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1 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.1

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N Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.1N 1

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2 NLuminary MagazineVolume 5,No.1N

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Ak'b< mom0if wpfa,muftwGuf vGwv f yfro _S nfom y"ge jzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfr_S
onf[m b0&JŒ &nfreS ;f csuf jzpfygw,f? vGwv f yfro S nf[m b0&JŒ wpfcw k nf;aom tESpo f m&
jzpfygw,f?
'ga=umif@ Ak'b < mom0ifwpfa,muf[m olu, dk w f ikd f vGwv f yfr&_S atmif vky&f rSm
jzpfovdk wjcm;olawGuv kd nf; vGwv f yfr&_S atmif tm;ay;uln&D ygr,f? wyg;ol&ŒJ vGwv f yfru _S kd
xdyg;zsuq f ;D ol/ wyg;oltay: zdEydS cf sKyfcs,f wJ@ol[m Ak'b < momeJ@ qef@usio f l jzpfygw,f?
&[ef;oHCmrcsef axmifoGif;tusOf;csaejyD; wdkif;jynfwpfckvHk;udk trsKd;rsKd;
ue@o f wfcsKyfcs,af ewJ@ ppftm%m &Sirf sm;[m Ak'b < mom0ifv@dk ud, k @f u, kd uf kd ac:cGi@f r&Syd gb;l ?
Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkfifiHom;rsm;tay: xifovdk cs,fvS,fEdkifzdk@twGuf Ak'<bmom&JŒ
rsuEf mS zH;k udk pGyx f m;wJ@ rdpm> 'dXrd sm;om jzpfygw,f?
ppfAdkvfcsKyf=uD;rsm;taeeJ@ b,favmufyJ bmoma&;udk tm;ay;axmufyH@wJ@
yHrk sK;d vkyjf yaeapumrl olw@kd vufxufrmS Ak'b < mom&JŒ wu,f@tESpo f m&jzpfw@J vGwv f yfr_S
qdw k m wpweawmif ruseaf wm@ygb;l ? vGwv f yfa&; wdu k yf 0JG ifc@J wJ@ ocifoed ;f azwd@k vdk
yk*Kd~ vf=uD;awGawmif vGwv f yfa&;ae@ ESpyf wfvnfyu JG kd vGwv f w G f vyfvyf vkycf iG @f r&awm@w@J
tjzpf a&mufaeygjyD?
vGwv f yfru_S kd ydwyf ifwm[m Ak'b < momudk ydwyf ifwmeJ@ twlwyl gy?J vGwv f yfciG @f
r&Sw d m[m Ak'b < mom r&Sw d meJ@ twlwyl gy?J Ak'b < mom xGe;f um;jcif; &Srd &Sd qdw k mudk vGwv f yfr_S
&Srd &Sqd w kd @J aywHe@J om wdik ;f wm&ygr,f?
Ak'b< mom0if jrefrmEkid if o H m;awGtaeeJ@ ud, k t f xGwt f jrwfxm;wJ@ Ak'b < momudk
qufvuf wnfw@H apcsif w,fq&kd if ppftm%m&Si=f u;D rsm;&JŒ [efjy bmoma&; tvkyaf wGukd
txifr=uD;zd@k vdyk gw,f? tay:,H bmoma&; tvkyu f kd ckw;kH vkyjf yD; wu,f@ Ak'b < momudk
zsuq f ;D aewJ@ ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usizf @dk vdyk gw,f? 'Dtm%m&Sipf epf ysuo f ek ;f rSom
Ak'<bmom tppftrSef xGef;um;rSmjzpfjyD; vGwfvyfrS_udkvnf; &&SdcHpm;EdkifrSm jzpfa=umif;
oabmaygu=f uzd@k vdyk gw,f?
tydik ;f -2 -
b,facwf b,ftcgrmS yJ jzpfjzpf tm%m&Sirf sm; t"du &ifqidk &f wJh jy\emuawmh
w&m;0ifa&;yJ jzpfygw,f? olw@dk rw&m;&,lxm; wJh tm%m[m w&m;0if &&Sx d m; wm
jzpfwt hJ a=umif;/ olw@kd [m tm%mudk &oif@xku d o
f ihw f hJ twGuf &aejcif;omjzpfa=umif;/
jynfolvlxk vufcH,kH=unfaeatmif &EkdiforSsenf;vrf;awGeJ@ tpGrf;ukef =udK;pm;wwf
=uygw,f? 'ga=umihv f nf; a&S;acwfu tm%m&Sirf sm;[m olw@dk u, dk o f w l @dk bk&m; rsK;d EG,af wGyJ
jzpfovkdvkd/ bk&m;uyJ olwkd@udk tm%m&Sifrsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcef@tyfxm;ovkdvdk
,k=H unfra_ wGe@J vSnzfh sm;+yD; ykrH mS ;¶ku d cf =hJ uygw,f? jrihjf rwf aom&Sib f &k if (Divine King) qkw d hJ
pum;vk;H [m onfvdk vSnzfh sm;r_awGrS ay:ayguv f mwJh pum;vk;H jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmEkid if rH mS acwftqufquf tkycf sKyfcw hJ hJ bk&ifawG[mvnf; olw@dk w&m;0if
jzpfa&;twGuf onfvv dk nS zfh sm; wJeh nf;awGukd usio fh ;Hk cJ=h uwmygy?J 'gayr,fh jrefrmEkid if rH mS
vltrsm;pku Ak'b < momudk ud;k uG,af ewJh twGuf olw@dk ud, k o f w l @dk jrihjf rwfaombk&ifawG
vk@d awmh vkyv f @dk r&cJyh gb;l ? onftpm; Ak'b < mom0ifawG ud;k uG,w f hJ Ak'j< rwfpmG eJ@ trsKd ;awmf
oa,mifa,mif vkyw f wf=uygw,f?
ousomuD0ifrsKd ;qkw d t hJ ok;H [m 'gu&kd nfne$ ;f jyaewJh pum;vk;H yg? Ak'j< rwfpmG vnf;
ousomuD0ifrsKd ;/ igvnf; ousomuD0ifrsKd ;/ 'ga=umihf igu Ak'e< @J aqGawmfrsKd ;awmf jzpfw,f
vdk ah umufcsuq f jJG ywwfygw,f? onfvdk Ak'j< rwfpmG eJ@ aqGrsKd ;awmfovkv d yk cf =hJ uayr,fh Ak'&< ŒJ
twkukd ,l+yD; uk, d uf sKd ; pGe@f v$wf wmrsKd ;udak wmh b,ftm%m&Sirf S vkycf w hJ m rawGŒ&ygb;l ?
olwkd@ tm%m w&m;0ifjzpfa&;eJ@ olwkd@tm%m wnf+rJa&; twGufom Ak'<jrwfpGmudk
wvJt G ok;H cswmrsKd ;yJ vkycf =hJ u ygw,f?
onfvAdk 'k j< rwfpmG udk tok;H cs&mrSm tqk;d qk;H wckawmh Ak'j< rwfpmG &JŒ ¶kyx f u
k kd rukÉd af wG
rif;ajrmufwefqmawGe@J qif,if+y;D tm%m&Sif wpfyg;&JŒ toGirf sKd ; xkvyk f =ujcif;ygy?J onfvdk
xkvyk Ef idk zf @kd twGuf r,kEH idk pf &m Zmwfa=umif;awG udv k nf; zefw;D cJ=h uygw,f? onfZmwf
a=umif;awG b,favmuf cdkifrmjcif; &Sd§r&Sdqkdwmudk tomxm;vkd@ Ak'<bmom0if awG
ud;k uG,w f hJ Ak'j< rwfpmG udk onfvv dk yk jf cif;[m Ak'j< rwfpmG udk ¶kad oav;pm;orSKeJ@ *k%jf yKwmvm;
'grrS [kwf zsuv f zdk suq f ;D ESrd chf sypfwmvm; qkw d mukd t"duxm;+yD; qef;ppf=unhcf siyf gw,f?
Ak'<bmom0ifawG udk;uG,fwJh Ak'<jrwfpGmqkdwm xD;eef;udkpGef@cGm+yD; vlom;rsm;
vGwv f yfr&_ &Sad &;twGuf vrf;jy cJo h o l m jzpfygw,f?jrwfA'k &< ŒJ orkid ;f udk jyef=unfrh ,fq&d k if tm%m&Sipf epf&ŒJ
bufom;vm;/ tm%m&Sipf epfud k qef@usiw f o hJ vl m; qkw d m txift&Sm;odEid k yf gw,f? jrwfA'k u < k d vGecf w hJ hJ
ESpaf ygi;f 2500ausmu f oka'<g"ebk&ife@J rm,mrdz&k m;wd@krS arG; zGm;cJw h myg? tJonfumv[m bk&ifpepf
xGe;f um;wJu h mvjzpfygw,f? bk&ifpepfqw dk m tkypf ;kd olb&k ifu wkid ;f oljynf om;awGudk
t=uiG ;f rJyh ik d q f id k w
f ph J epfyg? bk&ifawGu t&Sio f cifawGjzpf+y;D / wkid ;f oljynfom;awGu aus;useG af wGjzpfae
&wJhpepfyg? bk&ifawGu wkdif;oljynfom;awGudk olwdk@tvkd&SdorSs ckdif;apEkdif¶kHomru
toufuo dk wfr,fq&dk ifyif owfciG &fh w dS mrk@d oufO;D qHyidk b f &k ifpepfv@dk vnf; ac:ygw,f? jrwfA'k <
arG;zGm;=u;D jyif; cJ&h wm[m onfvv dk rl qefwhJ pepf xJrmS yg?
Ak'j< rwfpmG &JŒ trnfu od'w < jW zpfygw,f? tvk&d o dS rSs jynfph w Hk ohJ @l b0ukd &nfne$ ;f +yD;
onfemrnfay;xm;wmvkd@ qkdygw,f? onfvkdjynfhpkHatmif zefwD;ay;wJh zcrnf;awmf
oka'<g"e[m b,favmuf tm%m&Srd vJqw dk m udv k nf; rSe;f =unfEh idk yf gw,f? eef;rok;H aqmife@J
armif;rrd\rH sm;pGmeJ@ umr*k%pf nf;pdru f kd tvd&k o dS vdk cHpm;Ekid f w,fv@dk usr;f *efrsm;rSm
qkx d m;ygw,f?
wu,fawmh onfvdkpnf;pdrfawG[m tm%m&Sifpepfu zef;wD;ay;xm;wJh
pnf;pdrcf sr;f omawGyg? od'w < [ W m tm%m&Sipf epfuay;wJh pnf;pdru f dk ESpo f uforl [kwyf gb;l ?
vlvcl si;f useG jf yK+y;D &&Sw d hJ csr;f omokcrsKd ;udk rpif avmufvef; uJo h @dk pufqyk &f &HG mS oljzpfygw,f?
aemuf+yD; Ak'<tavmif;tvsm od'<wW[m tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu vlom;awG&JŒ
qif;&J'u k aQ wGukd vnf; r=unf&h ufol jzpfygw,f? olw@dk vkd t&Sio f cifawGu pnf;pdrcf sr;f om
awGukd tvSsyH g,f cHpm;aewJt h csed rf mS jynf olawGuawmh pm;&rJah omuf&rJh jzpfaewmudk
=unh+f yD; raysmrf &$if jzpfaeolyg?
tm&Swu dk &f ŒJ tvif;a&mifqw dk hJ uAsmpmtkyrf mS (urBm'h u k aQ =umifh toJuaGJ eol)vk@d
jrwfA'k u < kd wifpm;xm; ovkyd gy?J avmu&JŒ qif;&JawGu=kd unf+h y;D xD;eef;pnf;pdru f dk raysmEf idk b f J
jzpfaeolyg? 'ga=umifv h nf; tm%m&Sif pepf&ŒJ aus;useG f awGtjzpfe@J qif;&J'u k t Q rsKd ;rsKd ;ukd
cHae&wJh vlom;awGudk b,fvkdvGwfajrmufatmif vkyfay;&rvJvkd@ tcsdefeJ htrSs
pOf;pm;awG;awmaewwfyg w,f?
onfvpdk Of;pm;aewwfwt hJ wGuf crnf;awmf oka'<g"eu olawmxGurf mS pd;k &dr+f yD;
pnf;pdrfcsrf;omtrsdK;rsdK;udk zef;wD;ay;w,fvkd@ qkd=uygw,f? 'gayr,hf ynmOm%feJ@
arwWm*¶k%m}uD;rm;vSwhJ od'w < u W kd tm%m&Sipf nf;pdru f b,frmS csKyfaESmifxm;Ekid yf grh vJ?
touf 29 ESpfrSm od'<wW[m vGwfajrmufr_w&m;udk &SmazGzkd@ xD;eef;udkpGef@+yD;
awmxGucf yhJ gw,f? onfvdk xD; eef;pGe@f omG ;wmudk =unfjh cif;jzihf od'w < [ W m tm%m&Sib f 0udk
b,favmufpufqkyfovJqkdwm odomvSygw,f? ol[m xD;eef;&dyfjidrfudk ausmckdif;jyD;
rif;ajrmufwefqmawGudk pGef@ypfxm;cJhygw,f? qHyifrsm;udk &dwfypfjyD; ouFef;0wf
omra%b0od@k ul;ajymif;vku d yf g w,f? igvw G af jrmufovkd vlwidk ;f vGwaf jrmuf&r,f qkw d hJ
&nfreS ;f csuef @J vlom;wkid ;f usiEfh idk w f hJ vGwaf jrmufa&;w&m;udk toufeJ &h if;jy;D &SmazGcyhJ gw,f?
ajcmuf E S p f = um+yD ; wJ h t csd e f r S m od ' < w W [ m vG w f a jrmuf a &;vrf ; pOf w pf c k u d k
ud k , f w k d i f u sih f o k H ; awG Œ &S d + yD ; orR m orŠ K '< qk d w J h bk & m;bJ G Œ xl ; ud k cH , l v d k u f y gw,f ?
oludk,fwkdifvGwfajrmuf+yD;wJhtcgrSm xD;eef;pGef@pOfwkef;u xm;&SdcJhwJh &nfrSef;csufudk
taumiftxnf jyefazmfygw,f? igvw G af jrmufwt hJ wkid ;f vlwidk ;f vGwaf jrmuf&r,fv@kd ol
a=uG;a=umfcw hJ ,f r[kwyf gvm;? jrwfA'k [ < m vlawG=um;xJ jyef0if+yD; vlwidk ;f usi}fh uHEidk w f hJ
vGwaf jrmufa&; w&m;udk a[m=um;ygw,f?
jrwfAk'<[ m tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ajzmifhajzmihfq ef@ usifwJh oHCmhtzJGŒwckudk
vuf a wG Œ wnf a xmif j yocJ h y gw,f ? 'g a=umih f v nf ; tm%m&S i f p epf a tmuf r S m
rGef;=uyfpGmae=u&wJh wkdif;oljynfom;awGu Ak'<aemufudk vkdufcJh=uwm jzpfyg w,f?
rif;nDrif;om;/ olaÏ;ol=uG,af wGa&m/ qif;&Jom; rif;r_xrf;/ v,form;/ ,morm;awGyg
tm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ vufatmufu vGwaf jrmufwhJ oHCmhtzGŒJ xJudk 0ifa&mufc=hJ uygw,f?
Ak'<jrwfpGm[m ol@&JŒaqGrsdK;om;csif;awGudkvnf; tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu
vGwaf jrmufatmif vkyaf y;cJyh gw,f? rdaxG;awmf a*gwrD tygt0if/ =uif,mawmf ,aomf"&m/
om;awmf &m[kvm/ nDawmf tmeENm tp&Sw d hJ olawGudk &[ef; jyKcdik ;f cJyh gw,f?
'g[m tm%m&SifawGtwGuf pdk;&drfp&maumif;vSygw,f? olwdk@pdwfwkdif;us
cs,v f ,S Ef idk w f hJ wkid ;f oljynfom; awG olw@dk vufatmufu vGwu f ek &f if olw@kd &ŒJ tm%m&Sib f 0
qkH;cef;wkdifoGm;rSmayhg? tkyfpkd;cHr&Sdawmh&if tkyfpdk;olqkd wm b,fvkd&SdEkdifygawmhrvJ?
aus;useG q f w dk m r&Sad wmh&if t&Sio f cifqw kd m b,frmS &Syd gawmhrvJ? onfvedk @J Ak'b < momudk
tm%m&Siaf wG acwftqufquf trsKd ;rsKd ; zsuq f ;D cJ=h uwmyg?
tm%m&Siaf wG ta=umufq;Hk uawmh jrwfA'k [ < m tm%m&Sipf epfukd qef@usio f jl zpf
w,fqw dk hJ tcsuyf gy?J olw@dk u jrwfA'k [ < m olw@dk enf;wl tm%m&Sijf zpfw,fvdk @vyk cf siaf ewmyg?
'ga=umihf jrwfA'k u < d k tm%m&Siyf rH k sKd ;eJ@ xkvyk f ud;k uG,&f if vdw k &w,fqw d k mrsKd ; 0g'jzef@wwf=uygw,f?
'gudk ,ckxufwkdif tm%m&Sifpepfa tmufu rvGwfa jrmufEkdif= uao;wJh
Ak'b < mom0if jrefrmEkid if o H m;awG em;vnfaezk@d vdyk gw,f? jrwfA'k [ < m tm%m&Sirf [kwyf gb;l ?
jrwfA'k [ < m tm%m&Siaf wG tjrwfwEk;d 0wfqifxm;wJh rukÉd af wG/ rif;ajrmufwefqmawGukd
pGe@f vw $ cf o hJ o l m jzpfygw,f? jrwfA'k < tm%m&Sipf epfukd olu, kd w
f idk v f nf; qef@usif pGe@f cmG cJo
h vkd
wjcm;olawGudkvnf; qef@usifpGef@cGmatmif a[majym vrf;n$efcJhol jzpfw,fqkdwm
odxm;&ygr,f?
Ak'<bmom0ifawGtaeeJ@ ukd,fudk;uG,fwJh Ak'<jrwfpGmtwkdif; tm%m&Sifpepfudk
qef@usifzkd@vdkygw,f? tm%m&Sif pepfudk qef@usifjcif;[m Ak'<bmom0ifwdk@&JŒ yxrqkH;
usi0fh wfjzpfygw,f? ?('Drkdu&ufwpf jrefrmhtoH a&'D,dkwGif xkwfv$ifhcJhaom aqmif;yg;jzpfygonf?)
armifomrn
atmifjrifoel J SHh&;HkS edro
hf l
armif0o
H
avmurSm ekid o f el @J &H;_ olqw dk m &Spd jrJygyAJ sm? ekid of l &H;_ olt=um;rSm bmawGumG jcm;
ovJqw dk mukd pepfwusavhvmcsuw f pfck zwfvu kd rf w
d mav; azmufonfcsyg&ap? (ckwavm
uk,d yf idk af qmif;yg; ra&;jzpfv@kd bmomjyef pmwpfy'k f a&;yk@d vku d yf gw,f?)
1? atmifjrifoal wG[m ajz&Si;f wJeh nf;awGudk OD;pm;ay;&SmazGw,f?
&H;_ edro hf al wG[m jy\emukyd J tav;xm;jyD; =unhw f ,f?
2? atmifjrifoal wGu wm0efcw H ,f? wm0ef,w l ,f?
&H;_ olawGu wjcm;vlawGudk tjypfz@dk w,f?
3? atmifjrifoal wGu tusyt f wnf;awG@&if xGu&f yfvrf;udk &Smw,f?
&H;_ olawGu tusyt f wnf;awG@&if nnf;nLaezk@d yJ odw,f?
4? atmifjrifoal wGu ypPKy`eu f dk wnfw h nfh &_w,f? twdwu f dk oifcef;pm,lw,f?
&H;_ olawGu twdwu f ae rxGuaf wmhb;l ?
5? atmifjrifolawGu uwdu0wfawG jyKjyD;&if b,ftajctaersKd;jzpfap uwdtwkdif;
vkyw f ,f?
&H;_ olawGu uwdu0wf vG,v f ,
G jf yKw,f? vG,v f ,G af zmufzsuw f ,f?
6? atmifjrifoal wGu xajrmufatmifjrifatmif b,fvv dk yk rf vJ qkw
d mukyd J pOf;pm;w,f?
&H;_ olawGu &H;_ wmukq d ifajcay;zk@d yJ pOf;pm;w,f?
7? atmifjrifoal wGu wpfO;D csi;f wk;d wufru _ dk OD;pm;ay;w,f?
&H;_ olawGu wpfO;D csi;f wk;d wufru _ dk OayuQmjyKw,f?
8? atmifjrifoal wGu olw@dk a=umuf&ŒHG wmukd &ifqidk w f ,f?
a=umufwmukv d ufcw H ,f? a=umuf&ŒHG jcif;uae ckex f uG w f ,f?
&H;_ olawGu a=umuf&ŒHG jcif;xJrmS yJ aew,f?
9? atmifjrifoal wGu olw@kd &JŒom,maysm&f i$ rf e_ ,fajrukd wk;d csŒJ w,f?
&H;_ olawGu olw@kd &JŒom,maysm&f i$ rf _ e,fajrav;xJrmS yJ auseyfaew,f?
10? atmifjrifoal wGu ta&;,laqmif&u G rf u _ dk wpforwfwnf; jyKw,f?
&H;_ olawGu ckwpfrsK;d awmf=umwpfrsK;d jyKw,f?

11? atmifjrifoal wGu t&H;_ ukd olŒtwkid ;f vufcw H ,f? t&H;_ uaeoifcef;pm,lw,f?
&H;_ olawGu t&H;_ ukad =umufw,f? t&H;_ udak &Smifwrd ;f zk@d tcsn;f ES;D =udK;pm;wwfw,f?
12? atmifjrifoal wGu olw@dk vkcd siw f hJ &v'fudk r&ao;&if rwlujGJ ym;wJh r[mAsL[mawGe@J
=udK;pm;w,f?
&H_;olawGu uJGjym;jcm;em;wJh &v'f&zkd@ arSsmfrSef;jyD; wpfrsKd;wnf;aom enf;vrf;eJ@
xyfcgwvJvJ =udK;pm;w,f?
13? atmifjrifoal wGu &nfreS ;f csuf yef;wkid af wGudk owfrw S w
f ,f?
&H;_ olawGu yef;wkid rf xm;bl;?
14? atmifjrifoal wGu pDru H ed ;f eJ@ vkyw f ,f?
&H;_ olawGu pDru
H ed ;f ukd ypfy,fw,f?
15? atmifjrifoal wGu olw@dk rmS avhvmqnf;yl;p&mawG trsm;=u;D &Sad eao;w,fv@dk cH,w l ,f?
&H;_ olawGu olw@dk ow d m enf;enf;av;ukd trsm;=u;D xifjy;D uk, d uhf , dk u f dk yg&*l wpfa,muf
vk@d xifaew,f?
16? atmifjrifoal wGu uk, d u hf , dk uf dk ESrd chf sw,f?
&H;_ olawGu 0if0h gw,f?
17? atmifjrifoal wGu rdrt d &nftaoG;ukd qufumqufum aoG;aew,f?
&H;_ olawGu t&nftaoG;jrSizhf @dk odyt f av;rxm;bl;?
18? atmifjrifoal wGu atmifjrifavtvkyyf v dk yk af v?
&H;_ olawGu enf;enf;av;[efusjyDqw dk meJ@ tvkyu f o
kd ufomckw d ,f?
19? atmifjrifoal wGu olw@dk vkyw f hJ tvkyrf eS o f rSsudk pdwaf &muk, d yf gEpS jf yD; taumif;qH;k
vkyw f ,f?
&H;_ olawGu 0wfauswef;aus vkyaf vh&w dS ,f?
20? atmifjrifoal wGu yef;wkid af &mufatmif rqkwrf epf =udK;pm;w,f?
&H;_ olawGu vrf;wpf0ufrmS twm;tqD;ay:vm&if vufavSsmv h u dk wf myJ?
21? atmifjrifolawGuolwdk@tcsdefukd wefzkd;&Sd&SdoHk;w,f? &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifa&mufzkd@
taxmuf tuljzpfapr,fh udprP sK;d awGuydk v J yk w
f ,f?
&H;_ olawGu tv[\udprP sKd ;awGrmS tcsed u f ek cf w
H ,f?
22? atmifjrifoal wGu ae@v,ftyd rf uf rufw,f?
&H;_ olawGu tdy, f mxJrmS tdyrf uf rufw,f?
23? atmifjrifoal wGujzpfeidk af jc ,kwadW wGukd pOf;pm;w,f?
&H;_ olawGu twm;tqD;t[ef@twm;awGuykd J pOf;pm;w,f?

24? atmifjrifoal wGu aocsmw,f?
&H;_ olawGu oHo,rsm;w,f?
25? atmifjrifoal wGu olw@kd yef;wdik u f dk olw@kd jyXmef;w,f?
&H;_ olawGu uH=urRmudk ,d;k r,fz@JG w,f?
26? atmifjrifoal wGu olw@kd t,lxuf tay;uydrk sm;w,f?
&H;_ olawGu tay;xuft,luydrk sm;w,f?
27? atmifjrifolawGu vltkyf[m vrf;rSeftwkdif; oGm;aewm[kwf&JŒvm; =unfhw,f?
vrf;rSeu f o
dk mG ;aewm r[kw&f if olŒbmom vrf;rSeu f dk &SmjyD; cJx
G uG w
f ,f?
28? atmifjrifoal wGu pOf;pm;w,f? OD;aqmifw,f?
&H;_ olawGu rpOf;pm;bl;? aemufuyJvu dk w f ,f?
29? atmifjrifoal wGu em;axmifw,f?
&H;_ olawGu uk, d uf ajymzk@d tcGit hf a&;yJ acsmif;aew,f?
30? atmifjrifoal wGu ydjk yD;aumif;wJeh nf;vrf;awGukd tjrJwrf;&SmazGw,f?
&H;_ olawGu enf;wpfenf;wnf;udyk J yHak oum;usyf vkycf siw f ,f?
31? atmifjrifoal wGu eD;S aeSmzvS,yf aJG wG/ oifwef;awGrmS tukeu f scjH y;D rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d wd;k wuf
atmifvyk w f ,f?
&H;_ olawGu eS;D aeSmzvS,yf w JG @kd / oifwef;wd@k qdw k m yduk q f jH zKef;wD;wmvd@k ,lqw,f?
32? atmifjrifoal wGu wjcm;vlawGuv kd nf; atmifjrifr&_ atmif ulnw D ,f?
&H;_ olawGu olwpfyg;udk ulnzD @kd xuf rdrt d wGuf tusKd ;&Srd mS udyk J =unfw h ,f?
33? atmifjrifoal wGu olw@kd vdyk J pdww f u l , kd wf vl al wGukd aygi;f jyD;ydI k jrifrh m;wJt h qifu h kd
wufvrS ;f w,f?
&H;_ olawGu olw@kd vdyk J pdww
f u l , kd w f l vlawGukd aygi;f jyD; t&H;_ xJukd tjyeftvSeq f cJG sae=u
ygava&m?
armif0Ho
jynfol hacwf*sme,f twGJ (1) trSwf (30) rS
10 azazmf0g&D /2011
NNN

ocifatmif
ESihf
qef
;
ESihf
urf;em;opfwyifta-umif;
rsdK;jrifhcsdK
aZAD;,m; (Xavier) [lonft h rnfukd usaemf 5 wef; 6 wef;ausmif;om;t&G,f

avmufwiG f pwif=um;zl;onfxif.? aemufyikd ;f usrS olEiS w hf IJG [oFmc&dik wf @kd Armtpnf;t&H;k
nDvmcH/ ZvGef+rdK@/ a'gifh}uD;w&m;yGJ/ csif;jynfe,fta&;ra[m&/ umuG,fa&;Oya'/
OD;0rf;rol;armif/ usKH rai; ocifwifarmif/ ocifatmifqef;ESihf 5usyw f efzrf;0&rf; ponfh
ordik ;f yH&k yd Ef iS ahf cwf+ydKifZmwfaumifrsm;udk wpwpodciG &hf vmcJ. h ? aZAD;,m;udrk l rsuaf jcjywf
oGm;.?
vltcsKd @t=um; 5 usyw f ef0&rf;ESiphf yfvsO;f I tjrifrwlonfrsm;vnf; =um;&zl;.?
rpP w maZ;AD ; ,m;.vuf a xmuf jref r myk v d y f t &m&S d wOD ; u “pwd a vmuf a iG j zif h
zrf;0&rf;xkwfvSsif vlpdwf0ifpm;rSmr[kwf? pdwfr0ifpm;vSsif [dk;av;wausmfrjzpf?
[d;k av;wausmrf jzpfvsS if vGwaf &;vG,. f ? tE &W m,fenf;.” [k awG;+yD; aZ;AD;,m;tm;
t}uHjyKonfq. kd ? xd@k a=umifh atmifqef;onf (5) usyw f ef 0&rf;ajy;jzpf&.? xd@k a=umifh
atmifqef;vGw. f [k qdo k nf?
wcsKd @u aZAD;,m;u atmifqef;vdak cgi;f aqmifukd emrfErdS v f o
kd jzif/h atmifqef;onf
5 usyo f mwefonf0h &rf;ajy;/ aomufa&; vkypf &mrvdk qd+k yD; “csKd ;” csipf w d f oufoufjzifh xdk
zrf;0&rf;xkwfjcif;jzpf.[k qdkonf? zrf;rdjcif; rrdjcif;xuf “rif;wdk@acgif;aqmif 5 usyf
xuf y d k r wef ” vk y f j ycsif j cif ; u t"d u [k q d k o nf ? xd k @ a=umif h 5usyf w ef z rf ; rd e f @ jzif h
atmifqef;crsm0&rf;ajy;&&Sm.[k qdo k nf?
“5usyjf zifjh zpfap/ 5 ode;f jzifjh zpfap zrf;rde@f rxkwo f if”h [k rpPwmaZ;AD;,m;tm;
t}uHjyKcJo h l wOD;wav&Scd o hJ nf[k r=um;rdz;l yg? xd@k a=umifh aZAD;,m;udk usaemfvcl si;f awG@
ar;jref;=unfhcsifonf? odk@aomf olb,fa&mufvdk@b,fayguf/ bmjzpfvdk@bmjzpfrSef;um;
tp&Smr&awmh? acwfrsm;jcm;oGm;+yD? odk@aomf usaemfrsufajcjywfcJh&ol²²aZAD,m;/
usaemfawG@csifol²²aZAD;,m;tm; awG@r,fhawG@awmh tar&dum;rSm? xdk0&rf;ESifh pyfonfh
tcsw d tf qufwcsKd @ vnf; olEiS t hf wlawG@jyef.?
1959 ckESpfwGif Taplinger Publishing Co., Inc. New York,USA rS
vGwv f yf+yD; Armjynf. 'kw, d ajrmuforRw a'guw f m qmbOD;. ud, k w f ikd af &;txkyw ` dW
jzpfaom My Burma qdo k nfph mtkyu f xkd w
k cf .
hJ ? ,if;pmtky. f pmrsuEf mS 144 ESihf 151
wGif ol@udjk yefawG@&.? “The police official who was the harshest of all was
Xavier˜ an Anglo-Indian born in Burma. He started life as a planter in
Moulmein˜ where he figured as the accused in a sensational murder
case. The charge against him was that he tortured one of his employ-
ees to death by first smearing him with jaggery and later forcing him to
sit night and day for several days on an anthill so the ants could crawl
over him and bite him. The man eventually died of e»haustion. Xavier
was tried by a judge of the chief Court in Rangoon with European jury.
He was found not guilty and acquitted² Not long after he blossomed
forth as an Inspector of Police in Rangoon Police Force. He soon ac-
quired a reputation as a fine detective and a good criminal investiga-
tor………… ponfjzifh wrsuE f mS omomcef@a&;xm;.?
+cHKIjyefaomf “aZAD;,m;onf ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;teuf t=urf;qHk;aumifjzpf.?
t*Fvdyf-tdENd,ujym; jrefrmjynfa yguf? armfv+rdKifrSm+cHpdkuf+ yD; b0pcJh? [dk;av;
wausmfjzpfcJhonfh vlowfr_wckrSm w&m;cHpGyfqGJcH&ol? +cHtvkyform;wa,mufudk
xef;vSsu&f nfow k }f uKd ;wkw+f y;D yk&u
G qf w d tf akH y: &uf t=um}u;D wifxm;+y;D ESyd pf uf? aemufq;kH
xdv k xl 'kd %fjzifh ao&? ol@tm; &efuek rf w S &m;ol}u;D csKyu f Oa&myom;*sL&Dv}l u;D rsm;jzifw h &m;
pD&if? tjypfr&Sq d ukd m uGi;f vH;k usw G vf wG ?f odwrf =umrD &efuek yf v k yd t
f zG@J wGif tifpyufawmf
jzpfvm? &mZ0wfr_pHkaxmufaumif;wOD;tjzpf ausmfapm vm? olESifhol@txuft&m&Sd
tvuf Z ef ; 'g;wd k @ tm; &ef u k e f j rpf w G i f ; aomif ; usef ; aeonf h qef c d k ; *d k % f ; wck t m;
ESrd ef if;&eftxufrw S m0efay;? odwf r=umvdu k f *d%
k ;f acgi;f aqmif[q k o
kd t l m; vuf&zrf;rd?
xdo k @l trd w
f uf&mS ? oufaojyp&mbmrSrawG@? rD;cHaowWmxJrS aiGwode;f ausmu f kd odr;f ,l cJ?h
tr_&;kH wifcsed w
f iG f xdak iGrsm;tm; oufaotjzpfrwif? aiGawGb,fa&mufomG ;vJar;awmh
tr_ppfaewke;f tukeo f ;kH ypfvu
kd &f onf[k rsuEf mS ajymifwu kd +f yD; cyfwnfwnfEiS x
hf u
G q
f ?kd
&Hk;awmfudkraxrJhjrifjyKr_a=umifh &mxl;us&ifus/ rus&if ÏmewGif;ta&;,lcH&rnf[k
vltrsm;u xifae =u? od@k aomf xdo k @kd r[kwf tr_+yD;awmhbmrSsrjzpfonft h jyif &mxl;yif
wufomG ;”
qufI pmrsuEf mS 145 wGif… It was Xavier who was the District Su-
perintendent of Police in charge of Yamethin District when U Saw and
police started taking repressive measure against the Thakins. He issued
a warrant of arrest against Thakhin Aung San˜ prominent student leader˜
for the alleged incitement to a breach of the peace. The warrant could
not be executed˜ as Thakhin Aung San could not be found in the
Yamethin District; whereupon Xavier issued a proclamation offering a
small reward to anyone who could give information leading to his ar-
rest. He offered a small reward partly to disgrace Thakhin Aung San
and partly to make it appear that Thakhin Aung San was not a young
leader worth bothering too much about. He evidently did not realize
then that Thakhin was already on his way to Japan as one of Thirty
Comrades who would come back soon at the head of a large army as
the Liberator of Burma.
+cHKI jyefvsS if “*VKefO;D apmESiyhf v k yd rf sm;u ocifrsm;tm;ESyd u f yG pf OfwiG f aZ;AD;,m;u
&rnf;oif;c&dkif&mZ0wf0ef? xif&Sm;onfhausmif;om;acgif;aqmif atmifqef;tm;
+idrf0yfydjym;a&;udkysufjym;atmif vlxktm;aoG;xdk;onf[kqdkum zrf;0&rf;xkwf.?
xdt k csed w
f iG f atmifqef;u &rnf;oif;wGif r&Sad wmh? xd@k a=umifh xdzk rf;0&rf;vnf;t&mrxif
awmh? TwGif olu atmifqef;udzk rf;rd&ef owif;ay;Edik o f t l m; rjzpfpavmufqak iGav;
ay;rnf[k a=unmjyef.? owif;ay;Edik t f m; Trjzpfpavmufqak iGay;rnf[x k w k jf yefjcif;rSm
wydkif;tm;jzifh atmifqef;tm; oduQmustoa& ysufap&ef jzpf+yD; aemufwydkif;rSm
atmifqef;onf qkaiGtrsm;}uD;xkwf zrf;ae&avmufatmifrwef? tyifyef;cHvyk x f ukd f
p&mrvdo k l [k qdjk cif;? ol vH;k vH;k rodvu kd of nfu xdt k csed rf mS atmifqef;u ArmjynfwiG f
r&Sad wmh²² *syefo@kd c&D;ESif ESi+hf yDqjkd cif;jzpf.”
pmrsufESm 151 wGif OD;bOD;ESifhaZAD,m;vlcsif;qHkcef;? puFmylcHwyfus+yD?
t*Fvdyfwdk@ajcrudkifrdvufrudkifrd? tajctaeraumif;? &efukef&Sd +AdwdoSsbk&ifcHtpdk;&
ajy;ayguf & S m csd e f / OD ; bOD ; vnf ; ol @ q&morm;rsm;enf ; wl jynf o l u d k x m;+yD ;
ud,k vf w G &f ek ;f &awmhrnf? &efuek u f ae ykord u f o kd mG ; rdbrsm;udak c:/ ajrmif;jrrSc,frESio hf m;orD;
rsm;oGm;ac:um uomwGifajy;ESifhaeonfh [dkufukwftzGJ@ESifhoGm;aygif;&ef pDrHudef;qGJ.?
aemufq;kH c,frESiu hf av;rsm;ac:+yD; uomoGm;zd@k [oFmwa&mufvm? xdt k csed uf *syefrsm;
ppfawmif;jrpfajcem;uyfaeav+yD? +Adwo d sS EiS o
hf @l rif;cpm;rsm;twGuf aemufusonfzh aemifh
opPmazgu?f
[oFwuaequfxu G &f efjyif? oabFmr&S?d ulou l ,forl ?hJ jrefrmvlrsKd ;ta&;ydik f
(Deputy Commissioner) wOD;tm; tultnDawmif;? qifajcqifvuf trsKd ;rsKd ;ay;+yD;
jiif;? 'ge@J aemufq;kH aZ;AD;,m;ESiahf wG@? xdt
k csed w
f iG f aZ;AD;,m;u [oFmwc&dik &f mZ0wf0ef
….. "District Superintendent of Police who happened to be the Xavier I
have already mentioned was very helpful. He managed to get a launch
belonging to the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company ………………"when we left,
we were soon followed by another launch. On requiring I found out that
it was the launch of the Deputy Commissioner of Henzada. I was very
annoyed: he could have carried me and my children in his boat˜ for his
destination was the same as mine. Later I learned why he did not want
to take us. Soon after we passed Prome, The Deputy Commissioner was
called back by Mr Swithinbank, and on making inquiries I found that he
had failed to hand over to Mr Swithinbank Government treasure worth
several lakhs˜ although directed to do so² However˜ the District Superin-
tendent of Police, Mr Xavier, according to reports˜ did succeed in get-
ting away with some Government treasure on board his launch. Sev-
eral Deputy Commissioners from Delta similarly managed to abscond
with Government treasure. Some of them who were not Burmans went
over to India˜ where a few got into trouble criminally. Burman Deputy
Commissioners who were suspected of misappropriating Government
treasure were never employed again˜ either during time of the Japa-
nese occupation or after liberation.
+cHKIjyefaomf “oabFmxGuv f m+yD; odwrf =umcifrmS aemufoabFmwpD;vdu k v f m?
ar;jref ; =unf h r S ck e tul t nD a y;zd k @ jiif ; cJ h o nf h jref r mta&;yd k i f . oabF m jzpf a e?
“oGm;&r,fch &D;vnf;twlw²l ²bma=umifh ige@J igu h av;awGukd wygwnf;rac:&wmvJ” [k
awG ; +yD ; pd w f y suf r d ? aemuf a wmh r S bmh a=umif h igwd k @ ud k ol r ac:vd r f h o abmayguf ?
jynf + rd K @ud k j zwf + yD ; r=umvd k u f rpP w m qG p f o if ; bif h u ol @ ud k j yef a c:? ta=umif ; u
tpd k ; &b¾mwd k u f r S aiG o d e f ; aygif ; rsm;pG m ud k jyef t yf z d k @ !$ e f = um;xm;&uf E S i f h
rtyfyo J w k v f mcJoh nft h wGu?f od@k aomf aZAD;,m;um; tpd;k &b¾mrsm; oabFmESiw hf u kd +f yD;
vGwfajrmufoGm;a=umif; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t&od&? xdkodk@ rif;b¾mudk,fh[mrSwfcJhonfh
jrpf0useG ;f ay:a'orS jrefrmr[kwo f nfh ta&;ydik rf sm;u tdE, dN od@k vpf=u.? vGwo f v l w G /f
&mZ0wfoifo h ol if=h u.? tvm;wljyKcJo h nfh jrefrmta&;ydik rf sm;um; *syefacwfwiG f vnf;
aumif; vGwv f yfa&; acwfwiG v f nf;aumif; &mxl;ae&mjyeftcef@rcH&awmhay”
usaemfajc&maumufI&orSs aZAD;,m;um;TwGiaf ysmufjyef.?
a'gufwmbOD;udk,fwdkifa&;txky`wWdudkzwf&if; uHhaumfawmrsdK;atmif .
“tvdu k o f ifah rmifbOD;” udk owd&rd.? rsdK;jrifhcsdK
azazmf0g&Dv 27 / 2011
(rdrk c rD',
D mrS jyefvnfu;l ,laz: jyygonf)
2007 pufwifbm
a&$0ga&mifawmfveS af &; bma=umifh
ratmifrjrifjzpfc&hJ vJqwkd hJ
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;
pnfolatmif
(bmomjyef)
(Oxford University Press, USA rSaexkwa

f 0+yD; Adam Roberts ESifh Timothy Garton
Ash wnf;jzwfwhJ CIVIL RESISTANCE & POWER POLITICS : The E»perience of Non-
violent Action from Gandhi to the Present pmtkyrf S tcef;wpfcjk zpfwhJ pma&;q&mr
Christina Fink &JŒ The Moment of the Monks: Burma, 2007 aqmif;yg;udk Poe C
uae rl&if;t*Fvyd b
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jynfoŒl awmfveS af &;awGe@J yg0gEikd if aH &;=um;u +ydKifqikd rf KS awGu ta&;ygwt hJ csujf zpf vmae
w,f? 'DjzpfpOfu bmudazmfjyovJqawmh vltiftm;tajrmuftjrm;u yg0ifaxmufcH
tm;ay;=uwJh 'Dvjkd ynfoŒl awmfveS af &;vSKyf&mS ;rSKawGukd jzpfay:vmatmif aqmif&u G Ef ikd =f u
ayr,fv h @kd 'Dvyk &f mS ;rSKawGu tjrJwrf;atmifjrifEikd v f rd rhf ,fv@kd arSsmvf ifv h @kd r&bl;qdw k myJ?
tenf ; qH k ; awmh a&wd k u mvrS m aygh ? t"d u uswJ h t rS e f w &m;u tpd k ; &u
ppfa&;udt k m;jyKwJph epfudk usio hf ;kH aewm&,f aemuf+y;D awmh xda&mufwhJ Edik if w H umzdtm;awG
vpf[if;aew,fqw kd hJ tcsuaf wGu tpd;k &udk yg0gukd qufvufqyk u f ikd Ef ikd af pcJw
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xm;ovdk EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudkvnf; wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ umv&Snfjypf'%fawGeJ@
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a=umufcref;vdvyd gy?J wjcm;Edik if aH wGrmS awmhwuf=uGvKS yf&mS ;olawGtaeeJ@ olw@kd &JŒtrSm;
awGuaewqifh oif,rl KS awGvyk +f y;D awmh olw@kd &ŒJ enf;AsL[mawGukd jyefvnfjyifqifrKS awGvyk +f y;D
aemufwpf}udrf}udK;pm;zdk@ tcGifh&Sd=uygw,f? Armjynf (jrefrmvdk@ tpdk;&uae+yD;awmh
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ESp}f udro f m &cGi&hf =dS uwmyg?
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udik xf m;wJo h al wG&ŒJ vlxak wmfveS af &;vSKyf&mS ;rSKawGukd b,fenf;b,fyu kH ikd w
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opment Studies Institute u Lecturer wpfa,mufjzpf+yD;awmholru olr&JŒ PhD(social/cultural

anthropology) bJGŒudk 1994 ckESpfuUC Berkeley uae &&SdcJholyg? olra&;om;cJhwJhpmtkyfu Living Silence:
Burma Under Military Rule (Zed Books˜ 2001) jzpf+yD; wGJzufyg0ifwnf;jzwfcJhwJh pmtkyfuawmh Con-
verging Interests: Traders˜ Travelers˜ and Tourists in Southeast Asia (University of
California at Berkeley˜ 1999) jzpfygw,f? rl&if;pma&;olu Peter Carey˜ Malgorzata Gorska ESihf
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6
Paolo Sergio Pinheiro, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human
Rights in Myanmar, UN doc.A/HR/6/14 of 7 Dec. 2007,)
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7
For an overview of contemporary political issues in Burma. see David I² Steinberg,
Burma: The State of Myanmar (Washington DC:Georgetown University Press,
2001). For an engaging historical account˜ see Thant Myint U, The River of Lost
Footsteps: Histories of Burma. (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Girou», 2006).
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tultnDawG &yfpcJ yhJ gw,f? ('DAb GD /D 31-Zefe0g&D 2010) tJ'aD emufyikd ;f rSm tm&SzŒHG +zdK;a&;
b%f(ADB)/ EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJŒ(IMF) ²² pwJh aiGa=u;tzGJŒ tpnf;awGuyg
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Adv
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H umb%fawGqu D aiGa=u;axmufyrhH r_ &wmeJ@
1987 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv(11)&uf ae@rSm urBmt h qif;&Jq;kH Edik if t
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3? e0w/ etz vufxuf
'gayrJh e0w/ etz ppftpd;k &rsm;vufxufrmS Edik if w H um&JŒ oHwreftqifah vsmh
cscH&wm/ pD;yGm;a&; ydwfqdk@cH&wm/ ppfacgif;aqmifawG jynf0ifcGifh ADZmydwfcH&wm/
EdkifiHjcm;b%fawGrSm vSsdKŒ0SuftyfESHxm;wJh aiGa=u;eJ@olwkd@ ydkifqdkifr_awG ydwfqdk@cH&wm/
ukvor*~&;kH csKyfrmS / vl@tcGit hf a&;aumifprD mS Edik if w H um&JŒ jypfwifu&hJ ŒJ &_wcf sjcif; cH&wmawG
jzpfvmcJyh gw,f? taemufEikd if aH wG&ŒJ vlom;csi;f pmemr_tultnD rSvv JG @kd usef aiGa=u;/
usrG ;f usirf q _ ikd &f menf;ynm pwmawG jzwfawmufjcif; cH&ygw,f?
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t"rRpkaqmif;wm/ vlukeful;wm/ jynfe,frsm;&Sd trsdK;orD;rsm;udk a'ocHppfwyfu
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hf m/ tdref ;D csi;f Edik if aH wG&dS 'kuo Q nfpcef;awGrmS
jrefrm'kuo Q nfawG ode;f eJŒcs+D yD; a&muf&adS e=uwmawG jzpfae=uygw,f?
tqd;k qH;k u 'Dppftpd;k &awG&ŒJ Edik if aH wmft=uD;tuJe@J aumifp0D ifawG/ tm%mydik f
=uD;i,fawG[m Edik if yH ikd f o,HZmw eJ@ Edik if aH wmfb¾maiGawGukd tkypf v k u
kd cf ;kd 0Su+f yD;
Edik if jH cm;b%fawGrmS vSsKd Œ0Sut f yfEx HS m;=uwm awG&,f/ jcpm;wmawG&,f/ aumifp0D ifawG/
rdom;pk/ aqGrsdK;awG/ olwdk@eJ@ eD;pyfolawG[m pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;=uD;i,f awG/ pDrHudef;
vkyfief;awGudk vuf0g;=uD;tkyf *kwfaoG;pkyfae=uwmawG&,f/ EdkifiHawmfb¾maiGudk
cGaJ 0oH;k pG&J mrSm bwf*su&f ŒJ xuf0ufcef@ udk ppfwyftwGuo f ;kH pGaJ ewmawG&,f ²² ponfw@kd
a=umifh wdik ;f jynfvnf;rG/J jynfoal wGvnf; qif;&J'u k aQ &muf=u&wmawG jzpfaeygw,f?
4? yGpJ m;a&SŒae trwfawG
'gayrJh ppftm%m&Siaf wG&ŒJ yGpJ m;a&SŒaetrwfawGu Sanction jzpfay:apwJh
tajccHta=umif;&if;awG/ ppftm%m&SifawGeJ@ olwdk@todkif;t0dkif;u cdk;0Sufwm/
jcpm;wmawG/pD;yGm;a&;udk vuf0g;=uD;tkyfacgif;yHkjzwf/ tjrwf=uD;pm; ²² pwmawGudk
vH;k 0rajymyJ Sanction a=umifvh @kd om rsuaf phrwdS +f yD;/ etz t}udKufvu
kd +f yD; yGpJ m;vkyf
aewmuawmh pdwrf aumif;p&mygy?J

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f w
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ajymaeawmh “jrif;urv_yf cHu k v_y”f ovdjk zpfae+y?D olw@kd awG[m Sanction jzpfay: vmapwJh
etz &JŒ “vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufr_” ta=umif;rajymovd/k “vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufr_
rsm;udk &yfpJay;yg ”vkdŒ etz udkrawmif;qdkwmudkaxmufawmh udk,fusdK;arSsmfudk;+yD;
yGpJ m;a&SŒaevkyaf ew,fqw kd m xif&mS ;aeygw,f?
tckavmavmq,f jynfwGif;jynfyrSm Sanction &kyfodrf;a&;-r&kyfodrf;a&;
yGuaf vm&du k af ewmawG awGŒae&ygw,f?
6? Sanction &kyo
f rd ;f ygu jzpfay:vmr,fh tusKd ;quf
tu,fI etz ppftpd;k &u “vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm; ” udrk avSsmch sy/J
od@k r[kwf r&yfpyJ J Edik if w H umu csrw S x f m;wJh Sanction &kyo f rd ;f vdu
k yf gu -
(u)etz aumifpD OuUÏ/ aumifpt D zGŒJ 0ifawG ESihf Edik if aH wmftm%mydik f =uD;i,fawG
[m Edik if aH wmfb¾meJ@ o,HZmwawGukd -
1? ckxufy+kd yD; cd;k 0Supf ak qmif;=uvdrrhf ,f? ckxufy+kd yD; csr;f om=uG,0f =ur,f?
2? ckxufy+kd yD; tm%mcsKyfuikd =f ur,f?
3? ckxufy+kd yD; jynfov l x l u k kd zdEydS =f ur,f?
4? tm%mydik f =uD;i,fawG[m tcsi;f csi;f a&m/ jynfoal wGuykd g ckxufy+kd yD; acgi;f yHjk zwf/
jcpm;=uvdrfhr,f? (tJ'DtcgrSm b,folŒudkrS vlxifrSmr[kwfovdk b,fEdkifiHudkrSvnf;
*&kpu kd rf mS r[kw?f )
(c)etz ppfbuf/ t&yfbufrS tr_xrf;t&mxrf;awGu omrefjynfoal wGtay: -
1? ckxufy+kd yD;acgi;f yHjk zwf tjrwfpm;/ jcpm;r_awG yGm;rsm;vmr,f
2? ckxufy+kd yD; Edik xhf ufp;D eif;vkyv f mr,f?
(*)wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tygt0if omrefjynfov l x l k w&yfv;kH -
1? ckxufy+kd yD; “vl@tcGit hf a&;” csKd ;azmufc&H r,f?
2? ckxufy+kd yD; qif;&J'u k aQ &muf=u&r,f?
3? ckxufy+kd yD; tusiphf m&dwaW wG ,k, d iG ;f ysupf ;D vmr,f?
4? ckxufy+kd yD; vluek u f ;l cH&r_rsm;vmr,f?
5? ckxufy+kd yD; tusO;f om;/ t&yfom;awG acsmqGrJ /_ ay:wmqGrJ _ eJ@ uav;ppfom;tjzpf
zrf;qD;cH&r_ awGrsm;vmr,f?
6?ckxufy+kd yD; vdrn f m/ vk,uf/ cd;k 0Su/f owfjzwfra_ wG rsm;vmr,f? (Sanction
r&kyo f rd ;f rDuawmif etz aumifp0D if=uD;awG ud, k w
f ikd u
f ypPn;f ,l/ vlowfvyk af ew,f?
wuUov kd &f yd o f mvrf;u 5 avmif;+ydKif ypPn;f ,lvo l wfru _ =kd unfyh g? tjcm;rodwmawG
trsm;=uD;&Sad o;w,f?)
7? ckxufy+kd yD; ynmrJv h w l ef;pm; eJŒ bGŒJ &ynmrJah wG rsm;vmr,f?
8? ckxufy+kd yD; a&m*ga0'emonfawG rsm;vmr,f?
(C) aemufqHk;rSm NLD OD;0if;wif ajymovdk jrefrmEdkifiHrSm xm;p&mr&SdwJhvl eJŒ
pm;p&mr&Sw d v hJ l [lI vl 2 rsKd ; jzpfomG ;vdrrhf ,f? ( 19-Zefe0g&D 2011/ AGt D akd teJŒ OD;0if;wif
wd@k ar;jref;cef;)
bma=umif h 'D v d k a jym&vJ q d k & if tar&d u ef / tD ; ,l ; eJ @ tjcm;Ed k i f i H r sm;u
“vlŒtcGit hf a&;”csKd ;azmufaewJh ppftpd;k &udk pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f @kd aewmawmifrS vlŒtcGit hf a&;
csd K ;azmuf r _ a wG ravS s mh c swJ h t jyif wd k ; wd k ; vd k @ awmif csd K ;azmuf a ewmud k rsuf 0 g;
xifxifawGŒjrifae&wma=umifjh zpfw,f? tckavmavmq,frmS vnf; csKd ;azmufvsS u&f adS e
ygw,f? Sanction &kyo f rd ;f a&;/ r&kyo f rd ;f a&;tajctwifjzpfaecsed rf mS vlŒtcGit hf a&;udk
enf;rsKd ;pHek @J csKd ;azmufaeyHu k kd =unfyh g?
(1) u&ifejD ynf/ z&lq+kd rdKŒe,frmS wyfpx JG m;wJh cr& (531) eJ@ cr& (428) wd@k @u
aus;&Gmvlxu k akd c:+yD; u&ifeD wyfrawmf&ŒJ v_y&f mS ;r_owif;udk ae@wdik ;f yHrk eS af y;yd@k cdik ;f w,f?
owif;oGm;yd@k wikd ;f ppfwyftwGuf =uufwpfaumif(od@k )t&ufwpfv;kH (od@k ) [if;wpfcck , k o l mG ;
&w,f? owif;yd@k &efysuu f u G o f ul kd ppfwyftwGuf a&cyfcikd ;f w,f/ &dumQ o,fcikd ;f w,f?
(uE mW &0wDwikd ;f rf/ 21-Zefe0g&D 2011)
(2) weoFm&Dwikd ;f / xm;0,f+rdKŒ av,mOfuiG ;f teD; tdraf jc 1400/ vlO;D a& 8000
cef@&Sd ta&SŒjyif&mG udk c,u OuUÏ u =udKwifta=umif;r=um;/ avsmaf =u;ray;yJ azazmf0g&D
1 &ufae@up+yD; &GmeJ@ 10 rdik f ausmaf 0;wJh ae&mudk tm%moH;k +yD; twif;t"rR a&$Œajymif;
cdkif;a=umif;?
aemufwpfcu k xm;0,f+rdKŒ/ uarsmuif;wHwm; teD;/ Oc&H&yfuu G rf mS +rdKŒopfw;kd
csŒJ zd@k qdu k m v,f{u 1000 ausmef @J O,smOfjcHrsm;udk avsmaf =u;ray;yJ c,u eJŒ r,u
wd@k yl;aygi;f +yD; odr;f ,la=umif; od&ygw,f? (&d;k r-3/ 9-azaz:0g&D 2011)
(3) &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f / ausmufr+J rdKŒe,f/ aemifwed ;f eJ@ awmif;pvpf aus;&Gmtkypf k
rsm;&Sd &Gmom;rsm;ydik f v,fajr {u 1300 cef@ udk a'otm%mydik rf sm;u ,ckvqef;ydik ;f
twGi;f rSm odr;f ,la=umif; od&ygw,f? (oSsr;f oHawmfqif/h 10-azaz:0g&D 2011)
(4) &Sr;f jynfe,f/ vJcsm;+rdKŒ eJ@ erf[ h ;l z&m;xrfh =um;/ (16) rdik cf ef@ a0;wJh um;vrf;
wavsmuf&dS +cHKEG,jf rufyifrsm;udk ikww f ykd gruseaf tmif cv& (64) eJ@ pdik ;f xG,/hf umvdew f
wd@k &JŒ jynfoŒl ppftzGŒJ wd@k u t"rR&iS ;f vif;cdik ;f a=umif;? um;vrf;wavsmuf&dS em;yGt J yk pf k eJ@
[dik ;f vdik t f yk pf k rsm;rSmaexdik w f hJ &Gmom;rsm;u vrf;ab;0J,mESpb f ufv;kH udk ckwx f iG ;f &Si;f vif;
ay;&wJt h jyif/ &dumQ udyk g qufo&a=umif; od&ygw,f? (oSsr;f oHawmfqif/h 15-azaz:0g&D 2011)
(5) aejynfawmf tjrefum;vrf;r=uD;ab;&Sd ,mOf&yfem;pcef;teD;rSm &Jpcef;eJ@
pm;aomufqdkifrsm; wdk;csJŒzdk@v,fa0;jrdKŒe,f/ 'dk;EG,f&Gm awmifolrdom;pk (23) pkukd
ae&mpm;ay;+yD; z,fcikd ;f a=umif;/ rdom;pk (14) pku ol@ae&m[m a&&Snt f ajccsaexdik &f ef
roif h a wmf w J h t wG u f jrd K Œopf p D r H u d e f ; trS w f ( 920) twG i f ; csay;&ef awmif ; qd k & m
oufqikd &f murvdu k af vsma=umif;/ ol@rod m;pkrsm;u olw@kd awmif;qdw k ahJ e&mr&I ajymif;a&$Œ
ay;&ef jiif;qdkr_a=umifh aqmufvkyfa&;0ef=uD;Xme&JŒ w&m;pGJcHae&a=umif; od&ygw,f?
(tmtufzaf t/ bDbpD /D 15-azaz:0g&D 2011)
txufazmfjyyg om"u (5) ck [m Sanction &kyfodrf;a&;/ r&kyfodrf;a&;
wurBmvHk;eD;eD; yGufavm&dkuf aecsdefrSmawmif ppftpdk;&&JŒ &J&Jwif;wif;csdK;azmufaewJh
vlŒtcGit hf a&;awG jzpfygw,f?
taemufEdkifiHawGu jrefrmppftpdk;&tay: Sanction rcsrSwfcifuvnf;
jynfolawG[m enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ vlŒtcGifhta&;csdK;azmufcH&w,f? Sanction csrSwfvnf;
csdK;azmufr_ avsmhenf;roGm;wJhtjyif ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmw,f? avmavmq,f Sanction
&kyo f rd ;f a&;/ r&kyo f rd ;f a&; yGuaf vm&du
k af ecsed t f wGi;f rSmawmif vlŒtcGit hf a&;udk enf;rsKd ;pHek @J
qufvufcsKd ;azmufae&if Sanction &kyo f rd ;f vdu
k yf gu 'Dxuftqaygi;f rsm;pGm ydq k ;kd oGm;
r,fqw kd m &J&=J uD;ajym&Jygw,f?
'gah =umifh etz bufu jynfoal wGtay: vlŒtcGit hf a&;csKd ;azmufr_ r&yfprJ csi;f /
csrw S +f y;D om; Sanction awGukd vH;k 0avSsmch s ray;zd@k eJ@ r&kyo f rd ;f zd@k axmufcw H t
hJ jyif/ 'Dxuf
ydrk x
kd ad &muf/ jyif;xef/ jywfom; wJh Sanction awGukd wd;k jrêichf srw S zf @kd awmif;qdt k yfygw,f?
a&$jynfp;kd
2011 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv (23) &uf?
“zdwfac:tyfygonf”
EdkifiHa&;/vlra+ &;/pD;yGg;a&;tawG;tjrif aqmif;yg;rsm;
a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;
uAsm/0wˆKwdk/umwGef;/yef;csD rsm;udk
rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGm ay;ydk hEdkifygonf//
pmrlrsm;udk(15)&ufae h
aemufqHk;xm;jyD; ay;ydkŒ }uyg&ef
arwWm&yfct H yfygonf//
OD;0if;wifeJ h ar;cGe;f rsm;
azazmf0g&D 19/ 2011
Edik if aH wmfu,
dk w
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jzpfaejyDvm;? rd;k rc
'Dwywf q&mOD;0if;wife@J qkaH wG@pum;ajymjzpfwt hJ cgrmS t"duar;jzpf ajymjzpf
wmuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ tifeft,f'Dudk ppftpkd;&tmabmf owif;pmrsm;
uaejyD;awmh a=uuGzJ , G f Zmwford ;f eJ@ =uKH&vdrrhf ,fv@kd w&m;0ifjcdr;f ajcmufvu kd w f m &,f/
pD ; yG m ;a&;yd w f q d k @ r_ r sm;eJ @ ywf o uf w J h oabmxm;rS m a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf e J @
tifet f ,f'yD gwu D kd jypfwifa0zefajymqdv k mwmawGe@J ywfoufjy;D ar;jref;jzpfcw hJ m jzpfyg w,f?
'Dv 13/ 14/ u pjyD;awmh ppftpkd;&owif;pmawGuaejyD;awmh tifeft,f'D&Jh
qef&Siftay: oabmxm;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; jyefvSef a0zefwdkufcdkufwJh aqmif;yg;awG
xnfhvmw,f? tJ'DtxJrSm pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@r_tay:rSm jyefvSefjyD; ajymqdkaqG;aEG;
a0zef&efawG@aewmawGtjyifudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm; bmudk xnfhajymvmovJqdkawmh
'Dvrkd sL;d ppftpk;d &udk qef@usiw f hJ oabmxm;&Sw d hJ a':pke@J tifet
f ,f'yD gw[ D m ordik ;f ed*;Hk csKyrf ,f/
EdkifiHa&;usqkH;r,fvdk@ jcdrf;ajcmufwJh pum;udk ajymw,f? 'ghtjyif t*Fvdyf bmomeJ@
xkwfwJhowif;pmrSmawhm a':pkudk t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ wdwdusus jywfjywfom;om;udk
touftEœ&m,fe@J =uKH&r,f/ a=uuG,zf , G f Zmwford ;f eJ@ Zmwford ;f rvS jzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd udk
ajymifajymifwif;wif; ajymvdu k w f ,f? twdtus pum;vk;H u She will meet her tragic
end vd k @ ajymvd k u f w ,f ? 'geJ @ ywf o uf j yD ; usaemf w d k @ u bmjrif o vJ q d k a wmh
vufeufudkifxm;wJh ppftpkd;&u ppftm%mydkifawGu vufeufrJhwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDeJ@
EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawGudk t=urf;zufr,f/ &efrlr,fvdk@ ajymvdkufw,fvdk@ jrifw,f?
pd;k &drpf &maumif;wJh oabmvd@k jrifygw,f? 'gukd q&mu bmajymcsio f vJ? q&mwd@k u 'gukd
aygah ygq h qyJ oabmxm;ovm;?
tJonfaqmif;yg;;awG&Jh *,ufeJ@ usaemfwdk@ oabmxm;udk rajymcifrSm/
jynfov l x
l zk ufu wke@f jyefru _ kd rajymcifrmS t&ifq;Hk bmudk ajymcsio f vJ qdak wmh olw@kd
ppftpk;d &&Jh owif;pmuae 'Dvrkd sL;d pum;vk;H awG ok;H pGjJ yD; jcdr;f ajcmuf a&;om;vdu k w f t hJ wGuf
“tm;vkH;&Jh tcGifhta&;awG/ &ydkifcGifhawG qkH;&_H;ae&wm[m
qef&Sifqdkwmxuf ppftpkd;&&Jh zdESdyfr_awG/ csKyfjc,fr_awG/ pDrHcef@cGJr_
c|wfjcKHusaewmawG a=umifhjzpfw,f”
OD;0if;wif
tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;XmeuaejyD ; tvG e f t rif ; pk d ; &d r f o G m ;jyD ; awmh
olwdk@tpkd;&w&yftaeeJ@ ppftpkd;&udk w&m;0if owday;ajymqdkcsuf xGufay:vmwmudk
awG@&w,f vd@k ajymcsiyf gw,f?
tar&dueftpk;d &u jrefrmppftpk;d &udk owday;wJh pum;rSm a':atmifqef; pk=unf&hJ
touftE &W m,fukd umuG,zf @kd / apmifah &Smufay;zd@k wm0ef[m ppftpk;d &rSm wm0ef&w dS ,fv@kd
xkwfazmfajymqdkvdkufw,f? jrefrmjynfwGif;u jynfolawGeJ@twl pdk;&drfw,fvdk@ oabm
ajymvmwmudk awG@&ygw,f? [kwyf gw,f? usaemfw@kd awGrmS aum/ jynfov l x l ak wG =um;xJrmS
pd;k &drrf a_ wG/ aomuawG ydjk y;D jzpfvmw,f? us,jf yef@vmw,fv@kd usaemfw@kd =uKaH wG@ae&ygw,f?
olw@kd ppftpk;d & usi;f yaewJh v$waf wmfqw kd hJ qDrmS uvnf; 0ef=uD;awG cef@wmawG/
xGuw f mawG/ tajymif;tvJawG jzpfw,fv@kd owif;awG/ yg;pyftajymawGuvnf; jyef@ES@H jyD;
wdik ;f jynfuvnf; rjidrrf oufjzpfaewJt h wGuf azazmf0g&v D 17 ae@u qd&k if b,favmufxd
aumv[vawGu jzpfovJ qdak wmh nuyJ tifet f ,f'yD gwu D kd 0iford ;f w,f/ 0ifzrf;w,f
=um;vd@k owif;XmeawGu jynfoal wGu zk;H qufjyD; ar;=u/ jref;=u/ pkpH rf;=uwmawGuakd wmif
usaemfw@kd =uKH=u&w,f? 'gu bmudjk yovJqakd wmh ppftpk;d &&Jh wif;rmwJh oabmxm;
xkwjf yefcsuaf =umifh Edik if w H umrSmaum/ jynfwiG ;f u jynfov l xl w k &yfv;Hk rSmyg rwnfrjidref @J
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tif e f t ,f ' D & J h Ed k i f i H w muqef & S i f a y:rS m vuf c H w ,f q d k w J h oabmxm;/ jyD F ; awmh
Edik if w
H umuvnf; qef&iS af wG/ ta&;,lyw d q
f @kd ra_ wGukd &kwo f rd ;f r,f/ pOf;pm;r,f qd&k ifvnf;
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xm;wJh twdkuftcH'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkjzpfwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgif;aqmifwJh
tifeft,f'DeJ@wuG r[mrdwfawGeJ@vnf; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;ygvdk@ urf;vSrf;vdkufw,f/
ajymvku d w f ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd u jrifygw,f? tJonfvkd ajymwm jzpfwt hJ wGuf t*Fvyd /f jrefrm
ESpfbmomvkH;eJ@ jrefrmjynfwGif;omru/ jynfyu jrefrmjynfta&;pdwf0ifpm;olawGudkyg
&nf&, G jf yD; a&;om;vdu k wf ,fv@kd &_jrifryd gw,f? 'Dvrkd sL;d &Si;f vif;csuu f bmrsm; vltrsm;
em;rvnfapwJh rsupf v d nfp&mrsm; &Sad evd@k vJ?
'gu &Sif;vif;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@&Jh urf;vSrf;csuf/ oabmxm;xkwfjyefcsufu
tifet f ,f'eD @J r[mrdwEf ikd if aH &; tiftm;pkawG ryg0ifbeJ @J pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;,lyw d qf @kd
wmawGukd &kwo f rd ;f zk@d / jyifqifz@kfd / bmyJ vkyv f yk /f rpOf;pm;yge@J / rqk;H jzwfyge@J ? usaemfw@kd eJ@
aqG;aEG;ygv@kd ajymvdu k w f m jzpfw,f? 'gukd taemufEikd if aH wGxrJ mS t&ifO;D qH;k vufcw H m/
todtrSwjf yKwmu tar&duefEikd if jH zpfw,f? Oa&mywd@k tD;,lw@kd u bmajymrvJqw kd mudk
apmif=h unf&h rSmayg?h
ppftpkd;&eJ@ olwdk@ taygif;tygawGu tjrJwpdkufajymaewmu qef&SifawGu
jynfolvlxkudk xdckdufw,fvdk@ ajymw,f? usaemfwdk@ajymaewmu jynfolvlxkudk
xdcu kd w f mxuf vl@tcGit hf a&;awG tjrJcsL;d azmufaewJh 'Dru kd a&pDa&; wdik ;f jynfta&;udk
tav;rxm;wJh ppftpkd;&udk xdcdkufapw,f vdk@ ajymw,f? 'ga=umifh qef&SifudpPudk
avsmch siw f myJ jzpfjzpf/ wd;k csiw f myJjzpfjzpf usaemfw@kd eJ@ aqG;aEG;yg/ wdik yf ifyg? oabmxm;udk
awmif;ygv@kd ajymvdu k w f m jzpfygw,f?
'gqdk&if usaemfwdk@u ajymcsifwmwckuawmh jynfolvlxkawG/ jynfwGif;u
wd k i f ; &if ; om; pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; &S i f a wG / tvk y f o rm; v,f o rm;awG tm;vk H ; rS m
EdkifiHa&;csGwfjcKHusr_/ pD;yGm;a&; csGwfjcKHusr_/ ynma&;csGwfjcKHusr_/ vl@tcGifhta&;awG/
tvkyo f rm; v,form;tcGit hf a&;awG tm;vk;H csw G jf cKHusra_ wG jzpfaew,f? cHpm;ae&w,f?
vlr_a&; usef;rma&; tppt&m&m taxGaxG qif;&J csLd@wJhae&wmawG tm;vkH;[m
qef & S i f a =umif h v d k @ ppf t pd k ; &eJ @ taygif ; tygawG u 0d k i f ; jyD ; vuf n d S K ;xd k ; aewmud k
ppftpk;d &vufatmufu jynfolvlxk=uD; tm;vkH;u wjydKifeufwnf; acgif;awG ndwfjyD;
[kww f ,f [kww f ,fv@kd ajymae=uvd@k vm;? vlxu k b,fvcdk pH m;ae&w,f/ b,fvekd m;vnf
oabmayguaf ew,fv@dk q&mu jrifovJ? ajymcsio f vJ?
tck usaemfw@kd oabmxm;xkwjf yefcsuaf wGrmS vnf; ajymjyD;ygjyD? wdik ;f jynfrmS
tppt&m&m csw G jf cHKusjyD; qif;&J'u k rQ sL;d pkeH @J vGwv f yfa&;awG qdwo f Ok ;f aewm/ vl@tcGihf
ta&;awG/ tvkyform;/ v,form;awG/ wkdif;&if;om;awG tm;vkH;&Jh tcGifhta&;awG/
&ydik cf iG ahf wG qk;H &_;H ae&wm[m qef&iS q f wkd mxuf ppftpk;d &&Jh zdEydS rf a_ wG/ csKyfjc,fra_ wG/ pDrcH ef@crJG _
csGwfjcKHusaewmawG a=umifhjzpfw,f? vuf0g;=uD;tkyf ppftkyfcsKyfr_awG/ tusifhysuf
jcpm;r_awGa=umifh jzpfw,fqdkwmudk jynfolawGu xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jywfjywfom;om;
em;vnfaejyD; jzpfygw,f?
tcktcsdefrSm vlxku ppftpkd;&a=umifh onfvdk taxGaxGqif;&J=uyfwnf;r_udk
&ifqikd af e&wm jzpfw,f? vl@tcGit hf a&; tvkyo f rm; v,form; tcGit fh a&;awG r&Svd @kd
qif;&Jwm/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf a&;awG r&Sw d ma=umifh wdik ;f jynf =uyfwnf;wmqdw k mudk odjyD;
jzpfw,f?
tckxkwfjyefwmuvnf; jynfolvlxkudk &Sif;jywmxuf em;a0;wJh jynfyu
tpktzG@J awG/ oufqikd &f mawGukd oabmayguaf tmif/ em;vnfatmif &Si;f wmyJ jzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh bmvkyfvkyf usaemfwdk@eJ@ wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jyD;rS vkyfyg/ 'ga=umifh usaemfwdk@u
t*Fvyd b f momeJ@ pepfwus tcsut f vufe@J aoaocsmcsm a&;om; xkwjf yef&wmjzpfw,f?
'gukd em;vnf=uapcsiw f ,f?
aus;Zl;wifygw,f q&m? (qufvufazmfjyygrnf)
q&mjroef;wifh
b0ESihf pmayrSww
f rf;
rd;k rctifwmeufrS
q&mjroef;wifu h kd tz OD;aygwif/h trd a':vdi_ w f @kd u yckuLU c&dik /f +rdKif+rdKŒrSm 1923/

ar 23/ =umoyaw;ae@u arG;zGm;cJyh gw,f? trnf&if; jroef; jzpf+yD; arG;csi;f 7 a,mufrmS
t}uD;qH;k jzpfygw,f?
1943 ckEpS f tm&Svil ,ftzG@J rmS yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;cJ+h y;D 1944-45 zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;
ajratmufvy_ &f mS ;r_rmS yg0ifcyhJ gw,f? 1945-47 rE aW v;c&dik /f txufArmjynf zqyv
tzGJ@csKyf/ rE Wav;c&dkif uGefjrLepfygwDudk pwif wnfaxmifawmh c&dkifaumfrwD0iftjzpf
aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f?
ausmufyef;awmif;rSm tufwl;-ocifodef;az (jynfwGif;ppfwGifusqHk;) eJ@twl
v,form;rsm; oD;pm;c ray;a&; wdu k yf /JG v,fiw k f v,fjyefxeG af &;wdu k yf /JG ajr&Si}f uD;rsm;&JŒ
v,frsm;udk twif; 0ifxeG af &; wdu k yf rJG sm;udk OD;aqmifcw hJ ,f? taxGaxGoydw}f uD;rSm jrif;+cH/
rE aW v;/ 'voabFmusi;f tvkyo f rm;xk}uD; yg0ifa&; twGuf wm0ef ,lcw hJ ,f? jrif;+cHc&dik f
tvkyform;or*~/ v,form; or*~ wdk@rSm tvkyftr_aqmiftjzpf aqmif&Guf&if;
jzL;v,form; uGe*f &uf}uD;rSm jrif;+cHc&dik f ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf wufa&mufcw hJ ,f? 1947 rSm
yckuLU c&dik /f ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&u G cf w
hJ ,f?
q&m yxrqH;k a&;om;wJh 'kuo Q nf 0wÎKwdu k kd wm&mr*~Zif; twGJ 3/ trSwf 21/
1949 rSm azmfjycJyh gw,f? udo k ef;wif/ '*kew f m&m/ armif=unfvif/ atmifvif;wd@k eJ@twl
pmayonf jynfo@l twGuq f w kd hJ a=uG;a=umfoeH @J pmayopfr*~Zif;udk 1950 rSm OD;aqmifxw k f
a0w,f? a*:uD&ŒJ rmvfAmESihf tjcm;0wÎKwdrk sm;udk yxrqH;k bmomjyefvuf&mtjzpf 1951
rSm a&;om; xkwaf 0ygw,f?
1952 rSm urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&; uGe*f &uf(jrefrmEdik if )H / jrefrmEdik if H pma&;q&m toif;

wkd@rSm tvkyf tr_aqmiftjzpf aqmif&Gufygw,f? pmayr*~Zif; wm0efcH t,f'Dwm/
jynfaxmifopf *sme,f t,f'DwmcsKyf/ wdk;wufa&; owif;pm EdkifiHjcm;a&; t,f'Dwm
tjzpfvnf; aqmif&u G cf yhJ gw,f?
yxrqH;k yifuakd &;vH;k csi;f 0wÎK jzpfwhJ arwœmtoacFsukd 1953 rSm a&;om;ygw,f?
1955 rSm ocifudk,fawmfrd_if; OD;aqmifwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; A[dkaumfrwDrSm
twGi;f a&;rSL;wpfO;D tjzpf yg0if aqmif&u G yf gw,f? 1954 rSm 0dZm… bG@J / 1956 rSm Oya'bG@J
&cJyh gw,f?
1957 rSm jynfo@l wd;k wufa&;ygwD ay:vpfAsL&d/k ur?mh+idr;f csr;f a&;uGe*f &uf (jrefrm
EdkifiH) twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf/ ur?mh+idrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD AsL&dktzGJ@0ifvl}uD; tjzpf yg0if
aqmif&Gufygw,f? 1958 ckESpfrSm txdef;odrf;cH&jyD; udkudk;uGsef;tusOf;axmifukd
tyk@d c&H ygw,f?
pma&;q&muvyf tr_aqmiftjzpf 1961 rSm aqmif&u G cf +hJ yD; q&mode;f azjrifeh @J
yl;wGJ a&;om;wJh EGx H uJ =um0wÎKu pwifum jroef;wifh uavmiftrnfukd toH;k jyKcJyh gw,f?
1961 ckEpS rf mS txde;f odr;f cHb0rS vGwaf jrmufc+hJ yD; qG'D ifEikd if H pawmh[rk ;f +rdK@rSm
usi;f ywJh +idr;f csr;f a&;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;udk ur?mh+idr;f csr;f a&; uGe*f &uf (jrefrmEdik if )H
ud, k pf m;vS,f tjzpf wufa&mufcyhJ gw,f? 1962 rSm pma&;q&m or*~ tr_aqmif jzpfvmcJ+h y;D
1963 rSm jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J tzG@J 0if/ jynfo@l aumfrwD0if tjzpf wm0ef,al qmif&u G f
ygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; awG@qHak qG;aqG;yGJ ysujf ym;oGm;wJh tcg xyfrH xde;f odr;f cH&+yD;
udu k ;kd uGse;f udk 'kw, d t}udrf tyd@k cH&jyefw,f?
1972 rSm txde;f odr;f cHb0rSvw G af jrmuf+y;D trsKd ;om;pmay bmomjyefqu k kd ppfEiS hf
+idr;f csr;f a&; 0wÎKtwGuf &ygw,f? 1973 rSm "m;awmifuakd usmI f rD;yifv,fukd jzwfrnf
qkw d Jh emrnfausmf 0wÎKudx k w
k af 0w,f? 1978 rSm av&l;okeo f ek 0f wÎKjzifh trsKd ;om;pmay
bmomjyefqu k kd 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf &&Sjd yefygw,f? 1985 rSm cef;aqmifet D yd rf uf0wÎK
twGuf trsdK;om;pmay bmomjyef(&o)qkk/ 1992 rSm okc+rdK@awmf0wÎK twGuf
trsdK;om;pmay bmomjyefqk/ 1995 rSm tcspfrdk;aumif;uif 0wÎKjzifh trsdK;om;pmay
bmomjyef(&o)qkw@kd ukd &ygw,f?
q&mjroef ; wif h [ m 1998 ck E S p f / azazmf y g&D 18/ n 9;15 em&D r S m
&efuek jf ynfo@l aq;&H}k u;D rSm uG,v f eG yf gw,f? uG,v f eG cf sed rf mS ZeD; a':cifrreJ@ om;orD;av;OD;
use&f pfcyJh gw,f?

“rd;k / rd;k / rk;d vm;armif¶Œkd ? av/ av/ avvm;armif¶Œkd ? pde/f pde/f pdev f m;armif¶Œkd ? jr/ jr/
jrvm;armif¶Œkd ? rk;d vm;a[h/ avvm;a[h/ pdev f m;a[h/ jrvm;a[h/ a[vmarmif¶Œkd 0g;?”
jrefrmh¶;kd &m oHcsyf
jrefrmwdkŒ"avhrSm ‘a[vmarmif¶dkŒ0g;’ eJ@ }uD;jyif;vm=uwmqdkawmh/ rdk;/ rdk;/
rd;k vm;armif¶Œkd vd@k wa,mufa,mufu p+yD;wdik v f u kd &f ifyJ av/ av/ avvm;armif¶Œkd vd@k
oH+ydKifvu kd zf @kd &,f/ a[vmarmif¶Œkd 0g; eJ@ tqH;k owfz@kd twGuyf g tqifoifjh zpfaeESi=hf u+yD?
a[vmarmif¶dkŒ0g;vdk@ qdkvdkufwmeJ@ tdk;pnf0dkif; 'dk;ywf0dkif;awGu wGJzuf+yD;
ygvm&ygawmhw,f? jrefrmbk&ifawG vufxufwkef;uawmh eef;wGif;oHk;tdk;pnf eJ@
aus;vufo;kH td;k pnf&,fv@kd ESprf sK;d &Scd zhJ ;l w,f? 'Duae@rSmawmh td;k pnfoeH @J 'd;k ywfoaH wGu
jrefrmh¶dk;&m"avhrSm vlxkeJ@teD;pyfqHk;*Dwjzpfaeyg+yD? vlxkuvnf; xJxJ0if0iftodqHk;/
t&if;tES;D qH;k jzpfygw,f? tenf;qH;k 0g;vufcyk af vmufawmh 0ifw;D Edik =f uw,f?
“a&$Asm'dwu f ,fEiS hf wHqyd f wHqyd cf /H ewfwikd ;f Edik if H jynfawmfwiG ;f / a=unm
a=unmvif;ygv@kd owif;ql?”
eef;wGi;f oH;k a&S;td;k pnfocD si;f / a&;ol - trnfrod
“a&$t;kd pnfv, G o
f av/ vdrzf ,fz,f wD;ygah rmif&,f/ r,fr,fe@J e;D cgrS vufo;D udak &$csr,f?”
aus;vuf a&S;td;k pnfocD si;f / a&;ol - trnfrod td;k pnf0ikd ;f /
a[ vm armif &dk 0h g;
&ef0if; (awmifwcH g;)
td;k pnfukd ycH;k wzufx f nf;rSmyJv, G xf m;&awmh wD;wJt h cg vdrzf ,fz,f jzpfaew,f?
td;k pnfu emrnftwdik ;f yJ td;k yHpk rH mS vnfw&H n S &f nS /f pkpak ygi;f t&Snf 3 ayavmufe@J rsuEf mS 0u
tcsi;f 10 vufravmuf&w d S ,f? anmifyif&ŒJ opfom;jym/ anmifjym eJ@ xrif;aysmah ysmu h ek d ,fxm;wJh
ywfpm xnf+h y;D wGzJ ufw;D r,fh ES/J yavGw@kd &ŒJ oHreS f twdik ;f nêxd m;ygw,f?
“trsK;d aemfwu,fjrwfygw/hJ ud;k e0&wfa&mifpjkH c,f/ 'd;k ywfuw kd v
hJ ,
G yf gw,f”
a&S;'d;k ywfocD si;f / a&;ol - trnfrod 'd;k ywf0ikd ;f /

yef;csD OD;A=unf
'd;k ywfuakd wmh b,fnm ESpzf ufw;D rSmqdak wmh vnfyif;rSm odik ;f vd@k vG,&f ygw,f?
t=urf;tm;jzifh 'd;k ywfu 1 ay 6 vufr/ 2 ay eJ@ 2 ay 6 vufr t&G,o f ;kH rsK;d avmuf&w dS ,f?
rsufESm0ESpfzufu &G,fwlr[kwf=uyg? t&G,fydk}uD;wJh nmzufrsufESm0u tcsif; 10
vufravmufe@J b,fzufu tcsi;f 7 vufravmuf &Syd gw,f? ywfpm xnf+h y;D toHnw dê t hJ cg/
wGzJ ufw;D r,fh ES/J yavGw@kd &JŒ rlwnfoeH @J nD!w G af tmif ywfpm xnf+h yD; nmzufukd oHreS /f
b,f z uf u d k av;ayguf o H / wcsKd Œ vnf ; ig;ayguf o H x m;wD ; ygw,f ? a&S ; uawmh
'd;k ywfwvH;k wnf; wD;=uw,f? 'DuaeŒrSmawmh ‘ac:'d;k ’ eJŒ ‘vku d 'f ;kd ’ qd+k y;D ESpv f ;kH wGw J ;D ygw,f?
jrefrmh¶;kd &m td;k pnf eJ@ 'd;k ywf ESprf sK;d pvH;k u toHpw kH &l , d mawG r[kw=f ubl;av?
wGzJ uf wD;r_w=f uzd@k &m ES/J yavG/ vif;uGi;f eJ@ 0g;vufcyk af wGvnf; ygao;w,f? 'gayr,fh td;k pnf
eJ@ 'd;k ywfw@kd udk rlwnf+yD; td;k pnf0ikd ;f / 'd;k ywf0ikd ;f &,fv@kd yJ ac: =uw,f? t,dik w f ;D =uwmcsi;f
wlayr,fh td;k pnf0ikd ;f eJ@ 'd;k ywf0ikd ;f awGrmS oDcsi;f / wD;wJh [efyefe@J rlv tawmtyd'k af wG
tygt0if wckcsif;pDtaeeJ@ vHk;0 uGmjcm;ygw,f? rlvtawmykd'fudk =um;vdkuf¶HkeJ@wifyJ
td;k pnf0ikd ;f vm;/ 'd;k ywf0ikd ;f vm;vd@k cGjJ cm;+yD; odEikd w f ,f?
td;k pnf0ikd ;f / 'd;k ywf0ikd ;f vd@k ajymvdu k w f meJ@ w+ydKifeuf/ csucf si;f wef;+yD;jrifr=d urSmu
aysm&f i$ jf rL;=uw G hJ OD;a&$¶;kd tuudyk gy?J td;k pnf0ikd ;f 'd;k ywf0ikd ;f awGu OD;a&$¶;kd tueJ@ wom;wnf;
usaeyg+yD? cJjG cm;vd@k r&Edik af wmhyg? OD;a&$¶;kd tu ryg&if td;k pnf0ikd ;f eJ@ 'd;k ywf0ikd ;f awG [mwmwm
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udik x f m;wJh OD;a&$¶;kd }uD;&JŒ[efyefuu kd jrif¶eHk @J awmifrS &,fcsipf &m jzpfaew,f? td;k pnf 'd;k ywf
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y&dowfxu J rde;f uav;awGe@J uav;awGukd aemufw,f/ ajymifw,f/ rsupf ypfjyw,f?
y&dwo f wfxrJ mS wu,f u &JwhJ rde;f uav;awG ygvm&ifvnf; 0dik ;f xJ0if+yD; OD;a&$¶;kd }uD;eJ@
taysmw f u
JG =uwmygy?J tifrwefrS vGwv f w G vf yfvyfe@J aysmpf &maumif;w,f?
OD;a&$¶;kd tu&,fv@kd ordik ;f wacwf wGi+f yD; use&f pfcahJ tmif/ OD;a&$¶;kd t0wftpm;/
OD;a&$¶dk;&JŒ[efyef eJ@ OD;a&$¶dk;tu udkyg wDxGifoGm;oluawmh pG,fpHk& ynm&Sif}uD;/
umwGef;a&$wav; ac: OD;buav; jzpfygw,f? ¶kyfajymif;¶kyfvGJ rdwfuyfynmrSm
tifrwefx;l cseG w f hJ obm&ifh ¶ky&f iS rf if;om;}u;D vnf; jzpfygw,f? 1923 ckEpS u f ‘awm+rKd ipf eG ;f u
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owfEdkifvdrfhOD;r,f r[kwfao;yg? wu,fawmh a[vmarmif¶dkŒ0g;qdkwm aysmfyGJ&$ifyGJ
atmif j rif r _ w ck t wG u f oH + yd K if n D n D n mnm tm;&yg;&qd k + yD ; yG J o d r f ; wJ h atmif y G J & J Œ
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txl;aus;Zl;wifpmG jzifh ud;k um;jcif;
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(2) jrefrmhobifr_tajcjy (rsKd;jrifhapm)/ Edk0ifbmv/ 1966
(3) uAsmhO,smOf (aZmf*sD/ rif;ok0%f/ OD;b a&G;cs,fwnf;jzwfonf)
4) jrefrmr_okawoepm (0if;armif-wr`0wD)/ ZGefv 2006
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udk ynma&; toH;k p&dwf tjzpf4if;/ t}uD;tus,f toH;k
jyKae onf? xdkha=umifh vlr_a&; OD;wnfcsuf av;&yfyg
aemufqkH w&yfeiS hf tnD wrsKd ;om;vH;k use;f rm }u@Hcikd f
ae=ujy;D / ynm&nf txl; jrifrh m;vsuf &Sad =umif; od&onf?
Asm;acgi;f aqmif u'gzeD @J wlaom Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD; oef;a&$u trsKd ;om; nDvmcHrmS
vpf xnfo h iG ;f aqG;aEG;jcif; r&Sb
d J ud,
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2008 tajccHOya'rSm bma=umifh xnfhoGif;chJ&ygovJ? b,foludkrS rwdkifryifbJeJ@
aumfr&SiftzGJ@0if OD;aomif;nGef@ (Oya'ynm&SifESifh t+idrf;pm; n$ef=um;a&;rª;csKyf) udk
ol@tcef;xJac:+yD; bmjzpfv@kd a&;cdik ;f &ygovJ?
bk&m;w&m; =unfnKd wJh OD;aomif;nGe@f ig;yg;oDvuHukd csKd ;azmufc&Jh vd@k pdwrf aumif;
jzpfc&Jh whJ ta=umif; aejynfawmf twGi;f pnf;xJu owif;awG usaemfx h H a&mufvmchyJ gw,f?
(2008 zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya' tcef; 14/ ul;ajymif;a&;umv jyÏmef;csurf sm;/ tyd'k f
445 rSm jynfaxmifpk orRw jrefrmEdik if aH wmfonf e0wESihf etzwd@k . aqmif&u G cf surf sm;/
wm0efrsm;ESifh &ydkifcGifhrsm;udk qufcHonf? ,if;tzGJ@/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@0ifwOD;OD; odk@r[kwf
tpd;k &tzG@J 0if wOD;OD;. wm0eft& aqmif&u G cf surf sm; tay: ta=umif;jyKvsuf ,if;wd@k tm;
w&m;pGq J jkd cif;/ ta&;,ljcif; r&Sad p&vd@k azmfjyxm;ygw,f?)
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xrf;aqmifaepOf umvu tjzpf tysufav; wckudk oGm;+yD; owd&rdygw,f? 2001
ckEpS w
f iG ;f u oH¶;kH tr_xrf; wOD; jrefrmEdik if u H ae tar&duef Edik if oH @kd ajymif;a&$Œ wm0efxrf;
aqmif chyJ gw,f?
'Dow H refu usaemft h wGu/f txufu Adv k rf ;ª twGuf ta&;w}uD; owif;pHpk rf;zd@k
n$e=f um;csuf ay;vdu k w
f ,fv@kd ajymawmh bmvJv@kd usaemfu ar;rdw,f?
tar&duef tpd;k &taeeJ@ jrefrm ppfacgi;f aqmifawGukd Edik if w H um w&m;¶H;k wifz@kd
txd pOf;pm;aewm &Sdr&Sd odcsifw,f/ tjrefpHkprf;+yD; ta}umif;jyefay;ygvdk@ n$ef=um;
vduk af =umif; ajymygw,f? usaemf +yHK;rdvu kd wf ,f?
a=omf ud k , f c H & rS m usawmh a=umuf w wf vd k u f w m/ ol w yg;awG u sawmh
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csvu kd ”f qd+k yD; trde@f awG ay;aewhJ Adv
k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;&,f?
tJ't D csed u f urm?rSm ,l*q kd vm;AD;,m; orRwa[mif; rDvq kd AD pf/ vdu
k af A;&D;,m;
orRwa[mif; csm;vf awvm/ uarBm'D;,m; tm%m&Sifa[mif; ydkaygh/ ql'eforRw
bwf & S D ; ,m;wd k @ Ed k i f i H w umw&m;¶H k ; rS m tr_ & if q d k i f a ecsd e f j zpf v d k @ ol @ tvS n f h r sm;
b,fawmha&mufrvJqw kd mudk pd;k &drv f @kd pH;k prf;cdik ;f vduk w f ,fqw kd m usaemf em;vnfvu kd yf gw,f?
usaemf v nf ; 0wf a uswef ; ausyJ avmavmq,f tajctaerS m awmh
tar&duefEikd if rH mS 2001 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 11 &ufae@rmS 0g&iS w f ef'pD u D yifw*Gef ppfXmecsKyef @J
e,l;a,mufu World Trade Center twdu k cf aH e&vd@k jrefrmEdik if u H kd pdwrf 0ifpm;Edik af o;bl;vd@k
owif;jyefy@kd ay;ch&J w,f?
pufwifbm 11 ta&;cif;[m AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;twGuf 0rf;omp&mjzpfchJ&w,f?
b,favmuf 0rf;omovJq&kd if wjcm;Edik if aH wGu acgi;f aqmiftoD;oD; tar&duef orRw
a*smh bk&SfxH 0rf;enf;a=umif;o0%fv$mawG toD;oD;ydk@ae=uwhJtcdsef/ usaemfwdk@u
yd@k z@kd wifjyawmh [dv k v
kd 'kd v D vkd vkd yk +f y;D tcsed t f awmf=umonftxd ryd@k b;l ? aemufq;kH tar&duef
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme Burma Desk u oH¶Hk;udk ar;vdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHudk jyefajymawmhrS
ryd@k csiyf @kd csief @J Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;u yd@k vdu k w f ,f?
Ad k v f c sKyf r ª ; }uD ; bmjzpf v d k @ vG w f + id r f ; csrf ; omcG i f h awmif ; cH & ovJ q d k & if
jynfov l x l t k ay:rSm &uf&ufpufpuf vkycf ikd ;f chw J t Jh ay: olu, kd wf ikd f wm0efr,l&v J @kd yJ? ol
wdu k ¶f u kd /f oG,0f u kd f trde@f ay;chw J mawGukd ajym&&ifawmh 1993 ckEpS f {+yDvrSm &cdik jf ynfe,f
bl;oD;awmif armif;awm e,fajrrSm ¶dk[if*sm 400 ausmfudk &Sif;ypfzdk@ tJ'Dtcsdefu
taemufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyfwikd ;f rª; Adv k cf sKyf 0if;jrifh (aemif twGi;f a&;rª; 3/ ppfa&;csKyf 'k
Adv k cf sKyf}uD; 0if;jrif)h udk umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD; oef;a&$u trde@f ay;chw J ,f?
tJ'w D ek ;f u ¶d[ k if*sm aomif;use;f olawGu bl;oD;awmif armif;awm e,fajrrSm
wae@wnf;rSm rdik ;f 18 vH;k cG+J yD; 0ifa&mufypfcwfcv Jh @kd ppfwyfujyef+yD; ppfqifa&;vkyw f t Jh cg
olyek af &m t&yfom;yg pkpak ygi;f vl 400 ausmf t&Sizf rf;qD;&rdw,f? ppf¶;kH csKyu f kd owif;yd@k awmh
“ukvm;/ vlrrS [kww f m &Si;f ypf” vd@k trde@f ay;chw J ,f?
1996 ckEpS rf mS trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J csKyf (NLD) trsKd ;om;nDvmcHuxGuaf wmh
Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD; oef;a&$u NLD udk t}uD;tus,af 'goxGu+f yD; LN D qd&k if aqGrsKd ;tpOftquf
a=umufoGm;atmif enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ tusyftwnf;jzpfatmif vkyfzdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;udk
cdik ;f apchw J ,f?
1996 ckESpfxJrSmyJ wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif e,fajrawGjzpfwhJ &Srf;jynfe,f/
u,m;jynfe,f/ yJcl;wdkif;/ u&ifjynfe,f/ rGefjynfe,f/ weoFm&Dwdkif; awGrSm&SdwhJ
ppfwyftiftm;awGuo kd ;kH +yD; &GmawGa&$Œcdik ;f wmrSm rvdu k ef m&if tpdwo f m; (25 usyo f m;)
0rf;Adu k x f u J uav;awmifrcseef @J vd@k tjywf&iS ;f zd@k trde@f ay;cJw h ,f?
1998 ckESpf arvrSm AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; oef;a&$u AdkvfcsKyf =unfrif; (a&wyf
OD;pD;csKyfa[mif;)/ AdkvfcsKyf jrifhaqG (avwyf OD;pD;csKyfa[mif;)/ AdkvfcsKyf ol&jrifhatmif
(ppfa&;csKyfa[mif;)/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD; aZmfrif; (trSwf 1 vSsypf pf 0ef}uD;) wd@k udk c&pPw;D uGse;f rSm
tjypfrt hJ &yfom; trsKd ;om;/ trsKd ;orD;/ uav; 81 a,mufw@kd ukd owfypfz@kd trde@f ay;chw J ,f?
tJ'cD &pPw;D uGse;f rSm usaemfu, kd wf ikd f &daS ewma=umifh oufaoxGuq f Ekd ikd yf gw,f?
2003 ckEpS f 'Dy&J if;udprP mS Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD; oef;a&$ ud, k wf ikd f a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd
vkyf}uHzdk@ AdkvfcsKyf pdk;0if; (0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;)/ OD;atmifaomif; (pufr_ 1 0ef}uD;) wdk@udk
cdkif;chJygw,f? 'DudpPe@Jywfoufvdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;a[mif;rsm;/ wyfrawmft&m&Sdrsm;/
&Jt&m&Sdrsm;u oufaoxGufqdkEkdifygw,f? 'gawGu usaemf odwmawGyg? wjcm;
vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufwmawGe@J ywfoufvdk@ jynfolvlxkawGodwm trsm;}uD;
&Syd gvrd Ohf ;D r,f?
2007 ckEpS f pufwifbmvrSm bk&m;om;awmfawGukd owfjzwfniS ;f qJwhJ udpu P awmh
urm?ausmu f pd wP ckyg? 'Dvkd rw&m;jypfra_ wG trsm;}uD; usL;vGex f m;wht J wGuaf =umifv h nf;
Edik if w H umw&m;¶H;k udk t&rf;a=umufcw hJ m? ukvor*~ vl@tcGit hf a&; txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f
rpPwm uifwm;em; wifjywJh pH;k prf;ppfaq;a&;tzG@J om jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f 0ifa&mufppfaq;
cGi&hf r,fq&kd if 'Dxufy+kd yD; ta=umif;pHu k kd odEikd rf mS yg?
'ga=umifh umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; oef;a&$ cdk;a=umifcdk;0SufeJ@
udk,fhudk,fudk,f vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;xm;wJh Oya'tm; 2008 tajccHOya'rSm
xnfch w Jh ,fqw kd mudk today;vdu k yf gw,f?
'gayr,fh “ppfwyfu usL;vGefchJwhJ jypfr_tm;vHk;[m txufuay;wJh trdef@eJ@
wm0efjzpfwhJtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; oef;a&$ wm0eft&SdqHk;yg/ a&Smifvdk@r&bl;qdkwmudk
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,ae@urBmrSm jzpfysuaf ewhJ tm%m&Sif wdik ;f jynfawGe@J jrefrmjynf&ŒJ tajctaeudk
Ed _ i f ; ,S O f = unf h r ,f q d k & if f Ad k v f c sKyf r ª ; }uD ; oef ; a&$ [ m vpf A sm;acgif ; aqmif u'gzD v d k
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vpfAsm;wyfrawmfuo Jh @kd qufvuf opPmrcHoifah wmhygb;l ?
jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGi;f u vlprG ;f aumif;rsm; xGuzf @kd vdak eyg+yD? jrefrmjynfoal wG
bufu &yfwnf&r,ft h csed u f kd a&mufaeyg+y?D jynfov l xl ek @yJ ;l aygi;f +y;D tm%m&Sif Adv k cf sKyrf ;ª }u;D
oef;a&$e@J rdom;pkukd vpfAsm;acgi;f aqmif u'gzeD @J rdom;pkvkd Edik if w H um ppfc¶kH ;kH yd@k +yD;ta&;,l
Ekid af &; 0dik ;f 0ef;}udK;pm;=uygp@kd vd@k wdu k w f eG ;f vdu k yf gw,f?
AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; oef;a&$eJ@rdom;pkudk Oya't& vHk;0 (vHk;0) vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh
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(www.bur.irrawaddy.org rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?) 3 / rwfv / 2011
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apmift h uefcH &rSmjzpfonf? ,QKppftyk pf ak c:,lonfh v$waf wmfonf rnfonft h "dyg̀,u f k d aqmifae
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v$waf wmfjzpfco hJ nfrw S yg; vlxak wmifw h rGwo f yd o
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h J nfh ae@u v$waf wmfOuUX atmifcifjrifh
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f mudk cGirh f ðybl;” [lI
trde@fawmfcsrw S u f m zGih f vSpcf oh J nf? jynfo@lvw $ af wmf trnfcx H m;onfh zufqpfvw $ af wmf ppfppfjzpf
a=umif; ,Ofaus;r_0ef}u;D u ±dik ;f pdik ;f jyvdu k jf cif;jzpfonf?
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vky&f yfrsm;udk =unfu h m tHb h , G &f mjzpfaecJo h nf? ppfu|eðf y v$waf wmf ay:xGuv f mcJ+h y;D onfah emuf
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uvdeu f s vky&f yfrsm;udk xl;axGtb hH ,G &f m[k rjrifawmh?
(3)
jynfwGif;ppf&yfqJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDonf wdkif;jynfESifh
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wyg;rS r&&SEd ik d ?f wdu k , f rl S xdtk &m awGu&k d &Srd nf? vGwv f yfa&;ud&k &Srd mS jzpfonf? wdu k , f rl &S rnfjzpfa=umif;
ordik ;f acwfrsm;. armfueG ;f rsm;uvnf; !$e=f um;jyocJh +y;D jzpfonf?
zufqpfw@k durl ol.xH;k pHtwdik ;f qufvufI ppfu|eðf y zdEyd S af csre_ ;f rSm jzpfonf? vlxu k kd
zdEydS af csre_ ;f &mYenf;opf [efopf ajymif;vmcJ+h y;D jzpfonf? zufqpfppftyk pf x k rJ S ppfacgi;f aqmif
ppftm%m&Si. f wvufuik d zf ufqpfwyfonf owfjzwfacsre_ ;f &mwGi‚f if;/ vlxu k k d t"rRtEdik u f sih f
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ppftyk pf u k ol@wpkxJ ordik ;f w&m;cHtjzpfrcH? tr_ww JG ckxJ ygvmap&ef rdwaf qGrsm;/
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ppftyk pf k vufyg;ap }u@H zw G t f zG@J 0ifrsm;udk twdu k cf ik d ;f rSmjzpfonf? }u@H zw G u f wdu k cf u k d f acsre_ ;f cJ+h y;D
vnf;jzpfonf? 2006 vlxt k ºk HuG awmfveS rf u _ k d }u@H zw G w f @k d acsre_ ;f zdEyd S cf o
h J nf r[kwv f m;? tvm;wl
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'D r d k u &uf w pf u&if A k ' < b mom tzG J @ ud k ppf t k y f p k u e,f j cm;apmif h w yf t jzpf
ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;cdik ;f pOf opPmcHoEl iS hf rcHol ESpzf @JG xyfco JG mG ;jyefonf? Adv k Ef w _ cf rf; ar$;onf
&efo@l vufxrJ S cGx J u G uf m &efou l kd jyefwu kd cf o hJ nf? a&G;aumufyJG vkyo f nfh Ed0k bFm 7rSonf
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wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;aeqJ? ppfu|efðya&; 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHk/ ppftkyfpk a&G;aumufyGJ ESifh
ppfvw $ af wmfw@kd ukd vlxw k &yfv;kH . ud, k pf m;qef@usio f nfh awmfveS af &; aoewf oH?
(4)
Tod@k tm;jzifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk (Armvlrsd K;pk tygt0if) vlrsd K;pk toD;oD;xJwiG f
ESpfaygif;21 ESpf (1989- 2011) twGif; &efol@ppftkyfpk vufudkifwkwf tkyfpkrsm;/
vltyk rf sm;ay:xGuv f mcJo h nf? vGecf o hJ nfh umvu nD&if;tudak wG/ cspaf omrdwaf qGawG?
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quf+yD;wdu k &f ayawmhrnf? KNU enf;wl &Sr;f jynfrmS vnf; ppftyk pf k }uH@zGwt f zG@J 0if 'kw, d
orRw a'guw f mpdik ;f armufcrf; &Sr;f trsKd ;om; }u@H zw G Ef iS hf &Sr;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmfw@kd
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csi;f awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkw@kd wdu k =f u cdu k =f uayawmh? tjcm;jynfe,f a'orsm;wGiv f nf; nDtudk
jcif;wdu k =f uayawmh?
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Burma strange news
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uíeaf wmfrh o d m;pk? xdrk o
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vkyfpm;&if yifyef;rSmpdk;wJhtwGuf rd&dk;zvm awmifol/ xef;vkyfief; twwfynmawG
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ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;yif?
21 &mpk
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ppfrif;atmif wyf&if; (2)
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opfyiftyk w f ef; uwW&mvrf;rS tjyef 0rf;pmtwGuf v_y&f mS ;=u&tH;k rnf?
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eD;+yDav” “Sunday=u&ifa&m” “u|efawmfwdk@utm;w,f udkwmwD;uaum”olajymrS
owd & rd w ,f ? Sunday qd k w m wurB m vH k ; em;&uf jzpf a yr,f h *syef a &muf
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td r f t vk y f a wG e J @ rtm;&wJ h &uf j zpf w ,f ? ud k , f y d k i f t csd e f r &d S w J h *syef a &muf
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aumfzaD omuf&if;ajymr,f?”
jrefrmEdik if [H m trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifral tmufrmS
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vufeufuikd ef nf;vrf;awGukd jyifqifcsrw S +f y;D wdu k yf 0JG ifc=hJ uw,f? vGwv f yfa&;&cge;D rSmyJ 1947
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tm%mtwGuf vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;udk wynfah rG;/ q&marG; jyKvyk =f u&mu Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;
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Burma Strange News
tvif;tdrf0wˆKwdk
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tm%m&Sif awmfveS af &;owif;awGyjJ zpfw,f// oyGwt f ikd &f mG rSm owif;pm rSmzwfwhJ ol
r&Sdygbl;// 'gayrJh owif;pHkawmholwdk hodw,f// b}uD;+idrf; tdrfrSm&SdwJh ae&S,fe,fa&'D
,dak [mif;}u;D udo k yGwt f ikd &f J h *vdb k ,f uGe, f uf}u;D vdk ah jym=uw,f// "gwcf J av;vH;k xJx h m;&if
wvud;k owif; zGichf siw f ikd zf iG whf hJ // ol ah &'D,}kd uD;u jynfwiG ;f vdik ;f uvG&J if usew f mtukerf d
w,fqykd /J / 'Dawmh oyGwt f ikd &f mG om;awG urBm}uD;eJ h tquftoG,f rysub f ;l ayg/h /
wae hawmh b}uD;+idrf;tdrfudk &GmOD;ausmif;rSm wyfpGJxm;wJh wyfuwyf=uyf}uD;
a&mufvm w,f// ol v h mvnfwahJ e rh mS bJ wdu k w
f u
kd q
f ikd q
f ikd f tD*spf orw rlqmzD jyKwfajy;
wJhae@jzpfae w,f/arG;uwnf;u udkvdkeD'g%f eJ h tm%m&Sif'g%f yl;wGJcHcJh&&SmwJh b}u;D +ird f
wa,muf tJonfvo kd wif;rsKd ;=um;&awm eh m;a=umawG pdro hf mG ;rwufjzpfaewm// tJonftcsed f
rSm olu, kd wf ikd f tD*spjf ynfoal wGeJ t h wl yg0ifqENjyaeovdk pdwu f wxyfwnf; usaewm//
wyf=uyf}u;D eJ t
h wl a&aEG;=ur;faomuf a&mufwwf&m&majym=uqd=k u&if;eJ h pum;rpyf tD*spb f ufuk d
a&mufomG ;yga&m// b}u;D +ird ;f u h h h
a0avav rif;rif;odef;
“tm&yf urBmrSm qENjyaewJh udpP armif&if b,fvkd jrifowH;k ”

“[m h h t h buvJ 'Dvq kd ql yl yl vl yk &f ifawmh tpk;d &u b,fcrH vJ ”
“armif&ifajymwJh tpd;k & qdw k m ppfwyfuakd jymwmvm;”
“[kww f maygh tb&,f// vlxk tpd;k &qdw k m bmtm%mrS &Sw d mr[kww f m // ppfwyf
udk ausmaxmufaemufcjH yK +yD; vkyaf e&wmr[kwv f m;”
“a=omf h h ah rmif&if *vdb k ,feJ h awmfawmftvSr;f a0;aewmud;k // 'd@k Edik if u H =kd unh+f yD;
tjcm;wdik ;f jynfawGeJ t h wlwv l kd h armif&ifxifaewm h h h tck tD*spo f rw xGuaf jy;+yD qdw k m
od+yD; +yDvm;”
“tif; h h h [kwv f m; h h h tD*spq f wkd m &m*sp*f EDN eJ h nDtudv k m;// ol w
h kd Eh ikd if u
H ppf
wyfu tawmfnHhqdkbJ// 'ga=umifh xGufajy;& wmaerSm tb&J h// t&nftcsif;uawmh
usaemfw@kd Adv k cf sLyfrLS ;}uD;udk rrSw
D mawmh aocsmw,fr[kwv f m; h h h tb”
“at; aygh uGm h h h armif&ifwkd v h kd tqufjywfaewJh wyfom;awG/ t&m&Sad wG
arG;xm;Edik wf hJ wyfcsKyf}uD;udak wmh urBmrSm b,forl S vdu k v f kd rh rSw
D maocsmw,f a[h h h h

rlqmzDvJ rrSb D ;l // u'gzv D J rrSb D ;l ”
“'geJ h armif&ifwkd w h yfxrJ mS a&'D,akd v; bmav;rsm;r&Sb d ;l vm;uG ”
“[m h h h tbuvJ &Sw d maygh // 'gayrJh Edik if jH cm;uv$iw hf hJ aumv [mvawGukd rzGihf
&bl;vdk th rdef x h w k x
f m;w,f// usaemfwkd u h o kd m trdef x h w k x f m;wmyg // tck&w dS hJ t&mcHAv
kd f
uawmh ol eh m;usyaf &'D,akd v;eJ h ae w h ikd ;f em;axmifaewm h h h tb&J h // &efuek t f jyef
oabFmawGu usaemfwkd u h kd ae w h ikd ;f owif;pm,lvmay;ygw,f// tJonfxrJ mS vJ tbajym
wJh bm&yfvm; h h h tm&yfvm; qENjywmawG rygb;l tb&J ”h
“at; h h h tJ'g udak jymwmaygh // armif&ifwkd u h kd tqufjzwfaewmav // owif;pmrSm
ygwmu Edik if aH wmfqw kd hJ vlawGu ygwaD v;wpfygwu D kd oJ}uD;rJ}uD; refzD udu k w f mavmufukd
bJ tom;ay;a&;aewm// a=umufvu kd w f mvJ wkev f kd /h / ud,k *hf %k o f u d mQ eJ h 'Dvkd atmufwef;us
wJh tvkyaf wGukd vkyzf kd h b,fvrkd sm; pdwu f ;l &ovJrodb;l // armif&ifawmh tm;emyg&J h
abmif;bDc|w+f y;D xrdeaf jymif;0wfxm;zdk ah wmifaumif;ae+y/D / 'Davmufawmif urBmrSm jzpfysuf
aewmudk owif;pmrSm rxnhb f ;l qdu k wnf;u tJ'u D *,uf 'Dukd ul;qufvmrSmpd;k vdk ah ygh
uGm//wle;D &Sm; u pvdu k w f hJ qENjyyGaJ wGu tD*spEf ikd if H / vpfAsmEdik if aH wGtxd ul;vmwm//
tckqdk&if vpfAsm; orw u'gzD awmif xdkifcHkv_yfae+yD // ol uawmh &l;wmvm;
xl;wmvm;awmh rodb;l // ol@ aoG; wpufusew f hJ txd qef u h sio f al wGukd ajcr_e;f r,fwhJ //
aemufqHk; ppfav,OfawGeJ hawmif AHk;usJcdkif;wmuG// &ufpufcsufuawmh yufpufw,f
aovdu k wf v hJ al wGvJ aomufaomufv/J / aemuf oluajymao;w,f 'gol Eh ikd if H / ol@yikd o f wJAh s
avvH;k uawmh 'dk Eh ikd if u H [mawGeJ o h rl om ud, k rf omyJa[ ”h
“[m h h h tbuvJ vkycf svu kd jf yef+yD ”
“ at; h h h tckawmh u'gz&D J h vlom;awGtay:usL;vGew f hJ &mZm0wfra_ wGtwGuf
ta&;,lzkd h ukvor*~v+kH cHKa&;aumifprD mS uef u h u G rf J r&Sd eJ h twnfjyKoGm;+yD// tJonfvkd
oabmwlnw D mrsKd ; wcgrS r&Scd b hJ ;l wJu h ”G
“'geJ h tbajymovdq k &kd if w&kwEf ikd if u H a&m ruef u h u G b f ;l vm;”
“trav; h h h armif&if&,f h h h rif; w&kwu f 'dk Eh ikd if u H kd aps;wGuf wGu+f yD; trJ&kH
acG;vrf;ayguo f vdk jzpfaeawmh ol ph m;cGuf aysmufrmS pd;k ;vdk h xpfceJ &Sd ol u h =unhf uef@
uGuaf ewm h h h tck tm&yfrmS jzpfwhJ t&Sed u f ol Eh ikd if t H xd ul;qufvmawmh armif&if h
w&kw}f uD;vJ vef ah eyg+yDAsm”
“tb uvJ w&kwjf ynfu &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ wGa=umifh usaemfwkd h Edik if H 'Davmuftxd
&yfwnfaeEdik w f mr[kwv f m; // 'ga=umifh u|e;f udik ;f rSD udik ;f u|e;f rSD oabmeJ h jrefrmhta&;qd&k if
olu trke;f cH+yD;a&S u h ae&yfay;aewmaygh tb&J”h
“at; h h ah rmif&ifu owif;pmrSm ygwmavmufav;odwmud;k // w&kwjf ynfu jrefrm
jynfrmS &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS _ trsm;qH;k jzpfae+yDqkd b,fae&mawGrmS vJ h h ah rmif&ifov d m;// at; h h h
wm&Sncf +H yD; wefz;kd &Sw d hJ enf;ynmydik ;f awGrmS r[kwb f J h h h ukeo f mG ;&if tpm;xd;k vdk rh &Edik af wmh
wJo h bm0 t&if;jrpfawGrmS &if;ES;D jrKyfEaHS ewmuG h h h obm0"gwaf iG rh mS trsm;qH;k yJ // 'gawG[m
t+rJ xGuaf erSmr[kwb f ;l // wcsed u f s&if eJomG ;r,f// ukeo f mG ;r,f// ydq k ;kd wmu w&kw&f J h &if;
ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ wGa=umifh a'ocHawG 'kuaQ &muf&wJh udp/P / olrsm;Edik if aH wGu olwkd ah =umifh ajymif;
&wJah e&mawGrmS vl t h cGit hf a&;&_ ah xmifu h ae=unh+f yD; a'otwGuf vdt k yfwmawGukd jznfh
qnf;ay;=uw,f// w&kwu f awmh olvyk &f &if+yD;a&m a'ocHawG twGux f nfrh wGub f ;l //
'ga=umifh w&kw&f J h &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS u _ 'dk Eh ikd if &H J h *kwaf oG;udk t&omcH+yD; qkyaf ewJh u|jJ cif&ikd ;f
}uD;awGeJ w h w l ,f armif&if&J h ”
wyf=uyf}uD; u b}uD;+idr;f ajymjywJ@ pum;awGukd tm&Hpk u kd +f yD; em;axmif aew,f/
vlcsi;f &if;ES;D wmvJ=um+yDrkd h ajymrem qdrk em // wcgw&H tbGm;av;au|;onfh xrif;udyk if
pm;oGm;wwfao;wm//
“ tckvJ owif;awGxrJ mS v$waf wmfac:wJh ta=umif;awGcsnyfh gaewmyJ tb&J@
aemuftpd;k &opfrsm;zGJ +h yD;&if tbajymwJh &if;ES;D jrKyfErHS a_ wGeJ yh wfouf+yD; aqG;aEG;vmr,f
xifwmyJ”
“trav; h h h armif&if&,f tckvw $ af wmf wufaewJh trwfawG b,fou l rsm;
xdxyd y uef u h uG af jymqdw k m&Sv d kd w
h ek ;f // rJq, G w f ek ;f uawmh qifzrf;r,fav;/ usm;zrf;r,f
av;eJ /h / tckawmh vufnKS ;d axmif acgi;f ndrhf awmif tawmfvyk w f wfae+yD// v$waf wmfxrJ mS
oifvu kd af wmh twwfjrefwmxifyg&J /h / uef u h u G rf J r&Sd h h u h ef u h u G rf ,fo h rl &Sed J h ae w h ikd ;f =um;
ae&wm// b,favmufawmifq;kd ovJq&kd if jynfaxmifpv k w$ af wmfa&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sif
OuUXa&G;wmud=k unh/f / w&uf}udK+yD;awmh }uH zh HG h ygwD trwftjzpfuaexGuv f u kd w f ,f// 'gukd
uG+J yD +yJ+yDvkd x h ifa=u;ay;=uw,f// aemufae v h u J sa&m aumfr&SiOf uUX}uD; jzpfomG ;a&mwJAh s
tck 2010 aumfr&Si&f J 'h g%f Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG b,favmufcv H u kd &f ovJ// tckawmh 2015
ckEpS t f wGuf ud, k &hf u
kd rf ,fh 'kwu f kd tckuwnf;u }udKay;xm;vdu k +f yD// 'Dae&mudk cef zh kd h jrefrm
jynfrmS tJonfavmufawmif ynmwwfawG&mS ;aeovm;// +y;D awmh owfrw S cf suef J v h J rudu k f
nDb;l // 'gayr,fh orwu ,H=k unfov l kd oh wfrw S cf &H olqw kd meJ h vkycf somG ;w,f// uJ h h h armif
&if pOf;pm;om=unhaf yawhm”
“ twdu k t f cH trwfawGu bmjzpfvkd h ruef u h u G wf mvJ tb&J ”h
“bmjzpfvkd v h qJ akd wmh ruef u h u G &f v J kd ah ygu h /G / rw&m;wmudk v$waf wmfxrJ mS awmif
rajym&J rqd&k yJ eJ J h jynfou l kd uk,d pf m;jyKaew,fqw kd m wu,fawmh vdraf ewmaygu h mG // tckvkd
ta&;}uD;wJh ae&mawG tqdjk yKwifoiG ;f wJah e&mrSm rJta&twGut f & rEdik f Edik b f ;l qdw k m
uav; utpodygw,f// 'gayrJh jynfou l a&G;cs,v f ukd wf hJ v$waf wmftrwfawGtaeeJ rh w&m;
bl;vdk x h ifwmawGuakd wmh ud, k b hf ufrmS wpfrrJ &Sv d kd rh w J jcrf;yJ&&dS dS uef u h u G &f r,f// ajymqdk
&r,fav // uef u h u G wf ,fqw kd hJ toH jynfou l kd jy&r,fav // tckawmh acsmv f J a&mxdik f
vufnKdS ;axmifacgi;f ndrv hf yk af ewm udk rcHcsif tjzpfq;kH yJa[h” pum;ajym&if b}u;D +ird ;f avoH
rSm a'gooH w0ufygaew,f//
“tb uom rcHcsijf zpfae h h h trwf}u;D awG wpfv p&dw+f ird ;f oH;k ode;f eJ h csw d af wmif
&Snaf v; 0wfvkd h 'Dvrkd sKd ;&vdk u h awmh usaemfvnf; oGm;wufvu kd cf siwf ,fAsm h h h 'Davmuf
cef@ nm;x,f0g wJh taqmuftOD;rsKd ; usaemfjzifh wcgraS wmifrjrifb;l aygiAf sm”
“at; h h h armif&ifu tjyifyef; jrifwmud;k // 'Davmufyumoe awGrvdyk gb;l //
[dwaf wG [efawG rvdyk gb;l // wdik ;f jynftwGuf wu,faumif;atmif vky=f ur,fah [ h qd&k if
opfwyifatmufrmS vJ v$wf awmfac:vdk &h ygw,f// tckawmh wae h 15 rdepfavmufvyk w f hJ
tpnf;ta0;udk apmifw h wfae&wJh 'kuQ eJovm;// 2 v&S+d yD // wcgrS uef u h u G af jymqdw k m
r=um;&ao;bl;// Oya' wifoiG ;f zdk ah pmifah ewmwJ/h / jzpfrjS zpf&avuG,/f / tJonf Oya' wif
oGi;f awmhaum bmxl;rSmvJ // tb tjrifawmh tukev f ;kH a0avav vkyaf ewmyJvkd jh rif
w,f”
“a0avav qdw k m bmvJ tb&J ”h
“ at; wcgwek ;f u &Gmwpf&mG u bk&m;yGrJ mS Zmwfy}JG u;D wyGJ vmuowJh // Zmwfu+y;D
vdk h Zmwf tzGJ v h jJ yefr,fvyk af &m &GmcHvil ,fwa,mufu ZmwftzGJ eh J h vdu k yf g&apqd+k yD; rdb
awG xHciG ahf wmif;w,f/ Zmwfq&muvJ oabmwlwmeJ h rdbawGuvJ cGijhf yKvu kd o f wJh / ZmwfxJ
ygomG ;a&m qdyk gawmh// rdb awGuawmh &kycf aH v;vJ&w dS o hJ m;rdk h ar#mv f ifxh m;w,f//rif;om;
av;rsm;jzpfvmrvm;// Zmwfvu kd af v;rsm;jzpfvmavrvm; qdw k hJ ‘vm;’ aygi;f rsm;pGmeJ ah yg@
onfvdkeJ h ESpfukefvdk h bk&m;yGJ vkyfr,fqdka&m +yD;cJhwJh ESpfu vmuoGm;wJh Zmwfudk yJ
xyfimS ;=ujyefw,f// ZmwfxyJ gomG ;wJh vli,fav; ol t h Ekynm b,ftqifx h ad &mufae+yD
qdwk m &GmcHvx l u k odcsi=f uw,f// yGu J r,fah e v h aJ &mufa&m tJonfvil ,f udk &GmcHawGu ‘
a[ h nus&if b,ftcef;u ygrmS vJ h h h wdk v h }J uKd ajymygt;kH h h h atmfy&m vm; h h ESpyf g;oGm;vm;
jyZmwfvm;’ vdk ah r;=uw,f// tJonfvil ,fu ‘ nusawmh awG rh mS aygAh sm’ vdk h jyefajzowJh
&Gmom;awGvJ tdrv f ;kH u|wf oGm;tm;ay;wmaygh // b,f&rvJ // onfavmufemrnf}uD;wJh
ZmwfxJ ud, k vhf w l pfa,mufv;kH ygwm // nvJa&mufa&m yxr atmfy&mom +yD;oGm;w,f/
tJonfvil ,fukd rawG b h ;l // =unhw f hJ &Gmvlxu k vJ pdwrf ysub f ;l // tckryg aemuftcef;awG
awmh ygrmS yJvkd h tm;cJxm;=uw,f// onfvekd J h jyZmwf+yD;vdk h ESpyf g;oGm;ujyefawmhvJ ygrvm
bl;// aemufydkif;awmh usdefaoygr,fvdk txifeJ h apmifh=unhf=uwmaygh // rdk;vif;cgeD;vdk h
aemufyikd ;f Zmwfawmf}uD; Zmwford ;f cge;D rSm bk&ifjzpfou l ol t h rwfrif;awGeJ h ‘ 'dk v h al v;
rsm; qdo k av; ’vdk h qdv k u kd af &m ‘a0avav’ qdw k hJ toH0g}uD; uefv h ef uh m aemufuae
xGuv f mw,f // tJonf toHukd =um;vdu k &f w,fq&kd if rdb2 yg;eJ h &GmcHval wGu olwkd h
&Gmom; toHreS ;f od=uw,f// taz jzpfou l ‘&Sirf a& odyv f J rar#mv f ifh aeygeJ u h , G f 'dk oh m;u
tckrS a0avav tqif&h adS o;wmvdk ’h qdo k wJ/h / tckvt J wGi;f pnf;xJuae 0ifwu kd rf ,fqw kd hJ
ud, k pf m;vS,af wmf}u;D awG v$waf wmfxJ ar;xl; ac:ajymtqifeh J h ‘a0avav ’vkyaf erSawmh
bk&if&;l eJ@ trwf&;_ awG =h u+yDvkd o h m rSwaf yawmh armif&ifa&” //
rif;rif;odef;
us remrnf oD&rd m yg? touf 37 ESpf &S+d yD? usr[m HIV yd;k eJ@ qufvuf
touf &Sio f efaeol wpf a,muf jzpfygw,f? usr 'Dy;kd udk pawG@wm 2007
ck / 1 vydkif;wkef;uyg? aoG;tajzudk q&m0efOD;atmifoef;qDu &cJhwJhtcsdefuqdk&if
usr&JŒ&ifxJrSm wavmuvHk;udk &efol wpfa,mufvdk jrifcJhygw,f? 0rf;enf;pdwf/
a=umufvef@wphJ w d /f tpd;k r&wJah 'goawGe@J aqmufwnf &mr&jzpf+yD; rdom;pke@J vJ tqifrajy
jzpfc&hJ ygw,f?
ud, k &hf ŒJ vdiq f ufqb H ufuv kd J owfypfcsiaf vmuf atmif rke;f wD;ayrJh usr&JŒb0u
tJ'v D kd vkyyf ikd cf iG hf r&cJyh gb;l ? usr&JŒ om;eJŒorD;&JŒ rsuEf mS ud=k unf+h yD; ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd owfaorJh
tpDtpOfvJ ysucf &hJ ygw,f? 'Dy;kd ig&h ŒJ cE<mud, k x f rJ mS &Sad erSawmh aorSmbJ qdw k hJ 0rf;enf;
a=uuGJrsuf&nfuscJh&wJh &ufawG wGuf=unfhr,fqdk&if rdef;rawGxJrSm usravmuf rsuf
&nfaygol &Srd ,fawmif rxifygb;l ?
tvSb,frmS vJ h h h
oD&drm
(attdik 'f t
D ufpf a0'emonfwkd &h hJ yifu,
kd af &; cHpm;csufrsm;)
usr&ifxrJ mS wa,mufa,mufukd &ifziG chf siaf ew,f? rdom;pkuakd wmh ajymrjycsib f ;l ?

usrrSm tdro f m;uvJq;kH wm 5 ESpaf vmuf &S+d yq D akd wmh usr 'Dpum;awGukd &ifziG Ehf ikd rf o hJ /l usr&JŒ
rd w f a qG taygif ; toif ; awG x J u usrud k em;vnf E d k i f r ,f x if w J h “atmif ”
qdw k v hJ wl pfa,mufukd zGiahf jymcJrh w d ,f?
usridw k mjrifawmh “atmif” ubmajymw,fxifv/J /
“ridkygeJ@[m/ ckqdk&if eifhrSm 'Dydk;&Sdw,fqdkwm igwpfa,mufbJ odwm/ eifhudk
b,fou l rS rodb;l ” wJ?h
“igtm;ay;csiw f mu use;f rma&;udk eif 'Dxuf yd*k &kpu kd /f 'D&yk f 'DcE<mudk quf+yD;
'Dw
d idk ;f jzpfaezd@k u eif pdwcf sr;f om aysm&f i$ af erS jzpfrmS ” wJ?h
“eif bmvkycf siv f /J bmjzpfcsiv f /J eif&h ŒJ rsuEf mS +yHK;&D+yD;vSyaer,fq&kd if ig bmulnD
&rvJ/ ig wwfEikd w f m ulnrD ,f/ eifi+kd yD; pdw"f mwfus&iff igvJ pdwrf csr;f ombl;” wJ?h
usrudk trsK;d rsK;d tm;ay;cJw h ,f? usrvJ c%pOf;pm;+y;D tidw k w d cf &hJ w,f? “atmif”
eJ@ pum;ajymae&wJh tcsed af wG usr 'D HIV qdw k mudk arhaecJw h ,f? oljyefomG ;vd@k wpfa,mufxJ
&dwS t hJ cg 'g}uD;u todpw d xf uJ kd jyef0ifvm+yD; pdw"f mwfusc&hJ w,f?
'Dvekd @J 5 vavmuf=umawmh aq;&kw H uf&avmufatmif jzpfcw hJ ,f? aq;&kaH &mufrS
ynmwwf+yD; vH;k 0 todpw d rf &Sd atmufwef;uswhJ tvSnu hf sq&m0efrwpfa,mufa=umifh
aq;&ku H wk ifem;u vlawG tukeo f o d mG ;cJwh ,f?
'Dtcsed rf mS rdom;pkvkd ,lusK;H r&wJo h &l o
dS vdk rxdrudik cf siv f @kd a&Smifz,fomG ;olvJ
&SdcJhygw,f? usr&JŒ&ifxJrSm 'Dq&m0efrrsufESmudk rjrifcsifavmufatmif rkef;oGm;cJhw,ff?
tpmvJrpm; / b,foel @J rSvJ pum;rajymcsiaf wmhb;l ?
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tdrfwdkif&ma&mufj yKpkay;aewm[m olrsm;u cdkif;xm;vdk@ aiGay;xm;vdk@
r[kwfygbl;? udk,fvdk b0wl rsm; jzpfae&if igjzpfovdk rjzpfcif tcsdefrSdD vufvSrf;rSD&m
tcsyd t f quf vkyaf y;Edik b f @kd / jyefvnfuse;f rm vmbd@k pdw d &f if;trSeef @J ulncD w hJ myg? igv h jkd zpf&if
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jyefvnfpw d cf sr;f omapcsiwf &hJ nf&, G cf suef @J vkyaf y;cJwh mjzpfv@kd aemif 'Dvrkd yGiv hf if;olawG &Scd &hJ if
oD&rd m&JŒ &ifxu J vmwJah pwemawGukd trsm;}uD;em;rvnfay;csif aeyg/ vlem&JŒtoufe@J
rdom;pk&ŒJ use;f rma&; vlra_ &; pD;yGm;a&;awGuakd wmh odxm;ygvŒkd ?
tckq&kd if vm;¶_;d rSm ud, k cf t
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tckusr tzrf;cH&wJh Oya'eJ@ruif;wJah iGuv kd J &Smp&mrvdak wmhb;l ? ARV twGuv f J
usrudk vm;¶_;d u axmufyx hH m;vd@k aq;zd;k rukeaf wmhb;l ? usrudk wefz;kd xm;+yD; vufxyf,l
aygi;f oif;wJh tdro f m;awmif &aeyg+y?D ol@ro d m;pk todik ;f t0dik ;f uvJ usrudk rypfy,fwt hJ jyif
&if;&if;ES;D ED;S qufq=H uygw,f? olw@kd aoG;om;twGuf pd;k &drrf a_ wmh&w dS ,f? zGiahf r;=uw,fav?
usruvJ tumtuG,rf hJ vdif qufqrH r_ jyKwJt h a=umif;/ tdro f m;udk em;vnfatmif&iS ;f jy+y;D
aoG;ppfaq;r_ jyKvkycf +hJ y;D ol@rmS HIV umvom;utp bmyd;k rS rawG@wt hJ a=umif;ajymjyawmh
rdom;pkawGu usrudk yd+k yD;awmh ,H=k unf vmygw,f?
usr[m vl@ywf0ef;usirf mS trsm;oligvb kd J vkyEf ikd u
f ikd Ef ikd f tdrof m;eJ@om;orD;awG
udkvJ jyKpkEdkifyg+yD? 'g[m usrb0&JŒ ajymif;vJjzpfwnfr_yg? usrajymcsifwmu HIV vJ
usef;rma&;raumif;ol/ iSufzsm;vJ usef;rma&;raumif;ovdk/ wDbD tjcm;a&m*gawGvJ
use;f rma&;raumif;vd@k jzpf=uwmyg? tem&Sd aq;&Sw d ,f/ a&m*gjzpf&if q&m0efjy&rSmqdw k m
udv k J trsm;odatmif ajymjyEdik rf ,fq&kd if vlawGt&rf; a=umufvef@aewJh HIV/AIDS qdw k m
acsmif;qdk; &ifusyfa&m*gjzpfovdkbJ ukor_cH,lr,fqdk&iff ckvuf&Sd oD&drmqdkwJh usrvdkbJ
vl@avmu}u;D xJrmS trsm;enf;wl qufvuf touf&iS Ef ikd af o;wmudk urBmod atmif a=ujim
vdu k cf siyf gw,f?
rd;k rc tifwmeufrS // (cufqpf - PLHA]]People Living with HIV/AIDS ) oD&r d m

(1)
armf.yËdyuQusr;f (On Contradiction: Mao Tse-Tung)ukd t*Fvyd b f m
omjzifo h mru bmompum;rsK;d pkjH zifh 1964wGif yDuif;Y ykEH ydS x f w k af 0jzef@cscD o hJ nf? armf.yËd
yuQusr;f wGif ed*;Hk csKyf (Conclusion) tcef;rwkid rf DS “yËdyuQtwGi;f &Sd twku d t f cHjzpfr_ tcef;”
ukd aemufq;Hk tcef;tjzpf azmfjyxm;ygonf? pma&;olonf p=um0VmxJu 'kid , f m vufwpf
(23)Y xkdtcef;ukd xkwfE_wfazmfjycJhojzifh ed*kH;csKyf&efom vkdtyfygawmhonf? okd@aomf
ed*;Hk rcsKyfeidk af o;yJ “ jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQrsm;ukd rSerf eS uf efuefajz&Si;f a&;” tawG;tac:t,l
tqukd pmzwfy&dwo f wfvil ,frsm;twGuf azmfjyvko d nfq h ENu jyif;jyvmcJo h nf? yËdyuQusr;f
ESivhf nf; wqufwpyfwnf; jzpfaecJo h nfuwa=umif;/ jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQrsm;ukd armf.tae
jzifh rnfo@dk ajz&Si;f cJo h nfudk vli,frsK;d qufw@dk odoif/h odtyfonf[k ,lqojzifh ,if;tcef;ukd
azmfjyvku d &f ayonf?
(2)
p-um0VmxJu armfu awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif/
ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmif/ ygwOD uUÏ/ =uD;rm;cef@
xnf onfh xl;jcm;csuaf wGxu J xl;jcm; csuf
'kid ,
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ynm&S i f w OD ; jzpf aejcif ; yif j zpf o nf ?
(24) p=um0VmESihf vl@tzG@J tpnf;ukd cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm
ekid o f /l txl;ojzifh vl@tzG@J t pnf;twGi;f
rdk;ajropf yËdyuQrsm;ukd ykdifykdifEdkifEkdif qkwfukdifEkdifcJh
onfhtjyif ajz&Sif;EkdifcJholvnf;jzpfonf?
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ajz&Si;f a&;” tcef;wGif w&kyv f @l tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f &Sd yËdyuQrsm;ukyd g ok;H oyfcjJG crf; pdwjf zm
cJo
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ol. ok;H oyfcsurf sm;pGmxJrS a,bk,susonfh oabmw&m;rsm;uko d m a&G;cs,af zmf
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yËdyuQw@dk u v$r;f aeonfh vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif xko d abmw&m;rsm;onf acwfpepfudk xif[yf&Hk
omru tvif;a&mifuadk y;onf? awmfveS af &; tawG;tac: wnfaqmufvo dk /l wnfaqmuf
aeolw@dk twGuf armf. oabmw&m;rsm;onf tvif;a&mifjzpf&o Hk mru jirf;jzpfae&kH omru
&efou l w dk u dk &f eftwGuf vSpH yG vf ufeufrsm; jzpfonf?
(3)
(u) Ekid if wH aygi;f wpnf;xJ jzpfwm/ jynfoal wG aoG;pnf;nDnw G w f meJ@ jynfwiG ;f
vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH pnf;vk;H nDnw G w f mawG[m usaemfw@dk vyk if ef;rkcsatmifycJG EH idk af &;twGuf tajc

cHtmrcHcsujf zpfw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfw@dk vl@tzG@J tpnf;rSm bmyËdyuQrS r&Sad wmhb;l vk@d qkw d m
r[kwb f ;l ? yËdyuQr&Sad wmhb;l vk@d ,lqwm[m yuwdb0tajctaeeJ@ ruku d n f w D hJ uav;
qefwhJ t,ltq jzpfw,f? usaemfw@dk a&S@rmS vlry_ ËdyuQEpS rf sK;d &Sw d ,f? 'guawmh &ef / ig/ yËdyuQe@J
jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQqw dk mbJ? 'g[m vuQ%mvk;H 0rwlwhJ yËdyuQEpS rf sK;d jzpfw,f?
&ef/ ig/ yËdyuQEiS hf jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQqw dk hJ rwlwyhJ ËdyuQEpS rf sK;d ukd rSerf eS u f efuef od&EdS idk f
apzk@d twGu/f jynfoq l w dk mu bmjzpfw,f/ &efoq l w dk mu bmjzpfw,fqw kd hJ tcsuu f dk OD;qk;H
em;vnfxm;oifw h ,f? jynfoq l wdk mukd rwlwhJ Ekid if EH iS hf Ekid if t H oD;oD;&J@rwlwo hJ rkid ;f umvrSm
rwlwt hJ wGi;f oabmawG &Sw d ,fv@dk em;vnf&r,f? Oyrm w&kyjf ynf tajctaet&qk&d if *s
yefcck pH pfumrSm *syefudk ckcq H ef@usiw f hJ vlwef;pm;/ vl@tv$mESihf vlrt _ yk pf t
k m;vk;H [m jynfol
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tajccHay:rSmjzpfwhJ yËdyuQjzpfw,f?
(*) &ef/ ig/ yËdyuQEiS hf jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQqw dk hJ yËdyuQEpS rf sK;d ESppf m;[m vuQ%mrwl
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&ef/ ig pnf;a=umif;cGw J mjzpfw,f? 'kw, d trsK;d tpm;[m trSeEf iS t hf rSm;cGw J m jzpfw,f? &ef/
ig jy\em[mvnf; "rRwmtwkid ;f bJ trSeEf iS t hf rSm;cGw J hJ jy\emjzpfw,f?
(C) jynfoal wGxJ tawG;tac: jy\emawG/ trSm;trSecf jJG cm;wJh jy\emawGudk
ajz&Si;f wJt h cg b,foabmxm;ESijhfzpfjzpf twif;t"rRtusyu f idk w
f ehJ nf;ukd ok;H &r,fv@dk rqkd vkb d ;l ?
tawG;tc: jy\emawG/ trSm;trSefjy\emawGukd tkyfcsKyfa&;trdef@awG/ twif;
t"rRtusyu f idk w f ehJ nf;awGEiS hf ajz&Si;f zk@d =uKd;pm;wm[m rxda&muf&o Hk mru tE &W ,fawmif
jzpfapEkid w f ,f? usaemfw@dk [m bmoma&;ukd tkycf sKyfa&;trde@f xw k jf y;D zsuq f ;D vk@d rjzpfb;l / bm
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f @dk rjzpfb;l ? vlawGpw d 0f g'ukd
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tusyu f idk v f @dk rjzpfb;l ? tawG;tac:vuQ%maqmifwjhJ y\em/ jynfoal wGxrJ mS tjiif;yGm;
wJjh y\emrSeo f r#udk ajz&Si;f wJt h cg usaemfw@dk [m 'Dru dk a&pDenf;awG/ aqG;aEG;wJeh nf;awG/
a0zefwehJ nf;awG/ tusK;d oif/h ta=umif;oifah jymjyD; ynmay;wJeh nf;awGuo dk m ok;H &r,f?
twif;tusyu f ikd wf ehJ nf;/ zdtm;ay;jyD; emcHapwJeh nf;awGudk ok;H vk@d rjzpfb;l ?
(i) (1942ckEpS u f ) usaemfw@dk [m jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQawGudk ajz&Si;f wJh 'Dru dk a&pDuswhJ
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w,f? tus,&f iS ;f jy&r,fqv dk #if nDnw G cf siw f hJ qENut dk ajcjyKum/ a0zefwm 'grrS [kwf wku d f
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tawG@t=uKHu oufaojycJw h ,f?
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tcsed u f bJ awG@Eidk w f ,f?)
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ayrJh oifah wmfatmif rajz&Si;f v#if 'grrS [kwf aygah ygq h q owd0&d , d vpf[if;v#if twku d t f cH
yËdyuQ jzpfomG ;Ekid w f ,f?
(q) jynfot l pk;d &[m jynfot l usK;d pD;yGm;ukd wu,fu, dk pf m;jyKjy;D jynfou l dk tvkyf
tau|;jyKwJh tpk;d &jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh jynfo@l tpk;d &ESihf jynfov l x l t k =um;rSmvnf; yËdyuQwpkH
w&m&Sw d ,f? 'DyËdyuQxrJ mS Ekid if t H usK;d pD;yGm;/ pkaygi;f tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf yk*v ~ t d usK;d pD;yg;G wk@d t
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rsK;d [mvnf; jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQwck jzpfw,f? a,bk,sqv dk #if jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQ[m jynfow l @dk
&J@ vk;H 0wlnw D hJ tusK;d pD;yg;G tajccHay:rSmjzpfwhJ yËdyuQjzpfw,f?
(4)
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p=um0Vmwckv;Hk ESiq hf idk of nfh t&if;cHw&m;jzpfonf? ”qko d nft h csuu f dk qkwu f idk x
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r_u t&m0wˆKawGvy_ &f mS ; ajymif;vJatmif aphaqmfay;onf[k armfu tyfcsrwfcs vufcH
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pnf;vk;H r_EiS n hf n D w G rf a_ wGudk wae@wjcm; awmifw h if;vmaprSm jzpfonf[k armfu vufcH
,k=H unfxm;cJo h nf? vlrv _ ufawG@b0rSmvnf; xko d @dk yif armfu =uK;d yrf;tm;xkwcf o hJ nf?
armfonf &ef/ ig/ yËdyuQEiS hf jynfow l iG ;f yËdyuQrsm;ukd ajz&Si;f Ekid cf o hJ jzifh wkid ;f jynfvw G f
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azazmf0g&D 17 / 2011
Nquf vMagazineVolume
Luminary ;ygrN
ufazmfjyoGm5,No.1 nf? 105
bmomjyef tcef;quf
Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr karen
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tdraf jrm‡ ifudk ukid =f unf&h wmxuf ol@yck ;Hk ay:ukad jy;oGm; aqmhupm;aewmukd ykEd pS o f ufw,f?
arsmufwaumifvdk [kcd ek f - 'Dcek Ef iS fh ykc;Hk ay:rSm upm;aewmukd yko d abmusw,f? wcgwek ;f u
axmifustusO;f om;wa,mufqrD mS arsmufwaumif&cdS b hJ ;l wmukd aumifav;rSwrf w d ,f?
'gayrJh wjcm;axmifuswa,muf[m ol@&@J axmif0ifpm pm;p&mawG tck;d cH&w,f? axmifus
[m a'guefjyD; Adu k v f nf;qmaew,f? 'gEiS yfh J arsmufuo dk wfjyD; uifpm;ypfvu dk w f ,f? 'DvEdk iS hf
arsmufyikd &f iS Ef iS hf arsmufowfpm;vku d w f hJ axmifusw@dk t=uD;tus,&f efjzpf=ujyD; ESpaf ,muf
pvkH;wkdufydwfcH&w,f? tdrfajr‡mifu b,fol@ykckH;ay:rSmvnf; aqmhupm;jcifpdwfr&Sdovkd
wa,mufa,muf&@J zrf;qD;jcif;ukv d nf; r=uKduEf pS o f ufyg? tdraf jr‡mifudk tpmau|;&wmESihf
tdraf jr‡mif pkwx f ;dk oHudk oabmusaew,f?
rk;d pufawG wazsmufazsmufusaeovkd aumifav;&J@ rD;jcpfb;l xJu aumifav;arG;
xm;wJh yk;d aumifav;[m wjcpfjcpfEiS hf rD;jcpfA;l xJrmS v_y&f mS ;aew,f? rD;jcpfA;l ukzd iG jhf y;D yk;d aumif
ukd aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;vku d wf ,f? wu,fawmh tJ'g[m aESmufcs;D yk;d aumif jzpfw,f?
aESmufcs;D yk;d [m vlawGEiS hf taeeD;w,f/ [kyd s/H 'DysEH iS hf odyrf oGm;bl;? wu,fomG ;p&m&Srd S
tawmifyu H dk zGio fh ;Hk w,f? aumifav; arG;xm;wJh taumifav; ysrH oGm;wmukd aumifav;
oabmusaew,f?
t0wftpm;r&Sw d hJ &ifbwfay:rSm yk;d aumifav;ukw d ifxm;jyD; oabmusaew,f?
yk;d aumifav; &ifbwfay:rSm av#mufomG ;aewmukd =unf&h if; aysm&f i$ af erdw,f? yk;d aumif&@J
ajcacsmif;ao;ao;av;awG aumifav;&J@ &ifbwftom;ukdxkd;jyD; vrf;ovm;aewmukd
oabmusw,f? aumifav;[m ykd;aumifukd qGJukdifvkdufwJhtcg ykd;aumifav;u ukyf
wG,x f m;ao;w,f/ wcg vufn;d‡ ay:ukad jymif;jyD; vufn;d‡ ukv d nS v
hf udk af wmhvnf; wGv J cJ adk e
w,f?
pmtkyaf wGta=umif; pOf;pm;aewJt h csed rf mS yk;d aumif;av;[m aumifav;ykq;dk xJ
0ifomG ;w,f? ydjy;D aooGm;rSmpk;d vk@d ol@&@J aep&mjzpfwhJ rD;jcpfA;l xJ jyefxnfv h u kd w f ,f? wjcpfjcpf
ESiv hf y_ af ewJh yk;d aumifav;ukd ajymvku d wf ,f?
“ rif; odyrf aqmhe@J tdyv f u dk Of ;D ? rif;ukd reufjzef usrS igtpmau|;r,f?”
pmtkyyf &Hk @J tay:qk;H upmtkyu f dk vSr;f ,lvu dk jf yD; pmtkyu f zdk iG vhf u dk w f ,f? txJrmS
opfyifyaHk wGygw,f? vSywJh vGijf yifyv Hk nf;ygw,f? wHwm;ay:rSm vlEpS af ,mufrsuEf mS csi;f qkid f
aewJyh u Hk dk =unfrh w d idk ;f aumifav;&ifxrJ mS 0rf;enf;vmw,f? pmvk;H awG/ pum;vk;H awG vlawG
ajymajymaewJph um;vk;H awG bmompum;awG[m t0kid ;f awG/ tacsmif;awG/ tpufawGEiS hf
a&;xm;ayrJh pmrzwfwwfwt hJ wGuf bmt"dyg` ,q f w kd m em;rvnfyg? vlawG[m pm&Guaf wG/
pmtkyaf wGay:rSm a&;wwf=uw,f? cJwyH jJ zpfjzpf/ azmifwed yf jJ zpfjzpf a&;=uw,f? OD;cspEf idk f wcgu
aumifav;ukd pma&;wmoifay;bl;w,f? 'DpmvkH;awG[m bmjzpfvkd@ t0kdif;av;awG/
tacsmif;av;awG/ tpufawGEiS hf jzpfae&wmvnf;qkjd y;D pOf;pm;r&Ekid jf zpfcw hJ ,f? OD;cspEf idk u f
em;vnfvm;vk@d ar;wJt h cg aumifav;u em;rvnfa=umif; jyefajymvku d w f ,f? aemufr=um
r=um oifay;wJt h cgrmS aumifav;em;rvnfayrJh OD;cspEf idk f pdwrf npfapcsiw f t
hJ wGuaf =umifh
olem;vnfygw,fqjdk y;D vdraf jymvku d rf b S J pmvk;H a&;enf;oif=um;wm &yfwef@omG ;cJw h ,f?
'Dpmtkyaf wG[m ykaH wGygaevk@d axmifusawG axmifuvGwcf ge;D awmif;xm;wmjzpf
w,f? axmifrLS ;awG/ 0g'gawG/ pmtkyaf wG/ r*~Zif;awG/ umwGe;f awG zwfaewm=unfjh y;D odyf
tm;usrw d ,f? olvnf;bJ pmvk;H ESit hf "dyg̀,u f dk em;vnfcsiv f mw,f? aiGa=u;jy;D v#if pm;p &mESihf
vufeuf/ zwfp&mawG[m axmifxrJ mS ta&;tygq;Hk ta&;=uD;qk;H ypPn;f awGjzpfw,f?
wcgwav vlawGpmzwf&if; &,farmaewmukd awG@&w,f? wcgwavrSm &k;H cef;xJupmukd
&k;H tjyifa&mufrzS wfjy;D rsuEf mS rSmaoG;r&Sad wmhovkd xdwv f ef@wek v f y_ af ewmukd jrifb;l w,f?
wcsK@d vnf;pmzwfjyD; acgi;f iku d pf u dk cf sjyD; tdyaf ewwfwhJ vlawG&w dS ,f? pmzwfaewJv h al wG&@J
rsuEf mS awGudk aumifav;pku d =f unfrh w d ,f? olw@dk zwfjy;D om;pmtkyu f dk aumifav;=unfw h ,f?
bmawGa&;xm;vJqw dk m? bmrSem;rvnfwb hJ 0ukd pdwyf suv f mw,f?
t"dy`g,fawG bmrSem;rvnfayrJh ol[m bmjzpfvkd@ pum;ajymEkdifovJqkdwm
wcgwav pOf;pm;aew,f? olrsm;ajymwJph um;awGxrJ mS olem;rvnfwmawG ygvmwwf
w,f? OD;cspEf idk u f pma&;enf;oifay;wwfw,f? pmzwfwmudyk g oifay;w,f? jrefrmbmom
rSm pmvk;H 33vk;H qkw d mukd olrw S x f m;w,f? Asn;f awG/ o&awGEiS hf aygi;f jyD;pm pum;vk;H jzpf
vmatmif a&;vk@d &w,f? axmifrLS ; OD;cspEf idk &f @J vufacsmif;awG ac|;xGuw f t hJ xd ol@updk ma&;
enf; oifay;w,f? aumifav;u bma=umifh pmvk;H awGudk rrSwrf o d vJqw dk m uk, d u hf , dk uf , dk f
tjypfwifaerdw,f? wwfEidk &f if acgi;f ESiehf &H u H dk wku
d wf u
dk jf yD; rSwOf m%fr&Sw d hJ ol@uk, d o f l 'g%f
cwfcsiw f ,f?
aumifav; vkyef idk w f m pmzwfcsi[ f efaqmifwmbJ jzpfw,f? ewfpifa&S@udk ae@widk ;f
oGm;jy;D ewfu&dk cdS ;dk / ewfawGtwGuf pm;pm&mylaZmfwmukd olb,fvv kd yk jf y;D wwfomG ;ovJqw dk m
em;rvnfEidk af tmify?J pmtkyu f u dk idk w f thJ cg b,fawmhrS ajymif;jyef rjzpfatmif owdxm;w,f?
wcgpmtkyu f dk ajymif;jyef=unhaf ewmukd 0g'gawG/ axmifrLS ;awG 0kid ;f &,f=uw,f? aumifav;
&Suv f eG ;f vk@d wae@v;Hk taygah wmif xGurf aygu&f aJ vmufatmif jzpfomG ;w,f? tJ't D csed u f pjy;D
pmtkyaf wG&@J yxrpmrsuEf mS ukd zGi=hf unfw h mukd rrSm;atmif owdtjrx J m;w,f?
aumifav; tckupjyD; ta&;=uD;wmukd vkyaf wmhr,fv@dk qk;H jzwfxm;w,f? pmvk;H
awG pjyD;avhvm&r,f? pmvk;H awGu pmom;awGjzpfw,f/ pmom;awGaygi;f jyD;awmh pum;ykH
awG/ ykjH yifawGjzpfvmw,f? pmtkyaf wGu toHww d af ewJyh jHk yifawGudk odr;f xm;w,f? tJ'D pm
tkyaf wGuzdk iG jhf yD; zwfvu dk rf S ykjH yifawG/ Zmwfvrf;awG jzpfv f mwmudk od&r,f?
OD;cspEf idk f tjro J ifay;w,f? axmifxrJ mS pmpum;awG trsm;=u;D ajym=uw,f? olw@dk
&J@jzpfyaHk wGudk tjrJajymjy=uw,f? vlawG[m olw@dk axmifxrJ a&mufcifta=umif;awGudk t
=uD;tus,f ajymwwfwo hJ &l odS vkd wkw
d ykd aJ jymwJv h al wG&w dS ,f? 'gawGa=umifh axmif0g'gawG
a&m axmifusawGyg pmtkyu f o dk abmus=uw,f? bmbJjzpfjzpf aumifav;&J@ pmtkyyf x Hk rJ mS
toHrxGuw f hJ urBm=uD;&J@ta=umif; trsm;=uD;&Sw d ,f?
pmtkyu f kd vufxrJ mS ukid x f m;&if; pdwx f rJ mS uk,
d u hf u
dk ,
dk f owday;aew,f? ig[m
pmzwfaew,f? ig[m pmzwfaew,f? pmtkyx f rJ mS aumifav;odcsiw f mawG trsm;=uD;&Sad e
w,f? aumifav;&J@tcef;rSm tdraf jr‡mifpw k x
f ;dk oH wk;d wk;d av;=um;ae&w,f? rk;d pufou H
wazsmufazsmufEiS hf =um;&w,f? za,mif;wkid rf ;D [m za,mif;rukerf csi;f avmifaew,f?
aumifav;vnf; bmrSr&Sw d hJ avxkudk ai;=unfah ew,f?
tcef; (40)
aumifav;[m axmifxrJ mS &Sw d hJ wOD;wnf;aom uav;r[kwyf g? axmifxrJ mS
uav;wa,mufavmuf i,f&, G af ewJoh l wa,mufjzpfygw,f? axmifxu J ao;i,fwt hJ cef;
xJrmS pm&if;ppf0efxrf;tvkyu f kd vky&f w,f? tckwa,mufwnf; vkyaf e&wmukd oabmus
rdw,f? nbufvufxrJ mS abmvfyifudk ukid x f m;w,f? ol@u, dk of l jyefo;Hk oyfaerdw,f? t&yf
&Sn&f n S /f &iftyk u f m;um;/ vufarmif;vufw&H n S &f nS /f vufz0g;vnf; us,jf yef@w,f? vuform;
wa,muf&@J om;jzpfw,f? taru ol@udk ol@tazeJ@ywfoufjy;D 'Dvydk Jajymbl; w,f?
tazhta=umif; odyrf odc&hJ yg? tarajymjyxm;oavmufbJ olow d ,f? tar[m
oli,fi,fwek ;f uwnf;u ol@&@J tazukyd pfjy;D aemufwa,mufEiS hf vufxyfvu dk w
f ,f? tJ'v D l
pm ykvyd w f a,mufjzpfw,f? ol@udk r,m;ygom;qkjd y;D vk;H 0txifao;wJo h jl zpfw,f? ol@tar
[m tJ'yD v k yd rf ed ;f rjzpfjy;D uwnf;u ykvyd t f wGuf uav;rarG;ay;Ekid cf w hJ t hJ wGuf yaxG;ykvyd f
[m ol@tarukd tjrw J rf;tEkid u f siw fh ,f? o@rl ,m;ygom;ukd wae@wjcm;ykjd y;D awmh =unfrh &jzpf
vmw,f?
wae@ ---- yaxG;t&ufr;l jy;D tarhu&dk u dk wf ,f? r=um;0Hh remompum;ESihf tarhudk
ESyd pf ufw,f? tarujyefjy;D ajymawmh a'goxGuw f ,f? taru xrif;pm;yGu J ae xGuo f mG ; jy;D
tdraf emufaz;bufu rD;zkad csmifudk a&Smifxu G o f mG ;w,f? yaxG;[m taryef;uefaq;ae
&mukv d mjy;D vufn;d‡ xk;d jy;D &efpw,f? tarhudk uav;rarG;ay;Ekid w f u hJ pd t P wGuf pum;emxk;d
aew,f? tarhpw d u f dk qGay;aew,f? tar rikad yrJh -- owdxm;rdvu fdk w f t hJ csed rf mS awmh ',ft;dk
xJuqDylESifh yaxG;ukd yufvkdufjyD? wtm;=uD;ylaewm r[kwfayrJh yaxG;&J@ t0wfawG
qDayukew f ,f? yaxG;ykvyd [ f m a'goxGujf y;D tarh&@J qyH ifuq dk /JG '&Gww f u dk q f aJG c:oGm;jy;D aq;
vufp 'eft;dk cGux f uJ dk tarhuEdk pS x f m;vku d w f ,f? acgi;f ukd tay:uae zdxm;ao;w,f? tarh
rsuEf mS jyefay:vmwJt h csed rf mS r&rf;aphoef;aejy;D acsmif;awGvnf; tqufrjywfq;dk aew,f?
ESmacgi;f xJ a&awG0ifjy;D rGe;f wJ'h %fucdk &H w,f? a&xJu qGx J w k vf u dk w f idk ;f tarhrsuEf mS [m
rJrv J movkb d v J @dk jrif&w,f? 'ga=umifh tarhudk u,fr,fqjdk y;D tdraf emufaz;bufudk tajy;
qif;vku d w f ,f?
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yaxG;ykvyd f ol@&J@ vnfyif;ukn d p‡ x f m;awmh oltoufr&_Eidk af wmhb;l ? yaxG;u tarukd
=urf;jyifay:ukd ypfcsvu kd wf ,f? tar[m ESmacgi;f ESihf yg;pyfxu J a&awGudk r_wx f w k af ew,f?
wjznf;jznf;ESihf touf&v _ mEkid w f ,f? tarhudk xyf&u dk w f ,f? ol[m i,fao;awmh a=umufjy;D
ikad e&ku H vGjJ y;D bmrSrwwfEidk b f ;l ? tarhudk ykvyd u f idk w f w k Ef iS hf &ku
d wf mjrifaew,f? 'Dvjdk zpfwm
oltjypfruif;bl;vk@d cHpm;rdw,f? tar[m olyek ;f aewJh pm;yGaJ tmufudk ik@H =unf&h if; ol@udk
qGx J w k v f u dk wf ,f? yaxG;ykvyd f qJqjdk y;D tjyifxu G o f mG ;onfw h idk af tmif olta=umufrajyao;
yg? ao;o,fwo hJ mG ;awG “wcwfcwf” jrnfwt hJ xd wkejf y;D v_yaf ew,f?
tckawmh ol[m uav;wa,mufr[kwaf wmhbJ pma&;pm;yGaJ y:rSm pma&;aewJh
axmifrLS ;wa,mufjzpfvmw,f? bmbJjzpfjzpf i,fi,fu tjzpfawGu ol@Ev S ;Hk om;ukd jrm‡ ;ESihf
ypfcwfcx H m;&ovkb d J b,fvrdk aS rhv@dk r&Ekid yf g? tcki,fi,fub0ESihf ESpaf ygi;f 30ausmaf 0;vmcJh
wJh ol@yaxG;ta=umif;ukd awG;rdwt hJ cg &,fcsiv f mwJph w d af y:vmw,f? tckawmh i,fi,fu
emusirf a_ wGtwGuf xGuaf ygut f jzpf axmifxrJ mS tusO;f om;awGudk ESyd pf ufvmwwfw,f?
arwWmiwfcw hJ hJ i,fi,fub0a=umifh tcktouft&G,af &mufvmawmh b,fo@l urdk S
oem;wwfwphJ w d f r&Syd g? avSum;xpfay:u vdru hf scb hJ ;l wJ'h %fa=umifh 'l;[mol@udk c%c%
'kuQay;wwfw,f?pdwfxJrSm awZqDu abmvfyifukd &SmrawG@EkdifwJhtwGuf ol@ukd
M.Itvkyv f yk zf @dk ykad 0; oGm;apw,f? axmifyidk =f uD;u axmufccH suaf y;awmhrmS r[kwaf y?
tJ'aD bmvfyif&mS wJh udprP mS tusO;f om;ESiahf xmif0g'gawG &efjzpf=uw,f? taqmif 5uvlawG
w0ufavmufu &efjzpfwJhtxJrSmygwJhtwGuf axmifxJrSm &kef@&if;qefcwfjzpfvmjyD;
jy\emyk=d u;D xGm;vm w,f? uHaumif;wmu 0g'gp;dk ode;f tusO;f om;awG 0kid ;f xk;d wmcH&w,f?
ol@qDawmh jy\em u a&mufrvmcJyh g?
bmbJjzpfjzpf olajz&Si;f Ekid w f ,f? ol@u, dk o f l ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;orm; M.I vkpd w d f
oGi;f jyD; tusO;f om;awGudk ESyd pf ufwwfw,f? pdwx f rJ mS tarhyaxG;ukyd ufvu dk w f hJ qDyal wG
avxJys0H o J mG ;w,fv@dk cHpm;&w,f? olwyg;awGudk axmifxrJ mS &ku d Ef u S jf yD; axmifwiG ;f jidr0f yf
ydjym;a&;ukd olvEdk idk cf w hJ ,f? wHcg;&Guu f dk wk;d wk;d acguaf ewJt h oH=um;&wJt h cg axmifrLS ;ukv d l
acsmtawG;&yfomG ;jyD; 0ifvmcJv h @dk vSr;f atmfvu dk w f ,f? axmifxu J pm&if;ppf 0ifvmw,f?
vufxrJ mS vnf; vufzuf&nfcu G f ESpcf u G u f idk xf m;wmawG@&w,f? udv k al csm pm&if;ppfudk
oabmaumif;aumif;xm;vku d w f ,f/ vufzuf&nf&@J rsuEf mS a=umifjh zpfw,f?
“ aus;Zl;yJ ”qkjd y;D pm&if;ppfudk ajymvku d w f ,f? v,f*smpmtkyu f dk xkwu f idk v
f u dk &f if;
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ukv d al csmvnf; axmifxrJ mS abmvfyifEiS phf m&Guf vku d &f mS wJu h pd uP dk tpD&ifcpH ma&;zk@d owd&
vmw,f? pdwx f rJ mS tcsed af wGwefz;dk rJh qk;H &_;H oGm;awmh awZukd a'guefrw d ,f? vufzuf&nfcsKd
wikaH omufvu dk &f awmhrmS aeomxkid o f mjzpfvmw,f?
'gayrJh axmifjyLwif;ayguftjyifu 0ifvmwJhteH@[m awmfawmfqkd;0g;w,f?
ao;tk;d awG oGeaf ewJah e&mu ol@tcef;ESio hf yd rf a0;vSwt hJ wGuf wcgwav ava=umif;
ajymif;jy;D wku d w f thJ cg 'Dvt dk eH@q;dk awGudk r=umc%cHpm;&w,f?
tJ't D eH@q;dk awGudk vnfacsmif;xJuwqifh wHawG;ESit hf wl axG;xkwv f u dk wf ,f? pdwf
xJrmS te@q H ;dk enf;enf;aysmufomG ;ovkcd pH m;&w,f? 'gayrJh acsmif;qk;d csiv f mwJh a0'emay:
vmw,f? teH@q;dk awGudk wHawG;ESiahf xG;ypfvu dk af yrJh wcsK@d [m pm;yGaJ y:u pm&Guaf wGay:us
oGm;w,f? azmifwed rf mS vnf; wHawG;pufawG wifaew,f?
vufzuf&nfudk ,ljy;D aomufvu dk w f t hJ csed rf mS ylaeao;awmh awG;xkwyf pfvu dk w f hJ
twGuf pm&if;ppf&@J v,f*smpm&Guaf wGay:ukd ayuseu f ek w f ,f? uk, d u hf udk , dk f umuG,zf @dk pOf;pm;
rdawmh vufzuf&nfudk “b,faumifazsmw f mvnf;uG ”qkjd y;D a'guefjyvku d w f ,f?
pm&if;ppfu wHcg;0bufxu G zf @dk =uKd;pm;ayrJh axmifrLS ;ukv d al csmu wHcg;0rSmydwf
&yfxm;w,f? pm&if;ppf[m zdeyfudk owdxm;jy;D ukv d al csmrjrifatmif c|wv f u dk w f ,f? zdeyf ryg&if
ajy;&wmykv d , G rf ,fxifw,f? jymjymovJEiS hf av#mufvaJ y;vku d w f ,f?
“ axmifrSL; ukdcspfa0OD;cifAsm/ wu,fvkd@ q&maomufwJh vufzuf&nfxJrSm
wckcyk g&ifvnf; usaemfvyk f wmr[kwyf gb;l ? olw@dk azsmx f m;wJt h wkid ;f usaemf,v l mcJw h m” ygv@dk
acsyvku d wf ,f?
axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm[m a&aEG;=urf;tk;d ESihf pm&if;ppfacgi;f ukd xkvu dk w f ,f?
“ aomuf ok;H ruswhJ taumif” vk@d qJqv dk udk wf ,f?
a&;aEG;=urf;tkd;[m pm&ifppfacgif;ay:uwqifh eH&HESifhwkdufrdjyD; =urf;jyifay:rSm
zdwu f somG ;w,f? pm&if;ppfudk w&kwu f eG zf ;l um;xJutwkid ;f uefypfvu dk w f ,f? pm&if;ppf[m
jyLwif;aygub f ufomG ;jy;D “ usaemfu h dk &ku
d af eygw,f/ u,f=uygO;D ”vk@d atmf[pfjy;D ckecf sxu G f
ajy;oGm;w,f? rSww f rf;&k;H bufudk ajy;awmh tJ'rD mS qk&d if ol@vb dk J tjyifuvmjy;D tvkyv f m
vkywf 0hJ efxrf;awG trsm;=u;D &Sad wmh ol@udk axmifrLS ;ukv d al csmvufxu J u,fxw k Ef idk f vdrhf r,fv@dk
ol,kH=unfxm;w,f? a&aEG;=urf;tkd;xJu vufzufajcmufzwf[m eH&Hay:/ pm;yGJay:u
pm&if;ppfv,f*sm pmtkyaf wGay:rSm jyef@=ujJ y;D npfywfapcJw h ,f?
axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm[m v,f*smpmtkyaf y:u vufzufajcmufzwfawGudk z,fvu dk f &if;
'Dvdk ay&nfnpfywfomG ;wmukd pdwx f rJ mS a'goxGurf w d ,f? pdwx f u J a&&Gwv f u dk w f t hJ oH [m
yg;pyfu &kww f &ufxu G of mG ;w,f? ol@[molawmif em;rvnfwhJ bmompum;rsK;d jzpf w,f?
bmbJjzpfjzpf tckavmavmq,fq,f wdwfwdwfaerSjzpfawmhr,f? 'grSr[kwfv#if ol@
tay: jy\emawG wyk=H u;D usvmawmhr,f?
pm;yGaJ y:u vufzuf&nfcsKad omufwhJ cGujf zLjzLuk, d v l u dk w f ,f? cyfvrS ;f vSr;f u teH@
cH=unfv h udk w f ,f? tck bmteH@q;dk rS r&ygvm;? aemufw=urd x f yfjy;D ESmacgi;f ESiu hf yfjy;D &_=unfh
w,f? bmte@q H ;dk rS r&bl;? pdwx f u J tqk;d 0g;qk;H aom teH@rsm;r&Sad wmhyg?
pdwx f rJ mS ol@tcef;[m vufzuf&nfcsKcd sKd teH@awG ar$;}uKid v f movkcd pH m;vm&w,f?
armif a rmif v wf qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
Edik if aH &; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf
'Da&jrifoh pf jrefrmhq&kd , S vf pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS

xkwaf 0cGijhf yK+y;D aemuf ydwyf if wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifh . 'Da&jrifo h pf
(armfpw D ek ;f ESihf w&kwaf wmfveS af &;) pmtkyt f m;/ tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; &Jabmfrsm; taejzifh
vufawG b h 0 w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd h avhvm
jroef;wif h od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufcoJ jzifh today;jcif; r&So
d nfukd
cGiv
hf w
$ af y;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygon)f
*syefppfa=umif;aemufyikd ;f wGif v_y&f mS ;vsu&f o dS !f/h wyfeaD wmf ajymufusm;rsm;

onf rsm;pGm xda&mufonf? Tonfukd *syefppfzuf pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;rS od&onf? *syef
Adv k cf sKyf}uD; eD&KSd . ppfO;D pD;Xmeu “w&kwu f eG jf rLepfw@kd onf &Se&f ;DS / [dak yhEiS hf &Seaf wmif a'
orsm;&S/d tm%mrJh =um;v[me,fukd 0ifa&mufr=d u+yD” [k xkwaf zmf 0efccH o hJ nf? 1937 ck
ESprf S 1945 ckEpS t f wGi;f *syefppfwyfonf/ w&kwjf ynfwiG f wdu k yf aJG ygi;f (15000) cef@ wdu k f
cJ&h m (75) &mE_e;f rSm uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf wdu k cf &hJ jcif; jzpfonf[/k tqm[d owif;pmu a&;
onf? xdEk pS rf sm;twGi;f / wyfeaD wmfonf/ wdu k yf aJG ygi;f (92000) wdu k cf +hJ yD;/ &efol woef;
udk aoa=u '%f&m &apcJo h nf? oH@k yef; (150000) zrf;rdco hJ nf? &kid zf ,f (320000)/ puf
aoewf (9000)/ tajrmuf}uD; (600) odr;f qnf;cJo h nf?
1938 ck 0l[ef+rdK@udk *syefw@kd odr;f +yD;aemufwiG /f cseaf u&Sw d u f *syefEiS hf em;vnf
r_ oabmt&/ ppfajy+idr;f a&; vkyo f nf? xdEk pS rf pS I/ 1945 ckEpS t f xd/ cseaf u&Sw d o f nf/
*syefukd [efjyavmuf wdu k u f m/ uGejf rLepfrsm;udk zdI wdu k cf ohJ nf? uGejf rLepfrsm;onf/ *syef
ESihf cseaf u&Sw d w f @kd udk w+ydKifwnf; wdu k cf &hJ onf? od@k &mwGif *syefppfyt JG wGi;f / uGejf rLepfukd
tjywfwu kd v f okd !fh cseaf u&Sw d .
f jynfwiG ;f ppf pDru H ed ;f onf ratmifjrifc?hJ vlxu k *syef
ckcaH &; nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pku/kd awmif;qdak eonf? cseaf u&Sw d uf kd a'go xGuaf e=uonf?
1941 ck 'DZifbmv (7) &ufae@wGi/f *syefu ykvq J yd uf rf;udk AH;k }uJI/ tar&duefukd ppf
a=ujimo!fh tcgwiG /f tar&duefu cseaf u&Sw d t f m; *syefukd wdu k &f ef/ t=uyfuikd v f m
onf? od@k jzifh cseaf u&Sw d o f nf *syefukd rwdu k cf sihf wdu k cf siEf iS hf wdu k cf &hJ onf? od@k wdik f
atmif cseaf u&Sw d o f nf uGejf rLepfw@kd udk }udK =um; }udK =um; wdu k af eqJ jzpfonf? 1946
ckEpS w f iG f armf.nD armfprD if;. om;udk ulrifwefw@kd u t&Siv f wfvwf ajrjrSKyfowfco hJ nf?
armfwiG f c|wf,iG ;f csuf r&Sad wmh_yDavm? armfwiG f trSm; r&Sad wmh_yDavm?

armfwiG f ol h t&nftcsif;ESifh cGrJ &aom/ c|wf,iG ;f csufrsm; &Sod nf? Oyrm armfonf ol bh 0 wckv;kH
awmfveS af &;udk yHtk yfxm;o!fh tavsmuf/ olrsm;udvk nf; ol vh ydk tkH yf&ef r!Smrwm awmif;qdok nf?
1939 ckEpS w f iG f ulrifwef *k% d ;f xJu “acwfajymif;0g'}uD;” 0rfcseaf 0;onf *syef
bufo@kd ul;oGm;um/ *syeftyk pf ;kd aom/ w&kwjf ynf awmifyikd ;f u/ &kyaf o;tpd;k &tzG@J acgi;f
aqmif jzpfvmonf? cseaf u&Sw d o f nf 0rfcsed af 0;udk vl=um;aumif;atmif &_wcf saomf
vnf;/ 4if;wd@k ESpOf ;D csi;f =um;wGi/f t+rJwrf; tquftoG,f &Scd o hJ nf? uGejf rLepfw@kd u T
opPmazmufrsm;udk vuf!;_d xd;k jyum/ *syefcck aH &;/ nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkukd tcdik t f rm
wnfaqmuf&ef v_@H aqmfvm=uonf? od@k wdik af tmif cseaf u&Sw d /f 0rfcsed af 0;ESihf *syefw@kd
oH;k OD;om;onf/ uGejf rLepfw@kd udk bufaygi;f pHrk S wdu k af e=uonf? Tonfukd armf owdjyKrd
onf? xd@k a=umifh armfu cseaf u&Sw d f t!Hch aH &; tE &W m,fonf }uD;rm;vmae+yD[k owd
ay;onf? od@k &mwGif rnfo!fh tajctaeod@k a&mufa&muf/ ygwo D nf *syefcck H qef@usif
a&;umvwGif 4if;. nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk ay:vpDukd ajymif;rnf r[kw[ f k armfu ajym
cJo
h nf?
“vuf&dS *syefcck aH &; trsKd ;om; nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk ay:vpDrmS yl;aygi;f a&;
om vky+f yD;/ wdu k yf qJG ifa&;udk jiif;y,fjcif;vnf; r[kw?f wdu k yf o JG m qif+yD;/ yl;aygi;f a&;udk
jiif;y,fjcif;vnf; r[kwyf /J yl;aygi;f a&;ESihf wdu k yf q JG ifa&;udk aygi;f pyfxm;aom ay:vpD
jzpfonf? nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pktwGi;f / u|Eyfk w f @kd . ay:vpDonf/ wzufwiG f trScD u kd if;
I/ wzufY ud, k yf ikd q
f ;kH jzwfciG hf &S&d rnf? &efoo l rd ;f ydu
k x f m;o!fh e,fajrrsm;xJo@kd / xd;k
azmuf 0ifa&muf&ef/ t+rJ}udK;yrf; ae&rnf? ulrifwefw@kd . uef@owfcsurf sm;jzif/h twkyf
taESmif rcHap&? ulrifwefw@kd xHrS &mxl;&&ef rar#mv f if&h ?”( “ay:vpDa&;&m” vufa&G;
pif usr;f / twJG 2)
armfu ol@&Jabmfrsm;udk Tod@k owday;cJo h nf? od@k &mwGif tcsKd @aom wyfeD
awmf wyfr;_ rsm;onf? armf. owday;csuu f kd *&krjyKcJ=h u?
1940 ck =o*kwv f wGif wyf&if;w&m xd;k ppf[al om/ udpw P &yfay:cJo h nf? xdjk y
\emonf/ ygww D iG ;f wGif tjiif;yGm;p&m jy\emw&yf jzpfvmonf?
tjzpftysurf mS Tod@k jzpfonf?
cseaf u&Sw d o f nf rdred ,fajrxJwiG f uGejf rLepfwyfrsm;/ 0ifa&muf v_y&f mS ;vmo!fh
twGuf trsuaf csmif;acsmif; xGuaf eonf? xd@k a=umifh ol@ ppfred @f ay; Xmeatmuf a&muf
aeaom trSwf (8) ppfa=umif; wyfrawmf. wyfr;_ }uD;rsm; jzpf=uo!f/h csLaw;ESihf ydef
awh[KdG if wd@k u/kd jrpf0g jrpf. ajrmufbufwiG o f m ae&ef/ awmifbufo@kd rul;&ef trde@f xw k f
onf? ppfukd wd;k cs@J jcif;/ wd;k csv J #if [dak yh jynfe,fxo J @kd wd;k cs@J &ef t}uHay;onf? ydeaf wh
[GKd ifu xdt k }uHay;csuu f kd vufco H nf? TonfrmS armf. ajymufusm; ppfaoe*FAsK[m
ESihf vH;k 0qef@usio f !fh v_y&f mS ;r_ w&yf jzpfonf?
armfu ajymufusm;ppfyEJG iS hf ywfoufI/ Tod@k a&;cJb h ;l onf?
“u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ aoe*FAsL[m [m/ v_y&f mS ;ppftwGi;f u t"duwyfrsm;ud/k a&G@
vsm;aewJ/h yHak or[kww f /hJ ppfrsuEf mS wavsmuf jzef@xm;wmrsKd ; jzpfoifw h ,f?---'Dao
e*FAsL[mt&/ vsijf refwhJ wdu k pf pfrsm;ESihf qkwcf mG r_rsm;/ vsijf refpmG pkpnf;r_rsm;eJ@ jzef@cJG
r_rsm;udk vkyo f ifw h ,f? ppfy&JG @J apmapmydik ;f umvrSm/ tqH;k tjzwfay;wJh wdu k yf }JG uD;awGukd
rwdu k o f ifb h ;l ? &efo&l @J v_y&f mS ;aewJ/h wyfawG&@J pdw"f gw/f wdu k cf u
kd af &; pdw"f gwef @J ppfa&;
aphpyfaocsmr_awGu/kd wjznf;jznf; avsmah ygo h mG ;apr,f/h v_y&f mS ;ppfrsKd ;udk yxr qifEJG oifh
w,f?” ( “a&&Snpf pf ”vufa&G;pifusr;f / twGJ 2)
pifppf ajymufusm;ppfqo kd nfrmS a&&Snf tvkyjf zpfonf? &efou l kd wzJph D wdu k &f
o!fh ppfyrJG sKd ; jzpfonf? ydeaf wh[KdG ifu Tvdk a&&Snq f I JG / wduk &f o!fh ppfyrJG sKd ;udk pdw&f n S f
[ef rwl? eifvm; igvm; wdu k &f o!f/h wdu k yf }JG uD;rsKd ;udk wdu k cf siof nf? *syefppftiftm;udk
prf;=u!fch sio f nf? xd@k a=umifh armf. twnfjyKcsuu f kd r,lawmhy/J ol@oabmol xd;k ppf
}uD; wyGJ qifonf?
1940 ck =o*kwv f (20) &ufae@nY/ trSwf (8) ppfa=umif;wyfrawmfrS wyf&if;
(115) &if;u/ w&kwjf ynf ajrmufyikd ;f &S/d *syef qufo, G af &; vrf;a=umif; tm;vH;k ud/k w
+ydKifeuf 0ifwu kd =f uonf? rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udk jzwfawmuf=uonf? *syefw@kd odr;f ydu k xf m;
aom csiq f if; ausmufr;D aoG;wGi;f rsm;udk azmufc=JG uonf? &xm;wHwm;rsm;/ Orifrsm;/
blwm&Hrk sm;udk zsuq f ;D =uonf? xdEk pS f =o*kwEf iS hf 'DZifbm=um;wGi/f *syefppfwyf (20000)
ESihf *syef&yk af o;wyf (10000) wd@k ud/k rv_y&f mS ;Edik af tmif/ vkycf o hJ nf? rD;&xm;vrf; rdik f
(300) udk zsuq f ;D cJoh nf? *syeft&m&Sd (281) a,mufukd zrf;qD;cJo h nf?
vufpm;acso!fh taejzif/h *syefu ajrvSepf epfukd oH;k cJo h nf? *syefppfa=umif;
aemufyikd ;f &S/d a'oeDonf/ vlO;D a& t&a&m/ e,fajrt&yg w0ufcef@ }uHK@ oGm;onf?
*syefu ajrvSev f u kd o f nfrmS / tcsKd @ c&kid rf sm;wGif &Gm[lI/ w&Gmr# ruseaf wmh? *syefonf
tpGr;f ukef &kid ;f pdik ;f &ufpufvmum/ ,iftef; tajccHa'oudk 0kid ;f ydwx f m;ojzif/h rv_yf
&Sm;Edik af tmif jzpfc&hJ onf? armf. ukeyf x kd w k af &; vkyif ef;a=umifo h mv#i/f ,iftef; oufp;kd
&Snf cJ&h jcif; jzpfonf?
1941 ck Zefe0g&v D wGi/f cseaf u&Sw d . f wyfrsm;u/ pwkwˆ wyfrawmfopfukd vnf
rsKd !Spo f wfco hJ nf? pwkwˆ wyfrawmfopfukd jrpf0g jrpf. ajrmufzufo@kd a&$@ay;&rnf[k
trde@f ay;onf? wyfr;_ aqh,ifu/ cseaf u&Sw d . f trde@f udk emcHum/ wyfrsm;udk jrpf
ajrmufzufo@kd a&$@ay;cJo h nf? wyfrawmfXmecsKyfwiG f wyfom; (4000)/ Edik if aH &;r_; (3000)
ESihf aq;zuf0efxrf; (2000) wd@k udo k m cseyf pfco hJ nf? TwGif cseaf u&Sw d . f ulrifwefwyf
(40000) u/ use&f pfow l @kd ukd 0dik ;f ydwf wdu
k o f jzif/h uGejf rLepfwyfom; (9000) usq;kH cJo h nf?
TtxJwiG f wyfr;_ aqh,ifvnf; ygomG ;onf?
1941 ck Zefe0g&v D (17) &ufae@wGi/f csKu H if;rS ulrifwef tpd;k &u/ pwkwˆ wyf
rawmfopfonf/ ppfpnf;urf;rsm;udk azmufzsuaf =umif;/ xd@k a=umifh xdw k yfrawmfukd zsuf
odr;f vdu k af =umif;jzifh ausnmum/ vlzrf;yJEG iS hf vlowfy}JG u;D pawmhonf? uGejf rLepf vdv k m;
o!fh wd;k wufol trsm;tjym;/ xGuaf jy;=u&onf? nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkwiG f xm;o!fh
uGejf rLepf ud, k pf m;vS,f tzG@J .&H;k udk ydwyf pfonf? cseaf u&Sw d o f nf 1927 ckEpS w f ek ;f uvdk
vlowfy}JG uD; pwif+yD?
armfu ulrifwefw@kd . tjyKtrlukd a0zefonf? 4if;wd@k . vky&f yfrsm;udk wm;qD;
onf? od@k &mwGif nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pk rlukd rzsu?f qufvuf xde;f odr;f onf? TtjyK
trl tm;vH;k onf/ ulrifwefygwx D u J / “*syeftvdak wmf&d ” *d% k ;f . v_@H aqmfr_ jzpfonf[k
axmufjyonf? nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkukd pGe@f cGm&ef/ ygwx D wJ iG f t,ltqrsm; ay:vm
aomfvnf; armfu tavsmrh ay;? nD!w G af &;wyfaygi;f pkukd zsuv f u kd v f #i/f cseaf u&Sw d f
tzd@k ,iftef;udk tvH;k t&if;jzifh wdu k &f ef/ tcGi;f aumif; &oGm;rnf? xdt k csed Yf ,iftef;
onf/ bufaygi;f pHrk S 0dik ;f ydwcf aH eojzifh csed @J ae+yD?
od@k &mwGif cseaf u&Sw d . f opPmazmufru _ kd w&kwjf ynforl sm;u vufyu kd =f u!fah e
onf r[kw?f jynforl sm;u cseaf u&Sw d uf kd &_wcf sum uGejf rLepfrsm;udk pmem=uonf? t
aemufEikd if H owif;pm q&mrsm;ESihf oHwrefrsm;uyif cseaf u&Sw d u f kd 0dik ;f I a0zef=uonf?
armfu “acsmufurBm;}u;D xJ ruscif Zufoyf&rnf? &efpr_rsm;udk &yf&rnf”[k cseaf u&Sw d f
udk awmif;qdo k nf? jynfou l kd 'Dru kd a&pD tcGit hf a&;rsm; ay;&ef awmif;qdo k nf?
wenf;awmh aumif;onf? ajrmufzufwiG f *syefu ydww f u kd jf cif;/ awmifzuf
wGif cseaf u&Sw d u f ydww f u kd jf cif;wd@k a=umif/h vlxu k kd v_@aH qmf&mwGi/f trsm;}uD; atmif
jrifonf? ukeyf x kd w
k af &; vkyif ef;twGu/f vlxrk sm;. pdw"f mwfukd Ed;_ qGvmEdik o f nf? 1943
ckEpS w
f iG rf /l armf. tajccHa'owGif (2) ESpw f m tcuftcJu/kd ausmv f eG v f m+yD? *syefEiS hf
cseaf u&Sw d w f @kd !Syyf ;l !Syyf w d f ydwx f m;jcif;ud/k azmufxu G v f mEdik +f yD? ud, k zhf mom zlvakH e+yD?
wyfeaD wmfonf/ ydI k tiftm;awmifv h m+yD? qH;k &H;_ oGm;o!fh e,fajrrsm; jyef&vm+yD? *syef
onf ta&S@awmiftm&S ppfyu JG kd wdu k af eojzif/h w&kwjf ynfajrmufyikd ;f u/ us,jf yef@o!fh
e,fajrrsm;udk =um&Snx f ed ;f rxm;Edik af wmh? xdek ,frsm;udk wyfeaD wmfu vGwaf jrmufapcJ+h y;D +y?D
1945 ckEpS w f iG rf l c&D;&Sncf sw D ufyt JG +yD;/ wyfom; (7000) jzifh a&mufvmcJo h !fh
armfonf/ jynfe,f (9) e,fwiG /f a'oeD (19) ck wnfaqmuf+yD;+yD? a'oeDwiG f vlO;D a&
oef; (100) &Sad e+yD? armf. “aygi;f vnf;aygi;f / wdu k vf nf;wdu k ”f qdo k !fh nD!w G af &;
wyfaygi;f pk ay:vpDEiS hf ol. pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;/ Edik if aH &; acgi;f aqmifro _ nf/ rSeu f ef a=umif;
jiif;r&atmif xif&mS ;ae+yD?
,iftef;u ausmif;q&mESihf tn-w vlwa,muf
armfonf em;vnf&cufo!fh vlwa,mufr[kw?f ya[Vd wyk'rf [kw?f armf
onf ol@acwfEiS hf ol@jynfol 0ifpm;o!f/h vl0ifpm;wa,muf jzpfonf? w&kww f rsKd ;vH;k .
om; jzpfonf? awmfveS af &;u armfukd oGe;f xkay;vdu k of !feh nf;wl/ armfuvnf; awmf
vSeaf &;udk oGe;f xkay;onf? armf. b0onf/ armf. b0oufoufr#ru/ w&kwjf ynfu
acwfwacwfukd ud, k pf m;jyK azmfjycsuv
f nf; jzpfonf? armfonf yËdyuQrsm;jzifh jyGr;f wD;
aeol wOD;jzpfonf? v,form;vdk wHawG;axG;I/ v,form;vdk used q f w
J wfo!f/h usr;f
*ef ES@pH yfaom ynmwwfwOD;jzpfonf? pD;u&ufukd rjywfaomufo!f/h use;f rma&; vdu k f
pm;ol wOD;jzpfonf? av;eufpmG awG;ac:ajrmfjrifwwfI/ &d;k taomfvnf;/ rnfo@l tvdrf
udrk # rcHojl zpfonf? [moOm%f&i$ o f l wOD;jzpfonf? t0wftpm;udk *&krpdu k wf wfaomf
vnf; *s;D rsm;I/ tao;pdwo f l jzpfonf? ordik ;f zefw;D olwOD;. pdw&f n S jf cif;rsKd ;jzifh pdwf
&Snaf omfvnf;/ tcsed af &mufvmonfEiS hf tvkyv f yk &f ef wrdepf rqdik ;f wwfol jzpfonf?
“ESpaf ygi;f waomif;qdw k m =umvGe;f w,f ckcsucf si;f em&Drqdik ;f vky&f r,f” [k
armfu uAsma&;cJo h nf?
,GcD si;f ESihf ,iftef;a'orsm;Y/ armfonf v,form;rsm;ESihf t+rJawG@wwfonf?
olw@kd ESit fh wl vrf;ab;opfyif&yd w f iG f xdik uf m/ em&Daygi;f rsm;pGm pum;ajymonf? rdik f
aygi;f rsm;pGm vrf;av#mufonf? v,form;rsm;xHrS A[kow k t00ud/k a&jrSKyfpyk o f vdk pkyf
,lonf?
1935 ckEpS w f iG f armfonf w&kwaf wmfveS af &;ESihf cGrJ &atmif jzpfae+yD? olvyk f
or#onf awmfveS af &;jzpfonf? olawG;or#onf awmfveS af &;jzpfonf? ol@udk ordik ;f rS
cGx
J w k jf cif;onf/ ordik ;f . yrm% wckukd cGx J w
k v f u kd jf cif;ESifh wlonf? awmfveS af &;onf/
ol@t&d;k / ol@taoG;/ ol@tom;/ ol@OD;aESmuf/ ol@touf &Siaf e&jcif;. pGr;f tm; jzpfonf?
armfEiS w hf uG w&kwaf wmfveS af &; acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf/ i,fpOfb0 ta=umif;udk jyefajym
v#if “u|eaf wmf” [laom emrfpm;jzifh ajym=uonf? od@k &mwGif awmfveS af &; ta=umif;
udk ajymI/ awmfvSefa&; aZmuyf vm+yDqdkv#ifrl/ “u|efawmf”[lI r&Sdawmh?
“u|eaf wmf”wd@k om &Sad wmhonf?
“u|eaf wmfw@kd [m awmfveS af &;udk pm;+yD;/ awmfveS af &;udk awG;=uw,f? awmf
vSeaf &;udk aomufo;kH +y;D / awmfveS af &;udk tdy=f uw,f?” [k awmfveS af &;orm; wa,muf
u ajymbl;onf? “armf[m xl;c|ew f hJ yg&rD&iS f jzpfw,f? ol[m urBm}uD;udk ajymif;ypf
vdrrhf ,f?” [k a'guw f m aemfrefbufoeG ;f u a&;bl;onf?
1946 ckEpS w f iG f armfEiS hf awG@wke;f u “armfonf ydeyf ed yf g;yg;/ vefueG ;f . tvH;k
tzefrsKd ;” [k t*~gpEd;k u a&;bl;onf? xlxeJ ufarSmifaom qHyifrsm;u/ ykc;kH ay: 0Jus
aeonf? od@k &mwGif 1940 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f wGirf /l armf.qHyif odyrf &Snaf wmh? enf;enf;
vnf; 0vm+yD? ol. }uD;rm; jyL;us,af om rsuv f ;kH rsm;onf/ wpHw k &mudk &SmazGaeonf
[k xif&onf? “armf. rsuEf mS onf/ trSex f ufjrufo!fh ynmwwf wa,muf. rsuEf mS
rsKd ; jzpfonf? armf. b0Zwfvrf;onf xdak cwf rsKd ;quf. b0 wckv;kH aygi;f &H;k axG;
,Suf aeaom/ b0 Zwfvrf;jzpfonf” [k t*~gpEd;k u a&;bl;onf?
t*~gpEd;k u armf. Oy"d&yk f qGiJ iftm; aumif;yHEk iS hf ywfoufI/
“armfonf cdik rf mo!fh tajccHprG ;f tm; jy!hpf o kH -l -/ oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom/
w&kwf jynfow l @kd . vdt k ifqENu/kd wud, k w
f nf;Y tusO;f csKyf ud, k pf m;jyK azmfjyEdik o f -l -/
w&kwf v,form;. &d;k om;r_EiS hf [efaqmifjcif; uif;r_w@kd &o dS -l -/ [moO%f&i$ I f / aus;awm
om;vkd [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmaecsio f l jzpfonf? armfonf ol@ c|w, f iG ;f csurf sm;ESihf
qdAk ,D uf tzG@J rsm;. c|w, f iG ;f csuu f vkd nf; t!Smray;yJ/ &,farmwwfol jzpfonf? &Si;f
&Si;f ajymI/ &d;k &d;k aeoljzpfonf? pmpHzk wfol jzpfonf? tbd"rRmESihf ordik ;f udk tav;t
euf avhvmol--/ pum;ajymaumif;ol--/ rSwOf m%ftvGeaf umif;I wckcw k iG f tm&kH
pdu
k Ef ikd of -l -/ pma&;aumif;ol--/ taetxdik /f tpm;taomufukd *&krpdu k af omfvnf;/
wm0efEiS hf ywfoufvmv#i/f tvGef tao;pdww f wfo-l -/ rarmryef; tvkyv f yk Ef ikd o
f -l -
yg&rD xl;c|eaf om/ ppfa&;ESihf Edik if aH &; aoe*FAsK[m u|r;f usio f ”l [k a&;cJo h nf?
armfonf tvGepf w d &f nS o f jl zpfonf? od@k wdik af tmif pum;}uD; pum;us,af wG
oH;k um/ vlxu k kd ajcmufveS @f wwfo!f/h ygwaD cgi;f aqmif qdo k rl sm;/ armufrm 0if=h uGm;
o!fh ygwaD cgi;f aqmif qdo k rl sm;udu k m;/ r!Smrwm a0zef&w _ cf swwfonf? oabmw&m;
a&;t& aoGzo D rl sm;udk r!Smrwm wdu k cf u kd w f wfaomfvnf;/ &eforl sm;udk ud, k zf uf od@k
wdr;f !$wv f matmif vky&f mwGi/f apmifq h ikd ;f Edik of l jzpfonf/
armf. "gwyf kH rsm;pGm&So d nf? tcsKd @rSm abmif;bDpw k f yGy}G uD;/ tuFsD yGy}G uD;jzif/h
&duk x f m;o!fh yHrk sm;jzpfonf? ol@abmif;bDtw d rf sm;onf/ pmtkyrf sm;jzifh azmif;aewwf
onf? armfEiS hf awG@qHak qG;aEG;cJ&h olw@kd . rSww f rf;rsm;vnf;/ trsm;tjym;&So d nf? wcg
wav nvH;k ayguaf tmif aqG;aEG;=uonf? armfonf ar;jref;awG@qHo k rl eS o f r#ukd pdwf
&Snv f uf&n S f tao;pdwf &Si;f jyonf? pum;0dik ;f rsm;wGif xdik u f m/ tm;yg;w& ajymwwf
onf? ZwfyrJG sm;wGif jyufv;kH udk oabmusv#i/f tm;yg;w& &,fwwfonf? "gwyf &kH u kd cf H
v#if armfonf/ A[kcd suu f so!fah e&mwGif b,fawmhr#rae? acsmifususae&mwGio f m/ ae
avh&o dS nf? wcgu armfonf ,iftef;u Orifwckxw J iG f uav;wodu k Ef iS ahf &mI/ u/ ckef
ae onfu/kd jrifc&hJ onf[k tar&duef owif;pm q&mr}uD;/ tifemvl0D pxa&mif;u/ a&;
bl;onf? armfonf uav;vdk tyltyif; uif;rJph mG / aysmaf ewwfo!fw h ikd f wpuUe@f twGi;f
awmfveS af &;orm; wOD;vk/d wuf=uGEikd o f l jzpfonf? tbd"rRm q&mwOD;vdk av;eufEikd o f l
wOD; jzpfonf?
ygww D ckv;kH udk armf csKyfuikd Ef ikd jf cif;rSm ol. Edik if aH &; tajrmftjrif &Srd a_ =umifh jzpf
onf? od@k &mwGif wyfrawmfEiS hf jynfow l &yfv;kH u armfu h kd cspcf ifaejcif;rSmum;/ Tt&nf
tcsi;f a=umihf r[kw[ f /k t*~gpEd;k u a&;bl;onf? pum;ajym&mY/ armfonf tvGe&f w _ f
axG; eufeaJ om/ udpw P ckukd vl+yde;f wa,muf/ tuGi;f vdu k f tuGi;f vdu k /f jrifomG ;atmif
ajymEdik o f nf? armfonf em;axmifo!fh y&dowfukd txufp;D jzifv h nf; rajym? atmuf
}udK@ Ivnf; rajym? wef;wl w&if;wES;D ajymwwfonf? xd@k a=umifh armfEiS hf ol@y&dwo f wf
onf t+rJwrf; &if;ES;D aeonf?
1940 ckEpS Yf armfonf 0vm+yD? tiwfiwf tjywfjywf r[kwaf wmh? qHyifu
vnf; enf;enf; wdv k monf? od@k wdik af tmif ol@[efyefonf v,form;ESihf ynmwwf
aygi;f xm;o!fh [ef jzpfaeao;onf? acgi;f aqmifwOD;. Edik if aH &; tajrmftjrifEiS hf omref
v,form;wOD;. yuwdOm%fw@kd / aygi;f pyfxm;o!fh vlwa,mufjzpfaeonf? v,form;
wd@k . qdxk ;kH rsm;ESihf a&S;pHawmf0if uAsm/ tvuFmwd@k pka0;&m/ vlwa,muf jzpfaeonf?
armfonf urBm@ ta&;tcif;rsm;udk *&kwpdu k f avhvmo!fh Edik if aH &; y¾dwf wOD; jzpfonf?
pm tvGezf wfI/ jiif;cke&f mwGif tEkyËdavmr usus/ jiif;ckeEf ikd o f l jzpfonf? armfonf
wzufom;ESihf jiif;cke&f mwGi/f b,fawmhr# xdyw f u kd f 0ifavhr&S?d wae&mu aysmu h u G u
f kd
axmufvu kd /f tjcm;wae&mu [muGuu f /kd eif;vdu k vf yk +f yD;rS/ wzufv. l jiif;ckecf suu f kd
ab;rS 0dik ;f ywfcsKyfxm;onf? wzufu cHppfa=umif;udk wck+yD;wck &du k cf sKd ;ypfonf? od@k jzihf
wzufv. l wifjycsuu f /kd wjznf;jznf; 0dik ;f ywfacszsuv f m+yD;rS ,kwadW A' tcsut f vuf
jzif/h aemufq;kH ydwf t+yD;tydik f +zdKcsypfonf? armfonf pdwu f ;l Om%fvnf; =uG,o f nf?
“wcgw;kH u &JaH bmfwa,mufu &Se[ f rJ mS ol=u!fch &hJ wJh [o&ky&f iS u f m;wum; ta=umif;
ajymawmh/ OuUX armfu &Dvu kd wf mav---rsu&f nfawGawmif xGuv f @kd ? Zmwfum;u csm
vD csuyf vif;&J@ acwfqef;csed f qdw k ZhJ wfum;”[k t*~gpEd;k u ajymbl;onf?
armf. [moOm%fonf/ tEkyËdavmrusonf/ jy\emw&yfukd =u!f&h mY/ t
ay:,Hu zH;k aeaom/ tudik ;f tcufawGukd z,fxw k +f yD;/ yifrudk =u!fw h wfonf? omrn
awGukd ab;z,f+yD;/ t"duudk qGx J w k of nf? Ttjrifjzifh ol@ay:vpDrsm;udk csrw S o f nf?
Ttjrifjzifh pum;ajymonf? wcgw&HwiG f armf.[moonf &ufpufonf? armfonf vl
owf&rnfukd 0efav;ol jzpfaomfvnf;/ ajymifavSmifa0zef&mwGirf /l wzufvl vJaocsif
avmufatmif &ufpufonf? armfu ol@ qef@usib f ufrsm;ud/k tpwH;k aysmufroGm;apcsi?f
ol@ qef@usib f uf &eforl sm; v_y&f mS ;aeapcsio f nf? olw@kd ukd =u!fI h oifcef;pm,lcsio f nf?
ol@twGuf ajymif;jyef Zmwfaumif rsm;vdo k nf? olw@kd onf aemifrrSm;atmif owdjyKp&m
rsm;/ ajymif;jyefbufu ay;aeaom/ oifcef;pmrsm; jzpfvm=uonf? armfonf trke;f cH
&rnfukd ra=umuf? rdwaf qG taygi;f toif;udk oHa,mZOf }uD;onfreS af omfvnf;/ rke;f rd
v#if woufv;kH jyefr=u!fch sio f !fh vlpm;rsKd ; jzpfonf?
aumif;+yD? armfwiG f c|w, f iG ;f csuf r&Sad wmh+yDavm? armfwiG f trSm; r&Sad wmh+yD
avm? armfwiG f ol@t&nftcsi;f ESifh cGrJ &aom/ c|w, f iG ;f csurf sm; &So d nf? Oyrm armfonf
ol@b0 wckv;kH awmfveS af &;udk yHt k yfxm;o!fh tavsmuf/ olrsm;udv k nf; ol@vydk t kH yf&ef
r!Smrwm awmif;qdo k nf? ol@wGif trSm;rsm;vnf;&So d nf? usiu f ef;awmif&;kd wGi/f ol
jyXmef;cJo
h !fh ajr,m a0jcrf;a&; Oya'onf/ jyif;xefveG ;f onf? xd@k a=umif xdOk ya'udk
jyefjyif&rnf[k armfu ajymwwfonf? armfonf olwyg; aemufu, G wf iG /f ajymavhr&Sd
aomfvnf;/ pum;ajym avm}uD;onf? ud, k vhf kd atmif;arhum olwyg;udk ,Hv k , G w f wf
onf? od@k &mwGif xdrk v S I JG armfw h iG f ajymp&m }uD;}uD;rm;rm; tjypfr&S?d
armfonf xl;jcm;o!fh 0dZm… ynm&Sif wa,muf jzpfonf? olwwfu|r;f aom
0dZm… ynmon/f awmfveS af &; 0dZm… ynmjzpfonf? awmfveS af &; vky&f mY armfonf/ tEk
ynmonf wOD;vd/k ud, k w f ikd v
f nf; r!Smwm? olwyg;udv k nf; iJ! h mS jcif; r&S?d yef;yk ynm
&Sio f nf/ ausmufqpfjzifh yef;ykxo k vd/k armfonfvnf; awmfveS af &;udk yHo k eG ;f onf? ol@
uAsm rsm;uJo h @kd yif ol@pum;ajyonf =unfvifonf? jywfom;onf? armf. Edik if aH &;usr;f
rsm;onf tEkynm rsuaf phjzif/h =u!fv h #iv f nf; &oajrmufo!hf usr;f rsm; jzpfonf?
+rdK@ }uD;rsm;rS ,iftef;od@k vm=uo!f/h tEkynmonfrsm;xJwiG f vefyif;qdo k !fh
&ky&f iS rf if;orD; wa,mufvnf; ygonf? vefyif;onf 1933 ckEpS u f uGejf rLepfygw0D if jzpf
cJo
h nf? &ky&f iS rf if;orD; b0wke;f u a=u;}uD;ay;iSm;aomfvnf;/ ta=umif;t&m azmuf
jyefo!fh &ky&f iS rf sm;udk r&du k cf ?hJ jynfcsppf w d u f kd v_aH qmfo!f/h &ky&f iS f Zwfum;rsm;xJwiG o f m
ygco hJ nf? &ky&f iS af vmurS yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ *syefqef@usiaf &; qENjyyGrJ sm;wGif ryg0if& [laom
ulrifwef tpd;k &. trde@f ukd zDqefco hJ nf? vefyif;onf 1937 ckEpS w f iG f ,iftef;od@k a&muf
vmum/ vl&e$ ;f tEkynm wuUov kd w f iG /f Zwfobif tEkynm&yfukd yd@k csco hJ nf? ygwD 0g'
jzef@csaD &; tzG@J i,frsm;ESit fh wl v,form;rsm;xHomG ;I/ ygw0D g' jzef@cJo h nf? ppfaumfr&Sif
armfueG ;f XmewckwiG v f nf;/ tvkyf vkycf o hJ nf?
armfonf vefyif;udk ,iftef;wGif awG@cJjh cif; jzpfonf? armfu vl&e$ ;f tEkynm
wuUov kd of @kd r=umc% oGm;avh&o dS nf? omrefjynforl sm;ESit hf wl a&maESmum/ jyZwfrsm;
uyGrJ sm;udk =u!fah vh&o dS nf? pmay/ uAsm wd@k ukd pdw0f ifpm;onf? pma&;q&m/ uAsmq&m
wd@k udk av;pm;onf? txl;ojzifh trsKd ;orD; tEkynmonfrsm; jzwfoef;cJ&h o!fh tcuf
tcJ/ t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk oabmayguo f nf? pmayESihf tEkynmonf jynfou l kd t
usKd ;jyK&rnf? awmfveS af &;udk tusKd ;jyK&rnf[k ,H=k unfonf? armfonf ,iftef;wGif
pmay tEkynmonfrsm;ESihf awG@qHk aqG;aEG;&if;/ vef;yif;ESifh awG@cJjcif; jzpfonf? csecf si;f
[laom trnfrmS / ,iftef;od@k a&mufrS wGiaf om trnf jzpfonf? armfonf ,cif ZeD;
[kZd cl si;f udk 1931 ckEpS u f vufxyfcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? armfonf 1938 ckEpS Yf [kZd cl si;f ESihf uGm
&Sif;um 1939 ckESpfY csefcsif;ESihf vufxyfonfwGif/ ygwDu ol@udk a0zefcJhonf?
uef@uu G cf ohJ nf?
rnfo@kd jzpfap armfonf/ q&mwa,mufjzpfonf? ygww D ckukd ynmay;o!f/h wyf
rawmfwckukd ynmay;o!f/h vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;udk ynmay;o!fh q&mrsKd ; jzpfonf?
“u|eaf wmf jzpfcsiw f mu ausmif;q&myJ? }uD;jrwfaom acgi;f aqmif/ }uD;jrwf
aom wufrudik f qdw k hJ ‘}uD;jrwfaom’awGukd u|eaf wmfrvdck sib f ;l ?” [k armfu 1971
ckEpS f wGif t*~gpEd;k udk ajymcJo h nf?
r[mypPn;f rJh ,Ofaus;r_awmfveS af &; twGi;f u/ tpdik t f cJ}uD;vmcJah om “yk*Kd~ vf
qnf;uyfr”_ udk armftwwfEikd q f ;kH zsuo f rd ;f v#u&f o dS nf? ud;k }urd af jrmuf ygwu D eG *f &ufwiG f
ol@&kyyf kH &ifx;kd rsm;udk wyfvmo!f/h ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk +yHK;=u!fu h m/ “usKyfav,mOfysH
awG jyefay;”[k aemufwwfonf? &ifx;kd wHqyd af wG vkyyf pfojzih/f av,mOfysH vkyrf !f/h
owˆK jym;awG uke+f yD[k qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf?
,iftef;wGi&f pdS Of armfa&;cJo h !fh “vufawG@usr;f ”ESifh “yËdyuQusr;f ”rsm;onf/
w&kwjf ynfwiG ;f ESifh jynfy&S/d oef;aygi;f rsm;pGmaom/ jynforl sm;tzd@k rwf0g'/ *E 0W ifusr;f
rsm; jzpfae+yD? tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;onf/ armfoif=um;cJo h !f/h tEkyËdavmrudk
vufawG@wGif pyf[yftoH;k csae=uonf? olw@kd onf “armfh vdak wG;ac:pOf;pm;”=uonf?
w&kwf vlrsKd ;. pdw"f gwu f /kd tEkyËdavmr awG;ac:r_usatmif ajymif;&jcif;onf/ }u;D rm;aom
ckeyf sH ausmv f m$ ;r_}uD; jzpfonf?
w&kwv f rl sKd ;wd@k . pdw"f gwo f nf/ tESp&f maxmifcsI D &Sad eaom/ odyeH` nf;ruso!fh
t,lo;D o!f/h ya'o&mZfqefo!fh tawG;tac:wd@k jzifh zH;k aeonf? TtawG;tac:rsKd ;
v$r;f aeaom pdw"f gwu f kd odyeH` nf;us awG;ac:r_ jzpfvmatmif/ vky&f onfrmS wu,frvG,f
o!fh tvkyjf zpfonf?
avmuY t&mtm;vH;k onf/ vkt d yfra_ =umif/h ay:ayguv f m=u&jcif; jzpfonf?
awmfveS af &;twGuf ygww D &yf/ wyfrawmfw&yf wnfaqmufz@kd vdo k nf? xdt k &mrsm;udk
wnfaqmufEikd &f ef/ tawG;tac: w&yf wnfaqmufz@kd vko d nf? rwf0g'udk w&kwf tvkyf
orm;awG/ v,form;awG em;vnfatmif vkyzf @kd vdo k nf? tEkyËdavmrESihf ordik ;f &ky0f g'
ud/k w&kwt f vkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm; em;vnfatmif vkyzf @kd vdo k nf? yxrtm;jzifh
ygwD au'grsm;udk tEkyËdavmr tbd"rRm yd@k cs&rnf? rwf0g'/ vDeif0g' yd@k cs&rnf? od@k &mwGif
rnfo@kd yd@k cs&rnfenf;? vDvpD efEiS hf 0rfrif;wdu k “w&kwjf ynfu acwfaemufuswhJ awmif
wef;awGay:rSm b,fE, S v hf yk +f yD; rwf0g' &SEd ikd yf grh vJ?”[k avSmifajymifc=hJ ubl;onf? wenf;
ajym&v#if rwf0g' todynmudk ol@w@kd omv#if odEikd o f nf? em;vnfEikd o f nf? v,form;
tvkyo f rm;awG em;vnfEikd rf nf r[kw[ f k qdjk cif; jzpfonf? “cufcJ odraf rG@aom”tEkyËdavm
r &ky0f g'udk pmrwwfo!fh tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;awGu em;vnfEikd o f nf qdjk cif;rSm/
wu,f ,Hw k rf;pum;vdk jzpfaeonf? rwf/ tde*f s,/f vDeif/ pwmvifw@kd . usr;f }uD; usr;f
cdik rf sm;udk toufygaom tbd"rRmw&yf/ vkyx f ;kH w&yf jzpfvmatmif rnfou l t"dyg` ,f
zGiahf y;rnfenf;? rnfou l oif=um;ay;rnfenf;? pmrwwf/ ayrwwf tvkyo f rm;/
v,form;rsm;tm;/ =um&Snf ynmoif=um;ray;yJ/ tEkyËdavmrudk rnfo@kd em;vnfatmif
vky&f rnfenf;? tEkyËdavmrusus awG;ac:wwfatmif/ vkyw f wfatmif/ rnfo@kd oif=um;
ay;rnfenf;? ,iftef;u tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;onf/ ud, k zf gom zlvakH tmifvnf;/
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