Iem-kn-\n-abpsS ku-cy-im-kv{Xhpw

hn]-Wn-bpsS {]Xy-b-imkv{Xhpw :
kwLj-n-sbpw ka-\z-b-n-sbpw Ncn{X]m-T-

`mh-\b
- psS temIm-c km-cs
- a-\
- n-eb
- n kn\na \nn-s-Sp am{nI-I-e-I-fn-semv hmb-\-bn \np ImgvN-bntep C{nbm-\p-`-h--fpsS
tcJob aptam-Wv. {]Im-i
- nsbpw Ne\-n-sbpw i-n-sbpw _nw_n-sbpw kmtXnI-I-ebpw eb-hp-amWv kn\n-a. AXns Ncn-{X-n-ep-S-\ofw
]pept]m-cp Ghpw {]I-Sa
- mb kwLjfn-semmWv Ie-bpsS kucyim-kv{Xhpw hn]-Wn-bpsS {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw Xn-ep--Xv. Bq Ie-sb
\ne-bn \nv IXrtI{nX-amb hyn-I-e-sb \ne-bntepmb ]cn-WXn, kwkvIm-c-hy-h-km-b-ns BZn-cq-]--fn-sems Ah--bn \nv
BtKm-f-hc-W-ns hn]-Wn-bp-n-I-fntep m\m-cw Fn-hsbms Cu kwLj-Nc
- n-{X-ns `mK-am-W.v cmw temI bpm-\
- cw bqtdmn-ep-mb Ne-n{X `mhp--IXz- ]n]n 1950 Ifn apJy-ambpw {^mkn
cq]w sIm \h-Xc
- wK {]m-\a
- mWv kn\nabpsS Ncn-{Xs Gm-etpambn s\SpsI hn`-Pn-Xpw. hgn-Xncnp-hn-Xpw. Ie (kw-kvIm-cw) hn]Wn (hyh-km-bw) F Zzzw sshcp-ym--I-ambn \ne-\n B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-ns
A[o-ik
- u-c
- y-im-k{v X-s kn\n-ab
- n \nh-Nn-s-SpXn \h-Xc
- w-K
- n-\p
]v Ncn-{X-]-c-am-Wv. XpSv temI-sapw cq]w sIm Cusbmcp Nen{X
ku-cy-im-kv{X-ns Cy, ae-bm-f-]-m--e-nse ]cnWn-Xn-Ifpw
BtKmfh-c-W-Im-e-pmb hn]-cy-b-fpw hnhc-Wm--Ihpw hni-I-e\mI-hp-ambn N sNp {]_--w.

jmPn tP_v
Atkm-kntbv s{]^-k
{ioi--cm-Nmcykw-kvIr-X-khI-em-im-e, ImeSn
Email : shajijacob67@yahoo.co.in, shajijacob67@gmail.com

-1-

Hv
{^v \h-X-cwKw : Im-hns P\-\w
Hcp \qm-p-]n-n temI-kn-\n-a-bpsS Xs Ncn-{X-nse Ghpw henb hn`-P-\-_n-p-hmWv
1959 emcw-`n- {^v \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\w. cmw-tem-I-bp--n-\p-apv temI-kn-\n-a-bn-em-hn`-hn {][m\
`mhp-I-Xz-{]-m-\--sfmpw Xs krjvSn-m-{X hn]p-e-amb kzm[o-\-amWv \h-X-cwKw temIshnsSbp-ap kn\n-a-bn krjvSn--Xv. Ata-cn- BJym-\-]-c-X1, tkmhn-bv samm-jv2, Pa FIvkv{]-j\n-kw3, Cm-en-b \ntbm-dn-b-enkw4 XpS-n-b-h-bmWv BZy-A-c-\q-m-ns Ne-n-{X-`m-hp-I-Xz-sfn
1960-I-fn-em-cw-`n-p temI-kn-\n-a-bp-sS cmw-Lw apJy-ambpw {^v \h-X-cw-K-ns `mhp-I-Xz-hn--ham-bmWv hne-bn-cp--s-Sp--Xv. tlmfn-hp-Uv, P\-{]n-b, hn]-Wn-kn-\n-asb Hmw kn\n-a-sbpw bqtdm]y \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-ns `mK-am-bp-mb Iem-kn-\n-asb cmw kn\n-a-sbpw hnti-jn-n-p-sImmWv aqmw-kn-\n-a-(third cinema)sb k-ev]-n\v 1969 APo-\n-b Ne-n-{X-ssk-m-n-Icmb
s^\mtm skmfm-\mkpw HIvSm-hntbm sKn-t\mbpw cq]w \evIp-Xv t]mepw5.
Ne-n-{X-\n-cq-]-Icpw kwhn-[m-b-Icpw kmt-Xn-I-{]-h-I-cp-amb Hcp \ncbphm-, cmw temIbp--n-\p-ti-jhpw {^p-kn-\n-a-bn \ne-\n ac-hn-n-s\-Xnsc \S-nb Iem-]-am-bmWv \h-X-cw-K-{]m-\s s]mXp-hn Im-Wm-dp-Xv6. 1950 IfpsS XpS--n kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-Tn-Xm- {^v
kaq-l-n cq]w-sIm \ho-\-{]-h-W-X-Ip-\-evIn-b-t]-cm-bn-cpp \h-X-cwK (New Wave) sanepw
]no-SXv ]pXnb kn\n-am-`m-hp-I-Xz-ambn hymJym-\n--s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. 1959se Im s^n-h-en {]Zinn Nne Nn{X--fp-sS kz`m-h-am-bmWv \h-X-cw-K-kn-\na F k-ev]\w thcp-d-Xv (Michael Marie,
2003: 9). As {^v kmwkvIm-cn-Ia
- {n Bs{ amtdm, samm-jmWv kn\n-ab
- psS ASn-m\LSIw
Fp hniz-kn-n-cp--tm Xs, {^v kn\n-asb s^n-h-en Ah-X-cn-n-m Cu t]cp Is-nsbp Icp-Xp--h-cp-apv. {^msm {Xqs^m Cu k-ev]-\-sbpw kw-sbbpw am[y-a--fn kaambn m]n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {Xqs^m-bvp-]p-d-sa, tmZv Ot{_m, Ae sds\, PoepIv sKmZmZv
XpS-n-b-hcpw \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-nse ap\n-c-kw-hn-[m-b-I-cm-Ipw-apv Ilntb Zp kn\na7 F Nen{X {]kn-o-I-c-W-nse \ncq-]-I-cm-bn-cpp F-XmWv Ghpw {it-b-amb hkvXp-X. Cu {]kn-oI-c-W-ns FUn--dm-bn-cp Bs{ _mkn Ch-cpsS XmXzn-Im-Nm-cy\pw \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-a-bpsS Ghpw
hmNm-e-\mb hm-hp-am-bn-cp-p.
1959 s^{_p-h-cn11\v dneokv sNbvX Ot{_m-fns Le Beau Serge F Nn{X-amWv \h-X-cw-K-{]m-\-nse BZy-c-N-\-bmbn IW-m--s-Sp--Xv. (Marie, 12-16) XpSv Ot{_m-fns Xs cousins
F Nn{Xw. {Xps^m-bpsS The 400 Blows, amk Imap-hns Black orphans Fnh B hjs
Ims^-n-h-en bYm-{Iaw anI kwhn-[m-\-n\pw Nn{X-n-\p-ap ]pc-kvIm-c- t\Sn. Ae
sds\-bpsS Hiroshima mon amour Bbn-cpp {it-b-amb asmcp Nn{Xw. 1960 amn sKmZmZns
Breathless ]pd-n-d-n. {Xqs^m-bp-sSbpw sds\-bp-sSbpw sKmZmn-sbpw Nn{X- hn]-Wn-bnepw hnPbn-p. Ot{_m, sKmZmZv, {Xqs^m, ]nb-dn-Im-v, PmIv dnsh-s, FdnIv tdma Fn-s\ \nc-h[n
kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS \nc-h[n Nn{X- XpSpw ]pd-p-h-p-sh-nepw sSen-hn-js {]Nm-c-aps-sS-bp
Imc-W- aqew Xnb--dn-se-p kn\n-am-t{]--I-cpsS F-n h CSn-hp-m-bn. 1959 Ah-km\n Zi-I-n Xob--dp-I-fn-se-n-b-Xns ]IpXn t{]-I am{X-amWv 1969 Ah-km-\n ZiIn
Xob--dn-se-n-bXv. Fp-h-m \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-a-I F-n s]cp-In-b-tm Xs t{]-I
Ahbvp htXm-Xn Ipdp Fw (Marie: 14). 195962 Ime-p-am{Xw 160 ]pXnb kwhn-[m-bI cwK-p-h-p. Ilntb Zp kn\na Ah-sc-p-dn-p Hcp i_vZ-tImiw Xs {]kn-o-I-cn-p. Ot{_m
am{Xw \mep-hj-n-\p-n Ggp-kn-\n-a-I \nn-p. \h-X-cw-K-ns Bbp-n-s\-p-dn-m-Is `nho--W-fpw \ne-hn-ep-v.
Hmk sh-kv Ds-sS-bp Ata-cn- kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS BJym-\m--I-dn-b-en-kw,
B{^Uv lnv tImns IXr-k--ev]w8, Cm-en-b \ntbm-dn-ben-k-ns Ne-n-{X-\nm-W-k-ao]-\-, tUmIyp-sadn kn\n-a, sSen-hn-j Fn-h-bp-sS-sbms kzm[o\w \h-X-cw-K-n\v ]nn-epv. Fnepw Ghpw {][m-\-ambn, cp XXz--fn-ep Du-em-bn-cpp {^v \h-X-cw-Ks ]noSv
temI-kn-\n-a-bpsS hgn Xncn-p-hn {]m-\-am-n-am-n-b-Xv. kKm--I-amb kzmX-{yhpw auen-I-X-bpap kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS Ie-bmWv kn\n-a-sb hnizm-khpw hap-S-p-ap-X thn-h-cp Itmf, P\{]nb kwkvIm-c-a bYm-kn-\n-a-sb Dd \ne-]m-Sp-am-bn-cp-p, Ah. \h-kn-\n-a-bpsS ASn-m-\-kz`m-h--fmbn ImWm-hp av Imcy--sfms Cu cp XXz--fp-sS t-a-emWv \ne-\n--Xv.
{^v Xcw-K-ns ]nXm-sh--dn-b-s-Sp-Xv Bs{ _ko-\m-Wv. bYm-XY Ne-n-{X-kn-m--fn Ghpw {]ap-J-amWv At-l-ns cN-\-I. Cm-en-b \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-ns hmhpw {]Nm-cI-\p-am-bn-cpp _ko. 1951- PmIzkv tUmWn-b ht{Im-kp-ambn tNv Ilntb Zp kn\na Bcw-

-2-

`n-Xv At-l-am-Wv. t\tc-Jm BJym-\s (Linear narration) XInSw adn--Xns t]cn \Sp--f-anm cmh-WtIm (A labyrinth without a centre) Fv t_mslkv hnti-jn-n Hmkshkns
knn-k sIbnF kn\n-asb (1941) kn\n-a-bpsS Xs ]cym-b-ambn _ko bqtdm-n {]N-cnn-p. apJy-ambpw Uo]v t^mkv9 coXn Ah-ew-_n--Xns\ ap\nn-bm-bn-cpp _kos sIbn
hnai\w cq]w-sIm--Xv. samm-jn-\p-ta Uo]v t^m-kns\ {]XnjvTn _kos hnJym-X-amb {]_-amWv The Evolution of the Language of Cinema. sh-kn-s\bpw sdt\m-b-sdbpw Ipdn-p {]_--fnepw What is Cinema? F cp thmfy--fp {K-nse teJ-\--fn-ep-amWv _kos Nen{X knm-- Bhn-jvI-cn--s-n-cn-p--Xv.
sFko Ah-X-cn-n Ne-n{X knm--p t\hn-]-co-X-am-bmWv _kos knm- cq]w-sIm--Xv. FUn-nw-KmWv kn\n-a-bpsS Bm-shv sFko Icp-Xn-b-tm10 FUn-nwKv
kn\n-asb cq]-X-e-nepw `mh-X-e-nepw Hcp-t]mse \in-n-p LS-I-am-sWv _ko ]d-p.
Ima-d-bpsS Ip-Nn-m ImgvNIfpsS CS-X-S-hn-m hn\ym-k-amWv kn\n-a-bpsS Ie Fv _ko
Icp-Xn. e-Im-e--fpsS XpS ImWm-\p t{]-I-cpsS Ah-k-c-amWv FUn-nwKv Cm-Xm-p--Xv.
AhnsS Ne-n-{X-Im-c \n-bn-p--XmWv t{]-I ImtW-n-h-cp--Xv. cwK-p--sXmw t^mkv
sNp Uo]v t^mkv ssien-bn, hni-Z-amb Zriy--fmWv kn\na t{]-Ip \evtI--sXv
_ko ]d-p. hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-bmWv Cu coXn-bpsS kz`m-hhpw ^e-hpw. t{]-I \n-bnpw
AXn \nv Fv Dsm--W-sa-v. ankv- F ko (Mise - en - scene)11 F \ne-bn-emWv _ko
kn\n-asbs I-Xv. CXmWv samm-jn\p hncp--amb Ne-n-{Xm-Jym-\-I-e-bmbn _ko aptm-ph--Xpw. Ime-n sammjv sNbvX-XmWv e-n ankv- F ko sNbvX-sXv sKmZmZv.
ZoL-hn-kvXr-X-amb Zriy-, hni-Z-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww, \mS-I-n-te-Xp-t]mse Fmw s{^bvan Dsmn-p tjmv Fn-h-sbmsbmWv ankv-F ko F-Xp-sIm-p-t-in-p--Xv. sdt\m-b, shkv, tdmk-n-\n, Unko XpS-nbhscbmWv Cu coXn-bpsS D-a-am-Xr-I-I krjvSn--h-cmbn _ko
hnti-jn-n--Xv. sKmZmZpw {Xqs^mbpw Atm-Wn-tbm-Wnbpw _-eq-n-bp-aps-sS, \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\nse {]apJ kwhn-[m-b-I-scmw Xs _ko kvIqfns]-h-cm-bn-cp-p. {ItaW Ata-cn--bnepw
{_n-\nepw {^mkn-ep-samw ankv-F-ko ]T-\hpw IXr-kn-m-hpw tNv Ne-n-{X-]-T-\--fpsS
Hcp ]pXnb L-n-\p-Xp-Sw Ipdn-p. Zriy--fpsS LS-\, Ima-d-bpsS Ne-\-th-Kw, {]Im-i-kw-hn-[m-\w,
t^m-knwKv coXn-I, tjmp-I-fpsS Zqchpw ssZLy-hpw, hWw XpS-n-b-h-sbms tNv krjvSnp BJym-\-ssien Ne-n-{X-hn-i-I-e-\-n-\p apJy D]m-[n-bmbn amdn. (_kos Ne-n-{X-kn-m--sf-p-dn-p hni-Z-amb Nv ImWp-I, J, Dudley Andrew, The Major Film Theories, Oxford
University Press, 2008).
BZy \h-X-cw-K-kn-\na ]pd-n-d-p--Xn\v Hcp ZiIw apv 1948 amv 30\v L ecran Francis amknI-bn {]kn-o-I-cn Ae-kms{ Akv{Spns The Birth of a New Avant- garde, The Camera-stylo
F teJ-\-s-bmWv \h-X-cw-K-ns am\n-s^-tm-hmbn Ne-n-{X-N-cn-{X-Im-c-m ImWp--Xv. bpm\-c {^v kmln-Xy, kn\n-am-\n-cq-]-I-cn {]mam-Wn-I-\m-bn-cpp Akv{Sq-Iv. hnt\m-Zhpw hnkva-bhpw
]I-cp Zriy-_nw-_--fpsS {]I-S-\-cq-]-sa \ne hnv kn\na kzbw Hcp ]pXnb `mj-bm-bn-o-cpXns\p-dnpw t\mh-en-s\bpw D]-\ym-k-sbpw apw-t]mse Hcp Iem-Im-c\v Xs Nn-I, Ah F{X-ta
Aaq-am-bn-cp-m-epw, Bhn-jvI-cn-m Ign-bp am[y-a-ambn amdp--Xn-s\-p-dnpw Akv{SpIv Fgp-Xn.
.... AXp-sImv, kn\n-a-bpsS Cu ]pXnb Imes Rm Ima-dm-ssi-en-bpsS Imew Fp hnfn-pw,
Atlw ]d-p. sKmZmZpw {Xqs^mbpw ]tkm-fn-\n-bp-aps-sS-bp--h Nn-bpsS Bhn-jvImc (Expression of thought) sa Akv{Sp-ns Ne-n-{X-\nh-N\w Fm A-nepw ]n]-n-b-h-cm-Wv. cq]amWv `mhs \nW-bn-p-Xv F \ne-]m-tSmsS Ne-n-{X-I-e-bpsS LS-\-bnepw BJym-\-nepw Dun,
\h-X-cw-K-{]kvYm\w. _m-n-s\bpw ZkvX-b-hvkvIn-sbbpw t]mep Fgp-p-Im-cpsS cN-\-I Ne-n{X-amn \in-n kwhn-[m-bI
- s
- cbpw Ahp Xnc-Y
- I
- s
- f-gp-Xn-bh
- s
- cbpw Akv{SpIv \nin-Xa
- mbn hnainp.12 Xnc--Ym-Ir-p- Xs thWw kwhn-[m-\hpw \nh-ln-m, Fv {Xq-s^m-bpsS {]kn--amb
hmZw hcp--Xn\pw Gsd app-X-s Atlw \nt-in-p. Ne-n{X \nm-W-n Fgp-p-Im-c\pw
kwhn-[m-bI
- \pw Xn hyXym-k
- f
- n-. kwhn-[m-\s
- a-Xv cwK- {Iao-Ic
- n-m-\p \ntiw \evIe,
bYm-n-ep kn\nam Fgpp Xs-bm-Wv. Fgp-p-Im-c t]\-sImv IY-sb-gp-Xp--Xp-t]mse
Ne-n-{X-Im-c Ima-d-sImp kn\n-a-sb-gp-Xp-p. (The auteur writes with a camera as the writer writes
with a pen) hnt\m-Z-n\pw hnkva-b-n\pw apXqw \evInb P\-{]nb kn\n-a-I-fpsS ka-hm-Iy-fn \np amdn \np-, Ne-n-{X-Im-hns\ (Film Auteur) pdn-p BZy-ssk-m-nI kqN-\-Ifn-sem-mWv Akv{SpIv Ah-X-cn-n--Xv. kwhn[m-b-Is Ie-bmWv kn\n-a-sb \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-am-X-Xzn\p XpSw Ipdn hmZ--fn-sem-m-bn-cpp IXr-k--ev]-n-eq-nb Cu kao-]-\w. kwhn-[m-b-I
F A-n \ne-hn-en-cp Director F kwpw k-ev]-\-n\pw hn]-co-X-am-bmWv Ne-n{X-Imhv F A-n-ep Auteur F kwbpw k-ev]-\hpw {Xqs^m kzoI-cn--Xv. Hcp

-3-

kwhn-[m-b-Is hnP-bn kn\n-a-tb-m \Xv Ne-n-{X-Im-hns ]cm-P-b-s kn\n-a-bmWv Ftlw ]d-bp k`w Hmn-p-I.13
Akv{Sp-n\p ]nmse Bs{ _ko\pw {Xqs^mbpw Ds-sS-bp--h Cu N Gsd aptmp-sIm-p-t]m-bn. Arts, Cahiers Du Cinema XpS-nb {]kn-o-I-c-W--fn \nc-cw \S kw-hm-Z-sfm--Sw tI{o-I-cn-n-cp-Xv Cu ]pXnb Ne-n-{X-I-em-X-Xz--sf-bm-bn-cp-p. ]Xn-\m-bncw tUmf-dpsn anI Hcp kn\na \nn-m-sapw tdm_tm tdmk-n-\n-sb-tm-ep--h CXp sXfn-bn-n-pspw hnj-b(Subject) nt Iem-\n-b-{-W-ap Ne-n-{X-Im-c-m-cmWv kwhn-[m-b-I-cm-tI-sX-pw, Ah-cpsS Pb-]-cm-P-b--fmWv kn\n-asb \nW--bn-p--sXpw {Xqs^m ]d-p. AXp-sImv, tamiw kn\n-a-I-fn-, tamiw kwhn-[m-b-Itc Dq, {Xqs^m {]Jym-]n-p. skkjnpw hapSpapXepw Ne-n-{X-Im-cs Bhn-jvIm-c-kzm-X-{y-n-t Hcp-t]mse \nb-{-W-tas-Sp-p-sav
{Xqs^m Nqn-m-Wn-p14. \h-X-cw-K-kn-\na Fm-epw Dbn-n-Sn-p HmWv Cu \nco--Ww.
{^mkn Akv{Sp-ns XXz-v ]pXnb hymJym-\-km-[y-X-I Xpd-n-Xv {Xqs^m-bm-Wv.
1954- At-l-sa-gp-Xnb A Certian tendency of the French Cinema F teJ\w Ilntb Zp kn\n-abn {]kn-o-Ir-X-am-bn. \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-a-bpsS ku-cy-im-kv{Xs hgn-Xn-cn-p-hn-Sp--Xn Cu teJ-\n-\p km[y-X-I BZyw Xncn--dn-Xv _ko-\m-bn-cp-p. As apXn an kwhn-[m-b-Iscbpw \nin-X-ambn hnain-p, Cu teJ-\-n {Xqs^m. ]nXr-l-Xy-bn Bthiw sIm-tmgpw
s]mXpsh Acm-{o-b, bmYm-n-Xn-I, he-Xp-]--\n-e-]m-Sm-bn-cpp {Xqs^m-bvs--t]mse Ilntb Zp
kn\n-abvp Xsbpw15. kqksl-mhmUns A`n-{]m-b-n Akv{Sp-ns app ]cm-ain teJ\a, {Xqs^m-bpsS Cu teJ-\-amWv {^v \h-X-cw-K-ns am\n-s^-tm (2000; 20). Ilntb Zp kn\na
B {]m-\-ns apJ-]-{X-hp-am-bn. lnvtIm-v, Hmk sh-kv, slmhmUv tlmIv-kv, tPm t^mUv
XpS-nb Ata-cn- kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS ankv F ko Ds-sS-bp Nn{Xo-I-c-W-co-Xn-I ap\nnbmWv Ilntb kwLw IXr-k--ev]s kwhn-[m-b-Is Ie-bmWv kn\n-a-sb XXz-ambn hymJym\n--Xv.
Ilntb Zp kn\na s]mXpsh kn\n-abvpw hnti-jnv {^v \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-n\pw \evInb
kw`m-h-\-I B{Up UnIvkv Cs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-pp (2010; 134).
1.
kmln-Xyw, Nn{X-Ie
- , inev]I
- e
- , kwKoXw XpS-n-bh t]mep ]c-c
- m-KX ku-cy-im-kv{X-cq]-smw ]cn-KW
- n-m-hp HmWv kn\na F [mcW Ilntb Zp kn\na _e-s-Sp-n.
2.
{]ta-b-]-c-amb D-S--s-m kn\n-a-bpsS Iem-aqeyw A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-p-Xv ankv-Fko
t]mep cq]--L-S-I--fn-em-sWv m]n-p.
3.
kn\n-a-bpsS km--Ihpw ku-cy-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb auenIX tI{o-I-cn-n-cn-p-Xv kwhn[m-b-I-\n-emWv Fv sXfn-bn-p.
4.
kmt-Xn-Im-n am{Xw {]hn-p ]c--cm-KX kwhn-[m-b-I-cpsS kn\n-a-Ifpw IXrXz-]-c-amb \ne-]m-tSmsS kn\n-ap ta X-fpsS Ismp ]Xn-n-p kwhn[m-b-I-cpsS kn\na-Ifpw Xn aqey-]-c-amb hnth-N\w k-ev]n-p.
1950 koIzkv amkn-I-bn {_nojv Ne-n-{X-Im-c\pw \ncq-]-I-\p-amb enUvtk BtUgvk kwhn-[m-b-Is kn\na (Directors Cinema) Fp-{]-tbm-Kn--Xn-s\-p-Sv temI-sa-p-ap
Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS hm- Cu Bibw Gs-Sp-Xpw \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-n\v {]Nmcw \evInb LSI-am-Wv. (Dix, 2010:134) (k-Xy-PnXv dmbn-sb-smv sdt\m-b-sd-p-dnv ]T\w Fgp-Xn-Xpw ]mtY ]mensb ]mm-Xy-tem-I-v Gsd {]N-cn-n-Xpw BtU-gvk-Wm-bn-cp-p).
Ne-n-{X-Imhv F k-ev]-\s IXr-kn-mw (auteur theory) Fv ap{Z-Ipn AhX-cn-n-Xv Ata-cn- Ne-n-{X-\n-cq-]-I-\mb B{Up- km-cn-kmWv. (Susan Hayward, 2000; 22). kn\n-abp-ambn _-sv auteur (author = Im-hv) F ]Zw sskm-n-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p. P-\nbn-em-Is 1920-I-fn Xs Autoren film F ]Zw cq]-s-n-cp-p. 1908 cq]w sIm Film d Art (Art
cinema) F k-ev]-\-n\p ]I-c-am-bn-cpp P-\n-bn Cu {]tbmKw \ne-hn h-Xv. {ItaW
CXv Xnc--Ym-Ir-p--fpsS Ah-Im-i-]-{Xn-I-bmbn amdn. Fp-h-m Xnc--Y-p-ta am{X-a-, apgph kn\n-a-p-taepw Ah Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap--bnp Fw. {^mkn-em-I-s, kwhn-[m-b-Is Ie
F A-n-emWv auteur kev]w \ne-hn h-Xv. 1920 Ifn As\ cp-Xcw kn\n-a-I cq]wsIm-p. Xnc--Ybpw kwhn-[m-\-hp-apssS Ne-n-{X-ns DS-a-X kwhn-[m-b-I-\n-se-p Hcp
hn`m-Kw. pUn-tbm-I \nn-v, Xnc--Y-sb-gp-Xn-v, Nn{Xo-I-c-W-tat\m--n-\mbn Hcmsf Gev]n-v,
Abmsf kwhn-[m-b-I-s\p hnfn-p asmcp hn`m-Kw. AtXm-sS, 1908- XpS-nb Iem-kn-\n-a--P-\{]nb kn\nam hn`-P\w IqSp-X i-am-bn. bYm-{Iaw kzX-{-Xn-c--Y-Ifpw A\p-I-ev]-\-fpw \nbn-p--XmWv Cu hn`-P\w Fp-t]mepw Icp-X-s Ime-ap-m-bn-cp-p.
kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hni-I-e-\--fn-eqn \nn-cp Ne-n-{X-k-ao-]-\-sf ASn-m-\-]-c-

-4-

ambn Xs s]mfn-s-gpXn, IXr-k--ev]w. Hscm knm-w-sImv hymJym-\n-m-hp--X Hcp kn\nabpw Fv Xncndnb-s-Sp-Xv AtXm-sS-bmWv (Susan Hayward : 22). AtX-k-abw Xs Ne-n{X ]T-\fpw tImgvkp-Ifpw \ kn\na/No kn\n-a; Iem-kn-\na/ I-h-S-kn-\na F hn`-P-\-n-eqn cq]wsIm-Xpw aptm-p-t]m-bXpw apJy-ambpw IXr-k--ev]-\-ns ]m--e-n-emWv. (1970 Ip
tijw \ne-hn h kmwkvIm-cnI ]T\ (Cultural Studies) ]-Xn-I-fmWv Cu aqey-hn-`-P-\s \ncm-Icn-v, P\-{]n-b, hn]-Wn, I-h-S- kn-\n-am kwkvIm-chpw Iem-kn-\n-am-kw-kvIm-cw t]mse Xs kmaq-lym[n-Im-c-_---fpsS \nn-Xn-I-fmsWpw AXv Am-Z-an-I-ambn ]Tn--s-tS-Xpw sskm-n-I-ambn
hymJym-\n--s-tS--Xp-am-sWpw Xncn--dn--Xv).
kwhn-[m-b-Is\ Ne-n-{X-Im-hm-p- kao-]-\--fn Ghpw {]ap-J-ambn \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-abpsS hm- I coXn kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS A\p-I-ev]\w ]msS Hgn-hm-pI F-Xm-bn-cp-p.
ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn Xs kmln-Xo-b-amWv kn\n-a-sb-, {]_-e-ambn \ne-\n [mcW Xncp-n-smmWv IXr-hmZw Cu hnj-b-n CS-s]--Xv. Akv{Sppw ]noSv {Xqs^mbpw hnI-kn-n \h-X-cw-Kkn-\n-a-bpsS A\p-I-ev]-\-k-ao-]\w Ne-n-{X-I-e-bpsS auen-I-XsbbmWv ey-an--Xv. kmln-Xy-k-tXp kam-\-amb Ne-n{X kt-X- krjvSn-p--XmWv A\p-I-ev]-\-sa [mcW {Xqs^m \ncmI-cn-p. ]sm-Xmw \qm-nse Hcp {]i-kvX-IrXn \nm-Xm-hns XmXv]-cy-n\pw Xmc-ns
kuI-cy-n\pw A\p-k-cnv Zriy-h-ev-cn-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp {^v kn\n-a-bn \ne-\n A\p-Iev]\ XXzw. Cub-h--sb-bmWv BXy-n-I-ambn {Xqs^m hnain--X16v. \h-X-cwK {]m-\-ns
hm-fpw IXr-k--ev]-ns {]tbm-m--fp-amb kwhn[m-b-I ]e-tmgpw A\p-I-ev]\w \Sn-bn-p-s-nepw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp hnt[-b-Xztam hniz-kvX-Xtbm A, Ne-n-{X-`m-j-tbm-Sp
hniz-kvX-X-bmWv Ahsc \bn--Xv. \h-X-cwK {]m-\-ns `mK-amb kwhn-[m-b-Icpw Ne-n-{X-\n-cq-]Icpw A\p-I-ev]-\spdnp ]penb kao-]\w go an{Xn Cs\ kw{K-ln-pp :
Since a means of expression cannot be separated from what it expresses, an adaptation involving
as it does a change in the means of expression, is simply impossible. You cannot even betray the letter and
hope tobe faith ful to the spirit, because the spirit is nowhere except in the letter................... As a consequence, by changing the means of expression, you do not say the same thing differently, you say a different
thing. (Quoted in, Gaston Roberge, 1990)
Esthetique, A psychology of Cinema (1964) F {K-n-emWv an{Xn Cs\ ]d-bp--Xv.
Ipd apXap-S-p -ap-X kwhn-[m-b-Is kzmXyw hsc; FUn-nw-Knse amw apX BJym\-ns ssien hsc; kn\n-a-bpsS `mj apX cq]-`-{Z-X-bn-eq-p `mh-Xew hsc \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-am{]-m\w aptm-p-h Ne-n{X ku-cy-imkv{Xw ASn-apSn hn-h-I-c-am-bn-cp-p. Iem-kn-\n-a, \h-kn-\n-a,
kam--c-kn-\na Fn-s\ ]no-Sn-tm-p-hn-fn--s Ne-n-{X-`m-hp-I-Xz-ns Ncn{Xw Xs Hcp
cmPym-c-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-cm-{o-b-ambn Nph-Sp-d-n-p-Xv AhnsS \nm-Wv. ssa amcn, {^v \h-X-cwKs Ipdn-p Xs ]T-\-n Cu {]m-\-ns ku-cy-im-kv{X-A-P--I Cs\ kw{K-lnpp (2003;70-71).
1.
Ne-n-{X-Im-hmb kwhn-[m-b-I (Auteur director) Xs-bm-hWw Xnc--Ybpw Xm-dm-t-Xv.
2.
apIqn Xm-dm-nb Xnc--Ysb Acw {]Xn A\p-k-cn-p-I-b cwK-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W--fnepw
kw`m-j-W--fnepw A`n-\-b-n-ep-samw kwhn-[m-b-I sNt-Xv. Ch-sbmw \nc-cw ]cnjvI-cn-p-sIm-m-hWw Nn{X-\nm-Ww.
3.
pUn-tbm-I-fnse Ir{Xna skp-I-fn-e-, hmXnp-d-]-m--e--fn-emWv kn\na Nn{Xo-I-cn-t-Xv.
4.
sNdn-sbmcp kwLs am{Xta kn\n-am-\nm-W-n D]-tbm-Kn-m-hq.
5.
i_vZ-, Nn{Xo-I-c-W-k-a-b-p-Xs t\cnv sdtmUv sNp coXn kzoI-cn--Ww.
6.
henb {]Imi ko-Ic
- W
- Hgn-hm-W
- w. Ipd {]Im-ia
- m-hi
- y-ap ^nenw D]tbm-Kn-W
- w.
7.
A`n-t\-Xm-sf sXc-s-Sp-p-tm ]cn-N-b-k---cmb \So-\-S-msc ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv-Ww.
8.
]cn-N-k--cmbhsc Ds-Sp-n-bm Xs, ]c--cm-K-X-amb \nm-W-co-Xn-I Hgn-hm--Ww.
\h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-n-\p-apv \ne-hn h Ne-n-{X-{]-m-\--fn \np kam-l-cnv \S-nem-nb Cu XXz--fps-sS-bp--h-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI Pnlz-I-fm-bmWv 1960-I sXmv temI-sapw
Iem-kn-\n-a-sb P\pkv \ne-hn hXpw \ne-\n-p-t]m--Xpw. ae-bm-f-n-epssS Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS
ku-cy-im-kv{Xhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw cq]w sIm k`hpw asm--.

-5-

cv
CyI-em-kn-\na : `c-W-Iq-S-dn-b-en-k-ns kucy-imkv{Xw
]sm-Xmw \qm-ns XpSw sXmp Cym-N-cn{Xw tZi-cm-{-ns Poh-N-cn{Xw (Biography of the Nation - State) F \ne-bn cq]w sIm-Xns \nc-h[n AS-cp-I hnh-cn-p Kymt\{-]msbpsS \nco--W-17 D-cn-p-sIm-v, kn\na AXn-semcp AS-cm-sWv Binjv cmPm[ys
]d-bp-pv. (John Hill, 1998: 535) tZio-b-Xm-hmZ kn\n-a-I-fpsS BZy-L--n\p tijw18, ta hnh-cn
coXn-bn-ep \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-ns Ne-n-{X-X-Xz-fpw kao-]\fp-amWv Cy-bps-sS-bp cmPy-fn \ne-hn-en-cp Ne-n-{X-ssi-en-Ipw `mhp-I-Xz-n\pw kam--c-ambn Iem-kn-\na F hnfn-tcn Hcp [mc cq]-s-Sm apJy-ambpw Imc-W-ambXv.
1971segpXnb Hcp teJ-\-n (An Indian New Wave?) kXy-PnXv dmbn, Cy Xoc--fn
Hcp \h-X-cw-K-ns then-tbw XpS-n-b-Xmbn kqNn-n-p-pv (1993:81) ]pXnb kwhn-[m-b-I, Ipd
sNe-hn \nn-p Xmc--fn-m kn\n-a-I, Hm^v _ov Nn{X- am{Xw {]Zin-n-m-\mbn
cq]w sImp- Bv Xob--dp-I Fn-s\ \nc-h[n hnti-j
-- ]pd-p-h-cp-p. F^v. F^v. kn.
(^nenw ^n\mknwKv tIm-td-j) Ccw Nn{X- \nn-m bph-kw-hn-[m-b-Iv ssIb-bp
[\-k-lm-bhpw \evIp-p. ]co--W-amWv Ccw kn\n-a-I-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z.
`c-W-Iq-S-]n-p-W Iem-kn-\n-a-bp-sS-D--h-n-\p-]n-nse {][m-\-L-S-I--fn-sem-m-bn-cp-p. kXyPn-vdm-bn-p-am-{X-a-, arWmsk-n\pw EXzn-vL--n\pw aWnIufn\pw Ipam--km-npw iymws_\-K-en-\p-sams kn\na \nn-m ]np-Wbpw [\-k-lm-bhpw \In-bXv kmcpw F^v.-F^v.knbpambn-cp-p19. `c-W-Iq-S-dn-b-en-k-ns ku-cy-imkv{Xw (Aesthetics of state realism) F Hcp {]tbmKw
Xs Cykn-\n-a-sb-p-dn-p ]T-\-n Bin-jv \S-p-p-v. (John Hill;1998 :537).
Ccp-]-mw hb-n, Xs BZy-Nn-{X-amb knn-k sIbn \nn-p-tm Uo]v t^mkv
ssien ]np-S-cm Hmk shkv ]penb AXy-km-[m-c-W-amb {ibpw \njvTbpw dmbn Nqnm-Wn-p-p. Cm-en-b \ntbm dnb-en-p-I ankv - F ko ktXw \nc-cw A\p-hn-p-Xn ImWn XmXv]-cyhpw dmbn FSpp ]d-bp-p. Ch-bp-sS-sbmw sskm-n-I-h-c-Whpw {]m\-h-c-W-hp-amWv {^v \h-X-cw-K-n \S--Xv. lrZ-b-ns kn\n-a-b-, Xe-tm-dns kn\n-abmWv sKmZmv Ds-sS-bph \nn--Xv. XnIpw Hcp \yq\-]--ns kn\n-a. arWmskpw
EXnIv Lpw Ds-sS-bp--h-cpsS kn\n-a-I Cy Iem-kn-\n-a-bp-sSbpw \h-X-cw-K-n-sbpw anI
amXr-I-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-n-p-p, dmbn.
dnb-en-ks Cy Iem-kn-\n-am-ssi-en-bpsS tI{-`m-hp-I-Xz-ambn Nqn-m-Wn-p chn hmkptZ-h (2010;163-198) Cu kn\n-a-bpsS hm-fpw {]tbm-m-fpw Hcp-t]mse Dunb hnai-\m--Ihy-h-lmcw Xsbmbn-cpp dnb-en-k-ntXv Fv20 kq-Nn-n-p-p. {]Xn-\n-[m-\--fnepw A`n-\-b-ssien-If
- nepw ku-cym-I
- k
-- t- -X
- f
- nepw IqSn BhnjvIc
- n-s
- Iem-kn-\na bmYm-XY
- y-s-bmWv AXns
Hm-as `mhp-I-Xz-ambn I-Xv. P\-{]nb kn\n-a-bpsS BJym-\-I-e-bpsS `mK-ambn \ne-\n pUntbm
Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw sasem-{Um-abpw IYm-]m-{X-a-\x-im-kv{X-ns D]-cn-X-em-hn-jvIm-c-fpw _lp-X-e-I-YmXp-fpw A`n-\-b-co-Xn-I-fp-sams \ncm-I-cn-p-sIm-mWv Iem-kn-\na Hcp ]pXnb Imt\m-\bpw cq]-hpambn amdn-b-sXv chn Nqn-m-Wn-p-p.
Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS \nh-N-\-fpw s]mXp-kz-`m-h-fpw Cy Ncn-{Xhpw hni-I-e\w sNp
{it-b-am-sbmcp teJ-\-n NnZm-\--Zmkv Kp]vX, amKn tZin F Cy Iem-]m-c--cy-N-cn-{Xs
Cu kn\n-am-`m-hp-I-Xz-hp-ambn kao-I-cnp N sNp-p-v. (2008;123). P\-{]n-b, hn]Wn kn\n-a-bpsS
A]-c-sa--Xn-\-p-d-v, Ipd sNe-hn \nn-p bYm-XY ssien-bn-ep-, km-eu-InI Nen{X `mj ]np-S-cp-, AXn-`m-hp-I-Xzfn-m BJym-\-Ie \ne-\np kn\n-a-I-sf-bmWv Iemkn-\na Fp \nh-Nn-m Ign-bpI Fv Kp]vX kqNn-n-pp (2008;4). _Z (Alternative), \h
(New), kam-c (Parallel), A]c (The other), sshb-nI (Personal), IXr (Auteur) kn\n-a-I-fmbn
Cu kn\n-asb hyh-l-cn-m \ncq-]-I Xm-dm-Ip-p. taev]-d apgp-h kz`m-h-fpw t]dp Nen-{X-ta-J-e-bpsS Ghpw henb s]mXp-kz-`m-hw, hn]-Wn-bnse Ah-bpsS ]cm-P-b-am-sWpw Kp]vX \ncon-p-p-v. Npcpw Nne A]-hm-Z--fn-se--. Nmcp-eX (dmbn-1964), `ph tjmw (ar-Wm sk
1969), sImSn-tbw (A-Sq 1978) Fn--s\.
\n-b-ambpw {^v \h-X-cw-K-n-t-sX t]mse djy t^ma-en-k-nsbpw21 Ata-cn-
dnb-en-k-n-sbpw Pa FIvkv{]-j-\n-k-n-sbpw Cm-en-b \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-n-s-bp-sams kzm[o\- Cu \h-N-e-n-{X`m-hp-I-Xz-n ]e tXmXn {]I-S-am-bn-cp-p. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, 1950-I-fpsS a[yw
sXmm-cw-`n-p kXy-PnXv dmbn ]mc-cyw Cm-en-b \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-sbpw {^v Imhym-I dnben-k-s-bp-amWv ]np-S-sX-n 1960-I-fn-em-cw-`n-p ^nenw Cn-yqv ]mc--cy-ns kwhn-

-6-

[m-b-I22 {^v \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-s-bmWv IqSp-X A\p-hn-p--Xv. ae-bm-f-n ASq tKm]me-Ir-jvW Ds-sS-bp kwhn-[m-b-I ]np-SXpw cm-aXp ]d hgn-bm-Wv. \h-X-cw-K-{]-m\-ns kzm[o\w dmbn-bnen-. Xm \h-X-cw-K-{]-h-W-X-I-fpsS `mK-a F-tlw Xd-np ]dp
(Marie Seton, 2003; 53). AtX ka-b-w -Xs Cm-en-b \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-ns shdpw A\p-Im-hp-ambn-cp-n dmbn. 1943 44 Ime-p-X-s, s{]m^-j-W-e-m \So-\-S-msc D]-tbm-Knp kn\na \nnp--Xns\pdnv dmbn Nnn-n-cpp (Seton, 2003;52). \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-n-\p-ap-p-Xs CS-Xp-]-P-\-Iob \mS-I-{]-m-\hpw (C-]v) \ntbm-dn-b-en-khpw Cy-bn I--h-S, hn]Wn kn\n-ap _Z-embn
Hcp kam-c kn\n-am-kw-kvIm-c-n\p cq]w sImSp-n-cp-p-shp ]d-bmw.
NnZm-\--Zmkv Kp]vX, lcn-Zmkv Kp]vX Fn-hsmw I-m ^nenw skmsskn m]n-psImv kXy-PnXv dmbn Ne-n{X cwK-tp IS-p-h-cp-tm Cy kn\n-a-bpsS Ah-sbmbncpp? dmbn-bpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tacn sks hmp-I : Ghpw IqSp-X kn\na \nnp cmPy-sa \ne-bn Pm-\p-ambn a-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p, sXmm-bn-cn ap-Xp-I apX Cy.
tlmfn-hp-Un-teXn\-m IqSp-X kn\n-a-I Cu cmPy- \nn-p. bmYmy-n \np ]emb-\hpw c-s-S-ep-ambn kn\n-asb I t{]-I. AXn-ZoL-amb kn\n-a-I. {]W-bhpw sasem-{Umabpw Xcw-XmW Xam-i-Ifpw Ipn-\n-dv \rhpw ]mpw btYjvSw tN Ahn-b Nn{X--fm-bncpp hnX-c-W-mcpw Xob--dp-S-a-Ifpw Bh-iy-s-n-cp--Xv. mkn-Iv, ssl-th-Xn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-
FmSpw Bhn--s-p. Ne-n{X `mj-bnepw LS-\-bnepw At ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cpp Hmtcm-pw. ]pdw
hmXn Nn{Xo-I-cWw A]-cn-NnXw Xs-bm-bn-cp-p. pUn-tbm-sk-p-I-fn-emWv apgp-h Nn{Xo-I-c-Whpw
\S-n-bn-cp--Xv. Dd-n-p-h Ima-dm-s{^-bn-an-tev \S-p-I-bdn \So-\-S-m A`n-\-bn-pw. \mS-Is
A\p-kva-cn-n-p tapw A`n-\-b-co-Xn-Ifpw kw`m-jWfpw. _na tdmbn-bpsS tZm _oLm -kao F Nn{X-amWv BZy-ambn hmXnpd Nn{Xo-I-cWw ]co-n-Xv (2003;34).
1950- Z dn-h F kn\na \nn-m Po sdt\m-b I--bn-se-n-b-XmWv dmbnbpsS Pohn-X-n hgn-n-cn-hm-b-Xv. {_nojv amkn-I-bmb koIzkn teJ-\-sa-gp-Xm dmbnp Ww
Inn. Renoir in Culcutta F {it-b-amb teJ\w At-l-sa-gp-Xn. tlmfn-hpUv ssien-I IpS-p-Ifv kzw ssien cq]o-I-cn-mte \nv al-mb kn\n-a-I \nn-m-\mhq Fv Cy
kn\n-a-bpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h- ap\nn sdt\m-b dmbnsb Hmn-np (Seton, 2003;58). XpSv
bqtdm-n Iem-kw-hn-[m-b-I-s\ \ne-bn Bdp-amkw tPmen sNbvX ka-b-mWv dmbn enUvtk
BtU-gvk Ds-sS-bp--hsc ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-Xpw e ^nenw _n AwK-am-Ip--Xp-sam-s.
ss_kn-n Xohvkv DssS sXmq-sm--Xp-kn-\n-a-I \me-c-amkw sImv dmbn Ip. XpSv
Ap-hjw \o hnkva-b-I-c-amb {ia-smSp-hn 23 ]mtY ]men 55 ]pd-p-h-p. dmbnbpsS am{X-a-, Cy kn\n-a-bp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw AtXmsS amn-sb-gp-X-s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
hyXykvX coXn-bn-ep {]Xn-I-c-W--fmWv ]mtY ]m-enp e`n--Xv. ip-kn-\na (Pure Cinema) FmWv 1956 s^{_p-hcn 11\v ssSwkv Hm^v Cy-bn Ne-n{X \ncq-]-I BZn_v Nn{Xs
hnti-jn-n--Xv. \mS-I-ns Awiw t]mepw AXn-en-. CXn-hr-tam tatm Btam ]mp-Itfm
C. IYm-]m-{X--fpsS sXmen-bv-Sn-bn-tep ISv Ah-cpsS a\-nepw lrZ-b-n-ep-ap--sX-m-sWv
shfn-s-Sp-pp dmbn. Ah-cpsS shdpw t\m--fn-eq-sS, hnc-ep-I-fpsS hndb-en-eq-sS, apJ-p-ho-gp
\ng-ep-I-fn-eqsS (Mary Seton, 2003: 87). Im s^n-h-en anI am\h Nn{Xo-I-cWw (Best Human
documentation) F ]pc-kvImcw t\Sn, ]mtY ]m-en.
AtX-k-abw Nn{X-ns BZy-{]-Zi-\w, AXp-I apgp-ht]-scbpw \ncm-i-cm-n. {]Zi\
kmt-Xn-I-X-bpsS ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cpp Imc-Ww. Xo--dp-I-fn {]Zi-\-n-s\-n-b-tm-gm-Is kmam\y
P\-{]oXn Bn-pI Xs sN-bvXp, ]mtY ]men. _wKm apJy-a{n _n.-kn. tdmbn DssS
]ecpw Nn{Xw Hcp tUmIyp-sadnbmsWpIcp-Xn-b-tm. ]m-en-bpsS auen-IX Xncn--dn {]-[m\
a{n s\lvdp, hntZ-i-cm-Py--fnse Cy Fw_-kn-I-fn Nn{X-ns {]n v e`y-am-m \nt-inp
(Seton : 88). Ghpw hnhm-Z-amb {]Xn-I-cWw kmm {Xqs^mbptS-Xm-bn-cp-p. Nn{X-ns a-Xm-fn a\w aSpv Atlw CS-bvp-hv Xob--dn \nn-d-n-tm-bn.
]mtY ]menp tijw 1989 hscbp Imev kXy-PnXv dmbn Ccp-]-sm-p-Nn-{X-
IqSn kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp. A]-cmPntXm 56, Pkm-L 58, A]qkkm 59, XoI\y 61, NmcpeX 64, Ac-Wy Zn cm{Xn 70, koam-_ 71, Lmtc s_bvtc 85, KW-i{Xp 89 Fn-s\
Hmtcm Nn{Xhpw auen-I-amb Hcp Cy ssien-bp-sSbpw Ne-n-{X-`m-j-bp-sSbpw amXrI-I-fmbn amdn.
dmbnsb XpSv EXznIv Lpw arWmskpw _wKmfn kn\n-a-bn X\Xpw \ho-\hpw AtX
kabw Xs dmbn-bp-tS-Xn \np XnIpw `n-hp-amb Ne-n-{X-`m-hp-I-Xz-p cq]w \evIn.
{]Xn-_--X-bp Iyq-Wnpw \mS-I-Ir-p-am-bn-cpp EXznIv L-Iv. Atlw ]qs\ ^nenw
Cn-yq-ns sshkv {]nkn--em-bn-cp Imev AhnsS hnZymn-I-fm-bn-cpp aWn Iu, Ipam

-7-

kmn, knZv ank XpS-n-b-h. L-ns Hcp Nn{Xw t]mepw hn]-Wn-bn hnP-bn-p-Itbm tZio-b,
A-t-iob ]pc-kvIm-c- t\Sp-Itbm sNbvXn-n-. Fnepw Hcp Xe-apd Ne-n{XImc-msc Ah
kzm[o-\n-p. SmtKm-dns {]`m-hhpw C]v-bpsS {]tNm-Z-\hpw kzmX-{ym-\-c _wKm hn`-P\hpamWv
L-ns Ne-n-{X-Po-hn-Xs cq]-s-Sp-n-b-sXv NnZm-\--Zmkv Kp]vX Nqn-m-Wn-p-pv (2008:220).
]mtY ]m-enp app-Xs L--ns BZyNn{Xw, \mK-cnIv ]pd-p-h-n-cpp (1952-53). XpSv
APm-{nIv 58, _mcnYt ]mentb 59, tatL-Ymm Xmcm 60, tIma Kmm 60, kphW-tcJ
62 XpS-nb Nn{X--fpw.
L-ns\ t]mse-Xs Htc kabw SmtKm-dns am\-hn-I-X-bnepw amIvkn-b {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xnepw BIr-jvS-\m-bn-cpp arWmsk-pw. dmbn-sbbpw L-n-s\bpw Im ka-{K-ambn Cy-bpsS
kmaq-ly, cm{ob ]m--e- Ne-n{Xh-cn-p, sk. icn-bmb A-n cm{ob kn\n-aI-fpsS Im-hmbn ]e \ncq-]I
- cpw skns\ ImWp-p-v. Cy kaq-l
- ns DuSpw ]mhpw ]In,
At-l-ns Nn{X-. BZn-hmkn tKm{X- apX B{-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-I hsc; Hdo-k-bnse
Ij-I apX KpP-dm-nse {Kmao-W hsc; _wKm-fnse khW apX ssN\okv hgn-hm-Wn-`-m
hsc skns Ne-n{Xtem-Ip ]p\x-kr-jvSn--s-p. {Xqs^m-bpsS Nn{Xw t]mepw skn-\p-t{]-c-Wbm-bn. dnb-en-khpw \ntbm-dn-b-en-khpw amdn-amdn ]co-np At-lw. cmXvt`mtcbmWv arWmsk-ns
BZy-Nn{Xw (1956). XpSv ss_ -t-j{im-hW 69, BImiv Ipkpw 65, `qhtjmw 69, I 7172, arKb 76, GIv Zn {]Xn-Zn 79 XpSn Ccp]tgp Nn{X-. 60-I-fn Cy kn\n-a-sbm t_mws_ tI{-amn \nn--s lnn P\-{]nb/hn]Wn kn\n-a-Ifpw I--bn \nn-s dmbn Lv sk kn\n-a-I-fp-am-bn. I-h-S--Iem kn\n-a-bpsS Cu s\Snb hn`-P\w ]no-Sntmv hy-am-bn-s XpSp-t]m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu hj-a--cn aWn-Iu \mep IYm-kn-\n-a-Itf kwhn-[m\w sNbvXnpp. H-n-{X-n-\pt]mepw kzImcy \nm-Xm- Iufn\p k-lm-b-am-bn-. Hpw Xob--dn P\w I-Xp-an-. Bcpw
ImWm kn\n-a-I-sf-Sp--bm F \ne-bn-emWv Xm {]kn- Fv aWn Xs ]d-bp-am-bn-cpp
(Beena Paul, 2011). aWn-bpsS BZy-Nn{Xw DkvIn-sdm-n-bpsS Akn- v Ub-dIvSdp-ambn {]hn
tPm F{_mlmw ]nIv aWn Iu Fm-W-t-ls hnti-jn-n--Xv. apgp-h Nn{X-fpw aWn,
km [\-k-lmbw sImmWv \nn-Xv F-Xm-bn-cp-p, CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww. Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS ASn-bpd hm-hm-bn-cp Iu kwhn-[m-b-Is kzmX-{y-n Dd-phniz-kn-n-cp-p. sI.-sI. alm-P,
Ima-d-bpsS \ne-hmcw Ipd-hm-sW ImcWw ]dv Zphn[bn \nsm-gn-hm-b-tm Iu ]d-p:
GXp apdp-m IS-m-c-s\bpw Ima-dm-am-\m-m F\np Ignbpw (Partha Chatterjee, 2011).

aqv : ae-bm-fkn\n-a-bnse Z-tKm-]p-c-\nmWw

ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{X-am-cw-`n-p-Xv 1928- ]pd-p-h hnK-X-Ip-am-c-\n-em-Wv. i_vZ-kn\n-a-bpsS XpS--am-Is 1938 ]pd-p-h _me-\n-epw. Xangv kwKo-X-\m-S-Iw, sasem-{Um-am-nIv Imev]\nI Ihn-X, ]pcmW _mse, Ncn-{X-t\m-h, \mSIw XpS-n-b-h-bn-te-sX-nepw tass t\Snb BJym\-I-e-bm-bn-cpp cp Zi-I-mew ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-p-m-bn-cp--Xv. 1951 Pohn-X-\u-Ibpw 54 \oe-pbnepw 55 \yqkv t] t_mbnbpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS Ncn-{Xs ]e-X-c-n hgn-am-n-hn-p. 1960
Ifn kmln-Xyhpw kn\n-abpw Xn-ep _w am{X-a-, P\-{]nb kwkvIm-c-sa \ne-bn-tep aebm-f-n kn\n-a-p-mb hfbpw hensbmcp hgn-n-cn-hn-se-p-p. CS-Xp-]--cm-{ob \mS-I-,
kmaq-ln-I-\m-S-I-, \thm-m\ t\mh-ep-I Fn-h-tbm-tcmpw kn\n-a-bn-tep ]c-mh\w sNs-p. `m-ho-\n-e-bhpw (64) sNo\pw (66) Ac-\m-gn-I-t\-chpw (70) DssS 230 Nn{X- 60-I-fn
\nn--s-p (Zn-hm-I-c, 2008:163) 1970-I-fn 739 Dw 80-I-fn 1079Dw 90-I-fn 805 Dw Nn{X--fpw. P\{]nb kwkvIm-c-sa \ne-bn-tev ae-bm-f-kn-\n-abpw tIc-f-nse kn\nam ImgvNbpw hf L-n
Xs-bmWv 1972- ASq tKm]m-e-Ir-jvWs kzbw-hcw ]pd-p-h-cp--Xv. CtXmsS Iem-kn-\n-a Ih-S-kn-\na F Zzzw av ]e Cy `mj-I-fn-ep-sa--t]mse ae-bm-f-nepw kPo-h-am-bn. XpSp
ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS N-cn-{Xhpw kn\n-a-p-t\-sc-bp `c-W-IqS, Am-Z-anI kao-]-\-fpw {]mY-an-I-ambn
Cu Zzzs ap\nn-bmWv cq]w sIm-Xv. \nn--s--hbpw t{]-I-{i--bm-Ijn--s-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvX Nn{X--fn `qcn-]-hpw P\-{]nb/hn]Wn kn\n-a-I-fmbn ap{Z-Ip--s--tm Xs Iem-kn-\na-bpsS [mcbpw kPo-h-ambn \ne-\n-p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS htc-Wy--P-\-{]nb hn`-P-\-ns cm{obw
kmln-Xy-nepw Ie-I-fn-ep-sa t]mse kn\n-a-bnepw s\SpsI ]nfp-am-dnb ku-cy-im-kv{X-pcq]w sImSp-p. HutZym-Kn-I, `c-W-Iq-S-m-]-\--sfm--Sw Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS ]-p-\n-e-bp-d-npw
htc-Wy-`m-hp-I-Xz-p IpS-]n-Snpw aptm-p-t]m-bn. ASq tKm]m-eI
- r-jvW (kzbw-hcw 1972, sImSntbw 78, Fen--mbw 82, apJm-apJw 84, A\--cw-87, aXn-ep-I 89, hnt[-b 93, IYm-]p-cp-j
95, \ngpv 2002, \mep-s]-p- 07, Hcp s]pw cmWpw 2008), Ac-hn- (D--cm-b\w
1974, Im-\-koX 77, Xv 78, Ipmn 79, FkvX-m 80, t]mp-sh-bn 81, NnZw-_cw 85, Hcn-

-8-

Sv 86, hmkvXp-lmc 90), sI. ]n. Ipam-c (A-XnYn 1975, tXXp-n-79, Imnse ]mv 82, t\cw
]pe-cp-tm 86, cpnWn 88, tXmw 2000, BIm-i-tKm-]pcw 2008, tPm F{_lmw (sN-dn-bm-s
{Iqc-Ir-Xy- 1983, A Adn-bm 86), ]n.-F. _ (I-_-\o-\Zn Nph--tm 1976, aWn apgw
76, Nph hnp-I 78, an-s amdn 79, kwLKm\w 79, Nm 82, Nmcw 83, \mcm-b-W-Kpcp
85, C-se-bpsS _mn 88), sI.-B. taml-\ (A-iz-m-amhv 79, ]pcp-jmw 87) jmPn. F.
Icp (]n-dhn 1988, kzw 94, hm\-{]w 99, Ipn-{kmv 2010), ]n.Sn Ipp-ap-l-Zv (aKvcn_v 1993,
Ktjmw 98, ]c-tZin 2007), Sn.-hn. N{ (B-eo-kns At\z-jWw 1989, s]mamS 93, Hma-I
Dm-bn-cn-Ww 95, a 97, kqk 2000, Um\n 2001, ]mTw Hv Hcp hnem]w 2003, IYmhtij
2004 hnem-]--pdw 2008, `qan aebmfw, 2009), Fnhp ]pdsa, ]hn-{X, cmPohv \mYv, Fw.]n. kpIp-am-c \mb, cho-{, {]nb-\--\, icXv, _nPp Fn-hcpw GXmv ]q-ambns
Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS ]-p-\n-e-bp-d-n kwhn-[m-b-I-cm-Wv. Chsmw Xs-bmWv sI.-Pn. tPmv,
]-cm-P, `c-X, se\n cmtP-{, Pb-cm-Pv, iyma-{]-km-Zv, kn Fns\ Nne-tm-sgms Iemkn-\n-a-bp-sSbpw ap-Nn-e-tm a[y-hn kn\n-a-bp-sSbpw hm--fmbn hne-bn-cp--s-Sp kwhn-[m-bI-cpsS kmn-[yw. \n-b-ambpw Ch-cn Nne-cpsS Nne Nn{X- ae-bm-f-nse Ghpw anI kn\n-aI-fmbn Xs IW-m--s-Sp-p-v. hnti-jnpw tPmns Nn{X-. Ne-n-{X-`m-j-bnepw Nn{Xo-I-cW-co-Xn-bnepw Xnc--Y-bpsS DS-a--X-bn-ep-sams an-tmgpw \h-X-cwK/Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I
]pep-tm Xs P\-{]n-b-kn-\n-a-bpsS Nne hn]Wn ka-hm-Iy- (Km\-, Xmc-aq-eyw, Imev]\n-I-X, A\p-I-ev]-\w, satem-{Um-a....) Ch antmgpw ]np-S-cp-p-sh-p-am-{Xw.24
kwm-\-km-cns Ne-n-{X-]p-c-kvIm-c Gs-Sp-nb 1969 apX Cp-h-sc-bp IWs-Sp-m ,73 hsc sI.-F-kv. tkXp-am-[-h aqp-X-h-Wbpw hnkpw Fw.-Sn.bpw Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw
anI kwhn-[m-b-I-\p ]pc-kvImcw t\Sn-b-tm, 74 apX-ep Imev lcn-l-c aqp-X-h-Wbpw
^mknepw kn_n ae-bnepw Hmtcm Xh-Wbpsamgn-m apgp-h kwhn-[m-b-Icpw apI-fn ]d ]n-Ibn-ep--h-cm-Wv. anI Nn{X--fpsS IWpw kam-\-am-Wv. 74 apX-ep Imev Ap-X-h-W-sbm-gnsI
Fm-hjhpw Iem-kn-\n-a-I Xs Cu ]pc-kvImcw t\Sn-. tZiob Ne-n-{X-]p-c-kvIm-c- t\Snb
ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bpsS kz`m-hhpw {]mXn-\n-[yhpw kam-\-am-Wv. `c-W-Iq-S, Am-Z-an-I-m-]-\- Iem-kn\n-a-sb KWs s]mXp-hn ]np-W-bvp--Xns cm{obw ap\nn-smp am{Xta Cu hnjbw
N sNm Ignbq FXpw HmpI Xs thWw.
taev]-d kwhn-[m-b-I-cn, kwm-\, tZio-b ]pc-kvIm-c-smw tZio-b, At-iob
s^n-h-ep-I-fn {i ]nSn-p-]-pIbpw AwKo-Im-c- t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Nn{X- XpS-bm-bn-s
\nn-Xv Ap-t]-cm-Wv. ASq, Ac-hn-, jmPn, N{, iyma-{]-kmZv Fn-h. \n-b-ambpw {^v
\h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-n-\p-]p-dsa \ntbm-dn-b-en-khpw CX-c-bq-tdm-]y Ne-n{X {]m-\-fpw Chsc
kzm[o-\n-n-p-v. taev]-d Hmtcm kwhn-[m-b-I-cp-sSbpw kzw Nn{X- XnX-n Ne-n-{X-`m-jbnepw BJym-\-I-e-bnepw A{X-h-enb ssieo-t`-Z-tfm `mhp-I-Xz-hy-Xym-k-tfm {]I-Sn-n-p-n Fpw
ImWmw. Fphm {]ta-b-]-c-amb sshhn[yw ]pep-tm Xs Ne-n-{X-I-e-bpsS auen-I-kz-`mh- shfn-s-Sp-p kao-]-\--fnepw k-ev]-\--fnepw Cu kwhn-[m-b-I-tcm-tcm-cp-cpw Hmtcm
ssien-bn Ddp \nevp-I-X-s-bm-Wv25.
1970-I hsc ]qW-ambpw ]noSp `mKn-I-ambpw \ne-\n ae-bm-f-kn-\n-am-{]-h-W-X-I-tfm-Sp
\nin-X-amb hnai-\-sa \ne-bn-em-bn-cpp ]pXnb Hcp Ne-n-{X-ssien Bhn-jvI-cn-m Ch aptmp-h--Xv. 1972 ]pd-p-h kzbw-h-c-amWv ae-bm-f-n Iem-kn-\na {]m-\-ns XpSw
Ipdn--Xv. tZio-b-X-e-n-se--t]mse ae-bm-f-nepw Cu ]pXnb Ne-n-{X-kw-kvIm-c-n\v hnp-]mInb \nc-h[n LS-I--fp-v. ]qs\ ^nenw Cn-yq-nse ]T-\-]-cn-io-e-\-,. Cn-yq-n-\p-]p-dsa
^nenw skmssk-n-Ifpw s^n-h-ep-Ifpw hgn km[y-amb bqtdm-]y kn\n-a-I-fp-am-bp \nc--c-k-w,
\h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-ns Ne-n-{X-X-Xz-, Nen{X-kn-m---fp-sSbpw \ncq-]-W--fp-sSbpw ]cn-Nbw,
apJy-ambpw _wKm-fn-kn-\n-a-bnse cmjv{So-b-{]-ta-b-fpw bYm-X-Y-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-ssi-en-Ifpw Fn-s\ Ch
\ofp-p.
kn\n-a-sb-p-dn-p Hcp ]pXn-b-A-h-t_m-[-am-bn-cpp Iem-kn-\n-a-bp-sS-h-m--sf \ne-bn
Ch aptmv h Hm-as Bi-bw. kzbw, ]pXnb `mhp-I-Xz-ap Hcp t{]-I-k-aq-l-am-b-Xn-\p-tij-amWv Ch ]pXnb Hcp t{]-W-`m-hp-I-Xz-ns \nnXn ey-an--Xv. ]mgvkn-Xo-tb--dns Nph-Sp]n-Snv lnn-bn-ep-mb BZy-ImeNn{X--fmWv an-hmdpw Cy`m-j-I-fnse kn\n-a-I-fp-sS -cq-], -`m-hL-S\ \n-bn--Xv. 1940--I-fpsS HSp-hn t_mws_-bnepw I--bnepw ]noSv CybnepS-\ofhpw
cq]w-sIm ^nenw-skm-ssk-n-Iv ]nn cp t{]c-W-I-fp--mbn-cp-p. ]mm-Xy-^n-enw-skm-sskn-Ifpw Im Ds-sS-, I-em-kn-\n-a-bvm-bp cmPym--c-s^-n-h-ep-Ifpw. Cy-bnse BZys ^nenwskm-sskn 1942- t_mws_-bn cq]w sImv Hcp-Z-i-I-n-\p-n BZys Am-cmjv{S Ne-nt{Xm-hw Zln-bn \S-p. P\-{]n-b, hn]-Wn, k-c-I-em-cq-]-am-bn-am{Xw Ip-h kn\n-asb Kuc-h-

-9-

ap Iem-cq-]-amnamm {ian Hcp-X-e-apd Ne-n-{X-{]-h-Icpw AXm-{K-ln Hcp Xe-apd t{]Icpw cq]w-sIm-m Cu skmssk-n-I-fnepw s^n-h-ep-I-fnepw {]Zin-n kn\n-a-I hgn-sX-fn-p.
1965- Nn{X-teJ F t]cn tIc-f-nse BZy ^nenw-skm-sskn Xncp-h-\--]p-cv \ne-hnh-p.
XpSv an-]--W--fnepw Ah-cq]w sImp. \-kn-\n-a No-kn-\na F IrXy-amb thXn-cnhv
m]n-s-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Cu ]pXnb Ne-n-{X-kw-kvm-c-ns amKhpw eyhpw. ^e-n Iemkn-\n-a-sb-p-dn-p ]pXn-b- H-c-h-t_m[w cq]w-sIm--Xn-s\mw, kn\n-asb kmaq-ly-ambpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-cambpw htc-Wy-h-cn-m-\p B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS XmXv]-cyhpw CXn-\p-]n-n {]hn-n-p-sv
ImWmw. XpS--n Ata-cn, Cwv, {^mkv, t]mf-v, Pa-\n, kzoU, C-en, lwK-dn, sNtmm-hm-Iy, {_ko, Im\-U, Pm XpS-nb cmPy--fn \npw ]noSv apgp-h ZnW Ata-cn-,
B{^n-, ]n-ta-jy, Zn-tWjy cmPy--fn \np-ap kn\n-a-I ae-bm-fn-p-ap-n-se-n.
Hmtcm-L--nepw Nne-`q-J-WvU--fntem cmPy--fntem \np kwhn-[m-b-I tIc-fob Iem-kn-\n-amt{]--Iv Gsd ]cn-Nn-Xcpw {]nb-s--h-cp-am-bn amdn. \So-\-S-m apX kmt-Xn-I-{]-h-Ih-scbpw
{]Zi-\-im-e-I apX t{]-Ih-sc-bp-ap-ff LS-I--tfm-tcmpw an-tmgpw Iem-kn-\n-a-bvp-am-{Xambn cq]w sImp. CSbvp sNdn-b-am-- Atm-p-an-tm-p-ap-mbn Fp am{Xw. 1996- Am-cmjv{S-N-e-n-t{Xm-hw tIc-f-n-em-cw-`n--tmgpw nXn-`n--am-bn-. Ign \mep-]-Xn-m-p-I-fmbn aebm-f-n thdn-sm-cp- P-\p-mbpw ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-bp-sS-Xs Hcp-]-Ip-Xn-bmbpw \ne-\n-p-t]m-cp Iemkn-\n-a-bpsS Zriy-kw-kvm-c-n-sbpw ku-cy-im-kv{X-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-]-c-amb `mhp-I-Xz-kz-`m-h-fmbn Nne LSI Nqn-m-Wn-m Ignbpw. Ch-bn {][m-\-s-h
1.
kwhn-[m-b-Is Ie-bmWv kn\n-a-sb- hnizmkw
2.
Ne-n-{X-`m-j-bn ssIh-cp-nb amw
3.
kmln-Xyhpw kn\n-abpw Xn-ep _-nse s]mfn-s-gp-p-I
4.
\So-\-S-mcpsSbpw A`n-\-b-co-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Ataz- kz`mhw
5.
cmjv{Sob, Acm-jv{Sob \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw CS-Xp-]-, he-Xp-] \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw
kam--c-km-n[yw Fn-h-bm-Wv.

\mev : kwhn-[m-b-Is Ie
\h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-amWv Ghpw ASn-m-\-]-c-amb Ne-n-{X-`m-hp-I-Xz--fn-sem-mbn kwhn-[m-b-Is
Ie-bmWv kn\na F XXzw aptmv hbvp--Xv. Ae-kms{ Akv{Sqpw Bs{-_m-kn\pw {Xqs^mbpw
Ds-sS-bp {^v Ne-n-{X-ssk-m-n-Icpw B{Uq- km-cn-kn-s\-bpw enUvsk BtU-gvk-sWbpw
t]mep Ata-cn-, {_nojv \ncq-]-Icpw IXr-(auteur) k-]-n-eqn Ne-n{Xkwhn[mbI-s\p-dnp cq]w sImSp ImgvN-m-Sp-I ap]v hnh-cn-p. Ne-n-{X-Im-hmb kwhn-[m-b-I (auteur
director) Fp-Xs AYw Inpwhn[w Ne-n-{X-I-e-bpsS ]q-amb DS-a--Xbpw D-c-hm-Zn-hpw
(IXrXzw Xs) kwhn-[m-b-I-\n \nn-]vX-am-p Cusbm-cp-{]-amWw ap\nn-bmWv Cy-bnepw
ae-bm-f-nepw Iem-kn-\na {]mY-an-I-ambpw hf-Xv. \n-b-am-bpw apXap-S-v, Xmc-aqeyw XpS-nb
LS-I--fn Nne-tm-sg-nepw Cu {]am-W-n\np hyXn-N-en-tn hn-p-m-Imsa-nepw s]mXphn ae-bm-f-nepw Iem-kn-\na ]np-S-cp kz`mhw Ah-bpsS IXr-tI-{n-XXzw Xs-bm-Wv. P\{]nbkn\n-a-bpsS tahn-emkw Npcpw Nne-tm \nam-Xm-hns t]cn-em-bn-cn-pw, ap Nne-tm kwhn[m-b-Is t]cn-epw. an-tmgpw CXv \mb-I\Ss t]cn-emhpw Adn-b-s-Sp-I. Iem-kn-\n-a-bn-em-Is,
kn\n-av kwhn-[m-bI
- \
-
- msX asm-cp-Sa
-
\
- n Xs. kwhn-[m-\w-k
- w-hn-[mbI Fo {]tbm-K
- p]-Icw kmm-Xvmcw (Realisation) F {]tbmKw \nc--c-ap-]-tbm-Kn-p-tm ASqtKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW
ey-am-p-Xv Cub-h--bm-Wv. NnZm-\--Zmkv Kp]vX Cu hnjbw N-sN-p-p-v. Fp-sImv
kwhn-[m\w F hmn-\p-]-Icw kmm-Xvmcw F hmp-]-tbm-Kn-pp F Kp]vX-bpsS tNmZyn\v ASq \Ip adp-]-Sn-bn--s\-bm-Wv: Ne-n-{X-\nanXn shdpw kwhn-[m\a. Fs kn\n-a-I
Fs k]--fpsS kmm-Xvm-c-am-Wv. B {]{Inb hni-Zo-I-cn-m kwhn-[m\w F hmv aXn-bmhn-. kwhn-[m-b-I kwhn-[m\w sNp--tX-bpq kKm--I-X-bpsS kmm-Xvm-c-sa--Xns AX-e- B ]Zw kwh-ln-p-n-. (Gupta, 2008 :247)
]c--cm-K-X-amb AY-n-em-bm t]mepw kn\na kwhn-[m-b-Is Ie bmsW ZrV-hn-izmkw
ASq ]e-tmgpw Xpd-p-]-d-n-p--Xm-Wv. kwhn-[m-b-Is Ie,-F-mWv kn\n-abpsS temIw F
ASq-cns {K-nse BZy A[ymbw kn\n-asb Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xp-Xs. Atlw Fgp-Xpp: kw-hn[m-b-I F ]Zw Xs \mS-I-th-Zn-bn\nv hmbv] hmn-b-Xm-Wv. \mS-I-Ir-ns cN-\sb A`n-t\Xm--fn-eqsS cwK-{]Im-i\w sNp-I-bmWv \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-b-I sNpXv. Ne-n{Xw \mS-I-n\npw
ISw-sIm-p-Ibpw \mS-Is AtX-]Sn ]Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp Hcp L-n, hyh-km-b-ns
hym]vXn-bn-tep hen-p-\o-nb Cu Iem-cq]w kwhn-[m-b-I-\-S--ap ]e-scbpw ]e-Xn-s\bpw Ctmp

-10-

{]Xn-jvTn-n-cp-n. ]nm-ev _w hnSn X\nv Xmt]m-cna {]I-Sn-n-p-sh-nepw AYw \inp-t]mb Nne kwPvR-I thc-p-t]m-ImsX _mn-bm-bn. AXn-sem-mWv kwhn-[m-b-I F AYiq-\y-amb ]Zw. Ne-n-{X-{k-jvSmhv F s]mcp-fp realisateur F {^p-k-]w \mw AwKo-I-cn-pI-bm-sW-n kwhn-[m-b-Is\ amtam-Zo-km-apn Ne-n-{X-Im-c-\m--Ww. (1988; 5).
temI-kn-\n-a-bn, Iem-kn-\na F KWs ku-cy-im-kv{X-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-ambn Dd-ns-Sp {]Xn-`-I sshb-nI kn\n-a-bpsS hm--fm-bn-cp-p-shpw P\-{]n-b-/-hn-]Wn kn\n-a-bpsS
ka-hm-Iy- adn-I-S--h-cm-bn-cp-p-shpw ASq Nqn-m-Wn-p-p. pUn-tbm-sI-pI-p-nse
kpc-n-X-Xz-ap-t]nv s]mSnbpw ]n-Wnbpw \nd sXcp-hp-I-fpsS bmYmyfn-te-n-d-nb
tdmkn\n Unko kmhn\n {]Xn-`-I-fpsS kK-kr-jvSn-bmbn C-en-bn DbnsIm \ntbm-dn-ben-khpw bph-tN-X-\-bpsS Fm [nm-c-hpw [nj-Wbpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xs amaqkn-\n-a-bp-sS-ta inbmb kKm-{I-aWw \S-nb {^v \yqthhpw Ne-n{Xw ]q-ambpw Htc-I-a-\-ns kK-kr-jvSnbmWv F kXy-n-emWv At\z-j-Is\ sIm-np-I. Ne-n-{X-Im-c-m-cpsS hyn-ap-{Z-]-Xn
Cu Nn{X- hniz-N-e-n-{X-th-Zn-sb-bm-I-am\w Akm-am-\y-ambn kzm[o\w sNbvXn-cn-p-p. Cw-nse
{^o kn\n-abpw Ata-cn--bnse Ub-dIvSv kn\n-abpw Cu Bi-b-ns NqtS-p-b {]m-\--fs{X. kn\n-a-bpsS cwKv G-hp-a-[nIw hymh-km-bo-I-cWw \S-n-p Ata-cn--bn tlmfn-hp-Uns
\ocm-fn-n-Sp--n \n-Iv \yqtbmv, km{^mkn-kvtIm, NnmtKm XpS-nb h\-K-c--fpsS
ad-hn, Hcp kzIm-cy-{]-m-\-am-bn-Xp-Sn {ItaW B[p-\n-I-kn-\n-a-bpsS hn- kKt{kmXkmbn
hf A{Kuv kn\na A-c-nepw AY-n-epw XnIpw sshb-nI kn\n-a-bpsS Hmcw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. (1998: 6-7).
AXp-sIm-p-Xs kn\n-a-bnse bYmY -Xmcw Ne-n-{X-Im-cX-s-bm-sWv ASq Dd-p-hn-iz-knp-p, hmZn-p-d-n-p-p. B[p-\n-I--I-em-kn-\n-a-bpsS IXr-tI-{n-X-amb Cu ku-cy-im-kv{X-k-]w
ae-bm-f-n kn\n-a-bn-eqsSbpw \ncq-]-W-te-J-\--fn-eq-sSbpw m]n-s-Sp-Xpw ASqX-s-bm-Wv.
kn\na k-c-I-e-bm-sW(HybridArt),XpS-w-ap-X \ne-\np s]mXp-t_m-[s kaY-am-bn-{]Xn-tcm-[n-p-sImv Iyma-dm-am-t\m kwKo-X-Im-c-t\m, Nn{X-kw-tbm-P-It\m i_vZ-te-J-It\m Hpw kn\n-abn thdn-p hyn-Xz- A\p-h-Zn--s-Sp-n-spw \So-\-S-m-sc--t]mse Cu kmt-Xn-I-{]-hIcpw kwhn-[m-b-Is D]-I-c-W-am-{X-am-sWpw ASq hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p. (1998 :52).
ASq apX icXv hsc-bp ae-bm-f-nse Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS hm-fpw tPmv apX skn
hsc-bp a[y-hn-kn-\n-a-bpsS hm--fp-amb apgp-h Ne-n-{X-Im-c-mcpw Gdntbm Ipdtm ]p]-p Bi-b-Xs-bm-Wn-h. IXr-k-]-n-eqn \nv Xnc--Y-bps-sS-bp Ne-n-{X-I-ebpsS \m\m-a-WvU-e--fn X-fpsS Ismv ]Xn-n-p-Ibpw P\-{]nb, hn]Wnka-hm-Iy-sf antmgpw adn-I-S-pIbpw sNm Cu \ne]mSpI Chsc klmbnpp.
Av : shfn--ns `mj
Nen{X`mjbn Iemkn\na krjv S n amfmWv asmcp kz`mhw. kn\nabpsS `mj
FXpsImptinpXv, am[ya]chpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb BJym\Iesb \nebn kn\na
kzoIcnp ZriymhnjvcW ssienIfpsS ka{KLS\bmWv. \hXcwK{]m \hpw AhmMvKmZv
{]m\hpapssSbph \nehnepmbncp Nen{X {]m\fn \nv `nambXv Ah
cq]sSpnb ]pXnb Nen{X`mjbneqsSbmWv. t{]I ]mTw \nnsSpp Xentev
kn\nabpsS `mj amdWw Fv \hXcwKkwhn[mbI IcpXn. kmlnXyImc t]\
D]tbmKnpXpt]mse Nen{XImc Imad D]tbmKnW sa Akv { Sqns A`n{]mbw
HmnpI. kXyPnv dmbnbpsS {itbamb Hcp \ncoWapv : {Kn^nn \nv
sKmZmZntep Nen{X`mjbpsS hnImkw tNmkdn \nv tPmbvkntep kmlnXy`mjbpsS
hfbvv kam\amWv. Adp\qdphjs kmlnXy`mjmhnImkn\v XpeyamWv Adp]Xphjs
kn\nam`mjbpsS hnImkw Fw. (1993:94) ASq FgpXpp : av GXv Iesbbpw t]mseXs
Nen{Xn\v X\Xmb Hcp `mjbpv . IhnXbnse hmpIpw Imhmknse \ndpw
kwKoXnse kzcpw Xpeyambn ChnsSbpXv ZriyfmWv. Ihn hmpIsfbpw KmbI
kzcsfbpw Nn{XImc \ndsfbpw XfpsS Bmhnjv I mcn\p D]m[nIfmptm
Nen{XImc thdnv \nm hynXzanm Zriysfbpw ihntijsfbpw kz`mhm\pkrXap
knthi amXrIIfneqsS _nnv B{]Imi\w \Spp. (1988:6)
1972 kzbwhcw \nnptm ASq ]penb kao]\ kn\nabpsS
`mjsbpdnp auenIamb Ccsamcp [mcWbpsS ^eambncpp. apJy[mcm P\{]nb kn\nabpsS
`mjmLS\tbmSv Iemkn\na hnphogv N bnmsX Ielnpshv ASq hyampp. IhS
kn\nabpsS cq]LS\bvv shfnbn \ne\nm B{Kln

-11-

Hcp Iqw BZihmZn Ifmb sNdpmcpsS Iem]ambncp kzbwhcw.... IhS kn\nabpsS an

Iogvhgfpw Rm \ncmIcnp. kzbwhcn ]mpIfn. bYm semtj\pIfnemWv kn\na
]qambpw Nn{XoIcnXv. semtj\n Xs i_vZteJ\hpw \Sn. B{{]tZin \np
imcZ HgnsI Hscm \S\pw \Snbpw kw`mjWw Uv sNbvXXpt]mepan. ASq hniZoIcnpp
(Gupta, 2008 : 248).
Iemkn\nam kwhn[mbI P\{]nb kn\nam kwhn[mbIcn \nv hyXykvXcmIpXns
ASnm\ ImcWw Ah krjvSnp Nen{X `mj XsbmWv. sammjns\Xnsc ankv F
ko D]tbmKnp \hXcwKssiensbpdnv kqNnnp. Uov t^mkv ssienbn \ntbm
dnbenpIfpw \hXcwK{]m\mcpapssSbp kwhn[mbI Bhnjvcn Nen{XmJym\Ie
ASqcns kn\naI ap\nn hnhcnp NnZm\Zmkv Kp]vX, aebmfnse Iemkn\nabpsS
BJym\`mjbpsS s]mXpkz`mhw XsbmWv shfnsSppXv. (2008 : 241-249). Kp]vXbpsS Nne
\ncoW {inpI: bmYmXYys IebpsS IcIuie hnZysImv apJw aqSn
AWnbnpIbmWv ASq sNXv. AXv ad\ot shphnfn t{]I GsSptn hcpw ....
Fenmbnse Dnsbbpw cmPsbbpw t]mse, s]mXpsh ASqcns IYm]m{XfpsS Ne\w
ahpw kmh[m\hpw ssieohIrXhpambmWv ... ImadbpsS AXnthK Ne\fpw ASq kn\naIfnen.
Zriynep _nw_w apgph bYmXY LSItfmsSbpamWv Xncoebn {]XysSpI. asm
LSIfpw Hgnhmn apJy{Inbbnepw hkvXphnepw t{]IcpsS {i ]Xnnpw ASq. sImSntbw
t]mep kn\naIfn kwKoXw t]mepw HgnhmnbmWv t{]IcpsS Pm{Kmb {i ASq
\ne\npXv.
ASqcns kn\naI \mbn hnf tXt]msebmWv. DWnb sXmpw Ddp Nncbpw
t`Znm am{Xta Imv cqNnm\mIq. Imcy Ghpw Ipdv am{Xw ]dpw hniZoIcW Xosc
Hgnhmnbpw krjvSnp apdpInb BJym\ssienbmWv Cu sXmpw Nncbpw. Fpam{Xa
tXpnse iq\yew t]mse ASq kn\nabpnepw Hcp henb iq\yX t{]Isc
Imncnppv. \niXbpsS A]qamb Cu iq\yXbmWv ASq kn\naIfpsS AImv.
Fenmbhpw apJmapJhpw DZmlcWw. _nw_fnepw hncfambn ]pdphcp hmpIfnepw
kqva {i ]petnbncnpp, t{]I. Xs kn\naI km[mcW t{]IpXsv
ASq Xpdv ]dbpI Xs sNpw. my films are for an enlightened audience. thKn\v ]Icw
amyhpw hmpIv ]Icw \niXbpw Ne\n\v ]Icw \neXbpw \mSIobXbvv ]Icw
\nhnImcXbpw BImwbvp ]Icw kzm`mhnIXIfpw Xpdp]dnepIv ]Icw aqSnshepIfpw
\ndhbmWv ASq kn\naI. bpn`{Zhpw hyhpamb XpShpw HSphpap IYmLS\Xs
Bhn antmgpw ASq Nn{Xv. apJmapJnse \nXI arWmskns GIv Zn
{]XnZn F kn\nabnse \nXI t]mse {]iv\`cnXamWv. IyqWnv hnai\ns
CSthfIfmbn Ah hymJym\nsp.......
ASqcns Zriy Akm[mcWamwhn[w tIcfobamsWpw es ImWpXn
Pm\okv coXn Ah A\phnppshpw Kp]vX ]dbpp. Hmkphns ssienbnemWv ASq
sFseh anUv tjmpI HcppXpw AXnkm[mcWXbn {ibqpXpw.... \So\Smsc
sXcsSppXn kXyPnv dmbnbmWv ASqcns amXrI. Xs Hmtcm Nn{Xn\pw XncY
FgpXpXv ASq XsbmWv. Htcm s{^bvapw t\cnv Iv t_m[ysXn\ptijta ASq tjmpI
FSpm A\phZnq. Nn{X\nmWns Htcm Lnepw Atlw t\cnv CSs]Spw,
Xocpam\sfSppw. icnbmb An Hcp Nen{X ImhmWv (auteur director) ASq,
Kp]vXbpsS hmpI
A\cw sXmp Nn{Xfn ASqcns BJym\ ssien Zriy]cambn kpcambn XpSn
Fv Kp]vX \nconppv. ssenwKnepw tImw]knj\nepw am{Xa \So\SmcpsS sXcsSpnepw
CXv {]ISamWv. Iemkn\nabntev apJy[mcbnse ap\nc Xmc NphSv shv XpSpXns
DZmlcWamWv A\cw. kzbwhcn A`n\bnXv a[phpw imcZbpamsWXv adpn. ]t,
cp hjw IYm]m{Xv ]nb ]pXpapJsf tXSn\Snpw InmsX htmgmWv Xm
s{]m^jW Xmcsf sXcsSpsXv ASq kqNnnppv (Gupta: 247). XpSp ASq
kn\naIfnepw CXc Iemkn\namkwhn[mbIcpsS Nn{Xfnepw s]mXpsh P\{]nb kn\namXmc
apJy thjfn {]Xysncpntm. lnn kn\n-a-bn t\sc adn-m-bn-cpp Ah-. cmPv I]q,
kp\n Zv, Aan-Xm`v _ XpS-n-b-h X-fpsS Ne-n-{X-PohnX-ns XpS--n Iem-kn-\n-aI-fn thj-an--h-cm-Wv. cmPv I]q-dns PKvtX-c-tlm, kp\n Zns bmZo, _s Bem]v XpS-nbh DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv (Jai Arjun Singh, 2011). AtX kabw A\cn\ptijw Achn, Sn.hn N{
XpSnbhcpsS kn\naIfn aqnbpw tamlemepapsSbph A`n\bnv XpSn26.
hWw, Imad BwKn, Ne\w, {]Imiw XpSnb LSIfnepw A\cw sXmp
Nn{Xfn ASq henb amw hcpn Kp]vX ]dbpp.

-12-

ASqcns\pSv aebmfn Iemkn\nam{]m\ns `mKambno kwhn[mbI

HtcmcpcpsSbpw Nen{X`mj GXmv kam\ambnsbmWv `mh\sNsXpw cq]w sImXpw.
\nehnencp P\{]nb/ hn]Wn kn\nabpsS BJym\ Iebpw ssienIfpw \namW kahmIyfpw
\ncmIcnpsImv Ch Hcp kamc Nen{X `mjXs krjvSnp. BXynIambn kn\nasbXv
AXns DStam `mhtam A, cq]hpw BJym\ LS\bpw XsbmsWv Chm]np. AXphgn
Iemkn\nabpsS kucyimkv { X ns Ghpw \nmbIamb Hcp Xes sshbnIhpw
htcWyhpw ktX_hpw _unIhpamb Hcp kmwkvImcnI {]h\amn amn.

Bdv : hmb-\-bn \nv ImgvN-bntev

\nehnencp aebmf kn\nabpsS Ghpw P\{]nbamb kz`mhfnsemmbncpp kmlnXy
cN\IfpsS A\pIev]\w. Ncn{X]cambn Xs kn\na, kmlnXyns hntijnpw t\mhens
P\{]oXn kzw kmwkvImcnI aqe[\amn amnbnpv temIshnsSbpw. 1960 Ifnepw 70 Ifnepw
aebmf kn\nabpsS Ghpw {]ISamb kz`mh hntijw Cu kmlnXy kmn[yambncpp. anI
t\mhepIpw \mSIpw sNdpIYIpw XncYsbgpXntbm FgpXntm kn\na \nnpI
FXmbncpp {]Xn`m[\mcmb kwhn[mbIcpsS t]mepw coXn. sI. Fkv. tkXpam[h\mbncpp
CXn Ghpw {]apJ.(anI kwhn[mbI\p kwm\ kmcns Nen{X]pckvImcw XpSw
apX aqphjw e`nXv tkXpam[h\mbncpsv kqNnnp.) XIgn, tZhv, Ddq_v, kptc{,
]mdpdv, apphn, Im\w Cu. sP., tXmn `mkn, Fw.Sn Fns\ \nch[n FgppImcpsS
\nch[n cN\I Cu ZiIfn kn\nabmbn27.
kzbwhcw sXmpff Iemkn\naI Cu Nen{X`mhpIXzn \np hgnamdn
\Smbncpp. {^v \hXcwKns ASnm\]camb kao]\fnsemmbncpp kmlnXobXsb
Fm Anepw adnISpI FXv. Iemkn\na Fdnbs kn\naI kmlnXobXsb cv
AnemWv adnISXv . Hv , kmlnXym\pIev ] \ Hgnhmn. cv , XncY kmlnXy
cq]amsW [mcW \ncmIcnp. kmlnXycN\t]mse Xs sshbvnIamb HmWv Nen{X
IXrXzhpsa \ne]msSSp IXrkev ] hmZnI Xs kn\nabpsS Hmas kz`mhw
kmlnXobXsb Fm Anepw HgnhmpIbmsWv hnizknp. apIqn Xmdmnb XncY
Xs thsv h kwhn[mbI t]mepapv. AtX kabw Xs Iemkn\nabnepw
IXrkev]nepapdv \ntmgpw kmlnXym\pIev]\w \nccw \Snbhcpapv. kXyPnv
dmbnbpw Ipdtkmhbpw Xs DZmlcWw.
ASq kzbwhcw apX A\cw hsc,kzbw FgpXnb IYbn\nmWv XncY
XmdmnbsXn aXnepI apXeph A\pI]\fmbncpp(\ngpv HgnsI). Fnepw
Chbnepw Nen{XIXrt_m[w Akm[mcWamwhn[w \ne\nm Atln\p IgnpshXmWv
{][m\s Imcyw. kmlnXym\pIev]\w \Sptmgpw Nen{X `mjbn hnphogvNsNpn, ASq.
{]tab]chpw DS]chpw kw`mjW ]chpamb kam\XI ap\nnt\mnbm
kmlnXy]mTs ASq tIheambn ]nXpScpIbmsWp tXmmsanepw kn\nabpsS `mjsbbpw
Iesbbpw Ipdnp NIfn B LSIsfm F{Xtbm {][m\hpw auenIhpamWv
Zriymhnjvmcns am[ya `mj. AhnsS, Xs Nen{X kev]fnepw ssienIfnepw shw
tNmt\m ambw Iemt\m ASq Xmdmbnn. Iemkn\namXXzpn kpcnX
\mbn\nmWv ASp A\pIev]\w \SpXv Fp Npcpw. 1993 hnt[b ap\nn
kdnbbpw ASqcpw Xnepmb XfpsS ]nn {]hnXv Nen{Xkucyimkv{Xns
Cu cmjv{Sobw IqSnbmbncpp.
Achn Im\koXp tijw NnZw_cw hsc A\pIev]\ntep ISn sI.]n
Ipamc, cpIvaWnbnemWv A\pIev]\w XpSpXpXs. _ kwLKm\w hsc A\pIev]\w
\Snbnn. A\pIev ] \fn XpSnb N{\mIs {Ian kzw IYIfntepw
XncYIfntepw hgnamdn. ap kwhn[mbIcpsS coXnbpw hyXykvXa. AtXkabw a[yhn
kn\nabnse kwhn[mbI ]ecpw anNn{Xfnepw apJy[mcm \So\Smsc Hgnhmnsbnepw
kmlnXym\pIev]\w As\ Hgnhmnbn. ]cmP\pw iyma{]kmZpw DZmlcWamWv.28
P\{]nb kn\namcwKp\ne\np {][m\ \ne]mSpIfnsemmWv anI XncYbpsS
{]m[m\yw. P\{]oXn t\Snb kmlnXy cN\bpsS XncY F kev]w Xs Cs\bpmIpXmWv.
ImWmhp kmlnXyw, hmbnmhp kn\na Fsms XncY hnfnsSp ]mehpw
asm. Fw.Sn hmkptZh\mb DssSbph XncYsbpdnv ]pep ImgvNmSv CXns
km[qIcWhpamWv . \ XncYbnmXmWv aebmfkn\nabpsS {]iv \ w, FXv Hcp ]Xnhp
hnem]amWv. XncYI ASnp ]pkvXIamp coXn aebmfn Ign ZiInse Ghpw

-13-

{itbamb {]km[\ kwkvImcamWv. \qdpIWn\p XncYI ]pkvXIcq]n ASnsSpI

am{Xa, khIemimem kne_kpIfn Ghpw P\{]nbamb ]mTy]XnIfnsemmbn CXp
amdpIbpw sNbvXncnpp. \ XncYbmWv \ kn\nabpsS ASnd F hnizmkw Imefmbn
P\{]nb kn\namcwKs s]mXpt_m[amWv . P\{]nb tNcphIfpw Nn{XoIcW kuIcyhpw
kmlnXy`wKnbpw sshImcnIXbpw \mSIobXbpap IY FXmWv ChnsS \ XncYsbXns
s]mcp AXpsImpXs \ FgppImcmWv \ kn\nam {kjvSm F [mcW {]_eambn
\ne\npp. Fw.Sn, Fkv. F ]pcw, tXmn`mkn, tPmt]m, ]cmP, temlnXZmkv,
{io\nhmk XpSnbhscpdnv Nen{XtemIp aXnv ChcpsS kmlnXob`mh\bn
XsbmWv A[njvTnXambncnpXv; Nen{X`mh\bn A. amkn Hcp XncY F IWn
cN\ \Snbht]mepw Cu Iqn Dv.29 B, tImaUn kn\naIfpsS cwKpw nXn `na.
Sn. ZmtamZc\pw cvPn]Wncpw cRvPnpw XfpsS kphImefn kwhn[mbIscm
Xmcaqeyw Iev]ns XncYmIrpfmbncptm. {]nbZi, knnJvem Fnhpw
kam\amb hn]Wnaqeyw ssIhLfpv.
CXn \np `nambn, Nen{X`mj\pkrXambn `mh\ sNsSp IYbpw XncYbpw
kzbw Xmdmn, Nen{Xw kwhn[m\w sNpXmWv Iemkn\nabpsS coXn. aphcpsS cN\Iv
XncYsbgpXn kwhn[m\w sNpI FXpXs ChnsS Hcp hnphogv N bmWv . ImcWw,
XncYpdv IYbn t]mepw Nen{XImcs IXrXzw {]hnWw F kev ] w
\ne\npI XsbmWv. kn\napta DSaX m]nm\pw kn\na hyn]cambn Xs
krjvSnbmsWpdnm\pap Hmas \S]SnbmWv, bYmn CXv. P\{]nb kn\namcwKp
\ne\np Xmcaqeyw, h apSpapX, kwKoX \r kwL\mZn tNcphI, AXn\mSIobX,
Hcp Xcnepw bYmXYamIm IYmJym\coXnI Fnhsbms adnISpXv Iemkn\nabpsS
XpS\S]SnIfpw.

Ggv : Xmc--fn-m BIm-iw

\So\SmcpsS sXcsSpn P\{]nb, hn]Wn k adnISpXns\mw AaNz
A`n\bcoXnI AhXcnnpXns sshhn[yhpw Iemkn\na eyanSpp. Xmc (stars) sfb
A`nt\Xmsf (actors) bmWv Iemkn\na BhiysSpXv . kmtXnI {]hIsctmse
A`nt\Xmfpw kwhn[mbIs Icp am{XambmWv Iemkn\nabn IcpXsSpXv. Xmcp
]nb IYm]m{Xsf P\{]nb kn\na cq]sSpptm IYm]m{Xp ]nb A`nt\Xmsf
Iemkn\na Ispp. Fp am{Xhpa, Xmcsf tI{oIcnp \ne\np P\{]nb
kn\namkwkvImcsfmpw Xs (^mkv apX ^mj hn]Wnhsc) Iemkn\nabpsS `mKhpa.
\ntbmdnbenkw t]mep Nen{X {]m\fpsS ASnm\kz`mhw Xsbmbncpp
s{]m^jWem A`nt\Xmsf IspIsbXv. Xv btYjvSw D]tbmKnmhp hn[w
hgaphcmIpw Ch Fv kwhn[mbI IcpXn. t{]Iv bmsXmcp ap[mcWbpw
A`nt\Xmhns ta DmImXncnm\pw Cu coXn klmbnpw. kXyPnv dmbn ]mtY
]menpthn \Snb A`nt\XmsftSnbp Aen {]knamWtm 30 . ASqcpw
kzbwhcn\p thn ]pXnb A`nt\Xmsf Xncp \ncmi\mb Imcyw kqNnnp.
ASqcns\tmseXs aebmfnse ap Iemkn\namkwhn[mbIcpw apJy[mcmkn\nabnse
P\{]nbXmcsf ]camh[n Hgnhmm {ianncpp. AtXkabw , Iemkn\nabvpthn Fan
Iss \nch[n \So\Sm ]noSv P\{]nb kn\nabpsS `mKambn amdpIbpw sNbvXp. tKm]n,
Ica\, s\SpapSn XpSnb \SmcpsS cwK{]thiw DZmlcWamWtm. Cy kn\nabnse Ahbpw
kam\amWv.
Iemkn\namkwhn[mbI Isnb Nne \So\Smsc t\mpI. kXyPnv dmbnbpsS
A]qkkmdneqsSbmWv jnfSmtKm kn\nabnsenbXv. anYp N{Ihnsb IsnbXv
arWmskmWv. iymw _\K A`nt\Xmsf \nnsSpp Hcp ^mIvSdn Xs
\SnbncppshmWv NnZm\Zmkv Kp]vXbpsS ckIcamb \ncoWw31. i_v\m Bkvan, kvanXm
]mn , \kvdpnjm, Hmw]pcn, Aavdnjv ]pcn Fns\ \nch[n t] _\K ^mIvSdnbn \np
]pdphhcmWv.
]ccmKX Iemcq]fntem Nen{X]T\m]\fntem AaNztdm s{]m^jWtem Bb
A`n\b]cnioe\w t\SmhcmWv Cybnse anhmdpw P\{]nb kn\nam Xmc.
Iemkn\nabnsenXn adnmWv. AYhm A`n\bsa Iebn khntijamb AmZanI ]cnioe\w
t\SnbhcmWv
Iemkn\nabnqSn
Acsnbh.
X\Xv
DssSbp
\mSIcwKp\nsnbhcmbncpp ap Nne.v Fmbmepw apJy[mcm \mSIcwKp\np
t]mepambncpn ChcpsS hchv. kzm`mhnIambpw \mSIobX, AXnsshImcnIX XpSnb ssienI

-14-

A`n\bn \nsmgnhmm Chp Ignp. A`n\bapssSbp cwKsfpdnv ]T\

{KsfgpXm t]mepw Chcn ]epw Ignp.
]nmev P\{]nb Xmcsf D]tbmKnptmt]mepw Nen{X Imhns kzmX{yw
_enIgntnhcpn anI Iemkn\nam kwhn[mbIv FpwImWmw. P\{]nb \So\Sm
Iemkn\nabn Xp e`np Ahkc kwm\, tZiob ]pckvImc t\Sm\pw, tZiob,
cmPymc ^nenw s^nhepIfn {insSm\pap hgnbmbnImWppshXmWv CXns
asmcphiw. Fmbmepw P\{]nb kn\nam kwkvImcns \smbn \ne\np Xmcaqeys
Iem]cambn adnISm\pw XrWhKWnm\pw {]Xn`bp Nen{XImcmv Cpw Ignbppv.
Iemkn\naIfn {]Xn^ew t]mepanmsX A`n\bnm XmdmIp Xmc GXv Cy
`mjbnepapv.
taev]d \mep kz`mhfpw bYmYn Iemkn\na
aptmphbvp
P\{]nbkn\namkwkvImc LSIfpsS \ncmkntemWv hncNqpXv. kwhn[mbIs Iesb
\nebn kn\nasb m]nsSppI, Nen{X`mjbn auenIamb s]mfnsgpv \SpI,
kmlnXobXsbbpw kmlnXykwkvImcsbpw adn ISpI, A`n\bcoXnIfpsSbpw
A`nt\XmfpsSbpw P\{]nb kahmIy \ncmIcnpI, AXphgn Nen{X Iebn sshbnIhpw
kmtXnIhpw auenIhpw bYmXYmIhpamb Hcp am[ya, kmwkv I mcnI, kucyimkv { Xw
knthinnpI- CXmWv Iemkn\nabpsS hm eyanXpw \SmnbXpw. Unpopular Cinema FmWv Iemkn\nasb ZmkvKp]vXsbtmep \ncq]I hnfnpXv Xs (2008).

Fv : cmjv{Sobhpw Acmjv{Sobhpw
Cu kz`mhsmw Xs Iemkn\nabpsS cmjv{SobmkvXnXzw IqSn N sNtnhcpp.
kmcpIfpsS \m\mhn[nep ]npWbpw [\klmbhpw AwKoImcfpsamstv
Iemkn\namkwkvImcs `cWIqS]p \nm kaYambn {ianptmXs,
{]Xnkn\nabpsS asmcp cmjv{Sobhpw Iemkn\nabn kPohamWv. P\{]nb, hn]Wn kahmIypw
kucyimkv{Xpw hncp amIptmXs Iemkn\na antmgpw `cWIqS hnt[bXzhpw
bmYmnXnI \ne]mSpIfpw heXp] kao]\fpw ]peppshXv BtKmfXenXs
Dbcp hnai\amWv. Acmjv{SobamWv \hXcwK {]\nteXpssSbp ]e Iem kn\naIfpw
AhbpsS kwhn[mbIcpsS \ne]mSpIfpw Fp \nconsnpv.(Susan Hayward, 2000: 146-147).
lyqa\nkns am\ns^tmIfmbn ]pdph \ntbmdnbenv Nn{Xfpw kmam\yambn Cu
hnai\w Gphmppv. dmbnbptSXv DssS. AtXkabw EXznIv Lpw arWmskpw
aebmfn _dpw cho{\pw IplZpw N{\pap sSbphcpsS \ne]mSv hyXykvXamWv.
ashnsSbpsat]mse aebmfnepw Iemkn\na F KWn\v B`ycambn Iev]nmhp Ghpw
henb hn`P\w Cu Acmjv{Sob cmjv{Sob kz`mhw XsbmWv. ASqtKm]meIrjvWs kn\naI
t\cnSp Ghpw henb hnai\w, hyn\njvT, heXp], a[yhK, ^yqU KrlmXpc, ]pcpj]
cmjv { SobfpsS t\v ssIsmp DZmko\XbpsSbpw A\p`mhfpsSbpw t]cn Ah
{]ISnnp Acmjv{Sob kz`mhw XsbmWv. apJmapJn CSXp] hnai\w {]Xyw
XsbmsWn ap Nn{Xfn CXv ]tcmhpw {]XoImIhpamWv. kn\nabnse
]nXrlXymcmbncpnpw \hXcwK{]m\m bmYmnIcpw Acmjv { SobhmZnIfpambncp
pshpw, Ncn{Xw ambv p Ifpw {]Xybimkv { Xw ]mizoIcnpw sshbnIXbnepw
AcmPIhmZnepw cq]]cXbnepw ssieo]cXbnepw Ah A`ncanpshpap s]mXphnai\w
ASq kn\naIp am{Xa, aqtm \mtem t]scmgnsIbp aebmfnse apgph Iem
kn\namkwhn[mbIpw _m[IamWv. cmjv{Sob kn\naI cmjv{Sobambn \nnpI (make political
films politically)F sKmZmZns Blzm\w Cu Nen{XImcmp _m[Ia.
AtXkabw aebmfn Sn.hn. N{s kn\naI kv{Xo] cmjv{SobtmSv kzoIcnp
kao]\w Gsd {insSpIbpw sNpp. iymw_\Kensbpw EXp]tLmjnsbpw
KuXwtLmjnsbpw kn\naIfnse t]mse aXw, PmXn, apXemfnw XpSnb kaqlnI
m]\pw hyhIpapn kv{Xo A\p`hnp enwK]chpw kzXz]chpamb \nch[n
{]iv\sf N{s kn\naIfpw IWniamb kv{Xo] \ne]mSpIfn N sNpp. Beokns
At\zjWw apX hnem]pdw hscbp N{s an Nn{Xfpw DZmlcWambn
NqnmWnm Ignbpw.32
iyma-{]-km-Zns An-kmn apX CeIv{S hsc-bp Hmtcm kn\n-abpw (EXp Hgn-sI)
A\ym-Zr-iamw hn[w kv{XotI-{n-X-am-Wv. Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns Hmw ]Ip-Xn-bnse Cy/tIc-fob
kmaq-ly-N-cn-{X-ns Htc-SmWv An-km-n-sb-n Ip-sIm-smcp s]v, AI-se, Htc-I-S,

-15-

CeIv{S Fo Nn{X--tfm-tcmpw khn-ti-j-amb Ncn-{X-k-`-nepw kmaq-ly, IpSpw-_, aqey-hy-h-bn-epw- kv{Xo-b-\p-`-hn-p B-kw-Lj--fmWv B-Jym\w sNp--Xv. ]eXpw {]i-kvX--fmb
A\y-`m-jm-km-ln-Xy-c-N-\-I-fpsS A\p-I-ev]-\-. Cu hn[w XpS-bm-b-s-nepw kv{XobpsS `n-IXrXz- Ne-n-{X-h-cn-p--Xn sI.-Pn. tPmv (B-Zm-ans hmcn-sbv 1984), sI.-]n. Ipam-c (-cpnWn 1988) XpS-n-b-h-cpsS kao-]-\-fpw {in--s-n-p-v.
NpcpanXmWv. temIshnsSbpsat]mse aebmfnepw kn\nabpsS kucyimkv{Xw
apJyambpw hyhlcnsSpXv P\{]nbw Iem]cw F Zzzneq nbmWv . (Cu cp
kn\naIpsaXnsc cq]w sIm aqmw kn\nabpsS `mhpIXzcmjv{Sobw 1970 I apX asmcp
Nm hnjbamWv FXv adpn) Atacn, bqtdm]y Nen{X `mh\I Ign \qmns
BZy]IpXnbn ssIhcn P\{]nb kwkvImcam\fn \npw `nambn 50 IfpsS cmw ]IpXnbn
cq]w sIm {^v \hX
cwK{]m\w aptmph Iemkn\namXXzfpw {]tbmKfpamWv
\qmns cmw ]IpXnbn kn\nabpsS Xs htcWykmwkv I mcnIXbmbn AdnbsXv .
aebmfnepw Cu Nen{XkwkvImcw \mfXphsc \ne\n kn\nabpsS P\{]nb kz`mhsXnsc
Hcp kamc`mhpIXz]cnkcw krjvSnp. GndtfmsS bmsWnepw AXntmgpw \ne\npIbpw
sNpp.
H]Xv : hn]Wn Xncnp-h-cp-tm
Fnepw Ign \qmns Ahkm\w sXmp kw`hn Nne am Cy, aebmfIem
kn\nabpsS Ncn{Xs ]pXnsbmcp Znibntep hgnXncnp hnSppv. D]{Kl sSenhnj Nm\epIfpsS
s]cpw aqew, ap]v s^nhepIfn am{Xw ImWm Ignncp hntZi kn\naI
aebmfnIfpssSbphv Ctm sSenhnj\n ImWm Ignbpp.33 ^nenw-skm-ssk-n-I XmcX-tay\ \no-h-ambXpw ^nenw-s^n-h-ep-I-fn P\-{]nbkn-\n-am-{]h-I kzmKXw sN-s-SpXpw ]pc-kvm-c- P\-{]n-b-kn-\n-a-Ipw aSn-Iq-SmsX \I-s-Sp-Xpw {]I-S-am-Wv. Ah-sb-m
{][m\amWv, Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS {kjvSm-fpw hm-fpw {]Nm-c-Icpw F \ne-bn 1970--I apX
aqp-]-Xn-m-p-Im-ehpw t{]-Isc Hcp-L-S-I-am-bn-s ImWm-Xn-cp kwhn-[m-b-I t{]-IsctSn
hcp {]h-W-X.
B[p-\n-I-X-bvp-tijw ae-bm-f-nse Iem-kn-\n-am-{]-m-\-n\p ssIh Cu kz`m-h-
bYm-n BtKm-f-h-c-W-ns kmwkvm-cn-I-bp-n-bmbn temI-kn-\n-a-bn Xs {]I-S-amIp Hm-sWpw ImWmw. Im Ds-sS-bp s^-nh-ep-I-fn Xs P\-{]n-b-kn-\n-am-Xm-c-fpw
kwhn-[m-b-Icpw BZ-cn--s-Sp-p.34 tZin-b-^nenws^n-h-ens IYbpw asm--. t_mfn-hpUv kwkvmcw
Am-Z-anI ]T-\-ns `mK-ambn temI-sapw Kuc-h-tmsS hni-I-e\w sN-s-Sp-p35 (Kamala
Ganesh, The Hindu, Oct. 9, 2010) ae-bm-f-nepw Iem-kn-\n-a-bvsmw P\-{]nb kn\na Am-Z-an-I-]-T-\pw sskm-nI hni-I-e-\-pw hnt[-b-am-Ip-p36. P\-{]n-b, hn]Wn kn\n-a-bpsS acthZnbmb Hmkvmdns ]cn-K-W-\v Csmw Cy\m-a-\ntiw sNbvXXv BZm-ans aI
A_phns\-bmWv . anI Nn{X-n-\pssS \mev tZiob ]pc-kvm-c- t\Snb Iem kn\nabmWtm A_p. tZiob, _lpcmjv{S am[ya m]\fpw IpIIfpw IhS kn\nabvp ]pdsa
Iemkn\nabpsS IqSn taJeISpXv asmcpamw 37. aebmfnt]mepw, Nen{XImcmsc
hcpXnbnemn kn\na \nn(n)p IpIIfpsS kmn[yw Gsd {]ISamWv.38 IYIfnbpsS
kmwkvImcnIhmWnPyw ap\nn \nnv jmPn.F. Icp kwhn[m\w sNbvX hm\{]n\v
{^v Khsa ns [\klmbamWpmbncpsXn Nhnp\mSIs hn]Wnhcn
Ipn{kmv \nnXv dnebkmWv . tZiob, AtZiob ]pckv I mcfpsS \nbnepw
kam\ambns hn]WnbpsSbpw IpIIfpsSbpw kzm[o\w {]XyamIpp. 2009 se tZiob
Nen{X AhUpI HSw \nbnsXv dnebkn\p thnbmsW hnai\w A{Xta
ASnm\clnXaXs. Fmbmepw Iemkn\na, AXns Ncn{XnepS\ofw sNdppw
{]Xntcm[npw \n hn]Wn AXns\ ]pXnb coXnbn IogSp ImeamWv ISp
s]mbvsmncnpXv.

Ipdn-p-I
1.

2.

IY ]d-n-emWv kn\n-a-bpsS Ie-sb hnNmcw tass t\Snb {]m-\w. 1930-50 Imev

Ata-cn- kn\na khn-ti-jam-b-h-X-cn-n Ne-n{X ho-W-sa \ne-bn {]kn-w. dnb-ennIv BJym-\w, t\mh-ep-I-fpsS A\p-I-ev]-\w, {]W-tb-Xn-hr-w, ]pcpj IYm-]m-{X--fpsS
{]mamWyw Fn-s\ \nc-h[n kz`m-h- Cu ssien-bn {]m[m\yw t\Sn. Gone with the
wind (1939) t]mep-h DZm-l-c-Ww.
FUn-nw-Kns Ie-bn kw`-hn Ghpw henb hn-h-ambn Cpw Icp-X-s-Sp-p. Zriy-

-16-

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

kn\n-a-bn {Iao-I-cn-p coXn-sb \ne-hnv BJym-\-ns {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw Xs-bmbn

amdp Iem-X-{w. tcJo-bw,- k-am--cw, Uo]v t^m-kv, sammjv Fn-s\ \mep-Xcw
FUn-nw-Kp-I-fp-v. tkmhn-bv ]co--W-kn-\na 1920 Ifn cq]-s-Sp-n-b-XmWv samm-jv. sehv
Ipsf-tjm-hmWv Cu coXn-bpsSD]-m-Xm-hv. skPn sFko Ghpw {]kn--\mb {]tbmm-hpw. sshcp-yhpw kwLj-hp-amWv XpSZr-iy-v Aw \evIp--sX k-ev]n \nmWv sammjv cq]w sImp--Xv. Iem-kn-\na apX sSen-hn-j ]c-ky- hsc
Cpw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p FUn-nwKv kt-Xw.
1920-I-fn P kn\n-a-bn {]mamWyw t\Snb BJym-\-ssi-en. am\p-jn-I-hn-Im-c-pw
ssewKn-I-X-p-ap BLm-X-tijn Bhn-jv-cn-m Nn{X-I-e-bvsmw Ne-n-{X-Ie \S-nb
{iaw. FtUzUv ans Z kv{Iow BWv Fm-e-sbpw {]kn--amb FIvkv{]-j-Wnv
Nn{X-sa-n tdm_v shbn-\ns Z Im_n-\v Hm^v tUmIvS Ien-K-cn-bmWv Ghpw {]kn-amb FIvkv{]-j-Wnv Ne-n-{Xw. dnb-en-k-ns \ncm-I-c-Whpw {`mps-sSbp at\m-\ne-I-fpsS {]I-S-\hpw ap\nn ^mjn-k-ns Ncn-{X-k-`w krjvSn `mhp-I-Xz-ambn Cu
{]h-W-Xsb ImWp--h-cp-v.
1940-I-fn cq]w sIm Ne-n-{Xm-Jym-\-I-e. eqnt\m hnkvtIm-n, tdm_tm tdmkv-\n, hntmdntbm Unko XpS-n-bhcpsS kn\n-a-I-fn-em-hn-jvI-cn ku-cy-im-kv{Xw. aptkm-fn-\n-bpsS
Imev dnb-en-k-n \npw dnbm-en-n-bn \npw AI-p-t]mb kn\n-asb Xncn-p-]n-Sn
cm{o-b-amWv \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-n-t-Xv. 1930 Ifnse {^v s]mb-nIv dnb-en-k-ns kzm[o\hpw {it-bw. s{]m^-j-W-e-m \So-\-S-m, HuvtUm Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww, bYm ]m-e-n \S-p i_vZ-te-J-\w, ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-ns Bhn-jvm-cw, bpm-\-c C-enbpsS kmaq-lym-\p-`-h-, tUmIyp-sa-dn-tbm-S-Sp-p BJym\w XpS-n-b-h-bm-bn-cpp Cmen-b \ntbm-dn-b-en-k-ns apJy-kz-`m-h-. ss_kn-n Xohvkv (1948) BWv Cu {]m\-nse Ghpw {]kn--amb Nn{Xw. {^v \h-X-cw-K-{]-m-\-sbpw Cy kn\n-a-sb-bpsams Gsd kzm[o-\n-p, \ntbm-dn-b-en-kw. kXy-PnXv dmbn-bpsS, ]mtY ]men \ntbm-dn-benv Nn{X-am-Wv.
aqmw temI-kn-\n-a-b aqmw kn\n-a. skmf-\mkpw sKn-t\mbpw {]Xn-kn-\n-a-bn-eqsS \S-mtI kwkvIm-c-ns A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw (decolonisation of culture) ey-an-mWv C-csamcp k-ev]\w cq]-s-Sp-p--Xv. aqmw-tem-I-cm-Py--fn-emWv Cu kn\n-am-{]-m\w cq]w
sImXv FXv bmYmy-am-sW-nepw Ahn-S--fnse apJy-[mcm kn\n-a-bp-a aqmw kn\na. DZm-l-c-W-n\v t_mfnhpUv aqmw kn\n-a-bpsS `mK-a-. ImcWw AXv Hpw cpw kn\n-aItm Hpw cpw temI-kn-\n-a-Itm _Z-e-. BJym-\-]-c-ambpw ssieo-]-c-ambpw DS-]-c-ambpw aqe-[-\-]-c-ambpw _Z cm{o-b-kz-`m-h- Gs-Sp-p krjvSn-I-fmWv aqmw
kn\n-a. an-tmgpw AXXp cmPy--fnse Xs apJy-[mcm kn\nasXnsc IqSn Ah \ne-]msS-Sp-pw. emn-\-ta-cn- hntam-N-\-k-a-c--fpsS `mK-am-bmWv aqmw kn\na cq]w sIm-sXnepw ]noSv B{^n-, Gjy cmPy--fn-tepw Cu {]h-WX hym]n-p-I-bm-bn-cpp.
kn\n-a-bn \ne-\np ]mmXy km{am-Py m]-\-pw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-psa-Xn-sc-bmWv aqmw kn\na Iem-]-ap-bp--Xv. hntam-N-\-ns ku-cy-im-kv{X-sa \nebn kztZ-io-b-X-bvsmw hwiw, kwkvIm-cw, aXw, enwKw XpS-nb kmaq-lnI kzXz-fpw
aqmw kn\na Ncn-{X-h-cn-p-Ibpw {]iv\-h-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. k-p--hcpw Cm-hcpw Xn-ep h-ssh-cp-y-amWv aqmw kn\na cm{o-b-h-cn-p Ghpw {][m-\s {]tabw (Susan Hayward, 2000:391) `c-W-Iq-S-[-\-k-lmbw sImmWv ]e cmPy--fnepw
aqmw kn\na \nn--s--Xv. C]v {]m-\-ns kzm[o-\hpw EXznIv L-Iv, arWmsk,
aWnIu XpS-n-b-h-cpsS Ne-n-{X-k-ao-]-\-hp-amWv Cy-bn aqmw kn\n-ap XpS--an-sXp Nqn-m-Wn--s-Spp (Ibid; 393). \h-X-cwK, Iem-kn-\nam XXz- kmam-\y-ambn
]np-Stm Xs kn\n-a-bn-em-hn-j-cn cm{o-b-ns t]cn-emhmw \ncq-]-I taev]d kwhn-[m-b-Isc aqmw kn\n-a-bpsS hm--fm-p--Xv.
`mhp-I-Xz-]-c-amb Hcp ]nXr-l-Xym-{i-a-am-bn-cpp \h-X-cw-Kw. kmln-Xym-\p-I-ev]\fpw hapX apS-p-h-bp-amb sIp-Im-gvN-I-fm-bn-cpp Am-ev {^p-kn-\n-a. B {]h-W-X-s-Xnsc, Ipd apX apS-n \nn-p kn\n-a-I-fp-ambn \h-X-cw-K-hm-Zn-I cwK-p-h-p.
bYm-n L Express amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp {^mtm PntdmZv kmaq-ln-I-{]-Xn_--X-bp ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bvn hnfn-t-cm-bn-cpp \h-X-cw-K-sa--Xv. kn\n-am-cw-K-p-sh-fn-hmb
bph-Xz-ns km[y-X-Iv hfsc thKw Cu t]cv ]Xn-p-In-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p.
Ctmgpw \ne-hn-ep Cahiers du Cinema, 1951 {^mkn-em-cw-`n Nen{X \ncq-]-W-am-kn-Ibm-Wv. IXr-kn-mw (Auteur Theory) hym]-I-ambn N sNbvXpw \h-X-cw-K-kn-\n-a-I

-17-

8.

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t{]mm-ln-npw Ilntb Zp kn\n-a-bn teJ-\--sf-gpXnbh Xs-bm-bn-cpp {]kn-cmb \h-X-cw-K-N-e-n-{X-Im-c-m ]e-cpw. cmw temI-bp--n-\p-tijw cq]w-sIm Ata-cn kn\n-a-Iv h{]-Nm-c-amWv {^mkn amknI \evIn-bn-Xv. kwhn-[m-b-Is Ie-bmWv
kn\n-asb \ne-]mSv Dd-n-s-Sp--XmWv Ilntb Zp kn\n-a-bpsS Ghpw henb kw`m-h-\.
kwhn-[m-b-I {Ia-n Ne-n-{X-Im-c (Auteur) F k-ev]-n\p hgn-am-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
CtX-p-SmWv {_n-Wnse aqhn (Movie) amK-kn IXr-kn-m--ns N Gs-Sp-Xv.
Ata-cn- kn\n-a-bpsS hn]Wn tI{n-X-kw-kvIm-c-n-\p-n kwhn-[m-b-Is Iem-]-c-amb
tass m]n-s-Sp-p-sIm-mWv lnv tImv Ne-n-{X-IXr-Xzs pdn-p Hcp ]pXnb
am-XrI krjvSn--Xv. {^v \h-X-cwK kn\n-a-bpsS hm- Cu kao-]-\-n {]tNm-Zn-X-cmbn. lnvtImn-\p-]p-dsa Ata-cn- kwhn-[m-b-I-cmb slmhmUv tlmIv-kv, tPm t^mUv,
kmap-h ^p XpS-n-b-hcpw {^v kwhn-[m-b-Ip amXr-I-bmbn. Hmksh--kns
knn-k sIbn Ds-sS-bp Nn{X- {^mkn Gsd {]-Nmcw t\Sn.
sskm-n-Ihpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb am\--fp Hcp Ne-n-{Xm-Jym-\-ssienbmWv Uo]v
t^m-kv. samm-jn-\p-]-Icw aptm-p-h-bv-s FUn-nwKv Ie-bmbn CXns\ hni-Zo-I-cn-mw.
Zriys ka-{K-ambn t^mkv sNbvXv kv{Io\n Bghpw ]c-p-ap cwKw Ah-X-cn-n-p-IbmWv Uo]v t^m-kns coXn. t{]-Iv ImgvN Hc-[zm-\tam Bbm-ktam BIp-n-.
cwKtm Zriy-ntem Cm--sXmpw k-ev]n-t-n-h-cp-p-an-. Hk--sh--kmWv knnk sIbn-\n Cu coXn hnP-b-I-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-n--Xv. app-Xs sdt\mbdpssS-bp
kwhn-[m-b-Icpw s{KKvtSm-fkn-s\-tm-ep Ima-dm-amamcpw Cu ssien ]co-n-n-cp-p-shv
tUhnUv t_mUv sh Nqn-m-Wn-pp (Susan Hayward, 2000:81) t{]-I-cpsS kzX-{amb ImgvN-io-e-fpw dnb-en-kvnIv BJym-\-ns A\--km-[y-X-Ifpw Xpd-n-Sp-p, Uo]v
t^mkv ssien.
skPn sFko, tkmhn-bv cm{ob kn\n-a-bpsS Ghpw {]kn--\mb hm-hm-Wv.
Eisentstein equals montage FmWv PmIzkv Hmav ]d-bp-Xv. samm-jns Iesb Ne-n{X-I-e-bpsS Xs ASn-m-\-ku--cy-im-kv{X-am-n-amn sFko. kwhn-[m-b-I-s\--Xns\mw Ne-n-{X-ssk-m-n-I-\p-am-bn-cpp At-lw. kvss{SIv 1924, _mnjnv s]msw-In
25, 28, Chm Z sSdn-_n 46 XpS-nb kn\n-a-I.
cwKm-hn-jvImcw (Staging) Fw ]d-bm-hp \mS-I-kw--bmWv ankv F--ko Zriy {Iao-I-cn-p coXn-bmbn Cu kw Ne-n{X `mj-bn CSw-t\-Sn. \nm-W-n
Xv \nb-{-W-an-m kn\n-a-bn Ata-cn- kwhn-[m-b-I tkzm-{]-Imcw krjvSn-sSp Nn{XoI-c-W-ssi-enIfnsem-mbn CXv cq]w-sIm-p. Ne-n{X IXrXzw Xncn--dn-bm-\p
Hcp am-ambn kwhn-[m-b-I ankv F--ko-\ns\ hfn-sb-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Uo]v
t^mkv DssS-bp-h ankv F ko ssien-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.
Idiotic transformations FmWv Akv-{SpIv Chsb hnti-jn-n-Xv (Michel Marie, 2003:32).
kn\n-abvv Hcp Imth Dq, AXv kwhn-[m-b-I-\mWv Fpw Xnc-Y Abm Xs Xmdm-t-Xv AXp-sIm-p-Iq-Sn-bm-sWpw {Xqt^m hmZn-p. kr-jvSn-I-fn-, {kjvSm--tf-bpp
(There are no works, there are only auteurs) F Giraudoux s A`n-{]mbw ap\nn-bmWv
{Xqt^m ]cm-P-b-s Ne-n-{X-Im-hmWv (Auteur) hnP-bn kwhn-[m-b-I-(director) t\-m
t`Zw Fp ]dXv.
bYm-{Iaw `c-W-Iq-S-n-sbpw hn]-Wn-bp-sSbpw tatmbva kn\n-asb \nb-{n-p--Xn-s\-Xnsc-bmWv Cu \nco-Ww {Xqt^m aptm-p-h-bvp--Xv. Im Ds-sS-bp ^nenw s^n-hep-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw Cub-n IqSn thWw a\-n-em-m.
hnti-jnpw HmwL- \-h-X-cwK kn\n-a-I-fm-bn-cpp Cu {]h-WX ]pen-bn-cp--Xv. {^mkn
sImSp-m-n-f-n-hn cm{o-b-{]-tm-`- \S Ime-am-b-tm-tg-pw,. cmw-L \h-X-cwKw
cm{o-b-h-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. kam-\-amb A-n-e-s-nepw ae-bm-f-n Fgp]-Xp-I-fn-sebpw F]-Xp-I-fn-sebpw CS-Xp-]--kn-\n-a-I krjvSn `mhp-IXzw ChnsS Hmmhp--Xm-Wv.
kw`m-j-W--sf-gp-X-emWv A\p-I-ev]-\-Im-cs ]Wn F [mcW {]_-e-am-bn-cp-p. kmln-Xyk-t-X-fpw Ne-n{X kt-X-fpw kam-\-am-sW s]mXp-t_m-[hpw \ne-\n-n-cpp. Chsb
{Xqt^m FXnp. Ne-n-{X-Im-c\v (Man of the Cinema) am{Xta anI coXn-bn A\p-Iev]\w \S-m-\mhq Ftlw Xd-n-p-]-dp (Michel Marie, 2003:38).
cq]w sImph-cp tZicmjv{Sns Poh-N-cn-{X-sa \ne-bn ]smXmw \qm-ns

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XpSw apX Xs CymN-cn{Xw `mh\ sN-s-Sp--Xn-s\-p-dnv ]ms kqNnn-p-p.

ann- tZio-b-Xsb cm{o-b-tZ-io-b-X-bp-ambn CW-n-tp-sIm-mWv BZy-Ime Cy
kn\na AXns kmaq-lnI {]Xy-b-i-mkv{X- cq]s-Sp-n-b-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\nIX \mS-I-nepw Nn{X-I-e-bnepw apw krjvSn C-c-samcp D`-b-tZ-io-b-Xm-kw-kvImcw kn\na-bn Gsd P\-{]o-Xn-bp KW-p-Xs cq]w sImSp-p. ZmZm-km-l_v ^ms am{Xw
\qtdmfw Nn{X ann- tZio-b-X-bpsS Zriy-hm-Mva-b--fmbn \nn-p. {]mtZ-inI `mjI-fn cq]w sIm kn\n-a-p-m-bn-cpXpw asmcp Ncn-{X-a Hcp-]s Xangv Hgn-sI. Xangn Am-e-p-Xs thcp-]-Sn-bn-cp {Zmhn-U--\n-co-iz-c-{]-m\w kn\n-asb htXm-Xn
atX-X-c-h-cn-p. tIm{Kkv t\Xmhpw {_m-W\pw apJy-a-{n-bp-am-bn-cp cmP-tKm-]m-emNmcn aZyw-t]mse a\p-jy-s\-a-b-p el-cn-bmbn Iv kn\n-asb Xnc-kvI-cn-m B-lzm\w
sNbvXp (a-lm-m-Km-nbpw kn\n-a-s-Xn-cm-bn-cp-p). adp-h-i-v, A-m-Zpssc Xan-gvkn-\n-a-bn
Ah-X-cn-n cm{o-b-tZ-io-b-X, ]nm-ev {ZmhnU cm{o-b-ns Ghpw henb kmwkvImcn-I-aq-e-[-\-ambn amdn. Icp-Wm-\n-[nbpw Fw.-Pn.-Bdpw Pb-e-fn-Xbpw DZm-l-c-Ww.
P\-{]nb kn\n-a-I-fpsS \nmWw kzImcy hyn-I Gs-Stm Iem-kn-\na \nn-m
A-s\-bmcpw aptm-p-h-n-. \nm-W---\n-Itfm Xob- irwJ-e-Itfm hnX-c-W---\nItfm Ata-cn--bn-te-Xp-t]mse Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-n Cy-bn-se-nepw `c-W-Iq-S-ns [\-klmbw IqSmsX Iemkn-\n-a-bpsS \nmWw \S-p-am-bn-cp-n-. Fnpw `c-W-Iq-S-n-s\-Xnsc
\nin-X-amb hnai-\-ap-bn ]e-tmgpw Iem-kn-\n-a-I. s\lvdp XpS-n-h [\-k-lm-b-]-Xn-I cmPohv Kmn-bpsS Imew hsc XpSp. Cu ]-Xn-bn \nn--s kn\n-a-I
GXm-sm--Sw hn]-Wn-bn ]cm-P-b-s--h-bm-Wv. arWmsk-ns `qhtjmw t]mse NnesXm-gn-sI. AtX-k-a-bw, iymw _\-K, _p-tZhv Zmkv Kp]vX, KuXw-tLm-jv, EXp-]WtLmjv,
A]W-sk, ASq, Ac-hn- XpS-n-b-hv kzIm-cy-hy-n-Isf \nm-Xm--fmbn Ism Ign-p. bYm-n \nmW klm-b-n am{X-sam-Xp-n-\n-n `c-W-IqS ]npW. ]e-kw-m-\--fnepw Xob- irwJ-e-I m]nv Ccw Nn{X--fpsS {]Zi-\-n\p thZn-t]mepw Hcp-n. 1965 hmm-hn-X-cW {]t-]W hIp-p-a-{n-bmb Cn-cm-Kmn
Gsd-mew s^U-td-j Hm^v ^nenw skmssk-o-kns sshkv {]kn-U v IqSn-bm-bn-cp-p.
1952 epw 61epw 65 epw 69epw \S Am-cm{ Ne-n-t{Xm--h-p]n-mse UbdIvStdv
Hm]v ^nenw s^n-h cq]w sImp. Cpw XpS-cp HmWv ]e kwm-\-fnepw Cu
Ub-d-IvS-tdv \S-p Am-cm{ Ne-n-t{Xm--h-. Ne-n-{X-]p-c-kvIm-c--fmWv \ kn\na-Isf t{]mm-ln-n-m-\p asmcp `c-W-IqS D]m-[n.
pUntbm Nn{Xo-I-c-Ww, sasem {Uma, IYm-]m-{X-a-\x-im-kv{X-ns _ln-cw-K-{]-I-S-\w, io{LK-Xn-bn-ep InwKp-I, NnXdnb IYm-K-Xn, Aan-Xm-`n-\-bw, Bhpw ]mp-Ifpw ImbnI kwLjfpw Fn-s\ P\-{]nb kn\n-a-bpsS kz`m-h--fmbn \ne-\n LS-I--fpsS \ncm-k-n-eqsS-bmWv Iem-kn-\na Cu dnb-en-nIv `mhp-IXzw {]I-S-am-n-b-Xv. kXy-PnXv dmbn-bpsS Nn{X Cu `mhp-I-Xz-ns amXr-Im-]m-T--fm-sW KoXm-I-]q-dn-sbpw apw \nco--W-
{]kn--amWv (Ravi Vasudevan : 2010).
djy t^ma-en-k-saXv kmln-Xy-nepw kn\n-a-bn-ep-sams 1918-30 Imev cq]w sIm
sskm-nI ]cn-I-ev]-\-bm-Wv. Adn-hn-\-p-dv A\p-`-h-am-bn-am-dp Ie-bpsS kmy-X-I-sfbmWv t^ma-en-p-I aptm-p-h--Xv. kn\na bmYmys ]p\x-kr-jvSn-pI hgn {]Xo-Im-I-amb [-amWv \nh-ln-p--sXv Ch ]d-p. D-S--a cq]-amWv {][m\w Fv
kmln-Xy-nse t^ma-en-p-I-sf-tmse Xs Chcpw hmZn-p. sFko, Ipsf-tjmhv
XpS-n-b-h Cu {]m-\-n-eps--h-cm-Wv.
EXznIv Lv BWv Ch-cn {]ap-J. Cn-yq-n L-ns hnZymn-I-fm-bn-cpp aWn
Iufpw Ipam kmlv\n-bp-sam-s. ASqcpw sI.-]n. Ipam-c-\p-apssS ae-bm-f-n Iem-kn-\na-bp-ambn cwK-p-h kwhn-[m-b-Icpw Cn-yqv hnZymn-I-fm-bn-cp-p. kwhn-[m-\-n-\p-]pdsa Ima-d, FUn-nwKv, i_vZ-te-J\w XpS-nb taJ-e-I-fnepw Ckvnyq-n ]Tn--h Iemkn-\n-a-bp-ambn kl-I-cn-p.
]mtY ]m-en-bpsS ]-Xn-bp-ambn ]{-tmfw \nm-Xm-sf dmbn kao-]n-p. Bcpw klI-cn-m Xm-dm-bn-. HSp-hn Xs F sF kn t]mfnkn ]Wbw hp Innb Ggm-bn-c-q-dp-cq]bpambn dmbn ]mtY ]m-en-bpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-p. (1960 emWv dmbn ]Wbw
h t]mfnkn Xncn-s-Sp--Xv). Ipdp _-p--fpsS In \nv cm-bncw cq] Inn. Hcp ]Xn\mdv FwFw Imad hmS-I-s-Spv _n`qXn `qj _m\Pn t\mh-en Nn{Xo-I-cn {Kmaw
tXSn-bn-dn dmbn. `mcy-bpsS kzw ]Wbw hv bqWn-ns `-W-sN-e-hn-\p-]Ww Is-

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n. tem GPp-am ]Ww Gm-Sm-m-sap ]dv ]e XhW ]n-p. HSp-hn {Kma-hn-Ik-\-^-n \nv cp-ew cq] apJy-a{n _n. kn. tdmbn \evInbXpsIm-p-am-{X-amWv
]mtY ]men ]qn-bm-m dmbnp Ign--Xv. ]Icw , Nn{X-ns ]I-h-Imiw
km-cn-\p-\tI-n-h-p. Ata-cn--bn \np-am{Xw A-Xn-\m-bncw tUmf tdmbn-bmbn
km-cn\p \evIn-b-Xn-s\-p-dnv Nn{X-ns Ata-cn- hnX-c-W-m-c tacn sk-tWmSp
]d-bp-I-bp-mbn (2003:69). Xms{X XpI Inn? Hcn- tacn kXy-PnXv dmbn-tbmSp
tNmZn-p. \bm ss]k Inn-bn-. dmbn-bpsS adp-]-Sn. km-cn\v ]Ww Inn. F\n-p-{]-kn-nbpw.
XpSw apX Xs Cu LS-I- anXpw Ch-cpsS kn\n-a-I-fn-ep-v. {]i-kvX-fpw P\-{]nb--fp-amb Km\-, Hmw-\n-c-Xm-c-, Imev]-\n-I-Xbpw XpSkm-n-y-hpw, {]Jym-X-tfm
A{]-Jym-X-tfm Bb kmln-Xy-c-N-\-I-fpsS A\p-I-ev]-\w, sasem {Umam-nIv BJym\w Fns\ Hcp LS-Ihpw Ch Ism-gn-bm-dn-: kwm-\, tZiob km ]pc-kvIm-c-smw
Iem-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw am[y-a-m-]-\--fp-sSbpw ]pckvImc-fpw Chsc tX-Sn-h-cpw. A\y`m-jm-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS A\p-I-ev]-\-n iyma-{]-km-Zn-s\-tm-ep--h khn-tij XmXv]cyw {]ISn-n-p-p. ]-cm-P kzbw Xs B[p-\n-I-Xm-{]-m-\-nse {it-b-\mb t\mh-enpw
IYmIr-p-am-Wv.
ASq Nn-{X--fpsS BJym-\-`m-jbpw a\p-jy-ho--Whpw kmaq-ly-t_m-[hpw cm{o-b-\n-e-]mSpw
GXm-sm-tc-Nm-en Xs-bmWv Xp-Sw apX Xs cq]w sImn-p--Xv. Ac-hn- IptdqSn sshhn[yw Nne Nn{X--fn (A-h-bm-Is A\p-I-ev]-\--fp-am-Wv). {]I-Sn-n-p-p. jmPn
sasem-{Um-a-bn \nv Hcn-epw Ic-I-b-dn-bn-n-. N{\pw iyma-{]-kmZpw kv{XotI-{n-X-amb
Nn{X- am{X- a mWv krjv S n- n- p- - X v . thW- s a- n N{s Htm ctm kn\n- a - I
As\b Fp-]-d-bmw.
ASq (a-Xn-ep-I, hnt[-b Fn-h-bn aq-n) Ac-hn- (hm-kvXplmc-bn tamlem),
Ipam-c (B-Im-i-tKm-]p-c-n em), jmPn (hm-\-{]--n em, Ipn-{km-n aq-n),
N{ (s]m-am-S, Um\n Fn-h-bn aq-n) Fn-h-scmw DZm-l-c-Ww. an-hbpw kwm\, tZio-b, AtZ-iob ]pc-kvIm-c- t\Sp-Ibpw cmPym-c s^n-h-ep-I-fn ae-bm-f-kn\n-asb {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp. a[y-hn kn\n-a-I-fn-em-I-s, Ch \nc-cw {]Xy-s-Spp (sI.Pn tPmv, iyma-{]-km-Zv, kn Fn--s\).
IY, t\mh, \mSI taJ-e-Ifn \thm-m-\, P\-{]nb kmln-Xy--fpsS hm--fm-bn-cp
Ch-cn ]ecpw Xnc--Y-Ifpw cNn-n-p-v. ap-p-hn-bpsS ap-Xn-e-[nIw t\mh-ep-I kn\na-bm-bn. Fw.-Sn.-bm-Is kzX{ Xnc--Y-Ifpw Xs Xs kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS A\p-I-ev]-\hp-ambn 57 cN-\-I \S-n. {]ap-J-\m-SIIrv Fkv F ]pcw kZm-\--\mWv ae-bm-f-n
Ghpw IqSp-X Xnc--Y-I-sf-gp-Xn-b-Xv 131 Fw. cmw m\-p-Xpw \mS-I-Ir-p-Xs. tXmn `mkn 106 Fw ( Znhm-I-c, 2008).
X\npw av kwhn-[m-b-Ipw thn ]-cm-P \S-nb A\p-I-ev]-\- {]kn--am-Wv.
anXpw kzw cN-\-I. iyma-{]-km-Zm-I-s, An-kmn apX Htc IS hsc-bp
Nn{X-tmtcm-n\pw ]e-`m-j-I-fn \np kmlnXy cN-\-IfpsS A\p-I-ev]\w \S-pI-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. iymans sSen-^n-en-ap-I-fpsS kz`m-hhpw asm-.
Fkv F ]pcw kZm-\-, tPm t]m Fn-h. 1980 Ifn tPmt]m 52 Xnc--Y-I-sf-gpXn. 1970 Ifn am{Xw tXmn `mkn 70Dw Fkv F ]pcw 74Dw Xnc--Y-I-sf-gp-Xn-.
I--bnse ]e kvIqfp-I-fnepw At\z-jn-npw Ap-hns tdmfn A`n-\-bn-m Ign-hp
Hcp Ipnsb dmbnp Inn-bn-. ]{X--fn ]ckyw \evIn-bnpw ^e-ap-m-bn-. Hcp Znh-kw,
tev Ah-\yp-hnse 313-mw \ hoSns P\m-e-bn-eqsS ]pd-tp t\mn-\n _ntPmb (dmbn-bpsS `mcy) bmW.v (shfn-bn Ifn-p Ipn-In-S-bn \nv) kp[o _m\Pn-sb
]s\ dmbnp ImWn-p-sIm-Sp--Xv. CtX-t]m-se-Xs bmZr-n-I-am-bmWv ]mtY ]m-enbnse ]e A`n-t\-Xm--sfbpw dmbn Is-n-b-Xv. ]gb Ime-\m-S-I-\-Sn-bm-bn-cp Np\n-_m-etZ-hnsb dmbn Is-n-b-Xv Nph sXcp-hn \nm-Wv!
Das Gupta, Chidananda, Seeing is believing, p.3.
Sn.-hn. N{s kn\n-a-I-fpsS kv{XotI-{n-XXzsp-dnpw Ah ]pep kv{Xo]--\n-e-]mSp-I-sf-p-dnpw [mcmfw ]T-\- \S-n-pv (Im-Wp-I: Meena T. Pillai. Women in Malayalam
Cinema, Orient Blackswan, 2010). tlam-hn ImXeI F N{s Xangv Nn{Xw apX
Beo-kns At\z-j-Ww, a-, kqk-, ]mTw Hv Hcp hnem-]w, hnem-]--pdw XpSnb
Nn{X- hsc shfn-s-Sp-p kv{XoXz-ns kmaq-ln-I-Xbpw enwK-]-c-Xbpw Gsd {it-

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38.

b-am-Wv.
m aqho-kv, Fv _n H, hmW {_tZ-gvkv, FwPn Fw XpS-nb BtKmf aqho Nm\-ep-Ifpw
kop-Un-tbm, tkmWn-]n-Ivkv, aqhokv \u XpS-nb Cy aqhn Nm\-ep-Ifpw s]mXp-hn
Cwojv P\-{]nb kn\n-a-I Ccp-]-n-\mep aWn-qdpw kwt{]-jWw sNp-p. eqan-b, bpSnhn
thUv aqhokv XpS-nb Nm\-ep-I-fm-Is temIs GXp `mj-bnepw \np GXp Imesbpw Iem-kn-\naIfmWv kwt{]-jWw sNp--Xv. Im, semmtWm, sh\okv XpS-nb
s^n-h-ep-I-fpsS ]mtPv t]mepw Cu Nm\-ep-I t{]-I-cn-se-n-p-p. Npcp--n
Hcp Znhkw Xs \qdn-e-[nIw hntZ-i-kn-\n-a-I ImWm-\p Ah-k-c-amWv Cp ae-bm-fn-p-Xv. CXn-\p-]p-d-sa-bmWv lnn-bnepw av Cy `mj-I-fn-ep-ap aqhn Nm\-ep-I-fpsS kmnyw.
HmkvIm thZn-bn Iem-kn-\n-abvv s]mXp-hn CS-an-m--Xp-t]mse Iem-kn-\naIm-bp
s^n-h-ep-I-fn I-h-S-kn-\n-apw CS-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. ASp Imew hsc Fm, Im
Ds-sS-bp ^nenw s^n-h-ep-I P\-{]nb kn\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-I-scbpw \So-\-S-m-scbpw AXnYn-Ifpw Pqdn-I-fp-ambn Wn-p coXn ASp-nsS Bcw-`n-n-p-v. kXy-PnXv dmbnv HmkvIm
e`n--Xp-t]mse ]e I-h-S-kn-\n-am-{]-hIpw Ccw s^n-h-ep-I-fn ]pc-kvIm-chpw
e`n-m-dp-v. Cy, tIcf ^nenw s^kvn-h-ep-Ifpw ASp Ime-mbn P\-{]nb, hn]Wn
kn\n-a-bpsS am{Xw hm--fmb Nen{X {]h-Ip {]mXn-\n[yw \Ipp-v. tZio-b,
kwm\ km Ne-n-{X-]p-c-kvIm-c- I-h-S-kn-\n-am-{]-h-Isc tXSn-s-p coXnbpw
Ctm-gp-v. skk t_mUv t]mep m]-\--fn Ahpw m\w e`n-p-p. \mfnXp-hsc Iem-kn-\n-a-bpsS hm- am{Xw t\XrXzw \evIn-bn-cp tIcf Ne-n{X Am-Z-anbpsS ]pXnb sNbam {]nb-Zi-\m-Wv. bmsXm-sc-Xnpw BcpsS `mK-p-\npw Dbn-n-.
AYhm Imo-hcw F kn\n-a-bneqsS anI Nn{X-n-\p tZio-b-]p-c-kvImcw t\Sn-bn-p-aptm {]nb-Zi.
temIs Ghpw henb P\-{]nb kn\nam hn]-Wn-sb \ne-bn t_mfn-hpUv ]e bqtdm-]y,
Atacn- k-I-em-imeIfnepw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-Wv. am-, Iment^mWnb, _ven,
HmIvkvt^mUv, ImUn^v XpS-nb kh-I-em-im-e-I DZm-l-cWw. jmdqJv Jm D-s-sSbp \S-msc ap\np skan-\m-dp-I t]mepw k-I-em-im-e-I-fn kwL-Sn-n--s-Spp. hnb kh- I - e m- i me 2010 \Snb cmPymc- s k- a n- \ m jmdqJv Jm B v
tm_t_mfn-hpUv F hnj-bamb-n-cpp N sNbvX-Xv. Ph-lem s\lvdp-hn-s\mw
cmPv I]q-dn\pw tkmhn-bv bqWn-b-\n-ep-m-bn-cp P\-{]o-Xn-sb-p-dnv app IY-I {]N-cn-ncp-p-sh-n Aan-Xm`v _ apX jmdqJv Jm hsc-bp t_mfn-hpUv Xmc--sf-p-dnv
Cy-bnepw hntZ-ipw Am-Z-anI Kth-j-W-]-T-\- \S-p-p. kn\n-a-tbmSpw sSen-hn-jt\mSpw _-s-Sp-n-bp P\-{]nb kwkvIm-c-]-T-\--fpsS `mK-amWv Ch. ^vtfmdnUm tv,
\yqtbmv, tb XpS-nb kh-I-em-im-e-I-fn t_mfn-hpUv kn\n-a-bn khn-tij]T\w
\Sp s{]^-kam-cpv (Harshikaa Udasi, The Hindu, 15 Oct. 2011)
tIc-f-nse apgp-h k-I-em-im-e-I-fnepw ae-bm-f-_n-cp-Z, _ncp-Zm-\-c tImgvkp-I-fn Xnc-Ym-]-T-\hpw Ne-n-{X-]-T-\hpw Ds-p-I-gn-p. Cu cwK-p {it-b-amb kz`m-h--fnsemv Iem-kn-\n-a-smw P\-{]nb kn\n-abpw ]Tn--s-Spp F-Xm-Wv. kmln-Xy-]-T-\-ns
k{-Zm-b-p-n-emWv s]mXpsh Cu ]T-\- \S-p-Xv F ]-cn-anXn \ne-\n-evptmgpw Zriy-I-e-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-n-sbpw P\-{]nb kwkv-Im-c-nsbpsams ]T-\-]-Xn-I-fn Ne-n-{X-]-T\w m\w ]nSnp Ign-n-cn-p-p.
dne-bkv, bpSnhn XpS-nb m]-\--fmWv Cy-bn Cu hn[w Ne-n{X \nm-W-n-sbpw
hnX-c-W-n-sbpw hnhn[ taJ-e-I I-S-ph. kn\na am{X-a, AXns A\p-_--ta-Je-Ifpw Ip-I-h-cn--s-p-I-gn-n-cn-p-p. an Ivkv {]Zi-\-im-e-I, Am-cm-{hn-X-c-Ww, km-ssev hnX-cWw Fn--s\. k F am[y-a-m-]\w Xan-gv\m-nse Nen{X \nm-W, hnX-cW taJ-e-I Ip-I-bmn \nb-{np XpS-nb Ah-v Pb-efnX apJy-a-{n-bm-b-tXmsS h Xncn-Sn t\cn-Sp-Xv Cu cwKs IuXp-I-I-c-amb Hcp-Zm-l-cW-am-Wv.
ae-bm-f-nse Fv ap\nc P\-{]nb kn\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-Iv hXpI {]Xn-^ew \evIn kn\na-Ip Icm \evIn-bXv cp-hjw apm-Wv. Iem-kn-\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-I-scbpw Ch hcp-Xnbn-emn F-Xn\p sXfn-hp-I-fp-v. Ipn-{km-v Xs DZm-l-c-Ww.

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