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Hm-Wv. Db-tXm-Xn hfp-sIm-n-cn-p Cy-bpsS Nnd
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5

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7

\S-p-I-bp-m-bn. CsXmw Nqn-m-p-Xv dos-bncw-Ks

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8

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10

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- d
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- p-amb hmamp-t]mep _l-pcmjv{S dos-bn `oa-mp atam-l km
kh-X{ kzX-{-amb {]th-i-\m-\p-aXn \In-bXp hne-bn-cpm. ]p A[n-\n-th-i-n-\-Sn-s- -cm-Py-sf kw_-nv
CXn\p ap]p-\-S \nc-h[n ]T-\- Nqn-m-p--Xp-t]mse,
Ij-Ip hne-I Ips\ CSn-m\pw D]-t`m-m-
sImSp-t hne-I Ir{Xn-a-ambn Dbn-\nm\pw hn]-WnbpsS taep Ip-Im-[n-]-Xyw -H-p-sIm-p-Xs _lp-cmjv{S
Ip-II
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""Cc-]n-Sn-b'' hne-\n-b kz`mhw ad-p-]n-Sn-t-mw. Zi-e--W-n\p sNdp-InS I-h-S-msc Itm-f-n\npw Bn-bI-p--Xns `mK-ambn Hcp-`m-Kv hne Ipdpw BIj-I-ambpw
km[-\- Bcw-`-n hnevp--tXm-sSmw adp-`m-Kv IjIsc BIjn-p--Xn-\mbn Db hne-I \In Dev]--
kw`-cn-p-Xpw km[m-c-W-bm-Wv. Fm Hcn- Ij-I
B{in-X-cm-Ip--tXm-sSbpw B`y--c-hym-]m-cn-I A{]-Xy--am-Ip-tXm-sSbpw kw`-c-W-hn-e-I Ipd-p-Ibpw D]-t`m-K-hn-e-I
Dbp-I-bp-amWv _lp-cmjv{S IpI-I-fp-sS -co-Xn. km{am-PyXz
cmPy--fntmepw hmamp-t]m-ep Ip-I-I Cu coXnbm-W\
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{_nojv dos-bn `o-a-\mb sSkvtImsb kw_-np \S-nb
Hcp ]T\w Nqn-m-p-Xv sNdp-InS Nnd Ih-S-m IjIp \Ip hne-I-sf-m icm-icn 4% Ipd hne-I-fmWv
AXp \Ip--sX-m-Wv. dos-bn `oa-m-cpsS Cu Ip-Im-[n]-Xy-n\npw Ij-Isc cn-m\pw Zp_-e-am-bn-sm-ncn-p Ah-cpsS hne-t]-i Ign-hp-aq-e-ap-m-Ip \jvSw \nIp--Xn\pw khn-tij \nba ]cn-c--I km{am-PyXz `c-W-IqS- sImp-h-n-p-v. CXp-h-gn, hIn-S-m-cm-bn-cp-n-p-IqSn
11

{]Xn-hjw 20 _ney tUmf k_vkn-Un-bmWv H_ma `c-WIqSw Ata-cn- Ij-Ip \In-h-cp--Xv. bqtdm-]y bq-Wnb-\m- Is CtX-m henb XpI-bmWv Cubn-\
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hcp--h-cp-am-Wv. t\tc-a-dnv hf-sc -sN-dnb Xpp-`q-an-bpsS DS-aI am{X-amb Ij-Icpw P\-kw-Jy-bnse 60-iX
- a
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\ne-hn-en-m--Xp-am-b -C-y-bn Nnd hym]m-c-cw-K-t-p
hntZi aqe-[\ IS-p-I-bw ANn-y-amb {]Xym-Lm-X--fmIpw
kwPm-X-am-p-I.
Nn-d-hym-]m-c-ta-J-e-bnse hntZ-i -aq-e-[\ \nt-]-n\p D]m-[n-bmbn Ip-I-I kw`-cn-p Dev]---fpsS 30%
cmPy-n-\-Is Ij-I-cn\npw sNdp-InS hyh-km-bn-Ifn\npw kw`-cn-n-cn--W-sa BtKm-f-Ip--I-I-fpsS hmemn-I-fmb Cy `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \nt-i-n\v ]pp-hn-et]mepw Iev]n-t--Xn-. `c-W-Iq-S-sf t\mp-Ip-n-I-fmn
Ghpw hne-Ip-d
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apw apn CsXmcp hnSp-hm-b-w -am-{X-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-n\,v
temI-t-hpw Ipd--Iq-enp sXmgn-em-fn-I ]Wn-sb-Sp-pXpw Bb-Xn-\m Ghpw hne-Ip-dv Dev]-- e`y-hp-amb
ssN\-bn \np-X-s-bmWv hmamv AXns BtKmf hn]W-\-n-\p km[-\--fpsS ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[n-Ihpw kw`cn-p--Xv.
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hnUvVn-I-fm--em-Wv. Npcp--n hne-Ip-d BtKmf Dd-hn-S-fn\npw Dev]-- kw`-cnv Cy-bn hnp sIm-em-`12

a-Sn-m hmamp-t]m-ep I-\n-Isf A\p-h-Zn-p--]w

AXv 90- I ap-X in-s \h DZm-co-I-cW BtKm-fo-I-c-Wtm- s Smw Xo{h- X - b mPn A]- h y- h - k m- b - h - c - W hpw
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hne--b-hpw ]W-s-cp-hpw
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Nnd hnev]\ cwKs _lp-cmjv{S Ip-I-I-fpsS \nb-{Ww
hn--Xn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn hn-p {]h-WX Xs-bmIpw Cy- b nepw kw`- h n- p- I . _lp- c mjv { S Ip- I - I - f psS
PqWnb ]m-fn-I-fmbn t\w-sIm-m Xw-t\m-n-bn-cn-p
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kqam-p-I-fn AY-hm, kwL-SnX I-h-S-ta-Je-bnse hne13

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- a
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-
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dos-bn cwKs A\n-b-{nX-amb hne--b--n\v
asmcp am\w-Iq-Sn-bp-sv Xncn-d
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m\w-]n-Sn-p-Ibpw sNbvX Cy-bnse Ghpw henb dos-bn
tIm-tdv Ip-I-bmb dne-bkns Imcyw-Xs FSp-p-I.
Ah-[n-hym-]m-c-a-Sw Fm--c-n-epap Dul-{]-h\-fnepw Xmc-X-ay--fn-m coXn-bn Gs-p-sImpw B {]{Inb-bn `y-[m-\y-n-sbpw C-\-n-sbpw apw hne-I
Ips\ Dbn-sm-p-amWv dne-bkv AXns ^n\mkv
km{amPyw sIn-sm-n-bn-p--Xv. Cy `y-[m\y tIm-tdjs tKmUu-Wp-I-f-S-w- ]mns\-Sp-p-sImpw 25000 tImSn
cq]-tbmfw `y-[m-\y-ns Dul---h-S-n-\mbn amn-sh-p14

sIm-p-am-Wv Cu Cy ZmIpI BtKmf dos-bn `oam-cp-ambn _m-h-n-\n-d-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. AXm-bXv ataml

km-cns Hm-i-sbmsS Cy-bpsS `y[m-\y-cw-Ks
Ghpw henb NqXmm-c-\mb Cu Zm IpI 49% aqe-[\w
apS-m Xmdp Cy ]m-fnsb _lp-cmjv{S dos-bn
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`y-[m-\y ]e-N-cp I-h-S -cw-Ks tImSn--W-n\p hcp -Nn-d I-h-S-m A{]-Xy--cm-Ip--tXm-sSmw {]Xn-Zn\w
20 cq]-bn Xmsg -am{Xw hcp-am-\-aphscv Bkq-{XWIo-j\nse hnZ-Kv[ hne-bn-cp-nb cmPy-s 83 tImSn a\p-jy
sImSnb `y ma-n-\mIpw hnt[-b-cm-Ip-I.
Xocp-am-\-n-\p- ]n-nse ASn-b-nc Imc-W-
Cy-bpsS Nn-d- hym-]m-c-ta-Je C{]-Imcw hntZi DulIp-I
- I
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Ipd--hn-ev km[-\- e-`y-am-p-sapw apw Ht-sd Im-cy atam-lknpw Iqcpw aptm-p-h-n-p-v. cmPys ]c-cm-KX I-h-S-msc Hcp-X-c-nepw Cu \S-]Sn _m[n-p-I-bnspw sXmgn-e-h-k-c- IqSp-sa-p-ap hmZ-K-Xn-bpw k-m
cn-\p-v. hmamp-t]mep BtKmf `oa-m-cp-ambn kwbp
kwcw-`-n-tes-Sm Dp-t\m-n-bn-cn-p Cy-bnse Zm
kwL-S-\-I-sfmw tIms^U-td-j- Hm^v Cy CUkv{Sn, ^nn, Atkm-w, CtUm Ata-cn- _nkn-\kv
Iukn, Cybnse Ata-cn- tN_ Hm^v sImta-gvkv,
15

dos-bn Atkm-kntbj Hm^v Cym, _lp-{_m v I-h-Snepw kqam-p-I-fnepw tI{o-I-cn-n-p 44 kwL-S-\-IfpsS tImUn-t\-j-\mb tjmn-v sk-tgvkv Atkm-kn-tb-j
Hm^v Cy Fn-h atam-l km-cn-s\mw \ne-bp-d-n-ncn-p-I-bm-Wv. Fm cmPys 95% dos-bn hym-]m-cn-Ifpw
Cu cmPy-t{Zml \o-n-s\-Xn-cm-Wv. bYm-n hntZ-i-aq-e[\ \nt-]-n-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn atam-lkm ]d-bp ImcW- P\-sf I_-fn-n-m am{X-ap-t-in-pXmWv. GXm\pw
hj--fmbn Xo{h-am-bn-sm-n-cn-p temI km-nI {]Xnk-n-bp-tSbpw AXns `mK-ambn km{am-Py-Xz -cm-Py--fn-e-Sw
D]-t`mr hn]Wn A`q-X-]q-ambn Np-cp-n-bXpw atam-l
km- c n- s - t a ISp k- t as- S p- m BtKmf
^n\mkv Ip-I-Isf \n_-n-X-am-n-b-XmWv Ctm-gs
Xocp-am-\-n\p ]nnse ASn-b-c-Im-c-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v,
Ign Hcp hjn-\p-n temIs iX-tIm-So-iz-c-m-cpsS
Fw 749 \npw 1011- Bbpw Ah-cpsS BkvXn-I 2.4 {Sney
tUmf-dn\npw 3.6 {Sney tUmf (-H-cp- hj-n-\p-n 50%
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Npcp-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. kqam-p-Ifpw amfp-I-fp-a-Sw
kwL-SnX BtKmf dos-bn hn]Wn I-S-n-bn-p hmamns\-tm-ep _lp-cmjv{S Ip-II hfp-sIm-n-cn-p
Cy D]-t`mK hn]Wn ey-an-n-cn-p-Xv C{]-Imcw temI-hn]Wn amys A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p ]m--e-nem-Wv.
Cu k`-n FSp-p-]-d-tb Nne Imcy--fp-v.
AXn-te-hpw {][m-\-s--Xv -A-ta-cn- skk-kv _yqtdm
Cysb kw_-np ]pd-p-hn- Nne IW-p-I-fm-Wv. AXp
{]Imcw 2020 BIp-tm Cy-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 53% hpw
bphm--fm-bn-cn-p-sa--Xm-Wv I-W-v. Ata-cn-, bqtdm-]y bqWn-b, ssN\ XpS-nb km{am-PyXz cmPy-sf At]-nv
hfsc henb A\p-]m-X-am-Wn-Xv. \h-D-Zm-co-I-c-W-hm-Zn-I-fpsS hne16

bn-cp- {]Imcw Cy-bpsS Cu P\-kwJym khn-ti-jX kwLSnX dos-bnhym-]m-c-ns Nme-I-i-n-bm-bn-cn-pw. ap-cm-Pysf At]-nv kwL-SnX Nn-d-hym-]mcw Ipd Af-hn
am{X-ap Ctm-gs Ah hp t\mp-tm Cy BtKmf
dos-bn `oa-msc kw_-n-n-S-tmfw hm Hcp t{kmXkm-bn-cn-p-sa-- Im-cy-n Ahp kwi-b-an-. BtKm-f-Itmf- km-[yX-Isf kw_-np ]T\w \S-p F n IoWnsb amt\Pvsa v Ikkn m]\w temIs 30
cmPyfn do-s-bn I-h-S-n\v Ghpw km[y-X-bp cmas cmPy-am-bmWv Cysb hne-bn-cp-n-bn-p-X
- v. AXns IWp-{]-Imcw Ctm 500- _n-ey tUmf hnp-h-c-hp Cy
dos-bn hn]Wn 2013 833- _n-ey tUmfdpw 2018 1.3 {Sney
(1 {Sn-ey =1000- _n-ey- A-Yhm Hcp-e-w- tIm-Sn)-tUm-f-dmbpw
hf-cp--Xm-Wv. hnime P\-hn-`m-K- ]m-co-I-c-W-n\pw hn\mi-n\pw hnt[-ba
- m-Ip-sa-nepw hn]-Wn-bpsS hnIm-k
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km{am-PyXz aqe-[-\-n\p Zm ]Wn sNp-Xv {]Ya
D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ambn Icp-Xp Cy `c-W-Iq-Ss kzm[o-\nv
dos-bn hym]m-c-cw-Kv {]th-i\w t\Sn-sb-Sp-m hmamv,
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t\Xr-Xz-sbpw DX _yqtdm-{I-p-I-sfbpw hcp-Xn-bn-emn
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17

Pnlz-sb--dn-b-s-Sp \yqtbmv ssSwkv Xs-bmWv CubnsS

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- a temI-hym-]m-ckwLS\-bpsS D]m-[n-smw {]mtZinI I-\n-I-fp-am-bp-m-p
kwbp kwcw-`--fn-eqsS Cy-bnse Fm kwm-\--fnepw
btYjvSw X-fpsS {_mp-I-sf-n-m hmamp-t]m-ep
dos-bn `oa-mp Ign-bpw. cmPys tImS-Xn-Ifpw \nba
\nmW k`-I-fp-samw Cm-cy-n t\mp-Ip-n-I am{Xam-bn-cn-pw. Nn-d-hym-]mc cwK- hntZi \nt]w \S-]-Sn-{I-a ]men- sImp-h--sXp Nqn-mn CubnsS kp{]owtIm-S-Xn-bn kan--s l-Pn-bn tImS-Xn-bpsS \nlmbm- h \ I- X m- W v . B \n- e bv v hntZi \nt- ] n\npw X-fpsS Nn-d-hym-]m-c-cwKw kwc-np \nm
18

kwm\ Kh-p-Iv kzmX-{y-ap-sv Ign-- Zn-hkw

atam-l kmcpw tIm-tdv sNcp-p-\-n-Ifpw \S-nb
{]kvXm-h\ ip Im]-Sy-a-msX asm-p-a-.
hnj-b-tm-sS-Sp-t kao-]\w
km{am-PyXz ^n\mkv aqe-[-\s kw_-n-n-S-tmfw
Nn-dh
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- w-Ks hntZ-i\
- n-t]w \h-DZ- m-co-Ic
- W
-
- ns Hgnhm-m-\m-hm Hcp LS-I-am-sWpw CX-c-ta-J-e-I-fnse hntZi
aqe-[\ \nt-]-hp-ambn At`-Zy-ambn AXp _-s-n-cn-p-pshpw Xncn--dn-tb--Xp-v. Bb-Xn-\m km-nI DZm-co-I-cWs AwKo-Ic
- n-p-sImv Nnd hym]m-cc
- w-Ks hntZi \nt]s FXnp-p-shp ]d-bp--Xn s]mcp--t-Sp-sv
Nqn-m-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. cmw temI-bp-m-\
- c
- a
- p ]p
sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw AYhm ]p A[n-\n-th-i-n-sbpw
^n\mkv aqe-[\
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AXns h-am\ cq]-amb \hDZm-co-I-c-W-n-sbpw ASn-m\-ambn hn-p--Xv h-am-\-am-bn-sm-n-cn-p {]Xy
hntZi aqe-[\ (F D I) \nt-]-n-eqsS ]p A[n-\n-th-in\p Iogvs cmPy--fpsS ImjnI hymh-km-bnI tkh-\-taJ-e-I-fn-te-p _lp-cm-jv{S-p--I-I-fpsS IS-p-I-b--am-Wv.
Dev]m-Z\ taJ-e-Isf At]-nv s]sp em`w- sIm-m-hp
Dul-ta-Je
- I
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-
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kz`m-hhpw temI kZv LS-\-bnse {]h-W-X-Ifpw hy-am-Ip-Xv temI-k--ZvL-S-\-bpsS 70 iX-am-\-tmfpw Dsm-p
dos-bn hym]m-c-a-Sw Ds-Sp tkh-\-ta-J-e-bn-emWv _lpcm-jv{S- Ip--I-I ]nSn-ap-dp-n-bn-cn-p--sX-mWv. ]Ip-Xn-bn-e[nIw P\- \nXy-hr-n-mbn Imjn-I-ta-J-esb B{i-bn-pIbpw {]Xn-ioj-h-cp-am\w hfsc Xmgvp \nevp-Ibpw sNp, alm-`q-cn-]w Zcn-{Z A[n-h-kn-p Hcp ]ntm cmPyamWv Cy-sb-nepw Ign GXm\pw hfmbn in-s
BtKm-fo-I-c-W-n-eqsS temI k-ZvL-S-\-bp-ambn DZv{KYn--sp-sIm-n-cn-p Chn-sSbpw tZiob hcp-am-\-ns 60 iX-am19

\hpw tkh-\-ta-J-e-I-fn\npw Dcp-n-cn-bp--XmWv h-am\-n-Xn. Xo-bmbpw km{amPy tI{-Xs Xn-s-Sp-nbn-p--Xp-t]mse ASp 5 hjw-sImv Hcp {Sney tUmf-dn-e[nIw hnp-h-c-hp-m-Im t]mIp dos-bn hym-]mcw Cu tkh\-ta-J-e-bnse Ghpw {][m-\-s LS-I-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-mWv
[\-Imcyw, Hmlcn hn]Wn, Cjz-dkv, s]j ^v, Sqdnkw, dnb-F-tv, hnZym-`ymkw XpS-n-b-h-bn-se--Xp-t]mse
Cy-bpsS dos-bn hym]m-chpw \nt-]-ta-J-e-I tXSn ]cw-]m-bp _lp-cmjv{S Ip-II
- v Ghpw BIj-Ia
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Imc-Ww.
Cy-bnse P\-tIm-Sn-I-fpsS \ne-\nev]pw AXn-Po-h-\hpw
Akm-[y-am-pw-hn-[w -C-{]-Imcw ap-ta-J-e-Ismw Nn-d-hym]m-c-ta-J-ebpw atam-lkm hntZi aqe-[-\-n\v ASn-bd-h-bvp-tm bp ]n F `c-W-hr--n-\p-n t]mepw AXp
hn-ep-m-n-bn-p-v. atam-lkn-ns "\nt] kulrZ
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kn ]n sF (Fw) \bnp- -C-SXp ap-Wn-p-samw XrW-aq
tIm{K-kv t]m-ep- bp ]n F LSI In-Ifpw cwKp hpI-gn-p. Fm kn ]n sF(-Fw) DssS Chmpw \hD-Zm-co-I-c-W-tm-Sv au-en-I-amb hntbm-Pn-n-spw \ap--dn-bmw.
Ch Fhn-sS-sbm-s Ftm-sgms A[n-Im-c-n Ccp-nptm Atm-sgms Af-hn hyXym-k-ap-m-Im-sa-nepw CtX
\b-X-s-bmWv \S-m-n-bXpw \S-m-n-sm-n-cn-p-X
- pw.
Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-p ASn-m\ t{kmX-kp-I hntZi dos-bn
`oa-mv ASn-bd
- h
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- n-s\-Xn-sc-bp P\-Io-b- tcmjw sXcs-Spp ka-bv Xs-Xn-sc- IqSn Xncn-bptam F `bamWv Ctm C{]-Im-c-samcp \ne-]m-sS-Sp-p--Xn\v Chsc \n_n-X-cm-n-bn-p--Xv. hmkvX-h-n Nn-d-hym-]m-c-cw-Ks
hntZi \nt]w _lp-cm-jv{S-Ip--I-I-fpsS cmPy-t-p ISp-Ib
-
-
- n\v hmXn aes-Xp-d
- n-Sp \h-DZ- m-co-Ic
- W
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_-s-X
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_-s-p-bp-h-cp-- P-\-Io-b-tcm-jw- X--fpsS thmp-_m-p20

e-y-p-]t- bm-Ks
- Sp-p-Is
- b-- XmevmenI AP-b
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Ah-cp-tS-Xv.
Cm-cy--fn-semw kn ]n sF (-Fw) AS--ap- -{]-Xn-]-]mnI Ah-KW
- n-p-Xv Cy `cW-Iq-S
- ns ASn-m\-kz-`mhw Xs-bm-Wv.- B-tKmf ^n\mkv aqe-[-\-ns ISp-I-b--n\npw cmPy-tbpw P\--tfbpw kwc-n-m
`c-W-L-S-\m-]-ctam \nb-a-]-ctam Bbn Cs Ah--bn
Cy `c-W-Iq-S-n\p Ign-bn-s ASn-m-\-{]-iv\w- X-sbmWv Ctm Nnd hym]m-c-ta-J-e-bnse hntZ-i-\n-t-]-hp-ambn
_-spw Dbp-h-n-p--Xv. hntZ-i-aq-e-[-\-n-\p- Zm-ky-thes
- Np Cy-sb-tm-ep cmPy-f
- nse Zm `c-WI
- q-S
- sf
]p A[n-\n-thi m]-\--fmb temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\tbbpw apw D]-tbm-Knv H_ma `c-W-Iq-S-hpw- apw IqSp-X hcpXn-bn-em-p--Xns {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv Nn--d-hym-]m-c-ta-J-e-bnse
hntZ-i\
- n-t-]
- n\v A\p-Iq-ea
- mb Ctm-gs Xocp-am-\w. AtXk-ab
- w, kzw cmPy-f
- nse dos-bn hym]m-chpw Irjnbpw B`y-c-hy-h-km-b-fpw "Cc-]n-Sn-b aqe-[\' ns IS-m-{I-a-W-fn\npw kwc-n-p-\nm I-i-amb \nb-a-fpw
m]-\-]-c-amb kwhn-[m-\--fp-amWv km{am-PyXz `c-WIq-S-
Bhn-jv-cn-n-p--Xv. app kqNn-n--Xp-t]mse hntZ-i-Ip--Ia--c-n\npw Ij-I-tcbpw sNdp-InS kwcw-`-Itcbpw kwcn-m k_vkn-Un-Ifpw {Inan-\ \S-]-Sn-{I-a--fpsS `mK-amb
Bn-Uw-]n-v (anti-dumping)\n-b-a-fpw Ata-cn--bnepw bqtdmnepw \ne-hn-ep-v. 1500- _n-ey tUmf-dns {]Xn-hj hnp-h-chp dos-bnta-J-esb kwc-n-m asmcp km{am-PyXz
cmPyamb Pm "hInS tmdp-I-sf-kw-_-n \nbaw' Ft]-cn dos-bn Ip-I-Isf \nb-{n-p--Xn\v 1973 apX
Xti `c-W-m-]-\-v hn]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c--fmWv \Inbn-cn-p--Xv. Nn-d-hym-]m-c-cw-Ks Ata-cn- `oa-m Pm-\ntep IS-p-I-b-dm sImp-]n-Sn {iaw \S-nb 2007 Pm\okv k-ZvL-S-\-bpsS kpc-n-X-Xzs ap\nn aqp ap\nkn- \nb-a- \K-cm-kq-{XW \nb-aw, hInS dos-bn
21

tI{-\n-b-aw, \K-c-tI-{-]p-\-cp-o-h\ \nb-aw km ]mkmp-I-bp-m-bn. km-n-I- cw-K-s Cu X- CubnsS

Pm\pw Ata-cn-bpw Xn-ep- A
-
- km-{am-Py-Xz-ssh-cp-y-
aqn-p--Xn\p Imc-W-am-bn-p-v.
AXp-a-s-n, BtKmf hn]-Wn-bnse kzw km{am-PyXz
Xmev]-cy- kwc-n-m Ata-cn--b-S--ap CXc km{amPyXz in-If
- p-ambn a-c
- n-tes-n-cn-p- s
- sN-\b
- p-sS-Imcyw
Xs-sb-Sp-p-I. Nn-d-hym-]m-c-cw-K-s- hn-tZi \nt-]-ns
Cy-bn-se -h-m- Ah-cpsS hmZ-K-Xnp km[q-I-c-W-ambn
Nqn-m-p-Xv Cm-cy-n-ep ssN\-bpsS A\p-`-h-am-Wv. Ipd-]w cp-Im-cy- CXp-ambn _-sv Nqn-m-t-Xp-v.- G-hpw {][m-\-s-Xv Cy-bn-setbm ]qt-jy-bn-setbm
emn-\-ta-cn--bn-setbm Zm `c-W-Iq-S--fn\np hyXykvXambn Hcp km{am-PyXz cmPy-sa--\n-e-bn kzw aqe-[-\-Xmev]c
- y- kwc-n-p-X
- n\pw hntZi aqe-[\
- s ^e-{]-Za
- mbn
\nb-{n-p--Xn-\pw \nc-h[n A{]-Xn-tcm[y "AZriy IS--I'
ssN-\-bn-epv F-Xm-Wv. Xn-anw Ing-t-jy-bnse ap-cmPy--fpsS A\p-`-h--fn\np hyXy-kvXambn cp- Z-im-_vZm-e-ambn hmampw Imcn-t^mdpw ssN\-bn {]hn-npw
Cu Znh-kw-hsc Hcp Ip-Im-[n-]X
- yhpw Gs-Sp-m Ahp
Ign-n-n-. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen Ghpw
Ipd {]tZ-i-sa \ne-bn km[\ hne-I Ghpw Ipd-hp
ssN\-bnse X-fpsS 350 tmdp-I D]-tbm-Knv BtKmf dosbn irwJ-e-m-h-iy-amb 50 iX-am-\-n-e-[nIw Dev]-
hmamp- ta-[m-hn-I ssN\-bn\npw kw`-cn-p-p-s-nepw
ssN\- b psS dos- b n hn]- W n- b psS tIhew 5% am{Xta
hmamn\v Ah-Im-is
- -X
- m-bp-
- p. t\tc-ad
- nv s_bven-b {Kqpt]m-ep ssN\okv Ip-I-I-\nIfmWv Ahn-Sps hInS
dos-bn irwJ-e-I \nb-{n-p--Xv. cm-a-Xv, ssN\-bn\np-X-s-bp tIm-tdv dos-bn `oa-m dos-bn ta-J-ebn Ip-I-h-c-Whpw kwL-Sn-X-h-c-Whpw \S-m-nsm-n-cn-p apdbvv \nXy-hrn Cm-Xm-Ip Zi-e--22

W-n\v ssN\m-m \K-c--fn-tev ]em-b-\w-sN-bvXp-sIm-ncn-p-p-shpw Nn-d-hym-]m-c-cw-Ks tIm-td-p-h-c-Wns Fm \ntj-[m-I {]h-W-X-Ifpw ssN\-bn {]I-S-amsWpw a\-kn-em-t-X
- p-v. hkvXpX CXm-bn-cn-s, ssN\bpw
Cybpw hn`n---fmb cp cmjv{Sob hyh--I-fm-sWp
hy-am-W-tm. ssN\okv apX-em-fn Xmev]-cy- ^e-{]-Zambn kwc-n-p Ahn-Sps `c-WI
- qS Ip-Ia
- p-Xe
- m-fn-hpw
km{am-PyXz aqe-[-\-ns PqWn-b ]m-fn-Ifpw tZiob Xmev]cy- kwc-n-m Ign-hn-m Cy-bnse Zm`-c-Whpw
Xn-ep Acw Xncn--dn-bp--hv hmamns ssN\-bnse
{]h-\- t]mse-bm-hn-- C-y-bn-te-sXv a\-kn-em-m
_pn-ap-p-m-hp-I-bn-. Ata-cn- `c-W-IqSw hW-m]-d-bptm apn-en-g-bp atam-lknv `cn-p Cy-bn-te-p
hmamp IS-p-h-cp-tm ChnsS Bhn-p-Xv ssN\okv
A\p-`-h--fm-bn-cn-p-I-bn-. adnv, CtXm-SIw I-Xp-t]mse
Gjy cmPy--fn-epw- em-ddn-\-ta-cn--bnepw Dm-b-tX-m `oZnX-amb Hcp kmaqly Zpc-a
- m-bn-cn-pw. Nn-dh
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]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Zi-e
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P\--sfbpw sXmgn-en-S--fn\n-p-Xs ]dn-s-dn-bp-Ibpw
sNpw. \K-c-h-cWw i-am-Ip-Ibpw dnb Ftv Dulta-J-e-I Xg-p-h-f-cp-Ibpw Ah-bpsS kuI-cymw tImtdv
Ip-II
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sdbn thyma kwhn-[m-\-fpw ]m-e kuI-cy--fpsamw ]p\x{Iao-Ic
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B`y-c hyh-km-bn-Ifpw dos-bn I-h-S-`o-a-mv Ah
\Ip hne-bvv Dev]-- Fn-p-sIm-Sp-p Icm]-Wnm-cmbn A[x]Xn-p nXn-bn-se-pw. Fmn-\p-ap-]cn
23

Ponp D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-n P\-sf Xf-n-Sp

{]{Inb DuPn-X-am-Ip-I-bpw -sN-pw. Bb-Xn-\m Fp hne-sImSppw sNdp-p-tXm-ev]n-t \h-D-Zm-co-I-c-W- I-S-m-{I-a-WamWv Nn-dh
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tIc-f-ns nXn IqSp-X Kpcp-Xcw
Nn-dh
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hnti-jn-n--s-Sp-I-bpw-sN-p tIc-f-nse Ghpw A[nIw
BfpI D]-Poh-\w -I-gn-p-Xv Nn-d-hym-]mc cwKw- sIm-mWv. Ign GXm\pw hj--fmbn \h-D-Zm-co-I-c-W-ns
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I-h-S-mcpw Ahsc t\cn-m-{i-bn-p 50 e-tmfw BfpIfpw Cu cwKw- sIm-mWv Pohn-p--Xv. AtXm-sSmw Nn-dhym-]m-c-ta-J-e-bn-tev Dev]-- {]Zm-\w-sN-p--hcpw Nc-pI-S-p-ambn _-s--h-cp-sa-mw IqSn-t-cp-tm tIc-f-nse
aqn-semp P\- Nn-d-hym-]m-c-hp-ambn sI-sp Pohn-p-h-cm-sWp ImWmw. Dp-sXmp Iq-cw-hsc Fm Dev]--fp-sSbpw cwKv hntZi tIm-tdp Ip-I-Isf Ib-dq-cn-hnSp-Ibpw tIm-tdv hn]-W-\-irw-J-e-bpsS Ipcpp apdp-Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXm tIc-f-ns cmjv{Sob km-nI kmwkvm-cnI
a-e--fn AXp krjvSn-m-hp {]Xym-Lm-X- {]h-N-\mXo-X-am-sWv {]tXyIw ]d-tb--Xn-.
tIc-f-nse Nn-d-hym-]m-c-cw-Kv hntZ-i-\n-t]w A\ph-Zn-p-I-bn-s DNm-n-bpsS {]kvXm-h-\-tbmsS Fmw `{Zam-sWv Bsc-nepw Icp-Xp-p-s-n AXv Imcy--fpsS ASn24

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{]hn-p-pthm AtX emL-h-tmsS hmamn\pw Imcnt^m-dn\pw sSkvtImbvpw apw IS-p-hc
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XS-k-am-bn- \n-evp kwm-\s cmjv{Sob _yqtdm-{I-nIv
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tmdp-If
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Fn-m-\p Fm km[y-X-Ifpw hntZi dos-bn `oa-mp
apn Ctm Xpd-n-cn-p-Ib
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cmjv{So-b-hy--X-tbm-sS- sN-dp-p-\n-evn\p Xm-dm-hpI
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IS-p-h-cp hntZi ape-[-\-n\p ]cn[n Gs-Sp-m-satm
AXp-a-s-n `mKnI \nb-{-W-am-Im-satm D- hmZw \ncI-am-Wv. C-gn Znh-ks kp{]ow- tIm-SXn hn[n hy-am25

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- p-t]mse, BtKm-fo-Ic
- W AP-pw temI-hym-]mc kwLS-\-bpsS Xoq-c-pw hnt[-b-ambn hn[n-{]-kvXm-h- \S-p-Xn-\-pdw Am-cmjv{S \nb-a- cmPy-Xm-ev]-cy-n\v DX-Iptam-sb Hcp ]cn-tim--- [-\bpw \S-p-n. dos-bn cwKv hntZi-aq-e-[\w ]q-ambpw \ntcm-[n-p-Ibpw Cu cwKs _lpcmjv{S Ip-I-Isf Nhn-n-p-d-m-p-Ibpw sNpI F-XmWv
icn-bmb ap{Zm-hm-Iyw. hntZi Ip-I-Isf am{X-a-, Ah-tcm-sSmn-\nv P\-sf sIm-sN-bvXp-hopw XSn-p-sIm-gp-m Ahkcw ]mn-cn-p- dne-bkv t]m-ep Zm Ip-II
- s
- fbpw
B cwK-p-\np \njvm-k-\w-sN-p-Ibpw hym]m-c-cw-Kv P\Iob Xmev ] - c y- Dd- m- p \nb- { W kwhn- [ m- \ -
sImp-h-cn-I-bpw- th-W-sa-mWv kn ]n sF (Fw F)s \ne]m-Sv. ASn-b-n-c-ambn thXv dos-bn cwK-p-\npw tImtdv Xmev]-cy-sf AIn \npw- hn-[-n A[n-I-mc-
Xti `c-W
m-]\
-
- p \In-sm-p \b-Xo-cp-am-\
-
Dm-Ip-I-sb--XmW.v hnj-b-ns Kuchw IW-n-se-Sppw
Cy-bnse Hmtcm kwm-\nsbpw {]tZ-i-nsbpw X\Xp k
- h
- n-ti-jX
- I
- ]cn-KW
- npw atam-lkm-cns Cu tZihn-cp-- \o--n-s\-Xnsc P\--fpsS tZi-hym-]I aptw
hfnsmp-h-tc-Xv AXy-m-t]-n-X-am-Wv. cmPys
kam\a\-kvIc
- mb apgp-h hn`m-K
- f
- p-ambpw sFIy-sv Cu ISa
Gs-Sp-m ]ptcm-K-a\ P\m-[n-]Xy in-I aptm-p-h-c-Ww.Xo-bmbpw km{am-Py-Xz- tIm-tdv aqe-[-\-Xm-ev]-cymw apIfn\npw ASn-t-ev]n-n-p-- C-s \h-D-Zm-co-I-cW \bs-Xnsc P\-Iob Xmev]-cy- kwc-n-p Hcp P\m[n- ] Xy hnI- k \ ]cn- t {]yw hfn- s m- p- h - c n- I - s b
cmjv{Sob IS-a-bp-ambn _-s--Xp-X-s-bmWv hnj-bw.

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