dt k pd;k & OuUX taejzif/h armfpw D ek ;f u *syef ckcH
qef@usiaf &;wGi/f tajccHo!fh nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk ay:vpDukd csrw S v f u kd o f nf?
qdAk ,
D uf a'orsm;udk wdu k cf u kd jf cif;rjyKv#i/f 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tmrcH
csuaf y;v#i/f *syefukd wu,fcck w H u kd cf u kd v f #i/f *syef e,fcs@J pepf qef@usiaf &;twGu/f
jynforl sm;udk vufeufwyfqifjcif;jyKv#i/f w&kw/f qdAk , D uftpd;k &onf/ *syefuckd ck H
qef@usiaf &;twGuf “rnfo!fv h ufeufuikd t f iftm;pk” ESirhf qdk vufwrJG nf[k aus
nmonf?
od@k &mwGif aygvpfAsK&du k rl rnfo!fh "e&Sif vlwef;pm;ESirhf #/ ryl;aygi;f Edik [ f k
ausnmcJo h nf? vufa0cH "e&Siv f w l ef;f pm;/ "e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;ESihf trsKd ;om;
"e&Sif vlwef;pm;[lI cGjJ cm;jcif; rjyKawmh? "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;tm;vH;k raumif;? 4if;

wd@k tm;vH;k ud/k wdu k zf suyf pf&rnf[k taopGu J ikd cf ohJ nf? =um;vlwef;pm; r&S&d [k w
&m;aoudik cf o hJ nf?
1933 ck 'DZifbmvxJY/ armfpw D ek ;f ESihf csKaw;u w&kw/f qdAk , D uftpd;k &.
ud, k pf m;/ zlusejf ynfe,f&/dS Adv k cf sKyfcsKd ufxifcikd . f “jynfo@l tpd;k &”xHo@kd a=u;eef;&du k f
=um;cJo h nf? Tonfukd aygvpfAsK&du k [ef@wm;cJo h nf? armfpudo k @kd a&mufaeo!fh
0rfrif;u zlusef “jynfo@l tpd;k &” udk todtrSwf rjyKEdik ?f “Adv k cf sKyfcsKd ufxifcikd Ef iS hf
vufqEJG w _ q f uf&rnfqv kd #if ol@ rsucf u G u f kd t&ifwaH wG;ESihf axG;+yD;rS/ E_wq f ufEikd f
rnf” [k qdo k nf? armfpudu k rl “Adv k cf sKyfcsKd ufxifcikd Ef iS hf ppfa&;udprP sm;udk yl;wGv J yk f
Edik of nf? od@k &mwGif "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;udrk /l qufvufa0zef wdu k cf u
kd &f rnf” [k t}uH
ay;onf? od@k wikd af tmif ygww D iG ;f wGif t,ltq uGv J su&f odS jzih/f Adv k cf sKyfcsKd ufxif
cdik Ef iS hf r[mrdwzf @JG a&;udpo P nf rsm;pGm;xda&mufjcif; r&Sv d ?S
Tod@k ygwx D wJ iG f Adv k cf sKyfcsKd ufxifcikd v f kd tiftm;pkrsKd ;ESihf ywfoufI/ o
abmxm;uGv J su&f pdS Of/ cseaf u&Sw d u f yOPr “0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;” xd;k ppfukd pI qifEJ$
onf? yxr cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/ Adv k cf sKyfcsKd ufxifcikd t f m; &Se[ f EJ iS hf a[mifaumif&/dS
4if; . r[mrdwrf sm;ESihf qufo, G jf cif;rjyKEikd af tmif qD;ydwo f nf? xd@k aemuf uGejf rLepf
rsm;ESihf rqufrad p&ef/ usepf -D zluseef ,fpyfukd ydwx f m;onf? 1934 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D
Y/ cseaf u&Sw d u f zluseef ,fx&J /dS Adv k cf sKyfcsKd ufxifcikd . f wyfrsm;udk ydwI f wdu k o f nf
wGi/f Adv k cf sKyfcsKd ufxifcikd f ta&;edrchf &hJ onf? Tod@k jzifh uGejf rLepfw@kd tzd@k Adv k cf sKyf
csKd ufxifcikd Ef iS hf r[mrdwzf @JG a&;udprP mS tqH;k owfc&hJ onf?
1934 ckEpS Yf armfpw D ek ;f ESifh A[dak umfrwDx&J /dS tjcm;aom ygwaD cgi;f
aqmifrsm;/ txl;ojzifh zd;k ul;wd@k oabmxm;uG=J uonf? zd;k ul;wd@k tzG@J u/ “abmf
v&SAD pfvrf;pOf” qdo k nfu/kd udik pf =JG uonf? 4if;wd@k u qdAk , D uf ,le, D efonf/ urBmh
qd&k , S v f pfpepf. rD;&_;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh qdAk , D uf,el , D efukd umuG,&f rnf?
urBmq h &kd , S v f pfawmfveS af &;onf wHcg;acguaf e+yD? w&kwjf ynf. vuf&adS wmfveS f
a&;tqifo h nf/ tqH;k tjzwfay;r!f/h aemufq;kH tqifh jzpfonf[k qd=k uonf? armf
u Ttcsuu f kd vufrcH? w&kwjf ynfwiG f qd&k , S v f pf awmfveS af &; rjzpfEikd af o;?
w&kwjf ynfu awmfveS af &;onf/ "e&Si'f rD u kd a&pD awmfveS af &;omjzpfonf? Tt
qifh r+y;D ao;or#/ qd&k , S v f pf awmfveS af &;/ ay:ayguEf ikd Of ;D rnf r[kw[ f k ,lqonf?
"e&Siv f w l ef;pm;. atmufvm$ ESihf tvwfvm$ ("e&Siaf ygupf vlwef;pm;ESihf trsKd ;
om; "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;) onf/ ,ckwikd f e,fcs@J pepfEiS hf "e&Sif vlwef;pm;. zdEydS rf u _ kd cH

ae&qJ jzpfonf[q k u
kd m cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf 4if;. vlrsm;. tuGrJ sm;/ cseaf u&Sw d u f kd ykef
uefrr_ sm;udk axmufjyonf? w&kwu f eG jf rLepfrsm;onf/ TtuGt J +yrJ sm;udk toH;k cs
&rnf[v k nf;/ armfuwifjyonf? od@k &mwGif w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwo D nf/ TtuGt J
+yJrsm;udk toH;k rjyKEdik cf ?hJ
“wwdik ;f jynfv;kH rSm awmfveS af &; 'Da&}u;D / ay:ayguv f mzd@k twGuf 'Dru kd a&
pDuswhJ Edik if aH &;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&; wdu k yf aJG wGukd qifE&J$ r,f? 'Dwu kd yf aJG wGrmS +rdK@ae "e&Sif
aygupf rsm;vnf; yg0if&r,f” [k armfu ajymcJo h nf? “vuf0”J vrf;pOfonf/ &J&J
awmuf a=uG;a=umforH sm;ud/k a=uG;a=umfo!fw h ikd f +rdK@}uD;rsm;u tvkyo f rm;rsm;/ y
nmwwfrsm;udk acgi;f raqmifEikd cf ?hJ *syefqef@usi&f ef trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;/ tajccH
udk rsuaf jcjywfco hJ jzif/h ygwt D &Sed f =oZm usqif;&onf[k armfu rSwo f m;onf?
1934 ck ygwAD [dak umfrwDpn kH D tpnf; ta0;+yD; o!fah emufwiG rf /l armf.
=oZmt&Sed f t0gonf/ ydI k abmifcwfccH &hJ onf? xdt k pnf;ta0;u/ (17) OD; ygaom
obmywdtzG@J ukd zG@J onf? xdo k bmywdtzG@J u ygwOD uUXwOD;udk tcsed rf a&G; jzKwfcs
Edik /f a&G;cs,Ef ikd o f nf? Tod@k jzifh ygwOD uUX armf. tajctaeonf pd;k &drpf &m jzpf
vmonf? ygwaD u'grsm;udk avhusiahf y;&efvnf;/ armfu h kd cGirhf jyKawmh? ygw. D Edik if H
a&;ESihf ynma&;Xme}uD ;jzpfo!f/h jynfo@l Edik if aH &;aumifpD OuUXtjzpfrv S nf; z,f
&Sm;ypfvu kd o
f nf? armfu au'grsm;twGuf wuUov kd w f ck/ oifwef;ausmif;wckEiS hf
vDeif oifwef;ausmif; trsm;tjym;zGiv hf pS of nf? oifwef;om;rsm;tm;/ awm
awmifrsm;udk ausmjf zwfum/ jynforl sm;ESihf awG@qakH ponf? vlxrk sm;xHomG ;I/ avh
vmaponf? jynforl sm;u “OuUX}uD;armfu v$wv f u kd o f !fh au'grsm;ud/k cspcf if
=uonf” [kqo kd nf? armfu Tod@k jynforl sm;ESihf tqufrjywfatmif }uHzefvyk f
vmaomtcg/ armf. =oZmonf jynforl sm;xJwiG /f tjrpfw, G o f nfxuf wG,v f m
awmhrnf[k wzufu pd;k &drv f monf? &k&mS ;jyef “abmfv&SAD pf” (28) OD;tzG@J 0if/ csef
a0h&eS u f Twm0efukd armhx f rH oS rd ;f ,lonf? cseaf 0h&eS o f nf ygwAD [dak umfrwD. t
wGi;f a&;r_;csKyfvnf; jzpfvmonf? armfu rnfo@kd r# rajym? ygwn D ! D wG af &;udk =u!fh
um/ rnfo@kd r#vnf; wH@k jyefjcif;r&S?d “tcsed u f akd pmihzf @kd vw kd ,f” [komajymonf? ol@
vkyif ef;udk olqufvyk o f nf? ae@nra&Smif jrif;wpD;/ rSet f rd w f vH;k jzifh aus;&GmtES@H
av#mufomG ;onf? “jrif;cGmoH=um;&if OuUX}uD; armfbq J wkd m u|eaf wmfw@kd twyf
odae=u+yD” [k a,yif;rS v,form;rsm;u ajymvdu k =f uonf?
1933 ck =o*kwv f xJwiG f cseaf u&Sw d . f yOPr xd;k ppf ponf? cseo f nf T

xd;k ppftwGuf aiGtrsm;}uD;oH;k onf? tar&duefEiS hf +Adwed rf S aiGacs;onf? wyfom;
woef;tjyif/ wifu h m;rsm;/ av,Ofrsm;udv k nf; oH;k onf? Adv k cf sKyf}uD; AGeq
f uf t
ygt0if/ *smref ppfyg&*lw@kd ./ tultnDuv kd nf;,lonf? AGeq f ufrmS cseaf u&Sw d u f kd
tultnDay;&ef/ [pfwvmu v$wv f ukd jf cif;jzpfonf?
“tukev f /k tukeo f wf/ tuke&f @d_ ” qdo k !fh ajrvSe0f g'ud/k vufawG@ usihf
oH;k onf? pD;yGm;a&; ydwq f @kd &eftwGuf ygwD A[dpk cef; ywfvnfwiG f axmifaygi;f rsm;
pGmaom uwkwrf sm;wl;aponf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom&Gmrsm;udk a&$@ypfonf? p
cef;ywfvnfwiG f oJuE mW &}uD;udk jzwfI/ (18) rdik u f s,af om/ ajrmif;}uD;wckukd csef
au&Sw d u f twl;cdik ;f ojzif/h v,form; woef;aocJ&h onf? Tajrmif;}u;D udk aorif;
pufuiG ;f [k ac: =uonf? xdrk #ru pcef;ywfywfvnfu &Gmrsm;/ opfyifrsm;/ pdu k f
cif;rsm; tm;vH;k udv k nf; rD;&_@d ypfonf? Tonfukd rD;pufuiG ;f [kac: =uonf? 4if;wd@k
tjyifbufurS/ xk ajcmufrikd &f o dS !fh uwkwu f si;f rsm;udk wl;um pufaoewfrsm;jzifh
apmifo h nf?
uGejf rLepfajrESihf ta&mif;t0,fvyk o f /l uGejf rLepfrsm;xH qm;ESihf tpm;t
pm a&mif;olrsm;udk &uf&ufpufpuf ao'%fay;onf? wdik ;f jynft0Sr;f &S/d ausmif;
rsm;/ +rdK@i,frsm;udk vsKd @0u S yf v k yd t f zG@J u csKyfuikd x f m;onf? &GmxJwiG f teDw@kd ukd t
ultnDay;ol/ wa,mufr# r&Sad p&? &Sv d #if w&GmvH;k tjypfay;cH&onf?
Tod@k t0dik ;f cH&o!fw h ikd f A[dak umfrwDu atmifyrJG sm;&aeonf[k a=uG;
a=umfonf? armfu Tod@k r,lq? cseaf u&Sw d uf ydwq f @kd xm;o!ft h wGu/f 1933 ck
Ed0k ifbmavmufwiG f teDpcef;rsm;Y pD;yGm;a&; t=uyftwnf;rsm;ud/k }uHKawG@ae&+yD?
wyfom;tusq;kH / vufeuftqH;k t&_;H uvnf;/ tvGerf sm;ae+yD? “'Dvkd tajctae
rsKd ;rSm ckcw H ukd cf u
kd &f r,fqw kd m[m tvGeq f ;kd +y;D / tvGerf u kd rf &J musw,f” [k armfu
ajymcJo h nf? Zefe0g&v D wGif wyfeaD wmf. r¾dKifwyfrsm;ud/k usepf -k csu J ef-tefa0S;
jynfe,frsm;od@k xd;k azmuf0ifomG ;&rnf-----? Tod@k vyk Ef ikd v f #if cseaf u&Sw d f ta&;
w}uD;xm;o!f/h }wd*+H rdK@ jya'oudk xd;k azmufEikd rf nf? Tod@k jzifh cHppfrS xd;k ppfo@kd
ajymif;&rnf[k wifjycJo h nf? od@k &mwGif armf.wifjycsuu f kd zd;k ul;u vufrcH? T
onfrmS awmyke;f "m;jy ay:vpDjzpfonf? “aus;vuftawG;tac:” jzpfonf[k qdck hJ
onf? TwGif armfu pDru H ed ;f w&yf wifjyefonf? wyfeaD wmfudk [leefjynfe,fxo J @kd
qkw&f ef/ &efo@l ukd ud, k ehf ,fxaJ &mufatmif jrmS ;ac:I t+y;D acsre_ ;f &ef jzpfonf? T
pDru H ed ;f udv
k nf; yg,cf svu kd o f nf?

{+yDvxJY usiu f ef;awmifwef;ESihf A[kpd cef;t=um;&S/d ta&;}uD;aom +rdK@
ESp+f rdK@ukd &efou l odr;f onf? (pltcD |e;f ESihf uGecf se+f rdK@rsm;?) &efou l kd “wHcg;0 ra&muf
atmif [ef@wm;xm;jcif;” rjyKEdik af wmh? &efo. l 0dik ;f ywfru _ wjznf;jznf; wif;=uyf
vm+yD? A[dpk cef; e,fajrrSmvnf;/ }uHK@omG ;+yD? wyfeaD wmfu &efou l kd oGm;wdu k vf #if
vnf;/ wyfv;kH jyKwfco hJ nfomrsm;onf? “u|eaf wmfw@kd &JabmfawG&@J tavmif;awG
[m v,fuiG ;f xJrmS jy!fah ewmyJ? aEGa&mufvmawmh teH@uvnf;/ odyjf yif;w,f?
tJ'D e,fajrxJrmS u|eaf wmfw@kd w0Jvnfvnf vkyaf e&w,f?” [k usepf rD S wyfom;
a[mif;}uD;rsm;u ajym=uonf? pdw"f gwu f sp&m}uD; jzpfonf? armfpw D ek ;f u ygwD
ppf aumfr&Sio f @kd pmwrf;wapmif wifonf? xkpd mwrf;udv k nf; y,fcsvu kd o f nf?
ygwD ppfaumfr&Sio f nf/ 1934 ckEpS u f wnf;u uGaJ eonf? csLtifvikd ;f ESihf
csLaw;onf ppfaumfr&Sif tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpfae=uo!fw h ikd f aumfr&Siu f csrw S o f !f/h
aoe*FAsK[mrsm;udk ra=uvnf? xd@k a=umifh csKtifvikd ;f u zd;k ul;/ vDawh (atmfwb kd
&Ge;f ) polw@kd EiS hf aqG;aEG;onf? vDawhu pm;yGu J kd vufo;D ESihf xkonf? ol@aoe*FAsK
[mudk rajymif;Edik [ f k qdo k nf? xdt k csed Yf armfpudw k iG af &mufaeol 0rfrif;u ygwD
ESihf ppfwyf jyefvnfpnf;&H;k a&;/ abmfv&SAD pf yDoatmif vkyaf &;onf/ tajctae t
vGeaf umif;ae+yD? cse. f xd;k ppf+ydKoGm;um/ wyfeaD wmfwyfrsm;u +cdr+hf cdro hf o J J atmif
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ulrifwefu tajccHpcef;udzk I d / ydwv f mpOf/ ygwAD [du k / “ajrwvufr# r
ay;&” [k trde@f xw k o f nf? wyfom;rsm;/ uwkwu f si;f rsm;xJwiG f tem;r&? tpm
iwf/ a&iwf jzpf=u&onf? 1934 ck =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmvrsm;wGi/f wyfom;w
a,muf. &dumQ rSm/ wae@v#if qef (12) atmifpr#om &Sad wmhonf?
Zlvikd v f (15) &ufae@Y/ zefcsrD if; acgi;f aqmifo!f/h wyfeaD wmfppfa=umif;
wck &efo. l ydwq f @kd ru _ kd azmufxu G v f mcJo h nf? 4if;. ppfa=umif;udk *syefqef@usif
a&;wyfO;D [k ac:onf? xdpk pfa=umif;. &nf&, G cf surf mS *syefuw kd u kd &f ef/ ppfajrjyif
od@k oGm;a&; jzpfonf[k ausnmonf? zefcsrD if;. ppfa=umif;onf 1933 ckEpS w f iG f
armf csrw S cf o
hJ !f/h pnf;urf;csurf sm;udk vufco H !f/h rnfo!fw h yfEiS rhf qdk aygi;f I/ *s
yefuckd ck rH nfqo kd !fh oabmxm;rsKd ;jzif/h xGuv f mcJjh cif;jzpfonf? od@k &mwGif 4if;.
ppfa=umif;udk &efou l aemufyikd ;f rS 0ifI/ cg;jzwfypfonf? zefcsrD if;udk t&Sizf rf;oGm;
um cse&f mS ;wGif avSmiftrd jf zifh jyxm;onf? xd@k aemuf opfypfvu kd =f uonf? 4if;.
wyftcsKd @ vGwv f mum/ 1938 ckEpS t f xd/ csu J ef-zlusef e,fpyfa'owGi/f ajymuf

usm;ppfukd qifEaJ$ e&onf? xd@k aemufusrS 1937 ckEpS w f iG f zG@J pnf;vdu k of !f/h pwkwˆ
wyfrawmfonf aygi;f rdomG ;onf?
TtwGi;f Y cseaf u&Sw d . f *smref av,mOfr;_ rsm;u A[dpk cef;udk ae@wikd ;f
AH;k }uJ=uonf? pufaoewfjzifh ypfonf? cseaf u&Sw d u f av,OfysH (150) jzifh wdu k f
onf? A[dak umfrwDuv kd nf; jzef@cyJG pfvu kd of nf?
=o*kwv f wGif apmfuEJ iS hf 0rfcsi;f uGyu f oJ !f/h wyfeaD wmf ppfa=umif;ESpcf u k
usiu f ef;awmif&;kd tajccHpcef;udk 0dik ;f xm;o!f/h &efo@l wyfukd azmufxu G +f yD;aemuf
auG@acsmifjynfe,fzufo@kd 0ifco hJ nf? auG@acsmifjynfe,frmS [d@k vek . f e,fajrjzpf
onf? &efol pwkwx ˆ ;kd ppfY/ [d@k vek .f tajccHpcef; jyKwfomG ;aomfvnf;/ ajymuf
usm;wyfprk sm;u/ xkad 'owGif qufI v_y&f mS ;ae=uonf? [d@k vek Ef iS hf 4if;.wyfom;
(20000) wd@k auG@acsmifjynfe,f taemufyikd ;f od@k a&$@I/ v_y&f mS ;aeonf? apmfuEJ iS hf
0rfcsi;f wd@k . wyfrsm;onf/ [d@k vek . f wyfrsm;ESiahf ygi;f um/ 'kw, d wyfrawmfuzkd @JG
onf? [d@k vek u f wyfr;_ }uD;jzpfI/ armf.&Jabmf csiaf y&S;D u/ Edik if aH &;r_;jzpfonf?
A[dpk cef; a'owGi/f &efoEl iS hf wdu k yf jJG yif;xefaeonf? wcgw&HwiG f wyfom;
rsm; (24) em&Dv;kH vH;k / rem;yJ/ csw D uf&o!ft h cgrsKd ;vnf; &Sw d wfonf? 1934 ckEpS f
=o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmvwGif armfonf iSuzf sm;a&m*gjyefxum/ tylcsed f (105)
txd xufwufonf?
tcsKd @ ordik ;f q&mrsm;u/ 1934 ck aEG&moDwiG /f armfu h kd ygwu D zrf;xm;
onf? od@k r[kwf tus,cf sKyfjzifx h m;onf[k a&;=uonf? trsm;tm;jzifh xku d mv
wGif ygwrD S xGuaf jy;vmolrsm;./ owif;rsm;udk tajccH a&;=ujcif;jzpfonf? od@k &m
wGif armf. ud, k &f aH wmf csizf ek ;f ESihf a'ocHjynforl sm;. pum;t&qdv k #i/f armfukd w
cgr# ygwu D zrf;qD;jcif;r&Scd ?hJ armf. t,ltqudk 0dik ;f wdu k af e=uonfqo kd nfrmS rSef
onf? od@k &mwGif atmufajcygw0D ifxu k / ygwx D yd yf ikd ;f wGif jzpfaeo!f/h vrf;pOfEpS f
&yfwu kd yf uJG kd vH;k vH;k rod=u? atmufajcu ar;vmo!ft h cgwiG /f ,ck enf;y&d,m,f
rsm;rS armf.enf;y&d,m,frsm;jzpfonf? tenf;i,fjyK jyifrrG ;f rHxm;jcif;om jzpfonf
[k ygwt D m%mydik rf sm;u ajymcJ=h uonf? Tonfuakd xmufI/ armf. =oZmonf
ygwx D w J iG f rnfr# }uD;rm;a=umif; odEikd o f nf?
1934 ck arvY armfonf awmifbufppfa=umif;/ uwkwu f si;f rsm;udk vdu k f
=u!fo h nf? wyfom;rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;um/ uwkwu f si;f rsm;xJrS qkwcf mG ay;&ef/ wyf
rsm;em;&ef/ wifjyonf? v_y&f mS ;ppfukd qifE&J$ ef/ &efo. l ydwq f @kd ru_ kd azmufxu G &f ef/

t}uaH y;onf? =o*kwv f ESihf pufwifbmvxJwiG /f armfonf ,lu;kd a'o&S/d ausmuf
wH;k wdrw f u
kd f awmifwef;udk qkwcf mG vmcJo h nf? armfonf xdak wmif&;kd ay:wGif iSuzf sm;
t}uD;tus,f zsm;o!fw h ikd /f rem;rae tvkyv f yk of nf? armfu wcGe;f r# rnnf;?
ol@uykd if pmoifay;vdu k af o;onf[k ud, k &f aH wmf csizf ek ;f u ajymjyonf? ygwD au'g
rsm;twGuf “w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygw”D [laom pmwrf;udk
Tawmif&;kd ay:wGif a&;onf[k ,lq&onf?
armfonf wyfom;rsm;udk *&kpu kd o f nf? ud, k w f ikd f +cdK;+cHac|wmonf? ol@t
wGuf wyfom;rsm;u qm;,lvmaomfvnf; olrpm;? aq;&Hu k vlrrmrsm;udk a0ay;
onf? armf iSuzf sm;wufI/ tylcsed f (105) a&mufo!ft h cgwiG /f usiu f ef;awmifwef;
uwnf;u vdu k vf maom/ a'guw f m e,fvqefz;l u vm=u!fo h nf? armfu “q&m
0efrsm; &Sm;aeonf? ol@twGuf olemjyKwa,mufavmuf&v dS #i/f vHak vmuf+yD” [k
jiif;onf? a'guw f mzl;u =uufpyG jf yKwfau|;v#iv f nf; rpm;? wyfom;awGe@J cGaJ 0pm;
rnf[k qdo k nf? ol@twGuf pm;aumif;aomufz, G f pDraH y;o!fh a'guw f mzl;udk a0
zefonf?
“OuUX}uD; armf&@J ,leaD zmif;u u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J twlwyl ”J [k ud, k &f aH wmf
csizf ek ;f u ajymjyonf? ol@ ,leaD zmif;rSm xl;jcm;wmqdv k @kd / tdyu f yf}uD;wm wckyJ
&Sw
d ,f? 'DtxJrmS rSwpf ak wG/ pmtkyaf wG/ ajryHak wG tukex f !fw h myJ? ttdyt f ae
uvnf;/ odyef nf;awmh/ wu,fh ydeyf ed u f av;yJ &Sad wmhw,f? ol@rmS a&eHqD rSet f rd f
uav; wvH;k &Sw d ,f? v,form;awGqo D mG ;&if/ jrif;ay:rSm 'DreS t f rd u
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wifomG ;wwfw,f? t&m&mudk pl;prf;zd@k / jrifor#ukd rSwo f m;zd@k / u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd t+rJ
wef; oif=um;w,f? npm pm;+yD;&if/ rSet f rd x f eG ;f / tdyaf xmifu;kd ckygw/hJ ausmyd;k tdyf
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“+rdK@av;w+rdK@avmufukd odr;f +yD;&if/ OuUX}uD; armf[m/ tpd;k &&H;k awGe@J pm
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w,f? jyefvm&if pmtkyaf wGu wxrf;}uD;yJ? OuUX}uD; armfu zwf+yD;odr;f csiw f m&Sd
&if/ cJwefteDe@J jcpfxm;w,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd u jzwfawmuf odr;f ay;&w,f?”
1931 ckEpS w f iG f armfonf 'kw, d t}udrf tdraf xmifjyKonf? usepf jD ynf
e,f v,form;wOD;. orD;/ [dZk cl si;f qdo k !fh ygw&D aJ bmfr wOD;jzpfonf? 4if;ESihf
om;orD; ESpaf ,mufxeG ;f um;onf? ol@xo H @kd {!fo h nfrsm;/ t+rw J rf;vmwwfonf?

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No.

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3 3

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10 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3

Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3 11

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12 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3

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Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3 13

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14 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3

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16 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3

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18 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3

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44 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3

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48 Luminary Magazine Volume 4, No. 3

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