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CocpH51, Tbi1 1<aTO BCI-141<11 no-3Ha4HTenHH Cb611TH51 11 npoM-tHI1 c;r,. Hanaran11 CB051 OTneYaTbl<b Ha
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norne,!l,b TBbp,!l,-t Heyrne,!l,Ha H nHweHa OTb 1<a1<BHTO 11 ,!l,a 611no xy,!l,O<eCTBeHI1 6oraTCTBa, TSI BeYe no
CB051Ta cpOpMa Ce 51B51Ba l<aTO e,!l,HHb 113BbHpe,!l,HO HHTepeCeHb ,!l,OI<yMeHTb 3a pa3BI1THeTO Ha CTapO-
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rysaHHI! no 6bnrapHS1, npi>B. flprHpOBb, nnOBllHBb 1899,
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Bl-13aHTI-1HCI<I-1 Xapa!<Tepb 1-1 Ce OTnl-14aBa p'E31<0 OTb BCI-141<1-1 Apyrl-1 LI,bpi<BI-1 y HaCb, C041-1 51BHO Ha
eAI-1Hb nep1-10Ab, I<OraTO Bl-13aHTI-1HCI<I-151Tb CTI-1nb He e OWe nony4Hnb OHOBa l-131<ni041-1TenHO rocnOACTBO Bb
LI,bp!<OBHaTa apX1-1Tei<TYPa Ha 6anKaHCI<I-151 nonyoCTpOBb, I<OeTO nO-KbCHO e 3aAyWI-1nO BCI-141<1-1 Apyrl-1
CaMOCTOHHI-1 np051BI-1 1-1 e HanO>I<I-1nO CB051 OTne4aTbl<b AOpl-1 1-1 Ha noCTpOHI<I-1Ti; OTb HaH-HOBO Bp'EMe.
f\1<0 Bbo6we Cs. Cocjm51 Aa np'EACTaB51We caMo eAHa sapHaLI,I-151 Ha I-13B'ECTHI-1T'E Be4e y HaCb 1-1 Bb
CbC'EAHI-1T'E CTpaHI-1 LI,bpi<OBHI-1 Tl-1nOBe, TO HeHHOTO Hay4HO 3Ha4eH!-1e 61-1 61-1n0 TBbpAi; ManKO. 8b
CJKW,HOCTb o6a4e Hl-1e HMaMe TYI<b pa6oTa Cb eAHa opHrHHanHa noCTpOHKa, 41-11-1TO oco6HOCTI-1 He
MOraTb Aa Ce 0651CH51Tb Bb3b OCHOBa CaMO Ha M'ECTHI-1T'E naMeTHI-1LI,I-1. 3a .ga HaM'Ep1-1Mb TOBa 0651CHeHI-1e,
Hl-1e w.e Tp'E6sa Aa oTnpaBI-1Mb HaWI-151 norneAb l<bMb no-Aane4HI-1 CTpaHI-1 1-1 Aa npocn'EAI-1Mb rnaBHO
CTapoxp1-1CTI-151HCKaTa LI,bpKOBHa apxHTeKTypa Bb Mana-f\31-151, K051TO e HMana TaKOBa pi;wasaw.e 3Ha-
4eHHe 3a o6pa3ysaHeTo Ha Bl-13aHTI-1HCI<I-151 CTHnb. Bbo6w.e Cs. Cocjm51, no CB051Ta apx!-1Tei<TOHCI<a ..(
cpOpMa, ce 51B51Ba l<aTO eAHa noCTpOHKa, Bb 1<051TO ce KpbCTOCBaTb pa3ni-14HI-1 Bni-151HI-151, 1<051TO np'EA-
CTaB51 H'ElllO np'EXOAHO, H Tbi<MO Bb TOBa ce 3aKnl04aBa HeHHOTO ron'EMO apXHTeKTypHO-HCTOpH4eCKO
3Ha4eHHe.
[AHa TaKaBa 3Ha4HTenHa noCTpOHI<a He e MOrna Aa He np1-1BnH4a BHI-1MaH!-1eTO Ha BCI-141<1-1,
KOI-1TO CJK ce HHTepecysanH 3a CTapHT'E naMeTHI-1LI,H. Ow.e nJKTeweCTBeHHLI,HT'E OTb XVI AO XVIII s'EKb,
4HHTO n.li'\Tb e BOA'Enb np'E3b CocpH51, He nponyw.aTb n04TH HHKora Bb CBOHT'E 3anHCKH Aa Ka>l<aTb
no H'EKonKo AYMI-1 1-1 3a Cs. Cocpl-151, KaTo 3a eAHa OTb rnaBHHT'E 3a6-En'E>I<I-1TenHocTH Ha rpaAa, MaKapb
4e ManLI,I-1Ha OTb T'EXb HH AaBaTb no-nOAp06HI-1 CB'EA'EHI-151 3a TOraBaWHOTO CbCT051HI-1e Ha LI,bpKBaTa.
1
)
CJKwo H Bb no-HoBaTa Hay4Ha nHTepaTypa Cs. CocpH51, MaKapb 1-1 MHMOXOAOMb, 4eCTO e CTaBana
np'EAMeTb Ha pa3HCI<BaHe, l<aTO npH TOBa rnaBHH51Tb BbnpOCb ce e BbpT'Enb He TOni<03b Ol<OnO HeH-
HaTa cpopMa KaTo noCTpOHKa, KOni<OTO 01<ono HeHHaTa AaTa.
2
) Ensa Bb HaH-HOBO sp'EMe, cn'EAb KaTo
CTaHaxa nocn'EAHHT'E ron'EMH pa3KOnKH Bb LI,bpKBaTa np'E3b 1910 1-1 1911 roA., ce no51BI-1 1-1 eAHa no-
o6wHpHa cneLI,HanHa CTYAI-151, nocseTeHa I-13Knt041-1TenHo Ha Cs. Cocp!-151.a)
8bnp'E1<H C.li'\llleCTByBaHeTO Ha T03H Hay4eHb HHTepeCb, LI,bpKBaTa cn'EAb OCB060>I<AeHHeTO e
6Hna Abnro sp'EMe np'EHe6p'ErHaTa 1-1 oCTaBeHa Ha np01-13BOna Ha C.li'\A6aTa. 0THa4ano T51 e cny>1<1-1na
l<aTO CKnaAb Ha ra3a 3a rpaACI<OTO OCB'ETneHHe 1-1 3a pa3HI-1 Apyrl-1 HenoTp'E6HI-1 MaTepHanH; nO-I<bCHO
HeHHI-151Tb Kynonb 61; H3nOJl3yBaHb KaTO Ha6ntOAaTeneHb nyHKTb 3a nO>I<apHaTa I<OMaHAa, 3a 1<051TO
1
) 3a erapHTt n;v;reweerseHHUH H TtxHHTt esi;ni;-
HHSI 3a UbpKBara rn. no-noni; Bb VI rnasa.
2) B. r pH r 0 p 0 8 H 'l b, QyepKb nyreweerBiSl no
EsponeiieKOH TypuiH, 2-po H3n. MoeKBa 1877, erp. 135;
F. Kanitz, Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan , 2-po H3n.
Leipzig 1882, II erp. 211 en.; K. J ire c e k, Die Heerstrasse
von Belgrad naeh Constantinopel und die Balkanpasse,
Prag 1877, erp. 91; f\rehaeologisehe Fragmente aus Bulga-
rien (Bb f\reh.-epigraph. Mitteil. aus Oesterreieh-Ungarn X
1886) erp. 47 en.; Cesty po Bulharsku, Praha 1888, erp.
7-9 H, MHoro no-nonpo6Ho, Bb 6bnrapeKHSl npi;sonb Ha
Ta3H KHHra OTb Cr. f\prHpOBb, n;v;rysaHHSl no EbnrapHSl,
nnosnHBb1899,erp. 12-15; Ep. WKopnHnOBH, Cpi;n-
Hesi;KOBHH YepKBH H rpo6Hwa Bb CocpHSl (sb C6opH. 3a
Hap. yMors. II 1890) erp. 47; B . .Oo6pyeKH, MarepHanH
no apxeonorHSITa Ha EbnrapHSl (Bb C6opH. 3a Hap. yMOTB.
XIII 1896) crp. 435-440 ; Laurent, Bb Bull . de eorresp.
heffenique XXII , 1898, erp. :61 ; M. C n epa He K iii, f\p-
xeonoriSl y IO<HblXb enaBSIHb (sb f\pxeonorH'leeKiSl H3si;e-
riSI H 3aMi;TKH MoeKoseK. apxeon. o6weersa Vl1898) erp. 53;
f\. Top H boB b, .Opi;sHexpHeTHSIHeKiH xpaMb Cs. CocpHS!
(Bb CnHe. Ha HH<eHepHo-apxHT. npy<. VI 1901) erp. 128-
131; J. Strzygowski, Die ehristliehe Kunst in einigen
Museen des Balkan (sb Oesterreiehisehe Rundsehau III
1905) erp. 164; E. CnpoerpaHOBb, Et,n-B>HKH H npH-
nHeKH no eocjJHiieKHTt YepKBH (Bb C6opH. 3a Hap. yMors.
XXII--XXIII 1905/7) erp. 29; e. w M H T b, HOBblSl BioS! HiS! Bb
apxeonorH'leeKOH HayKio Ha EanKaHeKOMb nonyoerposio
(Bb >KypH. MHHHer. Hap. npoesi;w. XXXIV 1911 orni;nb IV)
crp. 20-26; B. F i I ow, Bb Jahrbueh des deutsehen ar-
ehaeol. InstiL XXVI, 1911, flnzeiger erp. 358-352; l-'13sioerHSl
Ha 5bnr. apxeon. npy<. I, 1910, crp. 220 H II, 1911, erp. 259
en.- J.13K'l3aHHTt Bb noBe'leTO OTb Tt3H eT3THH MH-BHHSI
e;v; pa3rnenaHH KpHTH'leeKH 0Tb f\ . n p 0 T H 'l b Bb UHTH-
paHaTa Bb en-BnHSITa 3a6i;ni;<Ka KHHra, erp. 15-50. He
e;v; 6HnH H3B-BCTHH Ha nporHYa eaMo erarHHTt Ha Hpe-
YeKa (f\rehaeologisehe Fragmente), Ha CnepaHeKiH H Ha
CnpocrpaHosa.
:1) f\ . n p 0 T H 'l b, f\pXHTeKTOHH'leeKaTa cpOpMa Ha
eocpHHeKaTa UbpKBa Cs. CocpHSI (MarepHanH 3a HCTOpHS!Ta
Ha Cocp11SI, H3n. Co. apxeon. npy<., KHHra II), CocpHSI
1912, 126 erp. eb 30 o6pa3a.
!
!
i
I
-
....
4
3ana3saHero Ha Cs.
u.i>nb Bbpxy Hero e 6Y!na Yl3,o,YirHaTa ,o,bpBeHa np-E,o,YI 15-20 ro,o,YIHYI ce rosop-Ewe ow,e ce-
pY103HO 3a Cb6ap51HeTO Ha U,bp!<BaTa, HO T03YI npOei<Tb Ce ibOCTaBYI, CTpysa MY! ce, nopa,O,YI 3HaYYI-
TenHaTa cyMa, noTpi>6Ha 3a pa3san51HeTO Ha TaKaBa conYI,o,Ha noCTpoi1Ka, na HaMi>pY!xa ce Yl snYI51-
TenHYI xopa, I<OYITO ce npoTY!BonoCTaBY!Xa Ha TOBa Hi>wo. Ha11-nocnt, npi>3b 1900 ro,o,. Bb tO<HY151
CTpaHYIYeHb Kopa6b Ha u,bp!<BaTa ce yCTpOYI cerawHYI51Tb HOBb napaKnYICb, KOHTO ce TBbp,o,t, MHOro
noc-Ew,asa OTb Ha6o<HYITi> co<jJYI51HU.YI, 6e3b na ce HanpaBYI Hi>w,o 3a 3ana3BaHeTo Yl Ha ocTaHanaTa
YaCTb Ha U,bp!<BaTa.
Hanocni>nbl<b Tosa nono<eHYie ce 3HaYY!TenHo YI3Mi>HYI. Cni>,o,b KaTo 6-Ewe Cb3,o,a,o,eHb Bb
Ha YanoTo Ha 1911 ro,o,. cneu,Y!aneHb 3ai<OHb 3a eTa pY!HYITi>, cbrnacHo KOHTO Abp<aBaTa ce aHra<Yipa
Cb 3ana3saHeTo Yl nO,ll,ll,bp<aHeTo Yl Ha He,o,BYI<YIMYITi> naMeTHYIU.YI, e,o,Ha OTb nbpBYITI pa6oTYI Ha Ha-
po,o,HYI51 My3el1 Bb Tosa HanpasneHY!e 6-Ewe na B3efle Mi>pKYI 3a 3ana3BaHeTo Yl Ha Cs. Co<jJYI51. Ha
nbpso spi>Me ce nonpaBYI u.i>nY!51Tb noKpY!Bb, KaTo ce noKpYI Cb KepaMYIAYI OTb CTapb TYinb, 3a ,o,a
He npOHYIKBa Ab<AOBHaTa so,o,a BJup-E. Cn-E,o,b TOBa ce HanpaBY!Xa HY<HYITi> nocnKnKYI Yl 3a no-3Ha-
YYITenHYI nonpaBI<YI, I<OYITO YIMaTb 3a u,i>nb npi>,o,Bap,o,BaHeTO Ha U,bp!<BaTa OTb no-HaTaTbWHO pa3py-
WeHY!e, 1<a1<TO Yl 3a YaCTYIYHaTa H peCTaBpau,YI51, YY!eTo YI3BbpWBaHe e np-E,o,cTo51w,e.
1
)
.Hape,o,b Cb TOBa 3anOYHa ce Yl CYICTeMaTYIYHOTO YI3YYBaHe Ha U,bpi<BaTa, I<OeTO 6t, ynecHeHO
6naro,o,apeHY!e Ha Cb3,o,a,o,eHYI51 OTb Co<jJYIHCI<YI51 rpa,o,CKYI o6w,V!HCI<YI CbBi>Tb npi>3b 1910 ro,o,. ,<jJOHAb
3a YICTOpY151Ta Ha rpa,o,a Co<jJYI51". Ll,bpKBaTa Cs. Co<jJYI51 <jJY1rypY1pawe ow,e OTb caMOTO HaYano KaTo
e,o,Y!Hb OTb rnaBHYITi> o6e1<m, I<OYITO Tpi>6sawe ,o,a ce npoyYaTb. 3HaYY!TenHYI cpi>,o,CTBa OTb <jJoH,o,a ce
ocTaBYixa Ha pa3nono<eHYie Ha 6bnrapCKOTO apxeonorYIYecKo ,o,py<eCTBO Bb Co1151, 3a ,o,a np-E,o,-
npY!eMe TO pa3l<Oni<YI Yl YI3YYBaHYI51 Kai<TO Bb CaMaTa U,bp!<Ba, TaKa Y1 Bb Henocpi>,o,CTBeHaTa H OI<On-
HOCTb. ,Il,py<eCTBOTO OTb CB051 CTpaHa HaTOBapY! Cb Y13BbpWBaHeTO Ha Ta3YI pa60Ta aBTOpa Ha Ha-
CT051W,aTa I<HY!ra.
Pa3KOni<YITi> ce 3anoYHaxa Ha 27 tOnY! 1910 ro,o,. Yl npO,o,bn<Yixa pe,o,oBHO Yal<b ,o,o 3 ,o,eKeMBpYI
CJKW,aTa rO,O,Y!Ha, KaTO 6-Exa npi>!<JKCHaTYI npi>3b TOBa Bpi>Me CaMO Be,O,Ha<b 3a OI<OnO e,O,YIHb Mi>-
CeU,b, OTb 18 asrycTb ,o,o 16 cemeMBpYI. BcYIYI<O ce Ha6paxa 3a pa3l<Oili<YITI npi>3b Ta3YI ro,o,Y!Ha
83 pa6oTHYI AHYI, KaTO ce ynoTpi>651Baxa cpi>,o,Ho no 8-10 AYWYI pa60THYIU.YI Ha ,o,eHb. Hi>KOYI AHYI,
I<OraTO Ce 51B51BaWe nOBeYe rpy6a pa60Ta, YY!CnOTO Ha pa60THYILJ,Y1Tt, Ce ysenY!YaBaUle Y1 ,0,0 20. npi>3b
nbpBY!Ti> 25 ,o,eHa, ,o,o 24 cemeMBpYI, pa3KOni<YITi> CTasaxa no,o,b Henocpi>,o,CTBeHYI51 Ha,o,3opb Ha YYYI-
Ten51 r. Cn. Bbni<OBb, I<OHTO so,o,-Ewe Yl ,o,HeBHYII<a ,o,o Ta3YI ,o,aTa. Cni>,o,b TOBa, noHe<e r. Bbni<OBb
3aMV!Ha 3a Mi>CTOHa3HaYeHYieTO CYI KaTO YYYITenb, Tpi>6sawe a3b CaMb ,o,a Ce Harbp651 Cb Ha,0,30pa Ha
.pa3l<Oni<Y!Tt,, l<ai<TO Yl Cb npO,o,bn<eHY!eTO Ha ,O,HeBHYII<a.
KoraTo Hai1-Hanpi>Ab ce noYHaxa pa3KOnKYITi>, HYie YIMaxMe npi>,o,BYIAb rnasHo ,o,a Y51CHYIMb
Hi>I<OYI YYICTO apXV!Tei<TypHYI npo6neMYI Yl ,o,a yCTaHOBYIMb TOYHO nbpBOHaYanHYI51 nnaHb Ha U,bp-
I<BaTa. 06aYe MHOro6pOHHYITi> rpo6HYIU,YI Yl OT,o,i>nHY! rpo6ose, I<OYITO Ce OTI<pY!Xa OW,e Bb CaMOTO Ha-
Yano, nOI<a3aXa, Ye w,e 6JK,o,e He06XO,!l,YIMO OCHOBHO npi>TbpCBaHe Ha nOYBaTa, Bb l<ai<BiHO CMY!Cbnb
ce Y1 npo,o,bn<Y!Xa pa3KOni<YITi>. ce pa31<pY!Xa OCHOBYITi> Ha ci>sepHOTO CTpaHYIYHO OT
)J.i>fleHYie Ha npi>,ll,ll,BepYieTO, cni>Ab I<OeTO pa3KOni<YITt, ce npOAbn<YIXa OI<OflO BCYIYI<YI YeTY!pYI CTpaHYI
Ha U,bp!<BaTa, KaTO HaBCi>I<JK,O,i> CJK CTapaexMe Ypi>3b pe)J.YILJ,a COH,O,a<YI ,o,a CTY!rHeMb ,0,0 3,0,paBa nOYBa,
1<051TO 06Y!I<HOBeHO ce yKa3Bawe Ha )J.bfl60YYIHa OI<OnO 4 M. nO)J.b HYIBOTO Ha nnow,a,o,a. no T03YI Ha-
411Hb Ce 113Cni>)J.Ba u,i:,naTa OI<OnHOCTb Ha U,bp!<BaTa, Ha pa3CT051HI1e 3 )J.O 5 M. OTb CTi>HHTi>. ,Il,i>TO
ce yKa3a <enaTenHo, Hanpas11xa ce Yl no-AaneYHH coH,o,a<H, KOHTO o6aye He )J.a,o,oxa HHI<ai<BYI oco6HYI
1) Bb MOMeHTa, KoraTO nHWeMb rB3H penose. pa
60THTB 3a yaCTHYHaTa pecraspaUHSI Ha Ubpt<sara seYe
C?i'\ nOYHarH. npt.UH SCHYKO 3a3npaSS!Sarb ce nyKHarHTt.
yacrH Ha ubpKsara. Cnt.nb rosa we ce Cb60pH rypcKara
CrBHa, KOS!ro 3anywsa apt<a, Karo c;;o;we-
spt.MeHHO ce H3JlHrHe HaHOSO Sbpxy CrapHrB OCHOSH
anCHJlara Ha UbpKsara. no ral<bSb HaYHHb HeHHara
nbpSOHaYaJJHa KpbcrOSHUHa OCaKareHa Ypt.3b
rypCKHrt. npt.npaSI<Yf, .We 6;;o;ne Sb3CraHOSeHa HaHOSO.
Orb rosa UbpKsara we cneYenH 3HaYHrenHo Ha UbJJ6o-
YHHa . We ce nonpasH c;;o;wo oryacrH H npt.nHS!ra cb6o
pcua Yacrb Ha UbpKsara.
Pa3Kontunt, npi;3b nocntnHHTt nst, ronHHH
5
pe3ynTaTI1. CaMo t:enocp-EACTBeHO AO IO}I{Hara cr-EHa Ha u,bpKsaTa He 6-Ewe KonaHo, TbH KaTo TYKb
Ci'K 611m1 npaseHI1 pa3KOnK11 ow,e np-E3b 1900 roA., Koraro ce e srpa}I{Aana ManKaTa MOAepHa u,bpK-
BI1U,a Bb IO}I{HI1SI CTpaHwleHb Kopa6b Ha Cs. CoqmSI.
1
)
Hai1-MHoro pa6ora ce yKa3a Bb BiKTp-EwHOCTbTa Ha caMara U,bpKsa. Cb Te4eHI1e Ha spi;Mero
TYI<b ce 6i; o6pa3yBanb HaCI1nb, BI1COI<b OKOnO 150 M. HaAb HI1BOTO Ha nnOUJ,aAa, KOeTO cera e
caMo Cb H-EKonKo caHn1MeTpa no-HI13KO OTb nbpBOHa4anHI151 nOAb Ha U,bpKBaTa. Bb np-EAAsep11ero
HaCI1nbTb A0CTI1rawe Aa}l{e AO 250 M. BI1C0411Ha. BCI14KaTa Ta311 npbCTb, I<OSITO ce 113411CnSIBawe Ha
OKano 800 KYOV1Ka, rpi;6sawe Aa ce 113XBbpn11 HaBbHb, 3a Aa Morarb Aa ce OTKp11SITb ne}l{aUJ,11T-E
nOAb HeSI M03ai14HI1 nOAOBe 11 rpo6H11u,11. 06a4e 11 TYKb He ce 3aAOBOnl1xMe caMo Cb OTKp11saHero
Ha rpo6H11U,I1Ti;, HO Hasci;KJKAi;, Ai;To 6i;we Bb3MQ}I{H0, rneAaXMe Aa CTI1rHeMb AO 3Apasa n04Ba.
nose4eTO OTb rpOOH11U,11Ti; Bb BiKTp-EwHOCTbTa Ha U,bpKBaTa ce OCTaBI1Xa pa3Kp11TI1, a APYfi1T-5 M-ECTa,
#
cn-EAb 113cn-EABaHero 11Mb, ce 3ac11nsaxa HaHoso.
Ha 3 AeKeMBp11 1910 roA. pa3KOnKI1Ti; He MO}I{axa ow,e Aa ce C411TaTb 3a np11BbpWeHI1 .
.[l,o TOBa spi;Me Hl1e 61:.xMe pa3Kp11nl1 HaBC-EKJKAi; ropH11SI M03al14eHb nOAb 11 6i;xMe 113Cni;Asanl1
BCI141<11 Ti;311 Mi;CTa, Bbpxy K011TO Hi;Mawe HI1KaKBa M03ai1Ka. 06a4e Ha H-EKOI1 Mi;CTa npi;3b pa3Ba-
neHV1Ti; 4aCTI1 Ha T0311 nOAb ce 6-Ewe noKa3anb se4e srop1151Tb no-CTapb nnaCTb M03ai1Ka. 3a Aa MO}I{e
Aa ce pa3Kp11e 11 TOH, Heo6xOA11MO 6-Ewe no-Hanp-EAb Aa ce OTCTpaHI1 ropH11SITb nnacTb. nopaAI-1
HaCTi'Knl1ni151Tb Be4e Cl1neHb CTYAb TOBa Hi;w,o Ce OTn0}1{11 3a cni;AHS!Ta f0AI1Ha.
Pa6oTaTa ce npOAbn}l{l1 naKb np-E3b ni;TOTO 1911 roA., OTb Ha4anoro Ha M-Eceu,b Mai1 no4TI1
AO Kpa51 Ha rQAI1HaTa. 3a peAOBHI-1 pa3KOnKI1 np-E3b TOBa spi;Me He MO}I{e Aa CTaBa AyMa, TbH KaTO
11Mawe Aa ce 113BbpwsaTb pa6or11 OTb oco6eHb xapaKrepb. np-bAI1 BCI14KO rp-E6sawe Aa ce cHeMe
T04HO 1<0n11e OTb ropHS!Ta M03ai1Ka, cni;Ab KOeTO Ce np11CTi'Knl1 l<bMb HeHHOTO 113Ba}I{AaHe, 3a Aa MO}I{e
Aa ce OTKp11e ne}l{aw,ara nOAb He51 no-CTapa M03ai1Ka. Ta311 pa6ora ce Bb3n0}1{11 Ha CKynmopa r. A Cra-
MaTOBb, I<OHTO 5I 113BbpW11 Cb roni;Mo ycbpA11e 11 yMi:iHI1e. Ll,i;naTa ropHS! M03ai1Ka, KOSITO 11 6e3b
TOBa ce CbCTOeWe OTb OTA-EnHI1 nap4eTa, 6i; pa3Ai;ni;Ha Ha H-EKOni<O 4aCTI1, 1<011TO nocpi;ACTBOMb
3ani1BaHe Cb r11ncb ce Al1rHaxa OTb nbpBOHa4anHOTO 11Mb M-tcTo 11 ce U,I1MeHT11paxa Ha ron-EM11
nn0411, scn-EACTBI1e Ha l<oeTo ce A0611 Bb3MO}I{HOCTb Aa ce np-EHaCSITb necHo OTb eAHO M-ECTo Ha
Apyro, 6e3b Aa 11Ma onaCHOCTb Aa ce pa3M-ECTBaTb KaMb4eTaTa.
2
) Ta311 TPYAHa 11 npOAbn}I{I1TenHa
pa6ora Hl1 no3son11, 6e3b Aa pa3sanSIMe ropH11SI nnacTb OTb M03ai1Kara, Aa pa3Kp11eMb u,i;nb ne-
}l{aUJ,I1SI OTAoni; no-CTapb nnaCTb, KOHTO ce y ~ < a 3 a MHoro no-Ao6pi; 3ana3eHb. Ocs-EHb rosa cera
MO}I{axa Aa ce 113Cn-EABaTb Ha no-ron-EMa Abn60411Ha 11 oH-E311 M-tCTa, KOI1TO no-paHO ce HaM11paxa
nOAb M03ai1KaTa. no T0311 cny4al1 oTKp11 ce ow,e eAHa rpaAeHa rpo6H11u,a , KOSITO 11 Bb CTapo sp-EMe
He e 611na OTBapSIHa. EA11HCTBeHOTO M-ECTO, KOeTO He MO}I{eWe Aa ce 113Cni;ABa Ha no-roni;Ma Abn6o-
411Ha AO 3Apasa n04Ba, e TOBa , KOeTO ce HaM11pa nOAb BT0p1151 M03al14eHb nOAb. noHe}l{e T0311 nOAb
e 3ana3eHb u,i;nb 11 e o6rpaAeHb OTb Tp11Ti; CTpaHI1 Cb 3ApaBI1 311A0Be, TO ne}l{aUJ,11Ti; OTAOni; nnac-
TOBe MO}I{aXa Aa Ce 113Cn-EABaTb CaMO nocpi;ACTBOMb eAI1Hb Manbl<b TyHenb OTb 113T04HaTa CTpaHa,
A-Ero H-EMa 3ana3eHb HI1KaKbBb 311Ab. 06a4e TbKMO TYKb Bbpxy Hac11na e noCTaBeHa KbCHaTa rypcl<'.a
CT-EHa, KOSITO 3anywsa TPI1YManHaTa apKa Ha u,bpKsara 11 KOSITO ce HaM11pa Bb raKosa CbCT0SIHI1e,
4e npaBI1 HeMI1Cni1MO KaKBOTO 11 Aa 611n0 nOAKOnaBaHe nOAb HeSI. no Ta311 np11411Ha H3Cr.tlABaHeTO
Ha nnacTOseTi; nOAb sropara M03ai1Ka rpi;6sawe Aa ce 113ocras11 AO spi;Mero, KOraro .u,e ce npi;-
MaxHe BbnpOCHaTa rypcKa crlHa-nbnHe}l{b, Hi;w,o, KOeTO e npi;AB11AeHO np11 npi;ACT0'i1UJ,I1ri; pa60TI1
3a 3ana3BaHe Ha U,bpKsara.
no TaKbBb Ha411Hb, cn-EAb AB-ErOAI1WHa pa6ora, pa3KOnKI1Ti; Bb Cs. Cocp1151 MO}I{axa ' Aa ce
C411TaTb Be4e 3a OKOH4aTenHO np11BbpWeHI1. KaKBI1 err:. T-EXHI1Ti; pe3ynTaTI1, TOBa Ce B11}1{Aa OTb Ha-
- -- - - - -
1
) 3a <allOCTb 06Hapon saHa e 3a n 3H pa3KOnKH
Ci'lMO enHa K;r;ca 6-tntmKa Bb C6optL 3a Hap. yMors.
XVIII. 1901 , 778.
2
) 3a no-rontMH nonpo6Hocnt Bbpxy Ha'lHHa, no
Ko j;ho ce H3BbpwH UHraHero Ha M03aHKara, rn. 1--13stcTH51
Ha 6bnr. apxeon . npy<. II , 1911 , 259 en .
--
..
6
CT051W,aTa I<HHra. Ha acti<H cnyYaH He MO<eMb Aa He H3Tbi<HeMb, '-!e Tt3H pe3ynTaTH HaAMHHaxa
Aanei<o HaWHTt O'-lai<aaHH51. He caMo nbpaoHa'-!anHH51Tb nnaHb Ha LJ,bpi<aaTa Mo<a Aa ce yCTaHoaH
Cb aCH'-II<HTt My nO,[Ip06HOCTI1, HO Cf!',W,eaptMeHHO Ce Y51CHH H LJ,tnaTa HCTOpH51 Ha Ll,bpi<aaTa, 11 TO
Tbi<MO 3a npt3b T0311 nepHOAb, 3a I<OHTO HtMaMe a6coniOTHO HHI<ai<aH nHcMeHH H3atcTH51. VI ab T03H
cnyYaH nonaTaTa H3abpWH cao51Ta atpHa apxeonorHYeci<a cny<6a, a OTI<pHTHTt naMeTHHLJ,H HH AaAoxa
Ca051 51CeHb H l<aTeropH'-IeHb OHOaOpb Ha rontMa '-laCTb OTb OHt3H abnpOCH OTb MHHaJIOTO Ha
Ca. CocpH51, I<OHTO 3a Hacb AOcera 6txa noi<pHTH Cb TbMHO H HenpoHHLJ,aeMo 6yno. He1<a ce HaAt-
aaMe, Ye 6f!',AaW,H HaXOAI<H ab no-AaJJe'-!HaTa OI<OnHOCTb Ha Ca. CocpH51 w,e pa3ptwaTb MO<e 6H ab
OI<OH'-!aTeJJHa CMHCbJib H OHt311 abnpOCH, I<OHTO ,[\HeCb ace OW,e OCTaaaTb OT!<pHTH HJIH I<OHTO Ce OT!<pH-
aaTb eABa cera HMeHHO scntAcTaHe Ha nocntAHHTt H3yYaaHH51. 3aw,oTo Cs. CocpH51 npHHaAne<H I<bMb
OHt3H naMeTHHLJ,H, '-IHeTo 3Ha'-leHHe He ce H3Yepnsa ca,Mo Cb eAHa CTYAH51 H I<OHTO, HanpaBeHH aeAHa<b
AOCTf!',nHH 3a nO-W11p01<11 !<pf!',fOBe, CTaBaTb H3XO,[\Ha TO'-II<a 3a BCe nO-HOBH Hay'-IHH OT1<pHTH51 H
npHA06HBI<11 .
06p. 1. - Cs. CocpH51 OTb IOrO-H3TOI<b.
rnABF\
CerawHoro CbCT051HYie Ha Ubpi<Bara
1. Mtcronono}f{eHMe
L,lbpi<BaTa Cs. Cocj:>VI51 ce VI3,D,VIra Bb ci:;sepo-VI3TOlJHaTa, HaH-BVICOI<aTa lJaCTb Ha Cocj:>VI51. 06-
rpa,o,eHa ,D,HeCb Cb BVICOI<VI MOHyMeHTanHVI nOCTpOHI<VI, OC06HO Bb Henocpi:;,D,CTBeHOTO CbCi:;,D,CTBO Cb
HosonoCTpoeHaTa u,bp!<Ba Cs. f\nei<caH,o,bpb HeBCI<VI, '-lVIHTO Kynonb ce VI3,D,VIra ow,e OI<Ono 25 MeTpa
Ha,o,b Cs. Cocj:>VI51, Ta3VI nocni:;,o,H51Ta He npaBVI BelJe oHoBa sne'-laTneHVIe, I<OeTo e npoV13BeH<,o,ana no-
paHo Bbpxy n..THVII<a, KoraTo TOH ce e npV16nVI<asanb l<bMb rpa,o,a. He caMo CTapVIT"i:; n..TeweCTBe-
HVIU,VI oT6i:;ni:;3saTb, lJe Cs. Cocj:>VI51 ce e BVIH<,o,ana KaTo HaH-BVICOI<a VI HaH-nVI'-lHa noCTpOHI<a TBbp,o,i:;
OT,o,anei<O, HO ,D,aH<e ,[1,0 npi:;,o,VI ,D,eCeTVIHa rO,D,VIHVI, ,D,O,D,i:;TO OW,e HeHHaTa Henocpi:;,D,CTReHa OI<OnHOCTb
He 6i:;we 3aCTpoeHa, T51 npo,o,bnmasawe ,o,a 6..,o,e HaH-BVIAHVI51Tb nyHI<Tb Ha rpaAa, I<OHTO OTb roni:;Mo
pa3CT051HVIe Ce XBbpn51We Bb OlJVI,
no spi:;Me Ha ocso6om,o,eHVIeTo, npi:;3b 1878 ro,o,., Cs. Cocj:>VI51 ce e na,o,ana nonVI BbHb OTb
rpa,o,a. Ha !Orb OTb He51 C.. ce VI3,D,VIranVI npoCTpaHHVITi:; Typc!<VI Ka3apMV1 (rn. o6p. 2 ), I<OVITO C..
6VInVI OHVIW,OH<eHVI OTb nomapb OW,e npi:;3b 1879 ro,o,.
1
) )J,HeCb nonOH<eHVIeTO CbBCi:;t-1b e VI3Mi:;HeHO.
HoBVI51Tb I<BapTanb l<bMb no,o,yeHe ce npocmpa cera ,o,ane'-lb Ha VI3TOI<b OTb u,bpi<BaTa, K051TO no
T03VI HalJVIHb e CTaHana Be'-le B..Tpi:;wHa noCTpOHI<a. KaKBO e 6VIno o6alJe HeHHOTO nonomeHVIe
Cnpi:;Mo CTapV151 rpa,D,b, l<ai<TO Bb MOMeHTa Ha HeHHOTO nOCTp051BaHe, TaKa VI npi:;3b cni:;,D,HVIT"i:; ro-
,[l,VIHVI ,o,o 3asna,o,51BaHeTO Ha Cocj:>VI51 OTb Typu,VITi:; - Bbpxy TOBa Hi:;w,o Hi:;MaMe TO'-lHVI csi:;,o,i:;HVI51.
npVI BCe TOBa T03VI BbnpOCb e OTb roni:;MO 3HalJeHVIe 3a U,bp!<BaTa VI no Ta3VI npVI'-lVIHa Tpi:;6Ba ,o,a
ce cnpeMb Bbpxy Hero.
~ ) K. VI p e 4 e I{ b, ni!'.TyBaHHS! no 6bnrapH51, CTp. 13.
8
CerawHOTO CbCT051HHe Ha UbpKBaTa
V13si:;cTHo e, 4e TonorpacpH5!Ta Ha CTapaTa Cocjm5!, npi:,3b pHMCKO, BH3aHTHi1CKO 11 6bnrapCI<O
Bpi:,Me, He e HHKaKb yCTaHOBeHa. 6bp30TO 3aCTp05!BaHe Ha rpa.o,a CJli:;.O,b OCB060>t<.O,eHHeTO, KOraTO
OW.e He e HMaJlO XOpa, KOHTO .o,a CJli:;.0,5!Tb OTKpHBaHHTi:; OCTaTbU.H Ha CTapH5! rpa.O,b H .o,a MOraTb
.O,a rH H3nOJ13yBaTb KaTO MaTepHaJlb HllH noHe rpH>t<JlHBO .o,a rH OT6i:,ni:,3BaTb, e
rnaBHaTa npH4HHa, .o,i:;TQ HHe .O,HeCb He MO>t<eMb .o,a 6opaBHMb Bb Ta3H 06JlaCTb Cb nOJlO>t<HTeJlHH
cpaKH1, a CMe npHHy.o,eHH nOBe4e .o,a CH Clly>t<f1Mb Cb npi:,.o,nOllO>t<eHH5!. 6naro.o,apeHHe CaMO Ha Ha
6mo.o,eHH5!Ta, KOHTO Vfpe4eKb e HanpaBHJlb Ha CaMOTO Mi:;CTQ HaCKOpO CJli:;.O,b OCB060>t<.O,eHHeTO, npi:,.o,H
ow.e .o,a 6J\'..o,e 3aCTpoeHb rpa.o,bTb Cb HOBf1Ti:; crpa.o,f1,
1
) MO>t<e .o,a ce C4HTa 3a nono>t<HTellHO, 4e CTa-
Pf15!Tb rpa.o,b ce e CbBna.o,anb npH6Jlf13HTellHO Cb ueHTbpa Ha Mo.o,epHH5!, KaTo e 3aeMaJlb npoCTpaH-
CTBOTO OKOJlO TOnllHTi:; MHHepallHH 6aHH, a HMeHHO, 4apWH5!Ta, espei1CKH5! KBapTaJlb Y1 Hi:;KoraWHY15! 6bJl-
rapCKH KBapTaJlb OKOJlO U.bpKBaTa Cs. 06a4e .o,OKJ\'..o,i:, ce e npoCTHpanb T03H CTapb rpa.o,b, Tosa
He MO>t<e .o,a ce yCTaHOBH no-T04HO. KonKOTO ce OTHaC5! .o,o caMaTa U.bpKBa Cs. Cocjm5!, V1pe4eKb e HaKllO-
HeHb .o,a npHeMe, 4e T5! e Jle>t<alla BbHb OTb rpa.O,CKHTi:, CTi:;HH, KaTO Ce n030BaBa Ha TOBa, 4e OKOJlO LJ.bp-
KBaTa CJ\'. HaMi:;peHH CaMO MHOI"O rpo6oBe, CJli:;.O,H OTb rpa.o,HHH Cb BO.O,OnpOBO.O,HH TpJ\'.611 H 6pOH30BH MO
HeTH, HO HHKaKBH CJli:;.O,H OTb .o,pyrH noCTpOHKf1.';) 06a4e OTb TOBa OOCT05!TeJlCTBO ow_e He MO>t<e .o,a Ce CJ\'..O,H,
4e Cs. Cocjm5! ce e HaMHpana BbHb OTb KptnocTHHTt CTtHH. Vf HaHCTHHa caMb Vfpe4eKb nO-KbCHO
6tnt>t<H, cnope.o,b e.o,Ho nHcMo Ha Y4HTell5! Vfs. 6powKa OTb CocpH5!, 4e cHrypHH cnt.o,H OTb rontMa
pHMCKa crpa.o,a, .O,bllra OKOJlO 50 MeTpa, Bb K05!TO 6HJla HaMtpeHa e.o,Ha 6aKbpeHa Ba3a H e.o,Ha 6pOH-
30Ba MOHeTa OTb KoHCTaHTHHa BenHKH, 6HJlH OTKPHTH MHOro n6 Ha H3TOKb OTb Cs. CocpH5!, .o,o caMH5!
3ana.o,eHb 6ptrb Ha no.o,yeHCKaTa Ta3Y1 noCTpOHKa OCBtHb aKO npHeMeMb, 4e TOBa e
611110 Hi:;KaKBa BHJla, Jle>t<aw.a BbHb OTb rpa.o,a -- noKa3Ba, 4e CTapH5!Tb rpa.O,b, nOHe Bb
BptMe, ce e i!POCTHpallb MHOro no-.o,ane4b, OTKOJlKOTO 06HKHOBeHO Ce npt.o,nonara.
no-rolltMO 3Ha4eHHe HMa 3a HaCb .o,a Ce yCTaHOBf1, KaKb e BbpBtJla CTapaTa Kpi:,noCTHa
CTi:;Ha Bb Ta3H 4aCTb Ha rpa.o,a. Vf3Bi:;CTHO e, 4e 3Ha4HTeJlHH OCTaTbLJ.H OTb ctsepHaTa H 3ana.o,HaTa
CTi:;HH Ha KptnocTbTa 6txa .o,ocKopo 3ana3eHH H 11H4exa MHOro .o,o6pt Bb ctsepo-3ana.o,HaTa 4aCTb
Ha rpa.o,a, oco6Ho onaTbKb rpa.o,cKaTa pi:,Ka (EnewHHua), Me>t<.o,y Tbi1 Hape4eHaTa espei:1cKa Ta6H5! H
TpaMBaHHOTO .o,eno. 8b3b OCHOBa Ha Tt3H cni:;.o,H CJ\'. HanpaBeHH .D,Ba OnHTa 3a peKOHCTpyKU.H5! Ha
u-l:,naTa KptnOCTHa CTtHa; e.O,HHH5!Tb OTb MaHOpb .lJ. 0 6 pi:, B C K H,-') a .o,pyrH5!Tb OTb XYAO>t<HHKa-4ep-
Te>t<HHKb 0 6 e p 6 aye p b.') 06a4e H y .O,BaMaTa H3T04HaTa CTi:;Ha, OTb K05!TO H3rlle>t<.o,a AOCera
.o,a He CJ\'. 3a6tni:;3aHH HHKaKBH cni:;.o,H, e npi:,.o,a.o,eHa CbBCtMb npo6neMaTH4HO. Cnope.o,b .lJ,o-
6ptscKH T5! e BbpBi:;Jla Bb CbBbpWeHO npaBa JlHHH5! npH6JlH3HTeJlHO nO HanpaBJleHHeTO Ha .O,HeW-
1
) V1peyeJ<b e nowbJib Bb Cocp1151 npt3b eceHbTa
1879 ron., KoraTo e 6Hnb Ha3HaYeHb 3a rnaBeHb ceKpe
Tapb Bb MHHHCTepCTBOTO Ha HaponHOTO npocst uteHHe, a
npt3b 188L2 ron. e 6Hnb H MHHHCTbpb Ha C?i'>lllOTO MH
HHCTepCTBO. Toi1 e OCTaHaJib Bb 6bnrapH51 no 1 CemeMBpH
ron., Karo e HManb noseye Bb3MOmHOCTb na ce npt-
nane Ha HayYttH 3aHHMaHH51 npt3b nocnt.nttHTt nat ro-
nHHH Ha csoero np-t6HBaHHe Bb 6bnrapH51. rn. B. 3na-
r a p c 1< H, D-tiiiiOCTbTa tta npb Kotter. V1pcYeKb Bb 6bn-
ra pH 51, nep. en. LXVI. 1905. 1-30. KonKo cepH03HO BHH-
MaHHe e o6pbwanb V1peYeKb Bbpxy CTapm-t naMeTHHUH
Bb (OcpH$1, OCOOHO no OTHOWeHHe Ha Bbnpoca, I<Oi:fro
TYI<b HH 3aHHMaBa. ce BHmna OTb TOBa, ye TOH Bb 6HT-
IIOCTbTa CH Ha MHHHCTbpb e OTnpaBHJ!b Ha 10 MapTb
1882 ron. em;o no Co<jJ11i1cKoro o6w11HCKO ynpa-
s,leHI1e, Cb Koero MY o6pbuta BHHMaHHero, Ye ,noHeme
Bb Cocp1111 ce np-tnnp11eMaTb MHoro pa6or11 3a 113pa sHe-
HI1e 11 nonpaB51He Hil ynHUI1Tt. npH 1<011TO CTaBaTb MHOrO
pa3J<Oni<H 11 Cny'-lilHHI1 OTBilp51HH5! Hil 3eMSl, Bt.p05!TIIO e,
ye ryKbTaM-t tue ce HaMtpSlTb 11 HEK011 mo6oni1THH cTa-
p11HI1, l< il TO 11annHCI1, BCtl<ili<BH n-tnaHH J<aMbHH, aHT11'-lHH
C?l\ llOBe H npyr11 OCTil Tbl!H Hil npeBHOCTbTil " , KilTO MOn H
Ja BC11YKI1 HaMtpeHH nono6HI1 H-ttua na ce Cbo6wasa
Bb MHHHCTepCTBOTO. fn. 3narapCK H, UI1T. M. CTp. 19 Cn.
V1 p eYe 1< b, Bb F\rch.-epigr. Mitteil. a us Oester
reich X, 1886, 45; n ;r,rysaHI1$1 crp. 6. Cp. 11 r. l<aua
p 0 Bb, np11HOCb l<bMb crapara HCTOpHSl Ita Co<jJHSl. 1910.
CTp. 23 (MarepHaJII1 3a 11CTOp11SlTa Hil Cocp11Sl, I<HH)!{J<a 1).
:;) F\rch.-epigr. Mitteil. X 48; cp. 11 n;r,rysaHH$1 crp. 7.
1
) F\rch.-epigr. Mitteil. X 204 en. CrtH11rt. Ha crpa-
nara, ne6enH OKono I MeTbpb, 6Hn11 rpaneHI1 orb , san
YeCTH KaMbHH H nJJOCI<H ryxn11". F\1<0 TOBa CbOOU!eHI1e
rpt6sa na ce pa 3611pa TaKa. Ye crtHI1Tt c;r, 611n11 rpa
neH11 Cb CMt.HSleMI1 nnaCTOBe OTb J<aMbHI1 H OTb TYXJll1,
TO rorasa nocrpoi11<ara we 6;y;ne BeYe, Bbnp-tK11 l<oH
CTaHTI1HOBaTa MOHeTa, paHHOBH3a HTHHCJ<a.
:.) Bb BoeHeHb myp1tanb XIX, 1907, 1177 en. nna-
HbTb e Bb3np011 3BeneHb 11 y f<auapOBb, npHHOCb
CTp. 27, I<OHTO nasa 11 110811 TBbpn-J; Bil)!{HI1 CBt.nt.HH$1
Ja HanpasneHHero Ha Kpt.nocrHara cr-tHa (crp. 24 en.) .
1
;) CKHUHTt Ha 06ep6ayepb, 11 3nbnHeHI1 TBbpnt
rp11mn11so Cb MacneHH 6oH, ce HaMHparb cera Bb ron-t-
Mara YaKanHSl Ha Cocjmi1cKoro o6tui1HCKO ynpasneHHe.
p
Crapara Kp-BnocrHa cl-BHa Ha rpana 9
HaTa yn. Becneu,b, OTb TpaMBai-1HOTO ,[l,eno Ha 10ro AO xoTenb cp-bw.y ABOpeu,a. Tosa np-BA-
Ha e Kai<TO w.e ce OTb J.13Tbi<HaTJ.1T-5 nO-,[l,OJl-5 Cb06pa>t<eHI-151.
no-npaBJ.1JlHO Vfpe4et<b, KaTO t<a3Ba, 4e C-5BepHaTa CTpaHa Ha rpa,[J,b Ce
e 06pa3yBaJla OTb cera 01<0!10 10 MeTpa CI<JlOHb, Bb 41-ieTO r.O,[l,HO>t<J.1e Ce HaM1-1paTb 1-1 TOn-
Ill-1rli BO,[l,l-1.
1
) To31-1 Ct<IlOHb 3ano4Ba np1-16JlJ.131-1TenHo OTb M1>CTOTO, A1>To 6ynesapAb ,lJ,OHAYKOBb ce
np-Bc1-14a Cb yn. Tbprosct<a, BbpBI-1 cn1>Ab TOBa Ha I-13TOI<b no HanpasneHI-1e Ha yn. Moct<OBCt<a 11
3aBbpwsa np1-16n1-131-1TenHo Ha M1>CTOTO, A1>To Ta31-1 nocn1>AH51Ta yn1-1u,a ce np-Bc1-14a Cb 6ynesapAb CDep-
A11HaHAb np!-1 naMeTHJ.1t<a Ha BaCJ.1Jlb neBCI<I-1. CB. Cocp!-151 Jl>1<1-1 Ha I-13T04HJ.151, HaH-BJ.1COI<b t<pai-1 Ha
..
r
\.
0 6p 2. - Cs. Co<jm11 H OKOnHOCTbra H np-B3b 1878 rou.
T031-1 Ct<IlOHb, 41-151TO Hai-1-ron-BMa CTpbMHJ.1Ha, o6bpHaTa Ha c-Bsepb, ce na,[l,a Me>t<AY nnow.aAa Anet<-
caHAbpb I 1-1 nnow.aAa ot<ono Cs. Cocp!-151. Bbpxy T031-1 Ct<IlOHb, H-Bt<ont<o MeTpa Ha c-Bsepb OTb ABOpeu,a,
Ha M1>CTOTO Ha CTap!-151 BOeHeHb I<IlYOb (AHeCb BOeHeHb e OJ.1Jla OTI<p!-1Ta np-53b 1881 fO,[l,.
4aCTb OTb cTapaTa t<p-BnocTHa CT1>Ha, 3aCTpoeHa omocn-5 OTb 3AaHJ.1eTo Ha At<o cn-BABaMe
,lJ,o6p1>BCI<J.1, Tp-56Ba ,[l,a np1-1MMb, 4e t<p-5nOCTHaTa CT-5Ha, BM-5CTO ,[l,a npO,!l,bil>t<aBa OW.e Ha J.13TOKb
no ct<noHa, 3a Aa o6ropHe 1-1 Hai-1-BI-iCOt<aTa MY YaCrb, Ha K051TO ce 1-13AI-1ra Cs. Cocpl-151, Tbt<MO Ha TOBa
M1>CTO e B3Mana IO>I<HO HanpaBJlHI-1e - H1>W,O, t<OeTO no CTpaTfJ.14HJ.1 CbOOpa>t<eHI-151 e 04BJ.1,[l,HO
He,[l,onycTI-1MO. HanpOTI-1Bb, xapat<TepbTb Ha TepeHa Hl-1 t<apa Aa MI-1CI11-1Mb, 4e t<p-BnocTHaTa CT1>Ha e
npO,!l,bil>t<aBana ow.e ManKo Ha I-13TOKb no Ct<IlOHa, o6rpbw.ana e Hai-1-BHCOt<aTa MY 4aCTb 1-1 e,[l,Ba
cn-5Ab TOBa e 3aBI-1Bana Ha 10ro, np!-16JlJ.131-1TenHO no HanpasneHHeTo Ha 6ynesapAb CDep,[J,1-1HaHAb.
Tosa np-BAnonomeHHe ce nO,!l,t<p-5n51 ow.e OTb e,[l,I-1Hb cpat<Tb, t<OHTO MY np1-1AaBa n04TI-1 nbnHa c!-1ryp-
HOCTb. no cp-BAaTa Ha nnow.aAa, t<oi-1To ce o6pa3ysa OTb np1>CJ.14aHeTo Ha 6ynesapAb CDepA1-1HaHAb
I) f\rch.-epigr. Mitteil. X 45: Die Nordseite der an-
tiken Stadt bildete ein jetzt an 10 m. hoher f\bhang. an
dessen Rand sich auch die heissen Quellen befinden.
Cs.
p e 4 e 1< b, f\rch.-epigr. Mitteil, X 45; n,v;rysa-
HHII CTp. 7.
2
10 CerawHoro CbCT051HHe Ha UbpKsara
Cb 6ynesapAb Uapb-Ocso60AHTenb, AO MHHanara rOAHHa nw1ewe HapaBHO Cb ynHLJ,aTa nap'-le OTb
crl;Ha, Ae6ena OKono 1"50 Merpa, rpaAeHa OTb pi>'-IHI-1 KaMbHI-1 Cb 51Kb xopocaHb OTb sapb 1-1 ni>CbKb.
KaKTO no MarepHanb, TaKa 1-1 no rpaAe>Kb rosa nap'-!e noKa3sawe nbnHo CXOACTBO Cb ocraHanHri>
cni>AI-1 OTb Kpi>nOCTHaTa CTi>Ha Bb ci>sep0-3anaAHaTa '-!aCTb Ha rpaAa, KOI'ITO 6txa MHOrO nO-A06pt,
3ana3eHH. He Mome Aa HMa cntAOBarenHo HHKaKBO CbMHi>HHe, '-!e H3TO'-!Hara crtHa Ha KptnoCTbTa
e AOCTHrana '-!aKb AO T031-1 nyHKTb 1-1 '-!e no ra3H npH'-IHHa LJ,bpKsara Cs. Cocp1-151 rpi>6sa Aa e nemana
H3B.!Krpt KpimocrHara cri>Ha. KaKro cera Mo>KeMb no-TO'-IHO Aa KameMb, T51 Cb Henocpi>ACTBeHara
CH OKOnHOCTb e 3aeMana CaMI-151 Ci>BepO-I-13TO'-IeHb .!Krbnb Ha Kpi>nOCTbTa, HeHHaTa HaH-BI'ICOKa '-!aCTb.
noA06HH Ha I-13TbKHaTHTi> TYKb Cb06pameHI-151 3a HanpasneHHeTO Ha KptnoCTHaTa crtHa C.iK HaKapanl-1
si>p051THO KaHHLJ,a Aa MHCnl-1, '-le TbKMO Ha rosa Mi>CTo ce e HaMHpana eAHOBpi>MewHara LJ,HTaAena
Ha rpaAa.
1
)
Orb KOe sptMe Aar1-1pa KptnocTHara cri>Ha, 3a K051TO CTasa AyMa ryKb, He e ow,e ycraHo-
BeHo. Ha BCi>KI-1 cny'-laH OTb o6CT051TenCTBOTO, '-!e Bb He51 C.iK HaMtpeHH srpaAeHI-1 aHTI-1'-IHI-1 KaMbHI-1
Cb MO>Ke Aa Ce 3aKnJO'-II-1, '-!e T51 He w,e Aa e no-CTapa OTb KbCHO p1-1MCKO spi>Me, T. e. OTb
'-!eTBbproro crontn1e en. Cni>AOBarenHo Karo Ka3BaMe, '-le LJ,bpKsara Cs. Cocp1-151 ce e HaMHpana
113B.iKTpi> Ha KOHCTaTHpaHaTa KptnOCTHa CTtHa, TO OTb TOBa OW,e He cntABa, '-!e Mi>CTOTO, Ha KOeTO
e nocrpoeHa ll,bpKsara, e BnH3ano Bb nepHcpepH51Ta Ha aHTI-1'-IHI-151 rpaKHHCKH 11 nocni> pHMCKI-1 rpaAb
CepAHKa. 0Kono ll,bpKsara, KaKTO H3TbKHaxMe se'-!e no-ropt (CTp. 8), ocstHb MHoro6poi1HH rpo6HHLJ,I-1,
3a KOHTO w.e HMaMe cny'-lai1 Aa rosopHMb noAp06Ho Bb '-leTBbprara rnasa, He C.iK HaMtpeHI-1 HI-1-
KaKBH Apyrl-1 OCTaTbll,H OTb aHTI-1'-IHI-1 crpaAI-1, MaKapb '-!e LJ,i;nara OKOnHOCTb e 61-1na pa3KOnaBaHa Ha
roni>Ma Abn6o'-!HHa, oco6Ho np1-1 nocrpoi1Kara Ha ll,bpKsara Cs. f\neKCaHAbpb HesCKI-1, Ha xyAomecr-
BeHO-HHAycrpHanHOTO Y'-IHnHw,e 1-1 Ha CHHOAanHara nanara - nocrpoi1KH, KOHTO C.iK H3BbpweHH eABa
Bb re'-leHHe Ha nocni>AHHTt Hi>KonKo CnopeAb rosa He MO>Ke Aa ce Kame Cb nonomHren-
HOCTb, Aanl-1 BHCO'-IHHara, Ha K051TO e nocrpoeHa Cs. Cocp!-151, e nemana Bb nepHcpepH51Ta Ha aHTI-1'-IHI-151
pHMCKI-1 rpaAb. 3a CHrypHO MO>Ke Aa ce C'-II'!Ta o6a'-!e, '-!e T51 e 61-1na BKnJO'-IeHa Bb cptAHOBi>KOBHHTi>
CTi>HI-1 Ha rpaAa.'-,)
1
) F. Kanitz, Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan,
II crp. 220.
rn. B. llo6pyCI<H, C6opH. 3a Hap. YMOTB. II,
1890, 5 CJI.
3) flo nono6Ho 3aKJIIO'leHHe noxa>Kna 11 Ka ua po Bb,
npHHOCb crp. 27. Karo yKa3Ba Ha cpaKTa, 'le CepilHI<a l<bMb
cptnara Ha nerH51 stKb e 611na pa3pyweHa orb xyHHrt.
11 <Je Kptnocrbra e 611na Bb306HoBeHa cnopenb csHntren-
crsoro Ha npoKonH51 (de aedific. IV 1 p. 68) orb IOcrH-
HHaHa, KauapOBb e HaKnoHeHb na npHeMe, <Je KO'iCTaTH-
paHHrt. KptnOCTHH Crt.HH C;'i'; OTb BptMeTO Ha T03H HMne-
paropb, 6e3b na H3KJIIO'lBa Bb3MO>KHOCTbTa, 'le rt 6Hxa
MOr.rlH na narHpaTb 11 OTb no-KbCHO sptMe. 06a<Je rpt6sa
na ce 3a6+ nt>KH, 'le rpane>KbTb Ha cepnHKHikKHTt crt.HH
e CbBbpweHO pa3JIH'leHb OTb T03H Ha IOCTHHHaHOBHrt.
KptnOCTH, KaKTO ri; HH c;r; H3BtCTHH OTb XHCapCKHTt
6aHH 11 orb KIOcreHnHnb(rn. 6. HJIOBb, l--13stcrH51 Ha
6bnr. apxeonor. npy>K. II, 1911, 99 en., oco6Ho 142 en.).
no ra3H npH'lHHa a3b CbMb nose<Je Hal<noHeHb na npHeMa,
'le BbnpOCHHTt cepnHKHl:fcKH CTtHH (;y; OTb no-paHWHO
sptMe 11 <Je IOcrHHHaHb ce e 3anosonHnb caMo na no-
npasH ,pa3nanHanHrt ce orb sptMero"
'cji
d -;;(il_"'l e!Jpol'l) yKptnneHH51.
!) np11 nonaraHe OCHOBHrt Ha rt3H nocrpoi1KH c;r;
HaMtpeHH HaHCTHHa HtKOH apXHTeKrypHH aHTH'lHH cppar-
MeHTH, a HMeHHO enHHb Mp51MOpeHb HOHH'leCKH KanHTeJlb
H nap<Jera orb rontMb apxHrpaBb OTb sapOBHHI<b Cb
06HKHOBeHHTt OpHaMeHTH. 06a<Je H3rne>Kna, 'le Tt3H
<jJparMeHTH c;r; 6HJIH nptHeceHH TYI<b OTb npyro Mtcro 11
ynorpt6eHH Karo rpane>KeHb MarepHanb Bb no-KbCHO
sptMe.
'') n;r;rewecrseHHUHTt OTb XVI-XVIII stKb (rn. 3a
rtxb Bb nocntnH51Ta rnasa) l<a3sarb H3pH4HO, <Je CocpH51
e 6Hna OTBOpeHb rpanb 6e3b CTtHH. 06a<Je OTb nO-HOBO
sptMe HaMHpaMe CBtiltHH51, KOHTO IlOHtl<;r;ni; npOTHBO-
pe'laTb Ha no-crapHrt. n;r;rewecrseHHUH. TaKa Bb 3anHc-
KHrt. Ha F. de Beau jour (Uoyage militaire dans I' em-
pire othoman, Paris 1829, I 454) 'lereMb: Sophia .. n'est
pas mieux defendue que Nissa et n'a pour toutes fortifi-
cations qu'une simple enceinte, flanquee de tours, au mi-
lieu de laquelle est un reduit, ou reside le principal pa-
cha de Ia Turkie europeenne .. C;r;wo 11 rpacpb Cos-
6bOcpb 6tnt>KH owe Bb Kpa51 Ha XVIII stKb: Die Stadt
(CocpH51) ist nur mit schlechten Mauern eingefasst (Des Gra-
fen von Ferrieres Sauveboeuf Reisen durch die
Turkei, Persien und Flrabien in den Jahren 1782-1789,
aus dem franzosischen ubersetzt, Leipzig 1790, II 213).
Cnopenb rosa rpt6sa na npHeMeMb, <Je MaKapb !<pt-
noCTbTa Bb rypc1<o sptMe 11 na e 611na pa3saneHa, scntn-
CTBHe Ha Koero CocpH51 e MOrna na 6;r;ne 03Ha'leHa Karo
orKpHrb rpanb, KptnocrHHrt crtHH see nal<b He c;r; 6HnH
CbBCtMb pa3pyweHH, TbH 'le H3BtCTHa 'laCTb OTb Tt.xb e
Morna owe na ce BHilH. Bb raKosa nonoH<eHHe rH e csa-
pH!lb OWe H F\ m i .B 0 U e, Ce BH>Kila OTb HerOBHTt
nyMH: L'ancienne enceinte de murailles est presque dis-
parue (Recueil d'itineraires dans Ia Turquie d'Europe,
Vienne 1854, I 65). Cp. Bbpxy crap11rt. KptnocTHH crtHH
Ha CocpH51 11 Kanitz, Donau-Bulgarien II 219 en.
TypcKH Ha 11
2. 06wo CbCT051HY!e Ha UbpK.sara
no CB051Ta cpopMa U,bpKBaTa CB. CocpH51 np-EACTaB51 3aCBOAeHa KpbCTOBHAHa TPHKOpa6Ha
6a3HnHKa Cb Kynonb H Cb eAHO np-EAIJ,BepHe. 0TCTpaHH Ha anCHAaTa T51 H-EMa BTOpOCTeneHHH OTJJ,i;-
neHH51 HnH AB-E nO-ManKH anCHAH, KaKTO e 06HKHOBeHO cny4a51Tb Bb BH3aHTHJ1CKHTi; U,bpKBH. 06a4e
ABt, ManKH OTA-EneHH51 Ce Hafi!HpaTb OTCTpaHH Ha npi;,lJ,l],BepHeTO.
06p. 3. - DeTafinb OTb Ha UbpKsaTa.
,lJ,bn>HHHaTa Ha u,bpKBaTa 3aeAHO Cb anCHAaTa e 46'45 MeTpa, wHp04HHaTa 2020 M. CaMo
U,eHTpanHH51Tb KOpa6b e WHpOKb 770 M., a CTpaHH4HHTt, - no 430 M. ,lJ,bn>HHHaTa Ha Hanp-E4HH51
Kopa6b e 23 M., wHp04HHaTa MY 7'30 M. BHC04HHaTa Ha u,eHTpanHH51 Kopa6b e 1610 M., a BHC04H-
HaTa Ha Kynona e 19'75 M. 0CTaHanHTi. BTOpOCTeneHHH M-EpKH MOraTh neCHO Aa Ce B3eMaTb OTb
nnaHa 11 pa3p-E3Hrl (Ta6n. X-XIV).
Cs. CocpH51 ce HaMHpa AHeCb Bb nonomeHHeTO Ha eAHa cpaBHHTenHo ow,e A06pt, 3ana3eHa
pyHHa, KO:i!TO e Bb CbCT051HHe Aa HH AaAe nbnHo np-EnCTasneHHe 3a nbpBOHa4anHH51 H3rneAb Ha
U,bpKBaTa. 06a4e H3B-ECTHH 4aCTH C.:K Be4e CbBC-EMb Cb6opeHH, a HMeHHO u,i;naTa anCHAa Cb I<Ba-
\
12 CerawHoro CbCTOSIHHe Ha UbpKsara
,upaTa np-t,ub He51 4aKb no TPYIYMcpanHaTa apKa (rn. o6p. 1), ,usi;Tt, oT,u-tneH151 OTCTpaHYI Ha np-t,u,usepY!eTO
Yl LJ,i;naTa n-tsa nonoBY!Ha Ha cpaca,uaTa. Ocs-tHb TOBa LJ,bpKBaTa e np-tTbpn-tna Bb TypcKo sp-tMe 3Ha- f
4YITenHYI nonpaBKYI Yl npoM-tHYI. Tt, ce CbCT051Tb np-t,uYI BCYI4KO Bb yManeHHeTo YlnYI CbBbpweHOTO'
3anywsaHe Ha MHOro OTb npo30pLJ,Y1T-t Yl spannt,, a TaKa CtKW.O Yl Bb MHoro6poi1HYI no,uKbpnsaH151
Ha 3YI,UOBert. Ha npbBb norne,ub ,ua)i{e T-t3YI TypcKYI nonpaBKYI Yl npY1CTpoi1KYI Yl3rne)i{,uarb MHOro no-
3Ha4YITenHYI, OTKOnKoTo CtK rl; Bb CIKW.HOCTb. TaKa Hanp. LJ,-tnaTa c-tsepHa cT-tHa Ha LJ,bpKBaTa, KaKTO
OTBbHb (o6p. 3), TaKa Y1 OTBIKTpt, (o6p. 4), HOCYI 4YICTO TypCKYI XapaKTepb, Cb YI3Knl04eHY!e CaMO Ha HaH-
06p. 4. - Ct.sepHara crt.Ha Ha UbpKsara, s;r;rpt.weHb H3rnenb (cnopenb enHHb aKsapenb).
,UOnH51Ta 4aCTb OTBbHb, Ha BYIC04Y!Ha OKOnO 40 CM., K051TO e CTapa. 4osi;Kb e HaKnOHeHb Ha nbpBO
sp-tMe ,ua npY!eMe, 4e Ta3YI CT-tHa e 6Hna Cb6opeHa no4TYI ,uo OCHOBYITt, Yl nocnt, Cbrpa,ueHa HaHoso Bb
TypcKo sp-tMe. Bb CtKW.HOCTb pa6oTaTa CTOYI CbBciMb YIHaKb. Ha H-tKOYI M-tcTa, ,o-tTo TypcKYI51T"b 3YI.Ub e
OT4aCTYI pa351,UeHb, 51Ci-iO nYI4YI ow.e CTapaTa 51,UKa Ha 3YI,Ua. Ocs-tHb TOBa CBO,Ubrb Ha n-tB151 CTpaHYI4eHb
KOpa6b, KOHTO ne}!{YI BbpXy T03YI 3YI,Ub, e CTapb Bb BCYI4KYITt, CYI 4aCTYI. 7iBHO e cni;,uosaTenHO, 4e
LJ,i;nYI51T"b 3YI,Ub HYIKOra He e 6J-tnb CbBC-tMb Cb6opeHb, nOHe)i{e Bb TaKbBb cny4aH CBO,Ubrb He 61
MOrbJ!b ,ua ce Kp-tnYI. Tosa, KOeTo ,uHeCb Yl3rne)i{,ua KaTo TypcKYI 3YI.Ub, H ~ e HYIW.O ,upyro, ocs-tHb
e,uHa TypcKa o6nYILJ,OBKa Ha CTapY151 3YI,Ub, KOHTO Tpi;6sa ,Ua e 6Yinb MHOfO Ha51,UeHb Yl pa3BaneHb.
CtKW.OTO H-tw.o HaMY!paMe Yl Ha IO}!{HaTa CT-tHa Ha ,uecHYISI Kopa6b. HaY!CTYIHa, 4e Ma3YinKaTa Ha
yCTpOeHaTa Bb T03YI KOpa6b MO,oepHa ll,bpKBYILJ,a He n03BOn51Ba ,ua ce YI3Cni;,usa CaMYI51 BbHWeHb
13
31-1Ab 06a4e Bb eAHa nO-CTapa <jJOTOrpa<\JI-151 (Ta6n. Ill) 111-141-1 51CHO, 4e T031-1 31-1Ab AD CaMaTa Cl-1
OCHOBa HMa Ci'i'\W,I-151 TYPCKH xapaKTepb, KaKTO 1-1 c-BsepHH51Tb. Ho 1-1 TYKb naKb He u.i>nH51Tb 31-iAb e
6HJ1b TYPCKI-1. CnopeAb Cb06w,eHHe Ha apXHTeKTa H . na3apOBb, K O ~ h o e Pi'i'\KOBOAI-111b nocTpOHKaTa
Ha MOAepHaTa U.bpKBHU.a, caMo o6nHU.OBKaTa e 61-1na TypcKa, a 51AKaTa Ha 3HAa e 61-1na naKb CTapa.
Hai1-Ao6pt, MO>He Aa ce Ha6moAaBa Ta3H HHTepecHa TeXHHKa, a HMeHHO o6nH4aHeTO Ha u.i>nb
eAHHb Ha51AeHb 1-1 OT4aCTI-1 pa3KbpTeHb 31-1Ab Cb eAHa TbHKa AOnbl1HHTenHa 31-iAap!-151, Ha ci>BepHaTa
BbHWHa CTpaHa Ha Hanpb4HI-151 KOpa6b (o6p. 7). TyKb Ci'i'\W,O roni>Ma 4aCTb OTb CTi>HaTa HOCI-1 51BHI-1
npH3HaU.H Ha noceTHi>wHa Hanpasa. 06a4e Ha caM!-151 c-Bsepo-3anaAeHb i'i'\rbl1b, Ai>TO nHu.eTO Ha cT-5-
HaTa e OT4aCTH pa3KbpTeHo, ce e o6pa3ysana OTnocn-5 eAHa roni>Ma nyKHaTHHa 1-1 cera ce BHH<Aa
MHOrO A06pt,, 4e HepaBHaTa nnOCKOCTb Ha CTapl-151 3HAb e 61-1JJa 1-13paBHeHa Cb eAHa MHOrO BHVI-
MaTeJJHa TyxneHa 3vtAapH51, Ae6ena caMO OTb 30-50 eM. (i'i'\W,OTO. Hi>w,o MO>He Aa ce Ha6mo-
AaBa 1-1 Ha ApyrH Mi>CTa Ha U.bpKBaTa, Hanp. Ha H3T04HaTa 11 CTpaHa (Ta6n. IV 1-1 o6p. 6), Ai>TO
31-1AbTb OTBbHb e rpaAeHb OT4aCTI1 Cb MaJJKI-1 TYX111-1 1-1 HOCI-1 CbBCi>Mb KbCeHb xapaKTepb, HO I-13Bi'i'\Tpt,
e CTapb. Ta1<asa nO-KbCHa oonvtU.OBKa HaMHpaMe 1-1 Bb Bi'i'\Tpi>wHOCTbTa Ha U.bpKBaTa, a HMeHHO Ha
ci>sepHaTa CTi>Ha Ha rnaBHI-151 KOpa6b, 6!11-130 AD nOAKynonHOTO npOCTpaHCTBO.
0Tb T-531-1 <jJaKTVI Ce BVIH<Aa, 4e He BCi>Ka CTi>Ha, K051TO noKa3Ba BbHWHO nO-KbCeHb npOH3-
XOAb, e CTpoeHa H3U.i>no OTnocn-5 - Hi>w,o, KoeTo HMa H3BbHpeAHO roni>Mo 3Ha4eHHe 3a npasvtn-
HaTa np-Bu.i>HKa Ha crpaAaTa. vbrne>HAa, 4e HHTO eAHa OTb 3ana3eHvtTi> cera 4aCTH Ha U.bpKBaTa He
e 61-1na pa3pyweHa AD TaKaBa CTeneHb, Ai>TO Aa e 61-iJJO He06XOAI1MO Aa ce Bb3AHra T51 HaHOBO. np1-1
BCe TOBa, 3a Aa Cl-1 CbCTaBHMb T04HO npi>ACTaBneHvte 3a nbpBOHa4aJJHI-151 l-13rJJeAb Ha LJ.bpKBaTa,
Heo6xoAHMO e Aa ce H3TbKHaTb np11 HeHHOTO onHcaHHe BCH4KH no-KbCHI-1 np-BnpaBKI-1. Tosa Hi>w,o
necHo MO>He Aa CTaHe nopaAvt pa3nvt4HeTo Ha ynoTp-5651BaHvt51 Bb pa3HHTi> spi>MeHa MaTepvtanb, a
TaKa Ci'i'\W,O 1-1 nopaAH pa3HI151 Ha411Hb Ha rpaAe>Hb. ETo 3aw,o Heo6xoAHMO e na ce cnpeMb npi>AH
BCH4KO Ha T-531-1 ABa Bbnpoca.
3. CrpovnenHH51Tb MarepHanb
'------- Pa3KOnKHTi>, KOHTO ce HanpasHxa Bb U.bpKBaTa Cs. Co<jJH51, AaAoxa Bb3MO>HHOCTb Aa ce npocni>A51Th
1-1 OCHOBvtrl 11. Tt, AOCTHraTb Ha Abn6o4vtHa AO 4 MeTpa 1-1 Ci'i'\ npaseHH OTb p-54HI-1 KaMbHH 1-1 TyxnH,
nocni>AHHTi> OTb KOHTO Ci'i'\ noCTaBeHH Me>HAY KaMbHvtT-5 Bb eAvtHb nnacTh OTb 3 peAa. Cni>AOBa-
TenHo TYKb HaMHpaMe Be4e OH51 xapaKTepeHb 3a paHHaTa Bvt3aHTI-1HCKa apXvtTeKTypa Ha4vtHb Ha
rpaAe>Hb, np1-1 KOHTO nnaCTOBe OTb KaMbHVI ce Mi>H51BaTb nOCJJi>AOBaTenHO Cb nnaCTOBe OTb TYXJJH,
noCTaBeHI-1 Bb 3-5 peAa.
1
V Bbpxy OCHOBaTa, npi>Avt Aa ce n04He ropH51Ta noCTpOHKa, AOXa>HAa
HaH-Hanpi>Ab eAvtHb peAb OTb roni>Mvt KaMeHHVI 6nOKOBe, KOHTO o6pa3ysaTb HaBCi>Ki'i'\At, C06-
CTBeHvt51 U.OKbJlb Ha LJ.bpKBaTa 1-1 Onpi>Ai>ll51Tb no T03VI Ha4HHb HVIBOTO Ha nbpBOHa4aJlHVI51 H nOAb.
MaTepHaJJbTb, OTb K o ~ h o ell\ HanpaseHvt rl3H 6noKose, e pa3nvt4eHb: cp-Bw,a ce 6-Bnb 1-1 01BO
CHHKaBb sapOBHVIKb, a TaKa Ci'i'\W,O 1-1 6tni>3HvtKaBb ni>Cb4HVIKb. (i'i'.W,O 1-1 pa3Mi>pHT-5 Ha KBaApHTi>
Ci'i'\ pa3JlVI4HI-1 KaKTO no nOBpbXHOCTb, TaKa VI no Ae6eJJHHa.
LI,-BnaTa ropH51 noCTpOHKa e HanpaseHa vt3KJJI04vtTeJJHO OTb Tyxnl-1 1-1 xopocaHb. TyxnHTi> Ci'i'\
MHOro A06pt, H3ne4eHH, n04Tvt KBaApaTHH, Cb CTpaHa 32-35 CM. H 45-55 eM. Ae6enH. EAHaTa HMb
CTpaHa, K051TO e cnaraHa BvtHarvt HaAon-5, e no-rpanasa, a ApyraTa e A06pt, 3arnaAeHa 1-1 HMa 3Ha-
Kose, TerneHH Cb ABa Hnvt TPI-1 npbCTa, ow,e npi>Avt H3nH4aHeTO, o6HKHOBeHo no AHaroHana Ha
TyxnaTa HJJI-1 nbKb Bb cpi>AaTa 11 Bb BHAb Ha He3aTsopeHb Kpi'i'\rb. XopocaHbTb, KOHTO ce OTJlH4aBa
I) rn F\. c h 0 is y. L' art de batir chez les Byzantins
CTp. 8 en.; J. S t r z y go w ski, Byzant. Denkmaler II 118;
L e c I e r c q, Manuel d'archeologie chretienne II 45 11 np.-
Bbpxy ynoTp-t6eHI1eTo Ha Ta311 TeXHI1Ka Bb X11capcKaTa
Kp-tnoCTb OTb Bp-tMeTO Ha IOCT11HH3Ha r11. 6 . <l> 11 11 0 B b,
I-13B"tCT11SI Ha 6bnr. apxeon. npym. II. 1911, 112.
i
'
I
t
I
!
f
14 CerawHOTO CbCTOSIHHe Ha UbpKeara
no CB051Ta SII<OCTb, e HanpaseHb OTb Bapb, ni:;Cbl<b H CYyKaHH AOCTa Ha eApO KepaMHAH HIIH TYXIIH.
1
)
Toii e cnaraHb Me<AY TyxnHTi:; Bb roni:;Mo KOIIHYeCTso, KaTo o6pa3ysa nnaCTose, YHSITO Ae6enHHa ce
paBHSIBa 06HKHOBeHO Ha Ta3H Ha Tyxmnt, a Ha Mi:;CTa Sl Aa>t<e HaAMHHaBa. rpaAe>t<bTb Ha CTi:;HHTi:; e
H3BbHpeAH0 npaBHJieHb H paBHOMi:;peHb, I<OeTO Bb roni:;Ma CTeneHb ce Abii>t<H Ha eAH006pa3HeTO H
eAHaKBaTa roni:;MHHa Ha ryxnHTi:;. (Ti:;HHT-1:; Ae6enH 160-1 go M.
npH no-KbCHHTi:; nonpas1<11 Ha U,bpKBaTa ynoTpi:;6StsaHH no-ManKH 11 rnasHo no-TbHKH TyxnH
Cb pa3HI1 pa3Mi:;;:-H, KaMbHH H napYeTa OTb CTapHTi:; roni:;MH TYXllH. rpaAe>t<bTb Ha T-1:;311 YaCTH e pa3HOI<a-
YeCTBeHb. Hai1-BHHMaTeneHb H paBHOMi:;peHb e TOK Bb Hi:;KoH OTb TypcKHTi:; YaCTI1, oco6eHo no
Bli'I.Tpi:;wHaTa CTpaHa Ha ci:;sepHaTa CTi:;Ha Ha U,bpKBaTa (o6p. 4), Ai:;TO BCi:;I<H KaMbl<b e nOCTaBeHb Me>t<AY
YerHpH TyxnH no xapaKTepHHSI 3a no-CTapHTi:; TypcKI1 noCTpOHKH HaYHHb. XopocaHbTb Ha no-
KbCHHTi:; npHCTpOHI<H, I<OHTO e MHOrO no-cna6b, C"bAbp>t<a 11lll1 CYyKaHI1 CbBCi:;Mb Ha CI1THO KepaM11AH,
11IIH nbl<b He CbAbp>t<a Hl11<al<b Tai<I1Ba.
Cni:;Ab Ti:;3H o6w,H 6-l:;ni:;>t<KH w.e np11CTJKni1Mb KbMb pa3rne<AaHeTo Ha pa3HI1rb YaCTH Ha
U,bpKBaTa Bb ceraWHI1SI 11Mb BI1Ab.
4. BbHWHVITt crtHVI Ha UbpKsara.
np11 pa3riie>t<AaHeTO Ha BbHWHHTi:; CTi:;HI1 Ha U,bpi<BaTa w,e HMaMe rnaBHO 3a u,i:;nb Aa I<OH-
CTaT11paMe, Bb3b OCHOBa Ha ynOTpi:;6eHI1SI MaTep11aJib, I<OH 4aCTI1 Cli'l. OTb nbpBOHaYallHaTa noCTpOHI<a
Ha u,bpKBaTa 11 1<011 AaT11paTb OTb no-ceTHi:;WHI1 nonpaBKI1. T-!:;311 nocni:;AHHTi:; , Cb nOMOW.bTa Ha
AaAeHI1Ti:; o6SICHeHI1SI, MoraTb necHO Aa ce pa3ni1YaTb 11 Bb oT0rpa1111rl Ha u,bpKBaTa (Ta6n. II-VII
11 o6pa3HTi:; Bb TeKCTa). CaMo Tpi:;6sa Aa ce 11Ma npi:;Ab B11Ab, KaKTO H3TbKHaxMe no-ropi:;, Ye Bb
noBeYeTO CIIyYal1 npH nonpaBI<HTh 11MaMe pa6oTa 06HKHOBeHO Cb eAHa nO-I<bCHa 06JII1ll,0Bt<a Ha CTi:;-
HHTi:;, a He Cb nbJieHb HOBb rpaAe>t<b Bb u,i:;naTa 11Mb Ae6eiii1Ha.
npi:;A11 BCH41<0 Hi:;KOJII<O AYMI1 3a n01<p11Ba (rn. Ta6n. I). CeraWHI1SITb KepaMHAeHb noKp11Bb,
I<OHTO AO MI1HaJiaTa fOA11Ha Bb no-roiii:;MaTa Cl1 YaCTb nOYTH He CJKW,eCTsysawe, AaT11pa eABa OTb
HaH-HOBO spi:;Me. noKpHBbTb HaAb AeCHI1SI CTpaHI14eHb !<Opa6b, Bb I<OHTO ce noMi:;w,aBa MOAepHaTa
U,bp!<BI1U,a, e npaBeHb np11 HeKHaTa noCTpOHI<a npi:;3b 1900 fOA. H nOKp11BbTb HaAb AeCHOTO
!<pHilO Ha Hanpi:;4HI1SI !<Opa6b e 611IIb nonpaBSIHb no TOBa Bpi:;Me. lJ,i:;JII1SITb OCTaHaJib nOKp11Bb Ha
U,bpKBaTa ce HanpaBH HaHOBO OTb CTpaHa Ha HapOAH11SI My3ei1 npi:;3b MI1HanaTa 1911 roA. 3a Ta311
u,i:;Jib 6-l:;xa ynoTpi:;6eHI1 KpHBH KepaM11A11 OTb CTap11S1 Tl1nb, Cb Kai<BI1TO U,bp!<BaTa e 611Jia noKp11Ta 11
npi:;3b TypcKo spi:;Me 11 KOI1TO npHIII14aTb TBbpAi:; MHoro Ha CTap11Ti:; Bl13aHTHHCI<I1 KepaM11A11, KaTo
ce OTJIH4aBaTb OTb Ti:;Xb CaMO Cb no-MaJIKI1Ti:; Cl1 pa3Mi:;p11. KynOIIbTb e noKpHTb OTBbHb Cb U,I1MeHTb
eABa npi:;AI1 AeceTI1Ha rOAI1H11, cni:;Ab KaTo ce MaxHa OTb TYKb AbpBeHaTa Kyna, KOSITO cny<ewe
Ha no>t<apH11Kap11Ti:; Aa Ha6IIIOAaBaTb 3a OrbHb Bb rpaAa.
Vf3T04Hf\Tf\ CToHF\ (Ta6n. IV). KaKTO seye cnoMeHaxMe no-ropi:; (CTp. 11), u,i:;nara ano1Aa
e Cb6opeHa Cb 1131<JII04eHI1e Ha HaH-AOIIHSITa H YaCTb, Ha BI1C0411Ha OI<OIIO 80 CM. HaAb KaMeHHI1SI U,OI<biib
Ha U,bpKBaTa. Ha Bli'I.Tpi:;wHaTa CTpaHa ABi:; OTb spi:;3BaHI1SITa Bb CTi:;HI1Ti:; Ha anCI1AaTa Cli'l. 3anbiiHeHI1 .
cb Typct<H 311Ab, rpaAeHb He6pi:;<HO OTb KaMbHI1, noCTaBSIHH Me<AY YeT11p11 Tyxnl1 (rn. o6p. 5 npH a). Tosa
Hi:;w,o noKa3sa, Ye anC11AaTa, npi:;A11 Cb6apS1HeTo c11 , e 611na 113non3yBaHa ow.e 11 Bb TypcKo spi:;Me.
0TBOpbTb Ha TPHYManHaTa apt<a (cpi:;w.y anC11AaTa) e 3anbiiHeHb cera Cb eAHa CbBCi:;Mb
cna6o rpaAeHa Typct<a CTi:;Ha, Ae6ena 150 M., noCTaBeHa 6e3b ocHOBI1 Henocpi:;ACTBeHo Bbpxy Hac11na.
f\1<0 Ta311 CTi:;Ha, Bbnp-1:;1<11 III1nCaTa Ha cpyHAaMeHTH, e MOrna Aa YCT011 AOCera, TOBa ce Abii>t<l1
Bb roni:;Ma CTeneHb Ha o6cTOSITencTBOTO, Ye TSI e A06pi:; cTi:;rHaTa OTb COIII1AHO noCTpoeHaTa TPI1YM-
1) C"'UlHSITb xopocaHb, Koiiro e xapaKrepeHb 3a BH-
3aHTHMCI<HTt nocrpOMI<H (rn. UHTHpaHaTa Bb no-ropHSITa
6t.nt.m1<a nHrepaTypa), HaMHpaMe H Bb XHcapc!<ara !<pt.-
nocrb (ct> H n 0 B b, UHT. M. CTp. 113).
Yf3TOYHaTa CTtHa Ha UbpKBcTa 15
anHa apKa. Cr5HaTa e HanpaseHa Bb AOJJH51Ta c11 YaCTb OTb pt.4HI1 KaMbH11, a Bb ropH51Ta - n04TI1
113KJJJC411TeJJHO OTb TYXJJI1. Bb CrBHaTa Ci'K snomeHI1 Hanpt.4HI1 ,nbpseTa; xopocaHbTb e 6e3b Kepa-
M11A11. no cpt.,naTa e,ni1Hb nl1nacTbpb, rpa,neHb no Ci'Kll.ll151 Ha411Hb, Koi1To cT11ra caMo Ha nonosi1-
HaTa BI1C0411Ha, CJJY}f{l1 3a no.nnopKa Ha crt.HaTa. ropH11rB 4emp11 npo3opeu.a Ci'K Cb OCTp11 TYPCKI1
cso.nose, a AOJlH11Tt. .nsa Ci'K 4eTBbpT11TI1 Cb KaMeHHI1 paMKI1 HaOKOJlO. no TPI1YManHaTa apKa, OTb
BbHWHa crpaHa, ce 3a6t.nt.3saTb cna611 cnt..n11 OTb pecKI1.
4eTsbpT11TaTa nocrpoHKa, K051T0 o6rpam.na Kynona. e Ci'Kll.IO Bb noront.MaTa c11 YaCTb TypcKa,
rpa,neHa caMo OTb TYXll11 . .ll,an11 TYPCKI151Tb nnacTb e caMo Ha nospbXHOCTbTa, 11Jll1 npOHI1KBa .no caMI151
Kynonb, He Mome .na ce KOHCTaT11pa.
06p. 5. - Ll.erafinb OTb ancHnara Ha UbpKsara.
HaH-ropH51Ta YaCTb Ha crt.HaTa Bb nt.so OTb anc11,naTa (o6p. 6) e Ci'Kll.IO TypcKa. 06aYe .nsaTa
Kpi'Krlll1 npo3opeu.a 11 CBOAbTb Ha npo,nbnrosaTOTO npo3opye Mem.ny rBXb, 3anyweHo oTnocni;, Ci'K
cTap11 . .ll,saTa np03opeu.a no cpt.,naTa Ci'K CKi'KCeH11 Ha BI1C0411Ha Cb xy6asb npas11neHb rpa.nemb OTb
ront.MI1 Tyxnvt, st.po51THO npt..n11 TypcKaTa pecraspaUI151. TypcK11 e 11 HaH-AOJJHI151Tb npo3opeu.b Cb Ka-
MeHHaTa paMKa HaoKono 3ae,nHo Cb Cbct..nHoTo noAKbpnsaHe. Bb nt.so OTb T0311 npo3opeu.b, TbKMO
nOAb BbHWHI151 i'Krbllb Ha nbpB1151 crapb npo3opeu.b, ce 3a6t.nt.Jsa spt.3saHe Bb crap1151 311Ab Ha
U.bpKsaTa, w11p0Ko OKOJJO 60 eM. Tosa spt.3BaHe np0113Xom.na OTb 311,na Ha e,nHa TypcKa np11CTpOHKa,
41111TO OCHOBJ.1 ce HaM"Bp11xa np:.-t pa3KOnKI1Tt. (rn. nnaHa Ha Ta6n. IX np11 R ). T51 e 611na rpa,neHa OTb
KaMbHI1, nocraseHI1 Yen-1p11 Tyxnl1.
16 CerawHOTO Ha UbpKBaTa
CnHaTa Bb ,o,ecHo OTb ano1,o,aTa (rn. Ta6n. IV) e Typct<a Bb u,-EnaTa CH ropHSI YaCTb. Hal1-ropHHSITb
npo3opeu,b e CTapb Bb OCHOBaTa Cl-1, o6a4e CBOAbTb MY e TYPCKI-1. n-EBHSITb OTb ,o,BaTa np030peu,a no
cp-E,o,aTa e CT"ECHeHb Bb Typct<o sp-EMe, t<aTo MY e np1-16aseHb H xapat<TepHHSI Ja TOBa sp-EMe Jao-
CTpeHb cso,o,b. (bc-E,o,HI-1SITb Cb Hero npo3opeu,b e JanaJHnb nbpBoHaYanHaTa CH cj:>opMa, o6a4e e
C6p. 6. - lleTaHnb OTb H3TOYHaTa cTtHa Ha UbpKBaTa .
Ha BHC04HH :1 Cb npaBHnHa 31-!,0,apHS! OTb ron"EMH TyXnl-1, B'EpOSITHO np-E,o,H Typct<aTa peCTa-
BpaU,HSI. Hal1-,o,onHHS!Tb npo3opeu,b e Typct<H H e HManb nbpBOHaYanHO t<aMeHHa paMt<a, KaKTO
ocTaHanHT-E Bb pe,o,b npo3opu,H Ha Ta3H cTpaHa.
F
Ct.sepHara crt.Ha Ha UbpKsara 17
CoBEPHF\TF\ CToHF\ (Ta6n. V 11 VI 11 o6p. 3, 7 11 8). Pa3ni1'-IHO GK 3ana3eHI1 TYKb crlHaTa Ha
Hanp-B'-1HI151 KOpa6b 11 Ta311 Ha CTpaHI1'-IHI151KOpa6b Ha ll,bpKBaTa. nbpBaTa (o6p. 7) np11Ha)J,nemi1KbMb HaH-
06p. 7. - .UeraHnb OTb ct.sepHara crt.Ha Ha UbpKsara.
)J,06pt, 3ana3eHI1T-B '-!aCTI1 Ha LJ,t.naTa noCTpoi1Ka.
1
) CaMo '-!aCTb OTb He51, Bb )],eCHO, e noKp11Ta OTBbHb
1
) e Ha npbBb nornenb, KaKb KaHHllb,
Koiho e 6Hnb ronK03b BHHMareneHb Ha6ntonarenb, e MO-
manb na ce 3a6nynH no raKasa creneHb, Ye na CYHTa ut.-
nara I-13T04Ha YaCTb Ha UbpKBaTa KOpa6b
3aenHo Cb Kynona) 3a rypcKa (Donau-Bulgarien und der
Balkan, 2 H3n. II 212). Toi1 e 6Hnb BbseneHb Bb 3a6nym-
Ca. Co<jmo
neHHe KaKTO H3rnemna OTb Ye Ta3H YaCTb
Ha UbpKsara e Hai1-no6pt. 3ana3eHa, a ocst.Hb rosa TSI e
61-1na Bb Heroso spt.Me H3Ma3aHa owe nocra no-
6pt. Cb sapb OTBbHb, nopan11 Koero He e Morno na ce
Ha6ntonasa no6pt, pa3nHKara b MarepHanb
11 HaYHHbTb Ha rpanema ..
3
I'
,
!
I
i
-
18
CerawHoro CbCTOilHHe Ha UbpKsara
Cb e,ll,HHb nnacTb OTb TypcKa o6nmJ,OBI<a, Ae6enb 30-50 CM. To3H nnaCTb e pa3KbpTeHb cera Ha
caMH51 3ana,ll,eHb .i'il.fbnb, scn-EACTBHe Ha I<OeTo MHoro A06pi; ce BHH<Aa, I<aKb TOH npHn-Ensa AO
HepaBHaTa CTapa nnOCKOCTb Ha CrlHaTa. Hanp-E4HH51Tb I<Opa6b HMa Ha Ta3H CTpaHa WeCTb np030-
peu,a, pa3nono}!{eHH no TPH Bb ,ll,Ba pe,ll,a. Ti; C.i'il. 3ana3HnH BCH'-Il<H CTapaTa CH opMa, o6a4e ABaTa
06p. 8. - ileTaHJJb OTb ct.sepHaTa CTt.Ha Ha Ubp!<BaTa.
I<paHHH npo3opeu,a Bb ropHH51 pe,ll,b C.i'il. 3anyweHH u,-EnH Cb npaBHnHa 3H,ll,apH51 OTb ron-EMH ryxnH,
l<051TO H-EMa TYPCKH xapai<Tepb. )J,saTa I<pai::tHH npo3opeu,a Bb ,ll,OnHH51 pe,ll,b C.i'il. 3anyweHH caMo
OT4aCTH Cb C.;W,aTa 3H,ll,apH51, 3a ,l],a Ce nOCTaB51Tb Ha C.;W,OTO Hlf.BO Cb cpt.,ll,HI-151 np030peU,b, I<Oi:ho
Ct sep't!OTO crpaHH4HO oTnt.neHHe Ha npt.nnsepHeTo 19
nbpBOHa4anHO, nopa,o,11 Haxo,o,sm.J,ara ce no,o,b Hero spara, e 611nb ManKo nO-HI1CbKb. Bparara no,o,b
T0311 npo3opeu.b e 3anyweHa u.-Ena Cb c;v;.w,ara 311,o,ap11S!.
Cbsci>Mb Bb ,o,pyro CbCTOS!HI1e ce HaM11pa c-EsepHara cTi>Ha Ha CTpaHI14HI1S! KOpa6b (o6p. 3). TyKb
OTb nbpsoHa4anHara cTi>Ha Ha noCTpoi1Kara He nl1411 OTBbHb no4TI1 HI1W,O. Cera TS! 11Ma HanbnHO
rypc1<11 xapaKrepb, rpa,o,eHa e CbBCi>Mb He6pi>>+<HO 11 cna6o OTb pa3Hoo6pa3eHb Marep11anb - Ka-
MbHI1, ryxn11 OTb pa3Ha roni>MI1Ha, nap4era OTb CTpoweHI1 ryxn11 11 KepaM11AI1 - Karo np11 rosa C.;.
ynorp-E6eHI1 Bb rpane>+<a 11 xapaKrepHHTi> 3a rypcKI1S! CTpoe>+<b Hanpi>4HI1 11 Ha,D,Jlb>+<HI1 rpe,o,11, KOI1TO
C.;. OW,e OT4aCTI1 ,0,06pi> 3ana3eHI1. vf3o6w,o no BCI141<0 Jll-1411, Ye Ta311 CTi>Ha e npi>rbpni>na
MHoroKparHI1 11 ro BI1Ham He6pi>>+<HI1 nonpas1<11. KaKro 113TbKHaxMe o6aye no-rop-E (CTp. 12), BCI141<11
06p. 9. - Ct.sepHOTo CTpaHH4HO omt.neHHe Ha npt.nnsepHeTo.
Ti>311 npoMi>HI1 C.;. 3aCi>rHaJ111 CaMO nOBpbXHOCTbTa Ha CTi>HaTa, 411S!TO S!,D,Ka Bb CN;.W,HOCTb e CTapa.
Me>+<ny pa3sani1HI1Ti> Ha rypc1<11r-E np-Enpas1<11 ryKb S!CHO nl1411 11 cera ow,e apKara Ha e,o,I1Hb crapb
cso,o,eCTb npo3opeu.b, 113ry6eHb CbBbpweHo Bb rypcKara 311,o,ap11S!. Cera Ha ra311 cri>Ha ce HaM11paTb
CaMO ,D,Ba rypC1<11 4eTBbpT11TI1 np030pL1,11 Cb KaMeHeHb 6op,o,!Opb nO !<paS!, Kai<BI1TO HaMi>p11XMe 11 Ha
113T04Hara cri>Ha.
Bb Hai1-3ana,o,Hara 4aCTb Ha cri>Hara (o6p. 8) ce 3a6-Eni>3Ba cso,o,ecra spara, 3a311,0,aHa Cb rypcKa
311,o,ap11S! OTb KaMbHI1 11 ryxn11. Ta311 spara e so,o,-Ena OTb npi>,D,D,sep11ero Bb c-EsepHoro crpaHI14HO
OT,o,i>neHI1e, I<OeTO Cera e CbBbpWeHO Cb60peHO 4al<b ,0,0 OCHOBI1Th, KaTO C.;. ,D,vtrHaTI1 ,o,a>+<e 11 6nOKO-
BeTh OTb KaMeHHI1S! MY LJ,OI<bJlb Cb V13l<J1104eHvte Ha OHi>311 CaMO nap4eTa, 1<011TO On11paTb Henocpi>,o,-
CTBeHO no U.bpKOBHara cri>Ha. Cb noMow,bra Ha HanpaseHvtr-E ryKb pa3KOnKI1 MO>+<a ,o,a ce ycraHOBI1
TOYHara cpopMa Ha rosa or,o,-EneHI1e (rn. nnaHa Ha ra6n. IX vt o6p. 9). To e 11Mano ,o,s-E anc11,0,11,
e,o,Hara Ha 113TOKb, ,o,pyrara Ha 3ana,o,b, 11 e 611no ,o,ocrN-nHo caMo orb npi>,D,D,sepvtero Ha U.bpKBara.
,lJ,bn>+<vtHara My, 3ae,o,Ho Cb anc11,o,11rl, e 9"60 M., a w11p04vtHara - 430 M. Lfe rosa or,o,-EneHI1e e
CbCTaBS!nO Hal1cmHa 4aCTb OTb nbpsoHaYanHara nocrpoi11<a Ha U.bpKsara, ce Bl1>+<,o,a OTb o6croS!ren-
3*
20 CerawHoro CbCTOSIHHe Ha UbpKBaTa
CTBOTO, ,[J,i;TO 6JlOKOBeri; Ha KaMeHHVI51 MY U,OKbJlb Ce B,[l,aBaTb Bb KaMeHHI-151 U,OKbJlb Ha CaMara
ubpKsa, a He CJK caMo AOn"tneHVI AO T03VI nocn"tAHVI51.
HaAb noKpVIBa !-'a crpaHV14HVI51 Kopa6b, Bb H3AHrHarara no-BHCOKO cr"tHa Ha rnaBHI-151
KOpa6b Ha U,bpKBaTa, ce HaMVIpaTb np030pU,V1Ti;, KOVITO OCB"tTJ151BaTb Henocpi;ACTBeHO T031-1 nOC!l"tAHVI51.
04epraHVI51Ta Ha crap1-1r"t npo3opu,V1, KCVITO CJK 6HnH Ha 6po.:i wecrb, ce 3a6-tn"t3sarb ow,e MHoro
A06pi;, Tbi1 KaTO rypcKaTa 06JlVIU,OBKa, K051TO 6e3b CbMH"tHI-!e H Bb Ta31-! 4aCTb Ha U,bpKBaTa e 61-!Jla
TaKa BHHMaTenHa, KaKTO H Apyra,[J,i; , cera Bb no-ron-tMara CVI 4aCTb e H3na,[l,ana. ,IJ,saTa Kpai1HH
npo3opu,V1 CJK 3anyweHVI CbBbpweHo Bb nO-Kb":HO sp"tMe. OcTaHanHrl YerVIpl-1 CJK 61-!nH caMo
CTICHeHH, KaTO npH TOBa crapHTi; KplKrJll-1 apKI-1 CJK 3aM"tHeHH Cb rypCKI-1 3aOCTpeHI-I .
Ta3H Yacrb OTb cr"tHara, K051TO ce HaMHpa Henocp"tACTBeHo nOAb noKpHsa H K051TO noKa3sa
TBbpAi; npasHneHb rpaAemb OTb Ae6enVI ryxnH, e .npaseHa e,[l,Ba Bb Ha4anoro Ha MVIHanara rOAHHa,
3a ,[!,a MOrarb Aa ce cnomarb KepaMHAHT"t Ha noKpHBa, TbH Karo cr"tHara Ha rosa M-tcro 6-twe
CbBC"tMb pa3pyweHa.
IO>t<HATA CToHA (ra6n. II VI Ill VI o6p. 1). 3a ra3H cr"tHa HMa Aa ce Kame n04TH CIKW,OTO,
KOeTo Ka3axMe seye 3a c-tsepHara. Cr"tHara Ha Hanp"t4HH51 Kopa6b e 3ana3eHa cJKw,o TaKa A06pi;, o6a4e
rypcKHT-t nonpaBKVI CJK n0-3Ha4VITeJlHVI, OCOOHO Bb ropH51Ta H 4aCTb. npo30pU,!-1T"t CJK np"trbpn"tm-1
CJKW,HTi; npoM"tHH, KaKTO H Ha ci;sepHaTa CTpaHa, T. e. KpaHHHTi; Bb ropHH51 pe,[!,b CJK 3anyWeHH
u,i;mt, a T"t3VI Bb ,[1,0JlHH51 CJK CaMO CHVIWeHVI, 3a ,[J,:l ,[l,OH,[l,aTb Ha CJKW,OTO HHBO Cb cpi;,[!,HH51 npo3opeu,b.
Crapara cso,[l,ecra spara, K051TO ce e HaMHpana no cp"tAara Ha cr-tHaTa H 4VIHTO 04epraHH51 51CHO nH4aTb,
e 6VIna u,i;na 3anyweHa. Ha Hei1Ho M"tCTO, o6a4e MHoro nO-BVICOKO, e 6Hna orsopeHa omocni; rypcKa
4eTBbpTHTa BpaTa Cb KaMeHeHb OOp,[!,!Opb, np"tAb K051TO cera e nOCTpOeHa MO,[!,epHaTa AbpBeHa
CTbn6a. 0TBap51HeTO Ha Ta3H BpaTa Tpi;6sa Aa e CTaHaJlO MHOro KbCHO, KOraTO OKOJlHOTO HHBO ce e
6Hno se4e TO!lK03b H3AHrHano, 4e e Morno Aa ce B!lH3a np"t3b He51 Hanpaso OTBbHb, 6e3b CTbn6a.
1
)
CT-tHara Ha crpaHVI4HH51 Kopa6b e CbBbpweHo VI3M"tHeHa npH npaseHero Ha MOAepHaTa
u,bpKBHua np"t3b 1900 r. KaKb e H3rnem,[l,ana Ta3H cT"tHa no-paHo, ce BHmAa OTb e,[l,Ha no-cTapa
ororpaqm51 (Ta6n. Ill). ,lJ,oKonKoro Mome Aa ce no Ta3H oTorpaH51, CT"tHaTa ce e HaMHpana
Bb CJKW,OTO nonomeHHe, KaKTO CbOTB"tTCTByBaW,aTa H 4aCTb Ha ci;sepHaTa CTpaHa Ha UbpKBaTa.
rpa,[!,e}f{bTb OTBbHb HOCH BCeu,-tno TYPCKH xapaKTepb Cb MHOro6poi1HH nonpaBKH. Bb cr"tHaTa CJK
6HJlH OTBOpeHH naKb ,[l,Ba 4eTBbpTHTH np030pU,11 Cb KaMeHHH 60pA10pH, H TO T04HO Ha CJKW,OTO M"tCTO,
Ha Koero cera ce HaMVIpaTb ABaTa ron"tMH npo3opeu,a Ha MOAepHaTa u,bpKBHu,a. Br. ,[!,eCHO OTb npo3op-
U,HT"t ce e HaMHpana BHCOKa spaTa, K051TO e OCTaBeHa H Bb MOAepHaTa U,bpKBHU,a n04TH 6e3b H3M"t-
HeHHe. nparoTb Ha Ta3H Bpara Jle}f{VI Cb 90 CM. nO-HHCKO OTb npara Ha BpaTaTa, OTBOpeHa Bb CT"tHaTa Ha
Hanp"t4HH51 Kopa6b. Cn"tAOBaTenHo nbpBaTa e no-crapa, npaseHa npH no-HHCKO HHBO Ha OKOJlHH51
repeHb. 3acnymasa BHVIMaHVIe xy6asaTa apxHTeKTOHH4Ha Ha Ta3H spaTa, o6rpaAeHa Cb Ka-
MeHeHb npo1-1nysaHb 6opAtOpb, KOHTO e 3ana3eHb 6e3b H3M"tHeHHe.
Ha M"tCToTo, A"tTo cera ce HaMHpa np"tMBepVIeTo Ha MOAepHaTa u,bpKBHu,a, e CT051no no-
paHo TypcKOTO MHHape, Cbrpa,[!,eHO Bb HaH-,[1,0JlH51Ta CH 4aCTb OTb xy6ae11 ,[J,i;JlaHH KaMbHH. nbpBO-
Ha4aJlHO Ha TOBa M"tCTO Ce e HaMHpano IQ}f{HOTO CTpaHH4HO OT,[J,i;JleHVIe Ha npi;,[l,IJ,sepHeTO, CHMeTpH4HO
Cb onHcaHOTO no-ropi; (cTp. 19) Ha ci;sepHaTa crpaHa. OcHOBHr"t 11a rosa OTA"tneHHe JlVI4aTb OTYacrH
Ha nospbXHOCTbTa Ha 3eM51Ta. 0Tb 3ana3eHHT-t cn"tAH ce BVI>H,[J,a, 4e HeroBaTa opMa H pa3,M"tpH CJK
6HnH CJKW.Hrl, KaKTO c-tsepHOTO OTA"tneHHe.
npo30pU,HTi; B'b nO-BHCOKaTa CTi;Ha Ha rnaBHVI51 KOpa6b, Hc,[l,b noKpHBa Ha CTpaHH4HH51, GK
npi;Tbpn"tnH CJKW,HTi; H3M"tHeHH51, KaKTO Ha ci;sepHaTa CTpaHa: Kpai1HHTi; ,[l,Ba CJK 6HJlH 3anyweHI-!,
a OCTaHaJlHTi; 4eTV1pH CJK 6HJlH CT"tCHeHH H CJK nony4HJlH rypCKVI 3aOCTpeHH CBO,[l,OBe.
1
) HHsoro oKono Cs. CoqmSI no np"\;nH ocso6oH<ne
HHeTO e 6HJIO MHOfO no BHCOKO. To e CHHWeHO 3H3'lH
renHo, Cb noseye OTb M., npH MonepHHrt peryna
UHOHHH pa60TH Bb rpana.
IOmara H 3ananHara c1t.HH ucpKsara 21
3f\nf\,1J,Hf\Tf\ CToHf\ Ta6n. VII). e Ha u,bp-
I<BaTa. no'-ln1 u,-6naTa n-6sa nonOBV!Ha, 3ae,[IH0 Cb AOnvtpall.l,aTa ce '-!aCTb OTb CBO,[\a, e Cb60peHa.
E.o.Ho nap'-le OTb neH<vt VI cera Bb np-BMsepvteTo Ha u,bpKBaTa.
ron-BMaTa spaTa Bb Ha cpaca,[laTa, Cb KaMeHeHb 6opA10pb no !<past, e TypcKa. CTa-
paTa BpaTa, '-IVIVITO 0'-lepTaHVISI Oll.l,e nvt'-laTb Bb CThHaTa, Ce e HaMvtpana Ha C-'Kll.I,OTO M-6CTO, o6a'-le
6vtna e MHoro no-ron-6Ma vt e 3aBbpwsaJJa orrop-6 Cb KpiYZrbnb CBOAb, OT'-IaCTH 3ana3eHb. CT-BHaTa
HaOKOnO HOCVI Cn-6Avt OTb np-6npaBKVI, KOVITO, nopaA11 pa3nl1'-111eTO Ha MaTep11ana, Tp-66sa
AaT11paTb OTb pa3HI1 sp-BMeHa. Pa3n03Hasa ce stCHO, '-le, np-B.r:111 6iYZAe HanpaseHa cerawHaTa
TypcKa spaTa, CTapaTa spaTa e 6vtna nonpasstHa 11 HaManeHa noHe Oll.l,e VI TO Cb TyxneHb
TBbpA-5 coni1AeHb rpaAeH<b. CT-5HaTa Henocp-BACTBeHo HaAb J<aMeHHHSI 6opAtOpb Ha cerawHaTa spaTa
e rpa,[leHa HanpOTVIBb TBbpA-6 He6p-5H<HO OTb KaMbHVI, Tyxnvt 11 AbpBeTa, H-5KOVI OTb K011TO Oll.l,e Ci'i'Z
3ana3eHI1, a 11MeHHO Ha BiYZTp-6wHaTa CTpaHa.
06p. 10. - Llerai1nb orb 3ananHara crt.Ha Ha UbpKsara.
Bb OTb spaTaTa nl-1'-laTb 0'-1epTaHI1stTa Ha cTap11 npo3opeu,a, 3a311AaHI1 u.-Bn11 Cb
npas11neHb TyxneHb Oll.l,e n6 Bb ce HaM11pa noManKa spaTa, 3a3vtAaHa Cb
Tyxnvt VI KaMbHVI, Ha '-111eTO M-5CTO e HanpaseHb cera e,[II1Hb np030peu,b. no cp-J:;AaTa Ha cpaCa,[laTa,
HaAb rnasHaTa spaTa, ce HaMHpaTb Tpvt npo3opeu,a, OTb KOHTO caMo Ci'i'Z 3ana3eHvt u,-Bn11.
T-5 Ci'i'Z 3Ha'-111TenHo yManeHvt 4p"53b con11.r:1eHb TYPCKI1 KaTo HMb Ci'i'Z npvt6aseHI1 npccpvtnysaHI1
3aOCTpeH11 CBO,[\OBe. ManKOTO KpiYZrnO np030p'-1e Bb IJ,eCHO e Ci'i'Zll.I,O CTapo, o6a'-!e Bb nO-HOBO sp-5Me e
61-1n0 OT'-!aCTI1 nonpaBSIHO, 6e3b ,[\a MOH<e ,[Ia Ce ycTaHOBI1 TO'-IHO, AO KiYZ,[I-5 e OTV!Bana nonpaBKBTa.
(BOAbTb Ha rnaBHHst KOpa6b, KaTo on11pa AO npop-53sa cT-BHa TaKa, '-le
vt3nvt3a 11 Ha n11u,eTo Bb BHAb Ha nonyKpiYZrna apKa, KOstTO 11 cera nvt'-111 Henocp-BncTBeHo
nOAb Hest ce HaMvtpaTb Bb eAHHb peAb Oll.l,e Tp11 no-ManKI1 npo3opeu,a, OTb KOI1TO Ci'i'Z 3ana3eHvt
u,-Gnvt Ci'i'Zll.I,O caMo vtMa HenpasvtnHa cpopMa, e 3a3HAaHb u,-Bnb, a cp-BAHVIS!Tb e
CaMO yManeHb VI CHa6.[1eHb Cb TypcKa 3aOCTpeHa apKa, Ci'i'Zll.I,O KaKTO npvt np030pU,HT-5 Ha nO-,[IOnHVISI pe.[lb.
' !
'
I
:J
I
'
' '
22 CerawHoTo CbCTOSIHHe Ha UbpHsaTa
no u;EJIOTO ni-HJ,e Ha cpaea)J,aTa ee 3a6-l;nE3BaTb MHOr06pOHHI1 nonpaBKI1, HanpaBeHI1 nOYTH
113Kn!OYI1Te!1HO OTb TYXJ111, o6aye T"E311 noen-E)J,H11T-E He e;r;. HdBe-EKJK)J,-i; e)J,HaKBI1 - H-i;w,o, KOeTO no-
Ka3Ba, Ye nonpaBKI1n )J,aT11paTb OTb pa3HI1 Bp-EMeHa. np116!111311Te!1HO Ha nOJ10BI1HaTa Bl1eOYI1Ha Ha
cpaea)J,aTa, Me>HAY BpaTaTa 11 ne>HilW,11T-E Ha)J,b HeSI np030pL.1,11, ee HaM11paTb H"EKOJIKO ron-EM11 YeTBbp-
T11TI1 AYnKI1, Bb KOI1TO e;r;. 611n11 noeTaseHI1, nepneHA11KY!1S!pHO KbMb eT-EHaTa, Ae6en11 rpe)J,I1. T-E e;r;.
noAn11panl1 AbpBeH11SI noKp11Bb, KOHTO nopaHo ee e HaM11panb np-EAb cpaeaAaTa Ha u,bpKBaTa. Bb
e)J,Ha cpOTOrpacp11S1, eHeTa np-EA11 )J,eeeTI1Ha rOA11HI1 11 penpOAYL.1,11paHa Bb noen-E)J,HS!Ta rnasa, H"EKOI1 OTb
)J,bpBeTaTa Ha nOKp11Ba ee BI1>H)J,aTb OW,e Ha M-EeTOTO e11.
0eHOB11T-E Ha n-EsaTa eb6opeHa nonos11Ha OTb cpaea)J,aTa ee pa3Kp11xa np11 pa3KOnKI1n
(o6p. 10 ). CT-EHaTa e 3ana3eHa TYKb Ha Bl1eOYI1Ha oKono 2 M. Bb HeSI ee pa3n03Hasa ow,e SleHo
M-EeTOTO Ha CTpaHI1YHaTa spaTa, 3anyweHa 6b AOJJHS!Ta e11 YaeTb eb rpy6b TypeKI1 KaMeHeHb rpa-
Ae>Hb, eJKW,O KaKTO np11 ebOTB"ETHaTa eTpaHI1YHa BpaTa Bb )J,eeHO.
noAp06HaTa aHaJ1113a, KOSITO HanpaBI1XMe Ha BbHWH11T-E CT"EHI1 Ha L.l,bpKBaTa, Hl1 n03BOJ1S!Ba
BeYe )J,a yCTaHOBI1Mb rnaBH11T-E CTp011TeJ1HI1
1
nep110AI1, KOI1TO e;r;. HaJ10}f{I1Jll1 eBOSI Oeo6eHb OTne-
YaTbKb Ha noCTpo?IKaTa. Bb HaWI1SI enyya?l T"E311 nep110A11 ee xapaKTep11311paTb rnaBHO OTb eAHa
CTpaHa eb pa3HI1SI MaTep11aJ1b, ynoTp-E6S!BaHb Bb rpa)J,e>Ha, a OTb Apyra - Cb pa3HI1SI HaYI1Hb, no
KOHTO e;r;. 6)1!111 TpeT11paH11 npo3opu,11T-E. ETO 3aw,o T"E311 ABa np113HaKa w,e Hl1 eny<aTb 3a p;r;.Ko-
BOAHa H11WKa np11 Onp-EA"E!lS!He Ha 113M"EHeHI1S!Ta, KOI1TO se"EKI1 nep110)J,b e BHeeb!lb Bb rpa)J,e>Ha
Ha L.l,bpKBaTa.
nbpB11SITb CTp011TeJ1eHb nep110)J,b OTrOBapS!, pa3611pa ee, Ha nbpBOHaYa!lHaTa nOCTpOHKa Ha
L.l,bpKBaTa. f<OJJKOTO TSI Bb TeYeHI1e Ha Bp-EMeTO 11 )J,a e 611na 113M"EHS!Ha, see naKb 3ana3eHO e
OTb HeSI )J,OeTaTbYHO, 3a )J,a MO>HeMb )J,a Sl peKOHeTpy11paMe Bb Bei1YK11T-E H YaeTI1. (b T0311 BbnpOeb
o6aYe Lu,e ee 3aHI1MaeMb no-nOApo6Ho, nopaA11 HerosaTa sa>HHOeTb, Bb en-EAHS!Ta rnasa. TyKb w,e
Ka>HeMb eaMO H"EKO!lKO AYMI1 3a OCTaHaJ111n eTp011TeJ1HI1 nep110)J,I1, 11 TO AO TOJIKOBa, KOJIKOTO e
He06XO)J,I1MO, 3a )J,a ee pa36epe nO-iJ,06p-l; eeraWHOTO ebeT051HI1e Ha B.iKTp"EWHOeTbTa Ha L.l,bpKBaTa.
8TOp11S!Tb CTp011TeneHb nep110)J,b ee xapaKTep11311pa eb TOBa, Ye H"EK011 OTb np030pL.1,11n e;r;.
611!111 yManeHI1 Ha Bl1eOYI1Ha, a Apyrl1 err<. 611!111 ebBbpWeHO 3anyweHI1, 6e3b )J,a eP. 113M"EHSI Hl1
Ha?I-ManKO T-ExHaTa nbpBOHaYanHa cpopMa. YnoTp-E6eHI1 e;r;. 611n11 KaTO CTp011TeneHb MaTep11a!lb
naKb ron-EM11 Tyxnl1, KOI1TO noYTI1 He ee pa3ni1YaBaTb OTb no-CTap11T-E. 06aYe xopoeaHbTb ebAbp>Ha
KepaMI1)J,11 CTpOWeHI1 Ha nO-)J,pe6HI1 napYeTa 11 OeB"EHb TOBa TOH He e enaraHb Bb TOJ1K03b Ae6eJ111
nnaeTOBe, KaKTO np11 nbpBOHaYaJ1HI1SI rpa)J,e>Hb Ha L.l,bpKBaTa. Vl3o6w,o B3eTO, L.l,bpKBaTa He W,e )J,a e
np-ETbpn-Ena np-E3b T0311 nep110Ab H-EKat<BI1 3HaYI1TenHI1 113M1;HeHI1SI. H-EKOI1 no-Ma!1KI1 nonpaBKI1 w,e
)J,a err<. 611!111 MO>He 611 113BbpWeHI1, HO T-E AHeeb He MOraTb BeYe )J,a ee KOHeTaT11paTb eb nOJ10}f{I1-
TeJ1HOeTb. C11rypHo e ow,e, ye T0311 nep110Ab e np-EAwensysanb TypeKOTO snaA11YeCTso 11 o6pbw,a-
HeTo Ha u,bpKBaTa Bb )J,>HaMI1SI, TbH KaTO Bb OH"E311 nonpaBKI1, K011TO MOraTb )J,a ee np11n11WaT b He My,
He ee ep-Ew,aTb HI1KaKBI1 TypeKI1 eneMeHTI1. Cn-EA11 OTb T0311 nep110Ab HaM11paMe rnaBHO Bb Ha-
np1;YHI1SI KOpa6b, YI111TO np030pL.1,11 err<. )1,0611!111 TOra3b Bb no-ron-i;MaTa e11 YaeTb eeraWHI1SI e11 BI1)J,b.
TpeTI1SITb CTp011TeneHb nep110Ab e seYe TypeKI1. To?! ee OTJ111Yasa eb 113BbHpeAHO eoni1)J,eHb
11 npas11neHb rpaAe<b OTb KaMbHI1, noeTaseHI1 Me>HAY YeT11p11 Tyxnl1, 11!111 nbKb eaMo OTb Tyxn11.
np030pL.1,11n e;r;. 611!111 yMaJ1eHI1 OW,e noseYe, KaTO e;r;. 611!111 eHa6)J,eHI1 eb Kpaei1BO 113pa6oTeHI1
3aOCTpeHI1 CBO)J,OBe. npo30pL.1,11T-E Bb ropHS!Ta YaeTb Ha cpaea)J,aTa, KaKTO 11 Bei1YKI1 MaJ1KI1 np030pYeTa
Ha rnaBHI1SI Kopa6b, err<. nonyY11n11 np-E3b T0311 nep110Ab eeraWHI1SI e11 B11Ab. C;r;.w,o 11 spaTaTa Bb
IO>HHaTa eT-EHa Ha )J,eeHI1SI eTpaHI1YeHb KOpa6b, KOSITO e 3ana3eHa 11 Bb MO)J,epHaTa L.1,bpKBI1LJ,a
(rn. Ta6n. II 11 Ill), e A0611na s-EpOS!THO Torasa AHeWHaTa e11 cpopMa. Ha e;r;.w,oTo sp-EMe w,e Tp-E6sa Aa
PaJHHTt crpoHTenHH nepHonH. - BrHpt.wHOCTbTa Ha UbpKBaTa 23
ce np11m1waTb noseYeTo OTb BHI1MaTe11HO HanpaseHI1TB o61111u,OBKI1 Ha CTBHI1TB. Tt C}i';. 113BbpweHI1
Cb C}i';.Lll,aTa OHa311 rOJl'EMa rpmt<1111BOCTb 11 CbBbpWeHCTBO Bb TeXH11l<aTa, 1<011TO OT1111YaBaTb BCI1YI<I1
OTb T0311 nep110nb.
4eTBbpT11SITb nep110nb e C}i';.Lli,O l)'pC1<11 11 Ce OT1111YaBa Cb HeMap1111BOCTb Bb rpa-
neH<a, Kolho e c11a6b 11 Ha6bp3o 113BbpweHb. 3a crpo11Te11eHb MaTe-
p11a11b C}i';. noc11yH<111111 KaMbHI1, TYX1111, napYeTa OTb CTpoweHI1 TYX1111 11 KepaMI1nl1 - Bb06Lll,e BCI1YKO,
KaKBOTo ce e nonanHa11o, Haxsbp11S!HO 6e3b penb. XopocaHbTb e c11a6b 11 11ecHO ce pa3-
nana. Xapai<TepH11 C}i';. 3a T0311 nep11onb nbpBeHI1TB rpen11, KOI1TO C}i';. nocTaBSIHI1 11 Ha nospbXHOCTbTa
Ha 311na, KaTO C}i';. 6111111 C1<p11BaHI1 CaMO Cb Ma311111<aTa. npo30pU,11TB 11MaTb 0611KHOBeHO YeTBbpT11Ta
cpopMa Cb KaMeHeHb 6opn10pb no KpaS!. ce o6aye 11 TaKI1Ba Cb 3aocTpeHI1, HO 11owo Ha-
npaseHI1 csonose, KaKTO Hanp. Ha 113TOYHaTa CTpaHa Bb nonb TPI1YM.a11HaTa api<a. Pa3611pa
ce, ye OTb T0311 nep110nb, KaTo Hai-1-HOBb, C}i';. 3ana3eHI1 11 Hai-1-MHOro Oco6Ho xapai<TepHa e
3a Hero BbHWHaTa cnHa Ha cTpaHI1YeHb Kopa6b (o6p. 3). Ha C}i';.Lli,I1SI nep110nb Lll,e
na ce np11n11we 11 rnaBHaTa spaTa Ha cpacanaTa Bb cerawHI1SI 11 Bl1nb, KaKTO 11 Ta311 Bb IOH<-
HaTa crl;Ha Ha Kopa6b, KOSITO nHeCb ce HaM11pa MonepHaTa nbpBeHa CTh116a (Ta611. 11).
KaTO neTI1 CTp011Te11eHb nep110nb MOH<eMb na 03HaYI1Mb OCB0-
60H<neHI1eTO. l<bMb T0311 nep110nb cnana ycTpOHCTBOTO Ha MOnepHaTa U,bp1<BI1LJ,a Bb neCHI1SI CTpaHI1-
YeHb Kopa6b, KaKTO 11 HanpasaTa Ha ceraweHb noi<p11Bb Ha u,bpi<BaTa.
EcTecrseHo e, Ye TB311 neTb crpo11Te11HI1 nep11ona Bb pa3BI1TI1eTo Ha u,bpi<BaTa He na
Ce CXBaLll,aTb KaTO OTnb11HI1 MOMeHTI1, 1<011TO (}1';, 113BbpWeHI1 no-
npaBKI1. nep11onb Ha enHa enoxa, Bb TeYeHI1e Ha KOSITO YeCTO e cTaBa11o MOH<e
611 HYH<na na ce nonpas1<11 11 06aYe BCI1YKI1 3P enoxa
HOCS!Tb eni1Hb 11 C}i';.Lll,l1 Xapai<Tepb 11 Ta311 11MeHHO 06Lli,HOCTb Hl1 nasa Bb3MOH<HOCTb na rOBOp11M:.
3a crpo11Te11HI1 nep110n11 np11 eni1Hb cTapb apx11Tei<TypeHb naMeTHI1Kb; H11e Lll,e ce nosbpHeMb
Bbpxy T0311 Bbnpocb KoraTo Lll,e pa3rneH<naMe 11CTOp11S!Ta Ha u,bpi<BaTa, 3a na cp111<c11paMe
TOrasa XpOHOJ10r!1YeCKI1 nO-TOYHO, Cb nOMOLll,bTa Ha 11CTOp11YeCKI1TB eni1Hb OTb
nep110n11, KOI1TO KOHCTaT11paxMe TYI<b.
5. Ha UbpKsara
na ce 113BbpWaTb Bb U,bpi<BaTa Cs. Cocp11S1, HeHHI1SITb nonb ce HaM11pawe
Ha BI1COYI1Ha QSQ-1 M. Hanb KaMeHHI1SI UOI<bJlb Ha CrpanaTa 11 nOCTJlaHb OTYaCTI1 Cb npaBI111HI1 we-
CTO}i';.rb11HI1 l)'XJ111, ne6e1111 01<0110 4 CM., YI1HTO nl1aroHaJ1b 11Ma nb11H<I1Ha 41-42 CM. T0311 nonb e C11rypHO
OTb TypcKo npo113XOH<neHI1e ;
1
) nocTaBeHI1 Bbpxy eni1Hb n11aCTb Hacl1nb
11 MHOro 11ecHo ce nopan1-1 I<OeTO YaCTb OTb C}i';. 6111111 3aill1rHaTI1 OLll,e no-paHo.
CTap11S!Tb nonb Ha u,bpi<BaTa MOH<a na ce OTKp11e ensa pa3I<OnKI1Tt.. Tol-1 ce e HaM11panb,
Kai<TO 11 611 na Ce OYaKBa, nOYTI1 Ha Ci'f..Lli,OTO paBHI1Lll,e Cb KaMeHHI1SI LJ,OI<bJlb Ha U,bpi<BaTa;
caMo ropHS!Ta nospbXHOCTb Ha nona e Hans11wasa11a Cb caHTI1MeTpa u,OI<bna. KoHCTpyK-
U,11SITa Ha T0311 nOnb Lll,e pa3r11enaMe no-06CTOSITe11CTBeHO Bb rnaBa, Bb CBpb3l<a Cb
nonpo6HOCTI1 OTb nbpBoHaYa11eHb 113rnenb Ha u,bpi<BaTa. Tyi<b Lll,e ce orpaHI1YI1Mb na
113Tbi<HeMb CaMO OC06HOCTI1, 1<011TO C}i';. BaH<HI1 3a CeraWHOTO CbCTOSIHI1e Ha CrpanaTa.
KYnOnb Tb VI HF\nP1'>4HVI51Tb KOPF\6b. Bbpxy I<BanpaTHOTo npocTpaHcTso, I<OeTo ce
o6pa3ysa OTb Ha rnaBHHSI I<Opa6b Cb ce 113nl1ra KynonbTb (o6p. 13).
1
) 11 p eYe K b (Firch.-epigr. Mitteil. X, 1886, 48) norpt.wHo CYHTa HacTHilKaTa Olb weCTO?r;!DllHH TyxnH Ja crapa.
I
.-
I
24 CerawHoro CbCTOSIHHe Ha UbpKsara
ToH nOLJY!Ba Bbpxy LJeTYIPYI nepneHAYIKYil51pHY1 e,[l,Ha Ha Apyra apKYI, a npt.x OAbTb OTb KBaApaTHOTO
npOCTpaHCTBO l<bMb OCHOBa Ha Kynona e nOCTYifHaTb 4pt.3b naH,[l,aHTYIBYI, I<OYITO Yl3nb!lBaTb
npa3HY!Tt. TpY!lHb!lHYI npoCTpaHCTBa Me>I<AY ap!<Y!Tt.. )J,Y!aMeTbpbTb Ha Kynona e 9 M. , a BYIC04Y!HaTa
OTb Bbpxa MY AO nbpsoHaYa!lHI-151 noAb Ha LJ,bpKBaTa 1975 M. Kyno!lbTb e rpaAe Hb caMo OTh
06p. 11. - B,v..rp-EWHOCTbTa Ha UbpKsara OTb KbMb 3ananb.
T)'XJlYI, nOCTaBSIHYI Bb I<OHLJ,eHTpYILJHYI I<OYITO l<bMb BbpXa nOCTO>lHHO Ce yMaJl51BaTb. )J.OKOJl-
I<OTO MOH<.e Aa Ce OTb Tt.3YI Mt.CTa, At.TO Ma3YI!ll<aTd e Y13na,[l,a!la, TOH e rpaneHb YI3LJ,t.JlO Y1 He
e npt.Tbpn51Ba!lb Ha CYI CTpaHa HY!Kai<BYI nonpaBKYI . V!HTepeCHO e ,[],a Ce OT6t.Jlt.>I<YI, 4e
KBaApaTbTb nOAb Kynona He e Cbsct.Mb npaBYI!leHh LJe on11caHa l:lb Hero,
l<ynonb1b
25
113JH13<1 npi-1 3anc,[l,HaTa MY CTpaHa cbHb OTb He51 (np1-16JH13!-1TenHO Cb 50 CM.; rn. Ta6n. X). no Ta3!1
npH4!-1Ha 61-1 Tp-E6aano AO ce np1-1e:-1e, Ye 1-1n1-1 KynonbTb He o6pa3ysa CbBC-EMb npasHnHa O!<p}T\>t<HOCTb,
rlnH nbl<b ye pa3nl-1KaTa, K051TO ce yKa3Ba ,[],On-E, e V13pasHeHa Bb ropH51Ta YaCTb Ha noCTpOHKaTa. Ko51
OTb T-E3H ,[l,Bi:; BbJMO<HOCTI-1 OTfOBap51 Ha (}1'\ll.I,HOCTbTa, He MO>t<aXb ,[l,a yCTaHOB51, TbH KaTO 3a Ta3H
06p. 12. - Ha UbpKsara OTb KbMb H3T0Kb.
u,i:nb 61-1xa 61-1n11 noTp-E6Hl-1 TOYHH V13M-EpsaHV151 no caMaTa nep1-1cpep1-151 Ha Kynona, KOV1TO 61-1xa H3HCKBanH
noCTp051BaHeTo Ha cneu,1-1aniia CKen51.
Bb sc-E1<1-1 eAV1Hb OTb ABaTa w,1-1Ta nOAb Kynona, KOV1TO ce o6pa3ysaTb KbMb CTpaHV14HHT-E
OTA-EneHH51 Ha Hanpi;YHI-151 KOpc6b, ce HaM!-1pa no eAHHb npo3opeu,b (o6p. 13 1-1 14). T-E3H npo3opu,V1,
(s. CocjJH 4
26 CerawHoro CbCT051HHe Ha UbpKsara
KOYITO OH:ocn-t OK 611n11 3a3Y!,D.aHYI, He CJt.. cnymHnY! HYIKOra 3a OCB1iTneHY!e, TbH KaTO T1i He Yl3nYI3aTb
Ha,D.b Ha Hanp-EYHI-151 Kopa6b, a nemaTb nO-HYICKO OTb Hero. T-t cnymaTb s-tpo51THO OTb
e,D.Ha CTpc:Ha 3a o6neKYeHHe Ha T51mecTbTa, K051TO na,D.a Bbpxy no-,D.O'lH51Ta apKa, a OTb ,D.pyra -
3a Y!361irBaHe Ha MOHOTOHHOCTbTa Bb WY!pOKaTa nnOCKOCTb Ha W,Y!Ta. f<ynonHOTO npoCTpaHCTBO cn-t-
,D.OBaTenHO He e nonyYasano HHKaKBO Henocp-t,D.CTBeHo ocs-tTneHHe OTBbHb.
06p 13. - KynonbTb Ha UbpKBala, rnenaHb omoni:;.
CTpaHHYHHT-t OT,D.-tneHI-151 Ha Hanp1iYHVI51 Kopa6b (rn. o6p. 14) CJt.. CJt..w,o 3acso,D.eHH 11 TO Cb
nnOCbKb KpbCTaTb (MOHaCTY!pCKYl) CBO,D.b. T03YI CBO,D.b ne>t<Y! naKb Bbpxy YeTvtpYI apKYI, HO 6e3b naH-
,D.aHTYIBYI. nptX:J,D.bTb Ce o6pa3yBa Yp1i3b OC06HOTO Hape>t<,D.aHe Ha TyXnYIT1i, KOYITO He CJt.. nOCTaBeHvt
27
XOp1130HTaJJHO Bb KOHLI,eHTp114HI1 Kpi'i'..rOBe, a HaKJJOHeHO VI TO TaKa, '-le Ha BCtKa CTpaHa Tyxmni:.
CJli:.ABaTb HanpaBJJeHVIeTO Ha CbOTBi:.THaTa apKa, KaTO o6pa3yBaTb eAVIHb B11Ab KOHKaBHVI TpVIi'i'..rbJl-
HV.U.VI, 41111TO BbpXOBe Ce Cpi:.w,aTh Bb eAVIHb VI Ci'i'..W.VI Ll,eHTbpb (rn. o6p. 15).
06p. 14. - Ct.sepHoTo OTnt.neHHe Ha Hanpt.4HH51 t<apa6b.
Bb IO>t<HOTO OTAtneHVIe Ha Hanpt4HV15l !<Opa6b, HaAb HaH-ropHHTt npo3opu.11, nOAb caMVI5l
CBOAb, Ce HaMHpa Bb eAVIHb peAb rpbU.KVI HaAnVICb HanpaBeHb OTb TYXlll1, OTb KOHTO cera Ce '-feTe
AAATA8THTOYnATPIAPXOV, T. e. [r:-:;ji./.:X 'ti E':Y) 'tcG r:x'tp::Xpzcv.
1
)
1) To3H Hal!nHCb e 6HJlb 3a6t.nt.3aHb owe f>b
1740 ron. OTb m;ueweCTBeHHKa KeMnneHb, Koi1To ro e
npt.nHcanb norpt.wHo Bb cnt.nHI-151 BHllb: nOAAT8TH
nATPIAPXOV. ln. W. K ubi t s c he k, Kemplens Reise
vcn Wien nach Konstantinopel Bb flrch.-epigr. Mitteil.
XVII, 1894, 49.
4*
28
CerawHOTO CbCTOIIHHe Ha UbpKBaTa
,UsaTa ron-EMH 3ana)J,HYl nHnaCTpa, KOYlTO Kp-En51Tb Kynona, Ci'K np-ETbpn-En!-1 omocn-E H-EKOI-1
Yl3M-EHeHH51. ,UsaTa ptK6a Ha tOr0-3ana)J,HYl51 OTb T-Exb Ci'K oTp-E3aHH no TypcKH BKYCb AO Yl3B-EcTHa
BYlCOYYlHa, KaTo Ci'K nonyYHnl-1 H-EKo!-1 He3HaYHTenHYl apa6ecKYl (o6p. 16). Bp-E3aHYl51Tb ptK6b Ha c-E-
sepo-3ana)J,HYl51 nHnacTbpb e 61-1nb no)J,nbnHeHb, nbpBOHaYanHo s-Epo51THO AO apKaTa, Cb TyxneHa
3Yl)J,apH51, K051TO cera Bb ropH51Ta Cl-1 YaCTb e naKb pa3pyweHa (o6p. 17). Bb ocHosara Ha T03Yl
nHna.::Tbpb e srpaAeHa e)J,Ha He)J,OBbpweHa pHMCKa HaArpo6Ha nnoYa 6e3b Ha)J,nYlCb, K051TO )J,aTHpa
s-Epo51THO OTb sTOp!-151 s-EKb en. Xp.
1
)
Bb TypcKaTa cr-EHa, K051TO 3anywsa cera TpHyMcpanHaTa apKa (o6p. 18), e srpaAeHb TypcKH51Tb
MHxpa6b Ha AH<aMYl51Ta, TypHaTb ManKo Ha KpHBO, 3a )J,a 6tKAe opHeHmpaHb KbMb MeKa. Bb
OTb Hero ce HaMHpa TypcKOTO BYlKano (MHM6apb), nocrpoeHo u.-Eno OTb KaMbKb . HerosaTa ocHosa,
HanpaBeHa He06VlKHOBeHO 3)J,paso OTb KaMbHYl H .Bapb Cb n-ECbKb, MeH<AY KOYlTO Ci'K 61-1n1-1 noCTaBeH!-1
1-1 AbpBeHH rpe)J,I-1, AOCTHrawe Ha Abn<HHa AO 3 M. Onopt T51 6t o6n-EYeHa Ha)J,b no)J,a Cb KaMeHHYl
OnOKOBe, o6pa3yBall.\Yl )J,Bi; CT/Knana Yl CKaYeHYl
Cb H<en-E3HYl CK06Yl no MeH<AY Cl-1. no-ron-EMaTa
YaCTb OTb Ta3Yl noCTpOHKa 6i; pa3pyweHa np!-1
pa3KOnKHT-E, 3a )J,a ce OTKpHe nOAb
He51 M03ai-1Ka, KaTO Ce 3ana3Yl CaMO BYlCOKaTa
YaCTb Ha BYlKanOTO.
CT-EHHTB Ha Hanp-EYHI-151 Kopa6b noKa3-
BaTb Yl OTBtKTpi; nonpaBKI-1, KOYlTO KOH-
CTaTYlpaxMe BeYe OTb BbHWHaTa CTpaHa, Cb Ta3Yl
caMo pa3nHKa, ye CTapaTa nospbXHOCTb Ha
CT-EHHT-E OTBIKTpi; e 3ana3eHa MHOrO nO-)J,06pi;,
Bb sctKo e)J,HO orb CTpaHHYHHTt OTAtneHI-151 Ha
Kopa6a ce HaMHpaTb no:)J,s-E nocTaseHH
nonyKptKrnl--1 HYlWI-1, BYlCOKYl no 210 M., WYlpOKI-10'95
1-1 Abn6oKH 075 M. T-E3Yl HHWI-1 ctK 61-1n1-1 omocn-E
3a3H)J,aHYl Cb TBbpAt conH)J,eHb TypcKH rpaAeH<b
OTb KaMbHYl Yl TyXnYl. ,[l,si;n 3ana)J,HYl HYlWYl Ci'K
06p. 15.-KoHcTpyKUHS! Ha csonosert Bb Hanp-tYHHS! Kopa6b. OTBopeHH HaHOBO e)J,Ba cntAb ocso60H<)J,eHHeTo.
Bb T-Exb 1-1 AO cera nHYaTb AOCTa A06p-E
OCTaTbll,Yl OTb cppeCKI-1, KOYlTO Ci'K Yl306pa351Banl-1 H-EKOI-1 CBBTI-11-1 (rn. o5p. 19). 3a H<anOCTb o6pa3Yln
Ci'K seye CbBCBMb nosp-EAeH!-1. Cn-EAH OTb TaKHBa cppecKH ce 3a6-Ent3saTb 1-1 no Ma3HnKaTa Ha npo-
3opu,HT-E Bb IOH<HaTa CTBHa Ha HanptYHI-151 Kopa6b. EAHaTa OTb Yl3T04HHT-E HYlWI-1, a HMeHHO Ta3Yl
Bb c-EsepHOTO OTA-EneHHe, nOAb KpaHHI-151 npo3opeu,b, 6-E pa3KpHra e)J,sa np1-1 pa3KOnKYln (o6p. 20).
CntAH OTb cppeCKYl Bb He51 He ce HaM-EpHxa. ,UpyraTa Yl3TOYHa HHWa oCTasa 1-1 cera 3a3H)J,aHa.
Hf\,Unb>t<HV1To KOPf\61-1 V1 nPo,U,UBEPHETO. rmsHYl51Tb KOpa6b e OT)J,tneHb OTb CTpa-
HY14HYlTB no Cb 5 nHnaCTpa, noCTaBeHH Henocp-EACTBeHO Bbpxy KaMeHHYI51 U.OKbnb Yl CKaYeHYl nOMeH<AY
Cl1 Cb apKYl (o6p. 11 Yl 12). T-EXHYlTB p.;6ose Ci'K spt3aHI1 nO)J,b npaBb i'Kfbnb Has;up-t. nbpB1-151Tb
nl1naCTbpb Ha IOH<HaTa CTpaHa e Cb60peHb. 06pa3ysaHYl51Tb no T0311 HaYI1Hb npOXO)J,'b Cb )J,BOHHa WYlpO-
YI1Ha e 3aCBO)J,eHb Cb xy6asa KaMeHHa apKa orb TYPCKI-1 npoH3XOAb (o6p. 16). BcHYKYl npoxo)J,H Me<AY
nl1r.acrpi!r-E Ha IOH<Hara .CrpaHa Ci'K 3a311)J,aHI1 Cb cna611 CTBHI1 OTb KaMbHYI 11 Kanb, npaseHYl Bb KbCHO
TypcKo s;ri;Me, KoraTo YaCTb OTb U.bpKBaTa e 611na np11cnoco6eHa 3a optKH<eHb cKna)J,b.
--- -- ----
1
) nnoYaTa e nbnra 210. wHpoKa 082 H ne6ena
0"32 M. 0Tropt, TSI JaBbpWBa Cb nollyKpN;fbllb pOHTOHb,
OOCTaBeHb BbpXy llAi; KOJIOHKH Cb KOpHHTCKH KaOHTeJIH.
Bb noneTo Ha poHTOHa C.; HJ06pa3eHH usa 610cTa, Ha
MN;)f{b Cb 6pana H Ha )f{eHa Cb noKpHsano Ha rnasaTa .
noneTO Ha KaMbKa nOllb pOHTOHa, np-tUHaJHa'leHO Ja
HaunHCb, e oc,-aHano npa3HO, oru-tTo ce BH)f{lla, ye na
MeTHHKbTb He e 6HJ!b OKOH'laTellHO llOBbpWeHb.
l
fllaBHH5Hb KupaOb 29
rnaBHH51Tb I<O!Ja6b e Ci"i'\W,O 3aCBOneHb, o6aye He :Cb 06Ht<HOBeHb U,HJlHHApHYeHb CBOAb,
a Yp-fi3b enHa KOM6HHaU,H51 Ha T03H nOCll-fiAHH51 Cb eni1Hb Bl1Ab KpbCTaTb CBOAb, HMeHHO Cb TaKa
HapeYeHH51 MOHaCTHpCt<H CBOAb (o6p. 21 H Ta6n. XII). TpH ront.MH apt<H, cno>+<eHH Bbpxy t<paHHHrl H
cpsnHHrl nHnaCTpH, Cb panHanH:J noCTaBeHH TyxnH, ce 51B51BaTb KaTo no51 CH OTb enHHb HeH3nbnHeHb
06p. 16. - nonKynoneHb nHnacrbpb.
csonb. Ts 33Taapi!Tb n'3t. K3anpaTHH npoCTpaHCTBa, arSKO OTb KOHTO e 3acsoneHo
no oTn-finHo npH61lH3HTellHO 110 Ci"i'\W,H51 . HaYHHb, KaKTO Hanpt.YHHstTb t<Opa6b (rn. cTp. 26 cn.). Pa3JlHKaTa
Ce CbCTOH Bb TOBa, Ye TYI<b AB-fiT-fi CTpaHH Ha CBOna, ci;aepHaTa H IOH<HaTa, KaTO nOYHBaTb
Henocpt.ncTaeHo Bbpxy CTi:.HHTt. Ha t<opa6a - cnt.nosaTenHo Bbpxy xopH30HTanHa nnocKOCTb -
30 CerawHoro CbCTOSlHHe Ha UbpKsara
-
en<.. 3ano4Han1 eb paAYlanHo noCTaBeHYI TyxnYI, KaKTO npY1 eAYIHb u,YlnYIHApY14eHb eBOAb. Tt ee npt.eY1-
4aTb o6a4e OTb ApyrYITi:. ABi:. CTpaHYI Ha eBOAa, KOYITO n04V1BaTb Bbpxy apKY1Ti:. 11 Ai:.TO Tyxmnt.
en<.. noeTaBeHYI Bb HanpasneHYle Ha nbpBY1Tt., Ta no T03H Ha4V1Hb no AYlaroHanHrt
Ha eBOAa ee o6pa3yBaTb BAn;y;_6HaTH Haropt. p;y;_6ose (o6p. 22).
06p. 17. - Ctsepo-3ananHH51Tb nonKynoneHb nHnacrbpb.
CBOAbTb Ha MHoro Mt.eTa e AOeTa pa3KbpTeHb. 3a Aa ee noAnbnHS!Tb o6pa3yBaHHrt Bb Hero
BMn<..6HaTYIHH H 3a Aa ee nony4H naKb rnaAKa nospbXHOeTb, Bb TypeKO spt.Me pa3KbpTeHYlrE Mi:.CTa
en<.. 6YlnH nOKpYITYI eb 4eTBbpTHTH TyXnH,
1
) npYIKOBaHH eb WVlpOKaTa eYI CTpaHa Bbpxy nnoeKOeTbTa
1
) TyxnHTt. HMaTb pa3Mt.pH 26X27 CM., ne6enHHa 3 5 CM.
TypcKa o6nHuoeKa Ha ceonoeerl; 31
Ha cso.n.a nocp-t.n.cTBOMb ron-tMH nHpOHH. Ta3H TBbp.n.-t HHTepecHa TexHHKa, K051TO
nopaAH conHAHOCTbTa H rpH>I<nHBOCTbTa CH Tp-t6sa )l.a ce npHnHwe ow,e Ha nbpBH51 TypcKH crpOHTe-
neHb nepHOAb, MO>I<e Hai1-Ao6p-t Aa ce Ha6nJO)l.aBa Bbpxy na)l.HanoTo Bb np-BMsepHeTO nap4e OTb
cso.n.a. TyKb 51CHO nH4H, 4e Cb TyxneHHT-t nno4KH He e 6Hna o6n"t4eHa u-tnan nospbXHOCTb Ha
06p. 18. - TypcKHTt, KymoeH npHcnoco6neHH5l Bb ubpKeara.
CBO)l.a, HO CaMO pa3KbpTt;!HHT-t M-tCTa 3a nOJ,nbnBaHe HapaBHO Cb 3ApaBHT-t MY 4aCTH. npH TOBa
T"t3H nn04KH C.:K ynoTpt6eHH He CaMO npH KpbCTaTHTb CBO!J,OBe, HO C.:KWO H npH L.J,HnHHIJ.p114eCK11T"t
n051CH Ha rnaBHI151 KOpa6b, KaKTO Ce BH>I<IJ,a 11 Bb 06p. 21.
32 (era W HOTO CbCTOSI H He Ha Ub pKBaTa
BbHWHara csi>T11HHa npOHHKBa Hanpaso Bb u,eHrpa11HHSI Kopa6b nocpi>ACTBOMb ,D,Ba'-ta,D,ecerbry
Ma11KH npo3opeu,a, nocraseHH n0 4TH AO cso,D,a (rn. o6p. 11 1-1 21 ), no wecrb Ha sci>Ka OTb ,D,bnrHri> cri>HH. ~
Bb nO-KbCHO spi>Me ABi>ri> KpaHHH np030p4eTa OTb sci>Ka crpaHa C-"' 61-1111-1 3a3H,D,aHH, a ocraHa11HrE
OCeMb CJi>;. 61-1111-1 3Ha4HTe11HO HaMa11eHH 1-1 CHa6,D,eHH Cb 3aOCTpeHH CBO,D,OBe. nbpBOHa4a11HaTa cpOpMa
1-1 ro11i>MHHa Ha np030p4eTaTa, Cb Kp-"'rnH CBO,D,OBe, JlH4aTb o6aye f13BJi>;.Tpi> MHOrO nO-,D,06pi>, OTK011-
KOTO OTBbHb. Ti> CJi>;. 61-1111-1 nbpBOHa4a11HO 2'50 M. BHCOKH f1 150 M. WHpOKH.
06p. 19. - 3ananHaTa HHWa Bb IO<HOTO OTn"\;JieHHe Ha Hanp"\;Y HHSI 1<0pa6b.
no CrEHHTi> Ha u,eHTpa11HHSI KOpa6b CJi>;. 3ana3eHH OT4aCTH TpH Ma3H11Kf1 e,D,Ha Bbpxy Apyra.
Bb HHKOSI OTb ri>xb He ce HaMHparb C11i>AH OTb cppeCKH; a noHe>t<e 1-1 B-"'Tpi>wHHTi> cri>HH, KaKTO
BeYe KOHCTaTHpaxMe Ha Hi>K011KO Mi>CTa, C-"' 61-1111-1 nO,D,KbpneHH Bb ,D,OCTa r011i>Ma CTeneHb Bb rypcKO
Bpi>Me Cb TbHbKb rpa,D,e>t<b-0611HU,OBKa, TO MO>t<e Cb r011i>Ma si>pOS!THOCTb ,D,a ce npHeMe, 4e f1 TpHTi>
Ma3H11KH CJi>;. rypCKH. Tosa Hi>UJ,O Ce nOTBbp,D,S!Ba 1-1 OTb 06CTOS!Te11CTBOTO, Ye HHTO e,D,Ha OTb Ma3H11-
KHTi> He Cllf13a nO-,D,b1160KO OTb HHBOTO Ha rypCKHSI nO,D,b, TbH Ye Ta3H YaCTb OTb nH11aCTpHTi>,
KOSITO Ce HaMHpa nO-HHCKO, e OCTC.Ha11a 6e3b HHKaKBa Ma3HJ1Ka. 1-'bBi>CTHO CbMHi>HHe 61-1 MOrnO ,D,a
HMa CaMO npH HaH-,[1,011HSITa Ma3f111Ka, HanpaseHa OTb sapb f1 ni>CbKb, CMi>CeHH Cb CYyKaHH CbBCi>Mb
Ha Ape6Ho KepaMHAH 1-1111-1 ryx111-1, nopa,D,H r.:oero TSI H3r11e>t<,D,a Cbsci>Mb YepseHa. Bb3MO>t<HO e Cb
Hannb)f{H HTE Kopa6H 33
,D,a e 61-1na H3Ma3aHa nbpBoHaYanHo utnaTa UbpKBa 1-1 nocnt Bbpxy BeYe ,D,a 6HnH cna-
raHH BCHYKH nO-KbCHH Ma3HnKH. 0cBtHb TOBa e H He06HKHOBeHO TBbp,D,a, Cb I<OeTO neCHO Ce
He?iHaTa H3,D,bp>HnHBOCTb ,D,a>He H Torasa, I<Or-aTo APYrb no-ropeHb nnacTb e 611sanb CbBbp-
weHo OI<bpTBaHb. Ha scti<H cnyYa?i 11 Ta3H Ma3Hni<a He cnH3a no-,D,ont OTb no,D,b Ha
Ubpi<BaTa.
06p. 20. - Yl3TOYHaTa HHWa Db CSEepHOTO OTUtJleHHe Ha Hanpt4H"'SI 1<0pa61.
0Tb )J,BaTa CTpaHHYHH KOpa6a CaMO I<Oiho He e npfinpaB51Hb Bb HaH-HOBO Bptl'Te,
HH ,D,asa Bb3MO>HHOCTb 3a no-no,D,po6Ho H3cnt,D,BaHe (o6p. 23). UtnaTa Herosa ctsepHa CTtHa 11 OT-
HOCH YHCTO TypC!<I-1 xapaKTepb I<aKTO H OTBbHb (rn. CTp. 12), Cb Ta3H CaMO pa3nHI<a, Ye rpa-
Cs. CoH 5
34
CerawHoTo CbCTOSIHHe Ha Ubpt<Bara
AeH<bTb OTBi'KTp-b e MHOro no-conHAeHb, HanpaseHb Bb no-roni>Mara CH YaCTb OTb KaMbHH, nocraseHH
MeH<AY Ye-:-HpH ryxnH. Cri>Hara, I<051TO no rpaAeH<b orrosap51 Ha nbpBH51 rypc1<11 nepHOAb, 3a H36-Br-
BaHe Ha MOHOTOHHOCTbTa, e OH<HBeHa nocpi>ACTBOMb AeBeTb CbBCi:.Mb cna6o H3ni'KI<HanH H 3aOCTpeHH
cn-BnH ap1<11 (o6p. 4).
CrpaHH'-IHH51Tb Kopa6b e 3aCBOAeHb H CBOAOBert, MY Ci'K CHrypHo crapH - I<Oero
Hai1-Ao6pt, nol<a3sa, ye c-BsepHara My cri>Ha He e 611na HHKora CbBCi>Mb pa3pyweHa (rn. crp. 12).
CHcTeMara Ha 3aCBOA51BaHero e KaKTO 11p11 rnaBHH51 Kopa6b, Cb ra3H caMo pa3nHKa, Ye ryi<b
06p. 21. - Csonb Bb rnaBHHSI t<opa6b, rneuaHb omont..
HMaMe, BMi>CTO TpH, '-!eTHpH LI,HflHHApH'-IeCI<H n051Ca Cb paAHanHO nOCTaBeHH ryxnH, CflOH<eHH Bbpxy
nHnacrpHTi> npi>3b eAHHb. no T03H Ha'-!HHb ce o6pa3yBaTb TPH YeTBbpTHTH npocrpaHCTBa, 3aCBOAeHH
no H<l'-IHHb Cb !<pbCTaTH CBOAOBe Kai<TO npH rnaBHH51 1<0pa6b. no CBOAOBerl TYI<b He ce
3a6i:,ni>3BaTb HHI<ai<BH Cni>AH OTb o6nHLI,OBI<a Cb ryxneHH nnO'-!KH.
lnaBHH51Tb 1<0pa6b Ce OTBap51 l<bMb npi>MBepHeTO Bb u.i>nara CH WHpO'-IHHa. ,lJ,saTa H3-
nJKI<HanH nonynHnacTpH, I<OHTO Ce HaMHpaTb Ha rpaHHLI,aTa MeH<AY npi>MBepHeTO H rnaBHI-151 I<O-
pa6b (rn. 06p. 12), Ci'K CTapH CaMO Bb AOnHHTi> CH nonOBHHH. lOpHHTE HMb nOnOBHHH, I<OHTO CTH-
faTb AO eAHa H BHCO'-IHHa H 3aBbpWBaTb orropt, Cb pasHa nnOCI<OCTb - cni>AOBarenHO Ti>
n pl;nnsep11eTO 35
HHI<Ofa He C.l'i'. 611n11 113)J,HraHH nO-BHCOKO C.l'i'. npaBeHH OTnOcn-J5 TBbp)J,i; rpH>+<nHBO 1-1, Cnope)J,b
MaTepHana, w.e Tp"t6sa Aa ce npHnHwaTb Ha nbpBHSI rypcKH nepHO)J,b. Bb Hali-ropHHT-E 11Mb '-!aCTH
ce 3a6-En-E3BaTb, sp-E3aHH Bb Ma3HnKaTa, ManKH TypcKH po3eTKH.
HapeAb Cb nonynHnacTpHT-E, no cp-EAaTa Me>HAy np-EAAsepHeTo 1-1 rnaBHHSI Kopa6b, ce
HaMHpaTb AB-E npocTH 6a3H Ha KOnOHH OTh sapOBHHKb (rn. o6p. 24).
1
) Ti; ce HaMHpaTb ow,e Bb nbp-
soHa'-!anHOTO Cl-1 M-ECTonono>HeHHe 1-1 C.l'i'. nOCTaBeHH Bbpxy rpy611, HO MHOfO SIKH <j:JyH)J,aMeHTI-1 OTb Ka-
MbHI-1' H TYXnl-1. noHe>He 6a3HT-E no Tat<bBb Ha'-111Hb ne>HaTb Ha HHBOTO Ha TypCKHSI nO)J,b, 42 CM. no-
BHCOKO OTb nbpBOHaYanHHSI nO)J,b Ha L.l,bpKBaTa, TO H-EMa HHKaKBO CbMH-EHHe, Ye Ti; np11Ha)J,ne>HaTb
KbMb TypcKaTa noCTpoliKa. Tp11 rypcKI1 cT-EHI1, rpaAeHH cna6o 11 He6p-E>HHO OTb t<aMbHH, ryxn11 11
AbpBeTa Cb CbBC-EMb poxKaBb xopocaHb, KOHTO ce onHpaTb AO 6a3HT-E (rn. nnaHa Ha Ta6n. IX 11
o6p. 24), noKa3BaTb, Ye np-E3b BTOpHSI TypcKH CTpOHTeneHb nepHOAb :Yt<b C.l'i'. 611n11 np-ErpaAeHI1
H-EKOI-1 OC06HH OT)J,i;neHHSI. 0Th l<bCHO
sp-EMe H3rne>HAa )J,a 6.1'i'.Ae 1-1 Man-
KHSITb '-!eTBbpTHTb CTbn6b (BHCOKb
74 CM , )J,bnbfb 1-1 WHpOKb 085X1Q3
M.), I<OHTO ce HaM11pa Bb dsepo-
3ana)J,HHSI .l'i'.fbnb Ha rnaBHHSI t<O-
pa6b, np-Enb KbCHaTa rypct<a crlHa
(rn. Ta6n. IX). Toli e rpaAeHb TBbp-
A-E cna6o OTh TyxnH 11 xopocaHb 6e3b
t<epaMHAI1, cno>HeHb e Hanpaso Bbpxy
HaCI1na 11 11Ma Bb cpi;;)J,aTa Cl-1 He-
npaB11nHa AynKa. Cn-EAH OTh BTOp11
noAo6eHb CThn6b, pa3nono>HeHb CI1-
MeTp11YHO Cb nbpB11SI, Ce HaM-EpHXa
11 Ha cp-Ew,HaTa CTpaHa, np11 tOro-
3ana)J,HI1SI .l'i'.fbnb Ha rnaBHI1SI t<O-
pa6b. npi;)J,Ha3Ha'-!eHI1eTO Ha rl311
ABa CTbn6a OCTasa HeSICHO. Ha sc-Et<11
cny'-!aH T-E He npHHa)J,ne>HaTb KbMb
nbpBOHaYanHaTa nOCTpOHKa Ha L.l,bp-
KBaTa.
06p. 22. - KoHcrpyKUI1SI Ha csonoser-t Bb rnaBHI151 Kopa6b.
Bbpxy caMOTO np-EAAsep11e oCTasa Aa ce t<a>He TBbpA-E ManKo. IO>HHaTa MY YaCTb e 3aCTpoeHa
cera L.J,i;na OTb MOAepHaTa L.1,bpt<BI1L.J,a. no)J,b Ta311 YaCTb ce HaM11pa )J,OCTa 06W11pHO nO)J,3eMI1e, )J,bnro
2 80, W11pOKO 235 1-1 BHCOKO 1'90 M., 3aCBO)J,eHO C.l'i'.W,O Cb t<pbCTaTb (MOHaCT11pCK11) CBO)J,b, Bb t<OeTO Ce
BnH3a no W11pOKa, HO He0611KHOBeHO CTpbMHa
2
) CTbn6a OTb cpi;)J,HeTO OTA-EneHI1e Ha np-EAABep11eTO
(rn Ta6n.IX np11 B). Tosa no)J,3eMI1e np11 pa3t<OnK11T-E ce yKa3a nbnHo no'-!TI1 AOropi; Cb npbCTb, Bb t<OSITO
ce HaM-Ep11 eAHa YawKa 3a Ka<j:Je Cb cs-ETnoKa<j:JSIBb us-ETh, yKpaceHa Cb 3naTHH 11 cpe6bpHH ("sapa-
Knm1u) OpHaMeHTI-1 11 Cb TYPCK11 Ha)J,ni1Cb. no)J,3eMI1eTO cn-EAOBaTenHO Tp-E6sa )J,a e 611nO 113B-ECTHO 11
Bb TypcKo sp-EMe.'
1
) Bb ctsepHaTa '-!aCTb Ha np-EAAsepHeTo, cp-Ew.y n-Es11S1 CTpaHI1YeHb t<Opa6b, no-
1) .ils-tr-t 6a311 He elf- CbBC"tMb enHaKBI1. IO}!{Hara
e HanpaBeHa OTb YepBeHI1KaBb BapOBHI1Kb Cb pa3M"tp11
Ha YeTBbpT11TaTa nnoYa 54X56 CM. CaMara KOJJOHa e 11-
Mana,nl1aMeTbpb 42 eM. C-tsepHara 6a3a e OTb C11HKaBo-
CI1Bb BapOBH11Kb Cb pa3M"tp11 48X48 CM. HeiiHaTa KO-
JIOHa e 11MaJJa U11aMeTbpb 37 CM.
2) Crlf-nanara, OTb KOI1TO JJI1YaTb no6p-t caMo Ye-
T11p11, Clf- BI1COKI1 np116JJI1311TeJJHO no 35 CM., a W11p0KI1
caMo no 15-20 CM . .ilHeCb r-t seye He elf- 3ana3eHI1 Bb
u-tnara c11 UbJJ}i{I1Ha.
:l) npaBI1 BneYaTJJeH11e, Ye TYXJJ11T"t, OTb KOI1TO e
rpaneHo rosa non3eMI1e, He ce cxo}i{narb Cb r"t311 Ha
UbpKBaTa. nbpB11r"t Clf- nOMaJJKI1 .(crpaHa 28:-32 CM.) 11
rnaBHO MHoro no-TbHKI1 (25-3 CM.). XopocaHbTb e np11-
M-tceHb Cb YyKaH11 KepaM11U11 11 e CJJaraHb Bb MHOfO ne-
6eJJI1 nnacmse (3-5 eM.). Cnopenb rosa 113rne}!{na, Ye
non3eMI1eTo He e 611no rpaneHo 3aenHo Cb UbpKsara, a
s-tpoSITHO ornocn-t. f\Ko na He 6-twe W11pOKI1SITb MY
BXOUb, KOHTO 3aeMa U"tJJaTa My W11p0411Ha (235 M.), 611
Morno na ce MI1CJJI1 11 3a H"tKOSI no-crapa rpo6H11ua.
5*
36 CerawHoro e Ha UbpKsara
,ll.06Ho nO,ll.3eMHe He Ci't-w,ecrsysa. TyKb 3acny}!{asa caMo ,c,a ce or6t.nt.}!{H, Ye OTb ,ll.Bi:.rt. crpaHH Ha
BparaTa, e BO,ll.i:.na Bb Ci:.BepHOTO CT?JHHYHO OT,ll.EneHHe Ha npi:.,ll.,ll.BepHeTO 1-1 Bb rypCKO
spi:.:vte e 61-1na 3.:13>-J,ll.aHa (rn. crp. 19), Ci't- H3,!1.:.1rHJT<J ,ll.TB crt.HH (rn. ra6n. IX np1-1 C) Ha BHCOYHHa
OI<ono 2 M., rpa,ll.eHH caMo OTb ryx.11-1. Hanpa3.1eH1-1ero Ha ,ll.3ara Hal'i-ropHH pe,ll.a ryxn1-1 noKa3Ba
06p. 23. - nsBI-iS!Tb CTpaHI-1YeHb KOpaSb H:J UcpKBaTa, rnenaHb OTb 113T0Kb.
t.Je Bbpxy ri:.3H crt.HH e ne}!{ana e,ll.Ha apKa. Ut.nara ra3H nocrpol'iKa, KaKTO ce BH}!{,ll.a OTb MaTe-
pHana, e rypcKa. npHnHYa TBbp,ll.i:. MHoro Ha YewMa, KaKBaro w,e ,ll.a e 11 61-1na Bb C..W,HOCTb.
Crapara roni:.Ma u.eHrpanHa spara, e BO,ll.i:.na OTBbHb Bb U.bpKBaTa, 3ae,ll.HO Cb Cbci:.,ll.-
HHTi:. HeH np030p,UH, flHYaTb MHOro ,ll.06pt. OTB..rpt. Ha 3ana,ll.Hara Cri:.Ha Ha npi:.,ll.,ll.BepHeTO (o6p. 24).
npt.ll.llBepHeTO 37
Bbpxy ap1<1-1rl Ha sparara H npo3opu,Hrl ce pa3n03Hasarb en-BAH OTb pa31<bpreHH CBOAOBe, I<OHTO
nol<a3BaTb, 4e np-BAAsepHero e nbpsoHaYaJlHO Ha ABa eraH<a. HaAb r-Bxb ce Ja6-Bn-B3BaTb H-B-
1<0111<0 ron-BMH AynKH, Bb I<OHTO CN. nocraseHH Ae6enH AbpBeHH rpeAH 3a BTO;:>HSI eraH<b Ha
rypc!<aTa nOCTpOHI<a, l<bMb I<OSITO CN. npHHaAJleH<aJlH H l<aMeHHHrl 1<0110HH, '-IHHTO 6:1311 CN. 3ana3eHH
06p. 24. - UeHrpanHaTa YaCTb Ha npt.ll.llsepHero.
(m. crp. 35). Ta3H npoM-BHa e Moma Aa craHe eABa cn-BAb <.b'5apS1Hero Ha crapHr-B rpaAeHH cso-
AOBe. KaMeHHHrl I<OJlOHH npHHaAJleH<aTb Ha sc-B!<H cnyYaH Ha nbpBHSI rypcKH CTpOIHeneHb nepHOAb
H nocn-B seye He eN. 6HnH Bb306HoseHH. Tosa ce BI-1H<Aa OTb o6croSirencrsoro, Ye npH pa3l<Oni<Hrl,
OCB-BHb 6a3Hrl, He Ce HaM-BpHXa HHI<ci<BH ppyrH '-laCTH OTb P.OJlOHHrl - Hi;W,O, I<OeTO SICHO nol<a3Ba,
' I
I
.
I
I
, I
. I
i'
38 CerawHoTo CbCTOSIHHe Ha UbpKBaTa
4e Ti;JH nocnl;.o,HHn 6HnH OTCTpaHeHH npi;.o,H ow,e u,bpKsaTa .o,a npi;TbpnH nocni;.o,HHn CH
w,ecTBeHH npoMi;HH npi;3b BTOpHS1 TypcKH cTpOHTeneHb nepHOAb.
Cso.o,bTb Ha ropHHS1 eTa>t<b Bb u,eHTpanHaTa 4aCTb Ha npl;AAsepHeTo e n04TH Cbsci;Mb
pa3pyweHb. E.o.Ho roni;Mo nap4e e na.o,Hano u,i;no Bb no-Hoso spi;Me H .o,o cera ow,e ne>+<H Ha 3e-
MS1Ta (rn. o6p. 12 H 24). Ta3H 4aCTb OTb cso.o,a, KOS1TO H cera ow,e e JanaJeHa, e npaseHa, KaKTO ce
BH>+<Aa OTb MaTepHana, e.o,sa Bb TypcKo spi;Me .
06p. 25. - Cs. Cotj>HSI Bb ConyHb, on, Jana.ub.
rnABA II
BHilb Ha UbpKBaTa
1. OnHTb 3a peKOHCTPYKUI-151
3a Aa Bb3CTaHOBHMb u,bpKBaTa Cs. CocjmSI Bb nbpBOHaYallHHSI 11 BHAb TaKa, KaKTO TSI e
6HJla HaH-Hanpi;)J,b noCTpOeHa, He06XO)J,YIMO e npi:.AYI BCI'IYKO )J,a OTCTpaHY!Mb BCYIYKYI OHYISI YaCTI'I,
KOYITO npOY13XO>t<)J,aTb OTb nO-KbCHO Bpi:.Me Y1 KOI'ITO HHe Y!MaXMe CllyYaH )J,a noCOYYIMb nOAp06HO
no-rapt.. KbMb Ti:.Xb cna)J,aTb He caMo TypcKHrE npt.npaBKH, a TaKa C.'i'\W.O 11 OHHSI OTb BTOpHSI
CTpOHTeneHb nepHOAb, KOHTO, KaKTO BI'IAi:.xMe, He e H3Mi:.HH!lb cj>opMaTa Ha npo3opu,11rl. Ha BTopo
Mi:.CTO Tpi:.6sa )J,a peKOHCTpyHpaMe Cb6opeHYirE CbBCi:.Mb YaCTI'I Ha Ll,bpKBaTa, a Y!MeHHO anCH)J,aTa Yl
)J,Bi:.Tt. OT)J,i:.JleHHSI OTCTpaHH Ha npi:.)l,IJ,BepHeTO. Pe3y!lTamTt. OTb T031'1 )J,BOeHb npou,eCb C.'i'\ npi:.ACTa-
BeHH Bb nbpBOHaYa!lHHSI nnaHb (Ta6n. X) 11 Bb peCTaspau,HHrl Ha u,bpKBaTa, Bb3npoH3BeAeHH Ha
Ta6n. XI-XIV. noAp06HOCTYirE Yl SICHOCTbTa, Cb KOYITO C.'i'\ Y13pa6oTeHYI Ti:.3H nnaHOBe Yl pa3pi:.3H,
KOM6HHHpaHI'I Cb cj>oTOrpacj>HHrl OTb ceraWHI'ISI BHAb Ha u,bpKsaTa (Ta6n. II-VII), npaBSITb H3llHWHO
e)J,HO o6CTOHHO OnHCaHHe Y1 nOCOYBaHeTO Ha Cb06pa>t<eHYISITa 3a Bci:.Ka YaCTb OTb pecTaBpa-
LI,J.i.IHi:.. Tt.3H nocnt.AHHTE HaMHpaTb csoeTo onpas)J,aHHe Henocpt.ACTBeHo Bb cerawHOTO CbCTOSIHHe
Ha U,bpKBaTa Bb BCYIYKYI OHYISI CllyYaYI - a Ti:. C.'i'\ 60JlWYIHCTBOTO - )J,i:.TO OW,e SICHO CJi'\ . 3ana3eHH
40
nbpBOHa'-la11HI-1TB cpopMI-1 1-1 pa3M"tp1-1. no Ta31-1 np!-1'-ll-iHa w,e ce cnpeMb HaKpan<O CaMO Bbpxy OHI-151
TO'-lKI-1, .a.-tTO 1-iMaMe C-""WeCTBeHO OTK110HeHI-1e OTb CeraWHOTO n0110meH!-1e 1-1111-1 ,[1,-tTO TOBa nOC11"t,[l,HeTO
He Hl-1 .a.asa Henocp-t.a.cTBeHo np-t.a.cTas11eH!-1e 3a nbpBOHa'-la11HI-151 BI-1Ab Ha UbpKBaTa.
LJJ.e 3anolJHeMb naKb Haii-Hanp-tAb Cb anc1-1.a.aTa (Ta611. Xl1-1 XIII 2). Hei1HI-151Tb n11aHb, KaKTO
Be'-le s : - ~ o , B'<M ~ (cTp. 11), e HanbllHO 3ana3eHb, o6a'-le 111-1ncsa Hl-1 u-tnaTa ropH51 noCTpoiiKa. 4e Ta3!-1
noc11-EAH51Ta e 1-1Ma11a .a.sa pe.a.a ro11-EM1-1 npo3opu1-1, noHe Bb 3ana.a.HaTa Cl-1 '-laCTb, ce ycTaHOB51Ba Cb
n0110}!{1-1Te11HOCTb OTb 3ana3eHI-1T-t '-laCTI-1 no I-13TOlJHaTa CTIHa, Bbpxy nl-111aCTp1-1T-t Ha Tp1-1yMcpa11HaTa
apKa (r11. Ta611. IV 1-1 V). 3a npo3opu1-1rl Ha I-13TO'-lHaTa '-laCTb 11111-1 C-""W.1-1HCKaTa nonyKp-""r11a anc1-1.a.a,
K051TO OTBbHb l-iMa Tpi-iCTpaHHa cpOpMa, H-tMaMe Hi-iKaKBI-1 yKa3aHI-151. Ho KaTO B3eMeMb np-tAb Bl-i,[l,b,
nO KaKbBb Ha'-li-1Hb C-"" 611111-1 TpeTi-ipaHI-1 BCI-1'-lKI-1 Apyrl-1 CT"EHI-1 Ha UbpKBaTa, A"ETO CTapaTeJJHO Ce e
1136-trBaJJa BC-tKa roJJ-tMa Henp-tK-""CHaTa nJJOCKOCTb, He MOme ,[l,a l-iMa HI-1KaKBO CbMH"EHYie, '-le 1-1 Ta31-1
~
'-laCTb e 61-1na cHa6.a.eHa Cb .a.sa pe.a.a np030pU1-1, KaKTO e noKa3aHo Bb pecTaspaUI-151Ta Ha Ta611. XIII 2.
(;y;.w,o Y1 OTb CTpaHI-1'-lHHT-t OT,!l,"t11eHI-151 Ha c-tsepb Yl Ha IOfb OTb np-tll,[l,Bepi-ieTO He e 3ana-
3eHO HI-1W.O .a.pyro, ocs-tHb ocHOBHrl. C1-1rypHo e o6a'-le, '-le rB31-1 oT.a.-tneHI-151 He c;y;. HMaJJI-1 .a.pyra
spaTa, ocs-tHb Ta31-1, K051TO BOAI-1 Bb rlxb OTKbMb np-tMBepi-ieTo. Ha BbHWHaTa Cl-1 CT-tHa rl c;y;.
HMaJJI-1 Hai1-MaJJKO no e.a.HHb ron-EMb npo3opeub, HaAb KOHTO ce e HaM1-1pa11o Mome 611 no e.a.Ho
MaJJKO KP-""f110 npo30p'-le, KaKBI-iTO HaMi-ipaMe Ha I-13TO'-lHaTa 1-1 3ana.a.HaTa CT-tHI-1 Ha UbpKBaTa. Bl-1co-
'-li-1HaTa Ha rl3H OTA-E11eHH51 (oKono 9 M.) e c;y;.w,o yCTaHoBeHa, 611aro.a.apeH1-1e H ~ o6cT051TeJJCTBOTO, '-le
Ha c-tsepHaTa CT-tHa ce 3a6-tn-t3sa 1-1 cera ow,e P-""6bTb, OTb KOHTO e 3ano'-lsanb CBOAbTb Ha CbOT-
s-tTHOTO cTpaHH'-lHO OTA"t11eHHe (rn. Ta6n. VI).
HaAJlb}!{HHT-t CTIHI-1 Ha UbPKBaTa (Ta611. XI) .a.o61-1saTb no OTHoweH!-1e Ha cerawHOTO CbCT0-
51HI-1e CbBC-tMb .a.pyrb l-13r11e,!l,b. Cnope.a.b TypcKHT-t np-tnpaBKI-1 Ha UbpKBaTa, Bb BbHWHi-iT-E crlHI-1
Ha CTpaHI-1'-lHHT-t 1<opa611 C-"" ocTaBeHI-1 caMo no .a.sa Ma11KI-1 '-leTBbpTi-iTI-1 npo3opu1-1. Bb pecTaspaUI-151Ta
C-"" noKa3aHI-1 Ha T"t31-1 CT"EHI-1 no neTb r011"tMY1 CBO,!l,eCTI-1 np030pUY1, Bc-tKI-1 e,[l,I-1Hb OTb 1<01-iTO CbOTB-tT-
CTByBa Ha no e,[l,I-1Hb OTb npOXO,[l,HT-t Mem.a.y n!-111aCTpY1TI , OT,[l,l>Jl51W,I-1 f11aBHI-151 KOpa6b OTb CTpa-
HI-1'-lHHT-t. Tosa H-tw,o He no'-li-1Ba Ha H-EKaKBO np-t.a.nonomeH!-1e, a ce ycTaHOB51Ba Cb no11om!-1TeJJHI-1 cpaKTI-1.
Ha IOmHaTa crlHa Ha Mo.a.epHaTa UbpKBI-1Ua (rn. o6p. 1 1-1 Ta611. 11), Bb n-tso OTb spaTaTa, ce HaMI-1-
paTb .a.sa npo3opeua, KOHTO no cpopMa 1-1 ron-tMHHa OTrosap51Tb HanbJJHO Ha peCTaBp1-1paHI-1T-t Ha
Ta611. XI. Ha C-""Ll.I,OTO TOBa M-tCTO, KaKTO apX1-1TeKTbTb Ha Mo.a.epHaTa UbpKBI-1Ua, r. H. na3apOBb,
1-1Ma 11t06e3HOCTbTa .a.a MY! o651CHI-1, c;y;. ce HaMHpanl-1 .a.sa '-leTBbpTi-iTI-1 TypcKH npo30pU1-1, KOI-1TO ce
Bl-im,[l,aTb 51CHO Bb e.a.Ha no-CTapa cpoTOrpacpH51 (Ta611. Ill). T"t31-1 TypcKI-1 npo3opu1-1 61-1111-1 npo.a.bnmeHI-1
Harop-t, KaTO 6HJJa 0'-ll-iCTeHa TypcKaTa 31-1,!l,apY151, ,!l,O,[l,-tTO Ce CTI-1fHa110 ,[1,0 CTap!-1T-t apKI-1 Ha nbpBOHalJa11-
HI-1TI npo3opu1-1, 3ana3eHH no T031-1 Ha'-l!-1Hb Bb TypcKaTa CT-tHa (cp. 1-1 CTp. 13). Cn-t.a.osaTeJJHO ABaTa Bb-
npOCHI-1 np030pU1-1 Bb IO}!{HaHl CTIHa Ha MO,!l,epHaTa UbpKBI-1Ua 0TfOBap51Tb HanbJJHO Ha nbpBOHa'-la11HI-1T-t
npo3opu1-1 Ha UbiJKBaTa Cs. CocpH51. Ha M-tcTOTO Ha .a.pym .a.sa OTb T"E31-1 nbpBoHa'-la11HI1 npo3opu11
c;y;. ,[l,OWJll1 BpaTaTa 11 MallKOTO np030p'-le Bb ,[],eCHO OTb He51, K011TO cera Ce HaM11paTb Ha c;y;.w,aTa
tOmHa crlHa Ha Mo.a.epHaTa UbpKB11Ua. Haii-nocn-t apKaTa Ha neTI151 npo3opeub 111-1'-ll1 .a.o6p-t 11 cera
OW,e Ha B-""Tp-twHaTa CTpaHa Ha c;y;.w,aTa CTIHa, MaKapb '-le Ha HerOBO M-tCTO He e OCTaBeHb HI1Ka-
KbBb OTBOpb Bb CT-tHaTa. (;y;.w,OTO H-tw,o 611 Ce KOHCTaT11paJJO 6e3b CbMH"tHI1e 1-1 Bb c-tsepHaTa
crlHa Ha UbpKBaTa Cs. Cocp!-151, aKo T51 61-1 ce O'-li1CTI111a OTb no-KbCHI1T-t TYPCKI1 np-tnpas1<11 1-1 o6JJI1-
UOBKI1. Ho 1-1 6e3b TOBa BCe naKb e,[l,Ha OTb CTapi-irl apKI-1 Ha nbpBOHalJa11H11T"t np030pU11 1111'-ll-1 11
Ha c-tsepHaTa CT-tHa Ha e,[l,HO M-tCTO, ,[1,-tTO TypcKaTa 31-1,!l,ap1151 e 3Ha'-l!-1TeflHO pa3pyweHa (rJJ. CTp. 12).
0THOCI1Te11HO ropH1151 pe.a.b npo3opu11 Ha Ha,[l,Jlb}!{H11rl CTpaHI1 11Ma .a.a ce 3a6-t11-tm11, '-le T-tx-
HaTa cpopMa 11 pa3M"tp11 1111'-laTb MHOfO ,!J,06p1; KaKTO Ha BbHWHaTa, TaKa 11 Ha B-""Tp"EWHaTa CTpaHa
Ha crlH11rl, TbH '-le no T-txHaTa peCTaspaU1151 cnopb He MOme .a.a 11Ma. ()i'.W,OTO H-tw,o sam11 11 3a
3ana.a.HaTa cT-tHa (cpaca.a.aTa) Ha UbpKBaTa (Ta6n. XIII 1), pecTaBp11paHa Bb3b OCHOBa Ha 3ana3eHaTa
H IO}!{Ha n0110BI1Ha, Bb K051TO 51CHO Ce pa3n03HaBaTb BCI1'-lKI1 CTap11 BpaTI1 11 np030pU11, 1<01-iTO nO-
KbCHO C-"" 6111111 OT'-laCTI1 3anyweHI1 (rn. CTp. 21).
BbHWHJ-nt crtHH 41
pecraspali,Y15lTa Ha cpaca,D,aTa ce n05lBY1 Bl..npOCbTb, .o,anH nbpBOHalJaJlHO npt,D,b He5l He
e ce HaM11pana ow,e HtK05l no-HHCI<a npMcrpoi1Ka, 3aMtHeHa nO-I<bCHO Cb AbpBeHara ry;::-c1<a crptxa
(rn. crp. 22), 11n1-1 Cb .o,pyrH AYMH, .o,anH CJKW,HHCKara cpaca.o,a Ha crapara Ll,bpKsa He e ce HaMHpana
nci Ha 3ana.o, b OTb cera wHara, Karo e ocras5lna Mtcro 3a ow,e e.o,Ho sropo npt.o,a.3epHe. 3a y51cHeHHe
Ha TOl1 Bbnp:JCb ce npt.o,npHexa pa3KOni<H H npl:..o,b cpaca.o,ara Ha Ll,bpKsara, 13b pe3ynrarb OTb
KOY1TO ce orKpHxa 3H.o,osert, HaHeceHH Ha nnaHa Ha ra6n. IX (rn. H o6p. 26). T -531 3a >t<anocrb
He .o,asarb 5lCHo npt.o,crasneHHe 3a nocrpOHI<HTt, KOHTO e.o,Ho sptMe c;r;. ce H3AJranH TYI<b, rbi1 Karo
rl:, OT4aCTY1 ce yKa3axa CbBbpUJeHO pa3pyweHY1 3ae,D,HO Cb OCHOBHTt, a OT4aCTI1 HtMawe B"L3MO>t<-
HOCTb .o,a ce H3cnt.o,sa utnH5lTb repeHb Ha 3ana.o,b orb LJ,bp!<Bara Ha no-rontMo npocrpaHCTBO. 3a
HaCb sb cny4a5l e OC06HO Ba>t<HO 06CT05lTeJ1CTBOTO, 4e T-5311 3Y1,[1,0Be He MOraTb Ail Q;r;.,D,aTb OTb c;r;.-
W,OTO sptMe Cb nocrpoi11<ara Ha LJ,bpKsara 1-1 <Je rt cnt.o,osarenHo HtMaTb o6w,o Cb Hei1HH51
nbpBOHa<JaneHb nnaHb. Tosa ce BH>t<Aa npt.o,H cCH4l<O orb pa3nM4Hero s"b crpoY1renHH5l Marep11anb,
1
)
Ocp. 26.- CT< p11 3Hnose np-tllb Cs.
OTb cna6Y15l 11 He6pt>t<eHb rpa.o,e>t<b Ha BbnpOCHHTt 3Y1,D,OBe Y1 OTb TtXHOTO nnHTKO cpyH.o,aMeHT11paHe
Bb 3eM5lTa. Bbo6w,e pa3J111Kara Bb rpa.o,e>t<a H MarepHana e Bb cny4a5l ronK03b rontMa, Atro He
MO>t<e Y1 .o,a CC MY1CJ1Y1 3a HtKai<BO e,D,HHCTBO nO OTHOWeHHe Ha pa6orara Y1 BptMeTO. fl nOHe>t<e OTb
.o,pyra crpaHa e CbBCtMb 5lBHO, 4e cJKw,ecmysaw,Hrt npt.o,b cpaca.o,ara Ha Ubp!<Bara nocrpoi11<Y1 cJK
6HJ1Y1 Haro.o,eHH cnope,D,b CaMara Ll,bp!<Ba, TO He OCTaBa HHI<ai<BO CbMHtHHe, 4e rt c;r;. OTb nO-I<bCHO
sptMe. KbMb KOi1 crpOHTeneHb nepHOAb w,e rpt6sa .o,a rH npH4HCnHMb, He MO>t<e .o,a ce Ka>t<e cb
nono>t<HTenHOCTb, Tbi1 Karo He ce HaMtpHxa HHI<aKBI1 xapaKrepHH 3a .o,arHpaHe eneMeHTH, na 11 OTb
ca;-.mrt crtHH e 3ana3eHo ronK03b ManKo Htw,o, .o,tro M;r;.4HO MO>t<e .o,a ce npoY13Hece 40BtKb 3a
.o,arara caMo no xapa1<repa Ha rpa.o,e>t<a. Ha sctKH cny4ai1 no-rontMa e stpo5lTHOCTbra, 4e nocrpoi1-
KHTt .o,arHpaTb OTb npt.o,11 rypc1<o sptMe, noHe>t<e Bb rtxb He HaMHpaMe xapaKrepHY15l 3a nbpBY151
rypcKH nepHOAb rpa.o,e>t<b orb KaMbHH Me>t<.o,y <JempH ryxnH, a sropH5lTb rypcKH nepHOAb e se<Je
1
) SbnpOCHHrt 31-1llOBe C?il. rpaneH:-1 Ca:'-10 OTb l<ilMbH:-11-1 XOpo:aHO., Bb t<OiJTO Hi;Ma OTb Yyt<aHJ-1 t<epaMHlli-L
Cs Co<jJHo 6
42
TBbp)J,t, KbCeHb, 3a )J,a MOH<e )J,a Ce MI1CJH1 3a HerO np11 nbJlHOTO pa3pyweHI1e Ha BbnpOCHI1n no-
CTpOHKI1. no Ta311 npW111Ha Hai1-Bt.p051THO e npt.AnOJlOH<eHI1eTO, '-le Tt.311 nOCTpOHKI1 )J,aT11paTb OTb
BT0p1151 Xp11CTI151HCKI1 CTpOHTeneHb nep110)J,b.
EA11Hb OTb Hai1-TPYAHI1Tt. Bbnpocl1 np11 peCTaspau,I151Ta Ha u,bpKBaTa 6t. BbnpoCbTb 3a nbpBo-
Ha'-!anHOTO ycrpoi:iCTso Ha npt.Msep11eTo. KaKTO 113TbKHaxMe np11 HerosoTo on11caH11e (op. 37),
3ana3eHI1 CI'K Ht.KOI1 CJlt.)J,I-1, KOI1TO nOKa3BaTb, '-le TO e 611J10 nbpBOHa'-laJlHO Ha )J,Ba eTaH<a, OTb
KOHTO 11 )J,OJ1Hf151Tb eTaH<b e 611Jlb 3aCBO)J,eHb Cb KpbCTaTI1 CBO)J,OBe. 06a'-!e Ht.MaMe )J,OCTaTb'-IHO
nO)J,p06HI1 yKa3aHI151 11 Cl1rypH11 CJ1t.)J,I1, 3a )J,a yCTaHOBI1Mb 6e3b KOJle6aHI1e Ha'-111Ha Ha 3aCBO)J,51BaHeTO.
Cpt.AH51Ta '-!aCTb Ha npt.Msep11eTo, K051TO OTrosap51 Ha rnaBHI151 Kopa6b, 113rneH<Aa Aa e 611na 3acso-
)J,eHa Bb )J,OJlHI-151 eTaH<b Cb Tp11 KpbCTaTI1 CBO)J,a, OTb KOI1TO cpt.AH1151Tb e 611Jlb nO-W11p0Kb, a CTpa-
HI1'-IHI1Tt, 3Ha'-111TeJ1HO no-nCHI1. nbpBH51Tb no W11p0'-111Ha e OTrOBap51I1b Ha U,eHTpanHaTa BpaTa (290 M.)
KaTo ce e Kpt.nt.nb Bb BbHWHaTa cTt.Ha Ha npt.Msep11eTO Bbpxy apKaTa Ha Ta311 spaT a. 0cTaHa-
Jli1Tt. )J,Ba C/'K n0'-111BaJ111 Ha 'CJKW,aTa CTt.Ha Bbpxy apK11Tt, Ha )J,BaTa CbCt.)J,HI1 Cb BpaTaTa np030peu,a,
Ha KOI1TO Tt. CI'K OTrOBap51I111 11 no W11p0'-111Ha. Ha cpi;w,ynOJlOH<HaTa CTpaHa CBO)J,OBeTt, 611 rpt.6BaJlO
)J,a CTJKnaTb Bbpxy ni1JlaCTp11, KOI1TO )J,a neH<aTb Ha rpaH11U,aTa MeH<)J,Y npt.MBep11eTO 11 rnaBHI151
KOpa6b 11 KOHTO )J,a 6JK)J,aTb pa3nOJlOH<eHI-1 CI1MeTp11'-1HO Ha )J,BaTa ni1JlOHa Ha U,eHTpanHaTa BpaTa.
06a'-!e OTb TaKI1Ba nHJlaCTpl-1 Ht.Ma 3ana3eHI1 a6COJ110THO HI1KaKBI1 CJ1t.)J,I1. H11e BH)J,t.XMe, '-!e np116Jli1311-
TeJ1HO Ha TOBa Mt.CTO, )J,i;TO 611 Tpt.6BaJlO )J,a r11 0'-!aKBaMe, CaMO MaJlKO n0-6Jll130 KbMb OCbTa Ha
u,bpKBaTa, ce HaM11paTb 6a311Tt. Ha ABt. rypc1<11 KOJ10HI1, OTb KOI1TO 113XOH<AaTb KbCHI1 TypcKI1 cTt.HI1
(rn. CTp. 35). no)J,b Tt.311 CTt.HI1 11 6a3H HaM11paMe o6a'-!e naKb oap1151 KaMeHeHb LI,OKbJlb Ha U,bp-
KBaTa, '-111eTO np11CJKTCTBI1e Ha TOBa Mt.CTO 51CHO nOKa3Ba, '-le TYKb nbpBOHa'-!aJlHO CI'KW,O Tpt.6sa )J,a Ce
e 113A!1rana Ht.KaKsa nocTpoi:iKa. OcTasa cnt.AoBarenHo )J,a np11eMeMb, '-!e Ha Mt.CTOTO Ha ABt.Tt.
TYPCKI1 KOJlOHI1 CJK ce HaMHpanl1 nbpBoHa'-!anHo ABa rpaAeHI1 OTb Tyxnl1 nl1nacTpa, KOI1TO OTnocnt.
CJK 611n11 CbBbpweHo YHI1W,OH<eHI1. Tt.xHOTO 6e3cnt.)J,HO 113'-IC:3BaHe ce o651CH51Ba Cb TOBa, ye Tt., KaTo
C/'K 611J111 nOCTaBeHI1, KaKTO u,i;naTa rOpH51 nOCTpOi1Ka Ha U,bpKBaTa, BbpXy KaMeHHI151 U,OKbJlb, JleCHO
C/'K MOrJ111 )J,a 6JK)J,aTb OTCTpaHeHI1, 6e3b )J,a OCTaBaTb Ht.KaKBI1 CJlt.)J,H Bbpxy Hero. Bb3b OCHOBa Ha
Tt.311 Cbo6paH<eHI151 e np11eTa pecTaspau,I151Ta, npt.ACTaBeHa Bb nnaHa Ha Ta6n. X 11 Bb pa3pt.3a Ha
Ta6n. XIV 1. no CI'KW,1151 Ha'-111Hb Cb KpbCTaTI1 CBO)J,OBe C/'K 6HJ111 noKp11TI1 )J,OJ1HI1Tt. eTaH<I1 11 Ha )J,Bt.Tt.
CTpaHI1'-IHI1 '-laCTI1 Ha npt.MBep11eTO, KOI1TO OTroBap51Tb Ha CTpaHI1'-IHI1Tt, 1<0pa611 Ha U,bpKBaTa. np11
TOBa Tpt.6sa )J,a Ce 3a6t.nt.H<I1, '-!e BCt.KI1 e)J,I1Hb OTb nony'-leHHTt, no T0311 Ha'-111Hb Ce)J,eMb CBO)J,a Bb
)J,OJ1HI151 eTaH<b Ha npt.MBep11eTO JleH<I1 nO Ha '-!eTHp11 apK11 Cb nbJleHb u,eHTbpb. (11CTeMaTa Ha 3aCBO)J,51-
BaHeTO e CJlt.)J,OBaTeJlHO CJKW,aTa, KaKTO Bb Hanpt.'-1HI151, a He KaKTO Bb rnaBHI151 KOpa6b (rn. CTp. 26 11 29).
ropH1151Th eTaH<b Ha npt.MBep11eTO e 611Jlb 3aCBO)J,eHb Bt.p051THO caMO Cb Tp11 CBO)J,a, OTb
KOHTO cpt.AHI151Tb, KOi1To e oTrosap51nb Ha rnaBHI151 Kopa6b, e 6Hnb nO-BI1COKb. Pa3npt.At.neHI1eTo
Ha npOCTpaHCTBOTO TYKb He n03B0Jl51Ba )J,a np11eMeMb, '-!e C/'K CJKW,eCTByBaJ111 naKb Ce)J,eMb CBO)J,a,
KaKTO Bb )J,OJ1HI151 eTaH<b. noHeH<e TYKb Bb Cpt.)J,H51Ta '-!aCTb BI1C0'-111HaTa e no-ront.Ma (950 M. cpi;wy
550 M. Bb )J,0J1HI151 eTaH<b), TO BCt.KO e)J,HO OTb Tp11n OT)J,t.JleHI151 Ha npt.MBep11eTO e MOrllO )J,a 6JK)J,e
3aCBO)J,eHO CaMO Cb nO e)J,I1Hb CBO)J,b, nOCTaBeHb Ha )J,Bt, apK11 Cb nbJleHb U,eHTbpb. no)J,06HO Ht.W,O
Bb )J,OJ1HI151 eTaH<b He e 611J10 Bb3MOH<HO, TbH KaTO np11 W11p0'-111Ha OTb 675 M. 11 BI1C0'-111Ha CaMO
OTb 5"50 M. e 611no HeMI1CJ111MO )J,a ce noCTp051Tb HYH<HI1Tt, ap1<11 Cb nbneHb u,eHTbpb. ETa Koe e
HaKapanO CTp011TeJ151 )J,a Cl1 nOCI1YH<I1 Cb e)J,HO pa3'-IJleHeHI1e Ha npOCTpaHCTBOTO Bb )J,0J1HI151 eTaH<b,
KaTO e np116t.rHaJ1b )J,O nOMOW,bTa Ha BTOpOCTeneHHI1Tt, Tt.CHI1 11 )J,bJlrl1 CBO)J,OBe.
MaKapb '-!e CBOAOBeTt. Ha ropH1151 eTaH<b Ha npt.Msep11eTo CJK CJKWO Cb6opeHI1,
1
) see naKb
MOH<e )J,a ce np11eMe Cb nonOH<11TeJ1HOCTb, '-!e 11 Tt. CJK 611n11 KpbcTaTI1 (rn. 11 CTp. 38). Ho noHeH<e
1) 8b MOll.epHaTa UbpKBI-!Ua CBOllOBerE KaKTO Ha
.uonHHII, TaKa 11 Ha eTa)!{b Ha CrK
3ana3eHH, HO c?K Cb 11e6enb nnacTb
11 nocnt, 6ol!llHCaHH. no Ta3H He 6-twe
Bb3M0)!{H0 11a yCTaHOBn, 11anH T-t3H CBOllOBe C?K Hai-!CTI-!Ha
nbpBOHaYanHI-frE, HflH np0113X0)!{llaTb OTb nO-KbCHO
ap-t Me. 3aTosa n p:-1 Ha n Tt,
C?K B3eTI-f CaMO Ha BTOpO M-tCTO Bb
B"'Tpt.wHHHTb H3rnenb 43
-----_____ -_-_ - =====
,!J,Bt,Tt, 11Mb CTpaHH CaMO GK nemam1 Bbpxy apKH, a ApyrHrl ,[J,Bt, Bbpxy XOpH30HTaJlHH nJJOCI<OCTH
(npO,[J,bJl}!{eHHeTO OTb CT"tH11Tt, Ha rJJaBHI151 11 CTpaHHYHI1Tt, 1<0pa611), TO HaYI1HbTb Ha 3aCBO,[J,51BaHeTO
e 611Jlb T0311, I<Oiho e ynoTp"t6eHb 11 Bb rJJaBHI151 1<0pa6b (rn. CTp. 29).
KaTo MI1HasaMe cera KbMb s;;Hp"twHOTO Ha U.bpKsaTa, Ha nbpso M-tcTo HMa ,[J,a
KameMb H"tKOJJKO AYMI1 3a nbpsoHaYaJJHI151 11 no,!J,b. To?i 6t, OTKp11Tb np11 pa3KOnK11rl Ha ,!J,bn6o-
YI1Ha OKOJJO 65 CM. no,!J,b TypcKHSI no,!J,b Cb weCTOJKrbJJH11T"t
TYXJ111. ront.Ma YaCTb OTb nbpBOHaYaJlHI151 nO,[I,b e 611Jla
pa3pyweHa ow,e no-paHo, rnasHO nopaAH Hanpasa Ha rpo-
6ose B.lKTpt, Bb U,bpKBaTa, 3a KOeTO w,e 11MaMe CJlyYaH ,!J,a
rOBOp11Mb nO-,[J,QJlt,, np11 BCe TOBa 3HaYI1TeJlHI1 YaCTH,
1<011TO, ,!J,OI<OJli<OTO 6-twe Bb3MO<HO, Ce 3ana311Xa 11 CJJ"t,!J,b
pa3KOnKI1rl, Ce HaM11paxa OW,e Bb OTJ111YHO CbCTOSIHI1e 11
no3BOJJ5tsaxa ,[J,a ce npocn"tA11 noAp06Ho HerosaTa Hanpasa.
Ha?i-,!J,on-t HaM1;1paMe np"tA11 BCHYKO e,[J,I1Hb nnacTb OTb o611KHO-
seHI1 p"tYHI1 KaMbHI1, HacnaraHH e,lJ,I1HbAO APYrb 6e3b xopocaHb,
Ha Ae6eni1Ha OKano 15 eM. Cn"t,!J,b TOBa 11,1J,e e,!J,I1Hb nnacTb
CaMO OTb XOpOCaHb Cb TpOWeHI1 ,[J,OCTa Ha e,!J,pO KepaMI1,[1,11,
,[J,e6enb oKono 18 CM., onopt, CbBbpweHo 3arna,[J,eHb. Bbpxy
T0311 nnacTb c;;:. 611n11 noCTaseHI1 ron"tM11 YeTBbpTHTI1 Tyxnl1,
Kai<BI1TO CJK ynoTp-t6eHI1 11 np11 nOCTpOHI<aTa Ha CaMaTa U,bp!<Ba,
a Bbpxy T"tXb e Cil"t,[J,BaJla HaCH1Jll<a OTb pa3HOU,B"tTHI1 Mp51-
MOpH11 nJJOYI<I1, ,[J,e6e.lll-1 OTb 15-25 CM., 1<011TO CJK 611J111
Hape,[J,eHI1 s"tpdSlTHO Bb pa3HI1 reoMeTp11YeCI<I1 qmryp11, TbH Ye
c;;:. o6pa3ysaJJI1 H"tw,o KaTo aneKcaHAp11HCI<a M03ai1Ka (opus
sectile). napYeTa OTb T"t311 Mp5lMOpH11 nnOYI<I1 Ce HaM"tp11Xa
06p. 27. - nnaHb Ha Cs. CoHH
cnopenb TopHbOBb.
np11 pa3KOni<I1Tt, Bb u,eHTpaJJHI15l 1<0pa6b. no opMa Tt, CJK YeTBbpT11TH 11Jll1 Tp11.lKrbJlHI1 Cb pa3Ha
ron"tM11Ha. Cp-tw.a ce 6-tnb e,[J,p03bpHeCTb MpS!MOpb, yepseHb CI1TH03bpHeCTb MpS!MOpb Cb TbHKH
TbMHI1 }!{11Jll<l1 (rOSSO antico) 11 YepseHb CI1TH03bpHeCTb Cb ,[J,e6eJJI1 6"tn11 11 TbMHI1 }!{11Jll<l1 (p11r11HCI<H
MpS!MOpb). Bb u,"tJJ1151 n"tsb CTpaHI1YeHb Kopa6b nO,!J,bTb 6-twe CbBbpweHo pa3pyweHb, TbH Ye TYKb
HaCI1nbTb OTI1sawe Henp"tKJKCHaTo Ha ront.Ma AbJJ60YI1Ha. Me<AY n11naCTp11rl o6aYe, K011TO OTA-t-
06p. 28. - Hannb>t<eHb H3rnenb Ha Cs. CocjlHH cnopenb TopHbOBb.
JlSITb CTpaHI1YHI151 1<0pa6b OTb
rnasHI151, nnaCTbTb OTb xopocaHb
e 3ana3eHb ow,e MHoro A06pt,.
CaMo Ye TOH TYKb He e cno-
meHb sbpxy nnaCTb OTb p-tY-
HH KaMbHI1, a Henocp"t,!J,CTBeHO
Bbpxy KaMeHHI151 U,OI<bJlb nO,[J,b
ni1JlaCTp11Tt,, I<OHTO e npas"tJJb
113Jli1WHa ApyraTa KaMeHHa nO,lJ,-
JlO}!{I<a.
Bbpxy nbpsoHaYanHaTa ,[J,eKopau,l151 Ha CT"tH11rl He Mome ,[J,a ce Kame nOYTI1 HI1W.O Cb nono-
<11TeJJHOCTb. Ha11CTI1Ha, KaKTO cnoMeHaxMe seYe no-rapt, (CTp. 15 11 28), Ha H"t1<o11 M-tCTa c;;:. 3ana3eHH
CJJ"t,!J,11 OTb cppeCKI1. 06aye Tt, CJK TBbp,[J,t, He6p"t<HO 113nbJJHeHH 11 np0113XO<,[J,aTb Cl1rypHO OTb
TBbp,[J,t, l<bCHa enoxa. np11 pa3KOnKI1Tt, Ce HaM"tp11Xa Bb Ha:.:11na ,[J,pe6HI1 napYeTa OTb peCKI1 Ha
H"ti<OJli<O M"tCTa. 0Tb T"tXb CaMO ,!J,Bt, 11MaTb nO-CTap11HeHb xapaKTepb 11 HanOMHSITb TBbp,[J,t, MHOrO
H"tKOH OTb CTapo6bnrapCK11T"t pec1<11 Ha Tpane311u,a Bb TbpHoso 11n11 Bb 6o5tHCKaTa u,bpKsa, np11-
ni1CBaHI1 o611KHOseHo Ha Tp11Ha,[J,eceTOTo CTon"tT11e. T"t311 parMeHTI1 o6aYe c;;:. TOJJK03b He3HaYI1TeJJHI1,
W,OTO He e Bb3MO<HO ,!J,a Ce npaBSITb HI1Kai<BI1 3ai<JliOYeHI151 Bbpxy aHCaM6bJJa, OTb I<OHTO Tt, np0113-
44
BHllb Ha UbpKBaTa
xom,n,aTb. CaMo TOJli<03b MO>t<e ,n,a ce Ka>t<e, Ye Ll,bpKBaTa Bb nO-KbCHO Bpi>Me e 61-1na 3orpaqmcBaHa
HaH-MaJli<O nOHe ,[l,Ba n.li'.TI-1. 0THOCI-1TeJlHO HaH-CTapaTa ,D,e!<Opall,l-151 Ha CTIHHTi> MO>t<e CaMO ,D,a Ce
3a6i>Jli>>t<l-1, Ye T51 e,n,Ba Jll-1 w,e ,D,a Ce e CbCT051Jla Bb M03al-11<1-1, TbH KaTO CJlb,[l,l-1 OTb Ti>Xb, 61-1!10 no-
--"
06p. 29. 3ananeHb H3rnenb Ha Cs. Cocjmst cnopenb TopHbOBb.
roni>MI-1 napYeTa, 61-1no OTAi>IlHI-1 Ka-
MbYeTa, He ce 3a6i>ni>3BaTb HHTO no
CTi>HHTi>, Hi-1TO nbl<b Ce HaMi>pHXa npi-1
pa3KOnKHTi> Bb Hac1-1na. He e i-131<Jli0-
4eHa CJli>,D,OBaTeJlHO Bb3MO>t<HOCTbTa ,n,a
Ce npHeMe, Ye nbpBOHa4aJlHO CTi>hHTi>
Ha Ll,bp!<BaTa He C.li'. HMaJll-1 HHI<ai<Ba
,n,pyra ,n,eKopall,l-151, a C.li'. 61-1!11-1 npoCTo
I-13Ma3aHH Cb yepBeHHI<nBb xopocaHb,
CMi>CeHb Cb CYyKaHI-1 CbBCi>Mb Ha CI-1T-
HO KepaMH,[l,l-1,.. , ai<O Bb06w,e Ta3H
Ma31-1Jll<a, Cili>,D,I-1 OTb 1<051TO C.li'. 3ana3eHI-1 Ha Hi>I<OJli<O Mi>CTa, MO>t<e ,n,a ce C41-1Ta 3a HaH-CTapa
(rn. CTp. 32 en.).
Hai:i-nocn-5 OCTaBa ,n,a Ka>t<eMb Hi>KOJli<O AYMI-1 1-1 Bbpxy nbpBoHaYaJlHI-151 noKpHBb. Bi>po51THO
e, ye Ll,bpKBaTa nbpBoHatJanHo e 61-1na noKpHTa Cb roni>MI-1 Kopy6eCTI-1 KepaMH,D,I-1, no,n,o6HH Ha T-531-1,
I<Oi-1TO ,[l,O C!<OpO 6i>xa y HaCb e,D,HHCTBeHO Bb ynoTpi>6eHHe 1-1 Cb Kai<Bi-1TO e HanpaBeHa H no-ron-5-
MaTa YaCTb OTb Mo,n,epHi-151 noKpHBb Ha Ll,bpKBaTa. CaMo ye CTapHTi> KepaMHAH w,e ,n,a C.li'. 61-1!11-1 3Ha-
4HTenHo no-roni>MI-1, ,[J,bJlrl-1 ,D,O 60 CM. 1-1 W1-1p01<1-1 01<0!10 20-30 CM., Kai<Bi-1TO 6i>xa HaMi>peHI-1 np1-1
CTa poxp1-1CTI-151HCI<aTa 6a31-1Jll-11<a Ha XHcapc!<aTa Kpi>nOCTb Bb nnoB,[l,I-1BCI<0.
1
)
HanpaBeHH51Tb TYI<b on1-1Tb 3a peKOHCTPYKLJ,I-151 Ha nbpBoHatJaJlHI-151 BHAb Ha Ll,bpKBaTa CB. Cocpi-151
He e nbpB1-151Tb OTb T031-1 po,n,b. Ow.e ,n,eceTHHa ro,n,HHI-1
apxHTei<TbTb R. 6t, HanpaBHJlb e,n,HHb no,n,o-
6eHb onHTb, KOHTO 3acny>t<aBa Hi>KOJli<O AYI":I-1. H1-1e Bb3-
np01-13Be>t<,n,aMe TYI<b Bb o6p. 27-30 Hi>KOI-1 OTb CI<HLJ,HTi> Ha
TopHbOBa, 3a ,n,a ce no-51CHO, Bb Kai<BO ce CbCTOI-1 pa3Jli-1-
KaTa Ha ,n,Bi>Ti> peKOHCTPYKLJ,I-11-1. ToBa, KOeTo Ha npbBb no-
rne,n,b Be,n,Hara ce XBbpi151 Bb 041-1, e He TOJli<03b HeTOY-
HOCTbTa Bb o6w,1-151 nnaHb Ha Ll,bpKBaTa y TopHbOBa (o6p.
27), I<OJli<OTO norpi>WHOTO noCTaB51He Ha BpaTHrE 1-1 npo-
30pL1,1-1Ti> Bb HeroBHrl CI<HLJ,I-1. Tbi<MO 3a Ti>3H no,n,po6HOCTI-1
C.li'. 3ana3eHH 1-1 np1-1 cerawHOTO CbCT051HHe Ha Ll,bpKBaTa
06p. 30 - H3rnenb Ha Cs. CocpH5t
cnopenb TopHbOBb.
,[l,OCTaTb4HO yKa3aHI-151, I<Oi-1TO B_H,[l,l-1 ce He C.li'. 61-1!11-1 BHHMaTeJlHO i-13nOil3YBaHI-1 OTb TopHbOBa. 3a ,n,a
ce He cnHpaMb TYI<b no-no,n,po6Ho Bbpxy T03H B bnpocb, ,n,oCTaTb4HO e ,n,a nocoya Ha npHno>t<e-
HHTi> cpoTorpacpi-11-1 Ha Ll,bpKBaTa (Ta6n. II-VII), np1-1 YHeTo cpaBHeHHe Cb CKHLJ,HTi> Ha TopHbOBa 1-13-
nbKBaTb Be,D,Hara rp-bWI<HTi> Bb Ti>3H nOCJli>,[l,HHTi>.
1
) rn. 6. <PHnOBb, l-138. Ha 6bnr. apx. npy<. II.
1911, 131 3a6.
::) ilpesHexpHCTHIIHCKHH xpaMb Cs. Bb
CnHC. Ha HH<eH -apXHT. npy<. VI. 1901, 128:.;...131. rn. 3a
Ta3H CTaTH51 6i;n'5<KHT'5 Ha Fl. n p 0 T H b, Cs. 'CocpH51,
CTp. 36-41.
eneMeHTH 4:>
2. XapaKTepb Ha nbpBOHa4aJ1HaTa nocTpot1Ka.
Cni>Ab KaTo ce omnaxMe AO TYKb, rnaBHO Cb noMOW,bTa Ha peCTaspa1..1,1111Ti> 11 nnaHoser-5,
Aa AaAeMb nO Bb3MO}f{HOCTb nO-nbnHO 11 nO-T04HO npi>ACTaBneH!1e 3a nbpBOHaYanHI151 113rneAb Ha
l..l,bpKsara Cs. Cocp1151, rp-56sa cera Aa B11A11Mb, KaKBI1 Cl'h 611n11 o6w,I151Tb xapaKrepb 11 oco6eHOCTI1Ti>
KaKTO Ha nnaHa, TaKa 11 Ha ropH51Ta noCTpol'1Ka Ha ra111 l..l,bpKsa . .[l,oCTaTbYHO e Aa}f{e 11 eAHO no-
BpbXHOCTHO cpaBHeH!1e Ha peCTaBpa1..1,1111Ti> Cb cpOTOrpacp1111Ti> OTb ceraWHOTO nonO}f{eHHe, 3a Aa ce
B11A11 BeAHara, KOnKo roni>Ma e pa3ni1KaTa Me}f{AY nbpBOHaYanHara noCTpol'1Ka 11 rosa, Koero cera e
3ana3eHo. Hal'1-Ao6p-5 113TbKBa rosa Hi>w,o np11 cpacaAaTa.
6naroAapeHI1e Ha Cb6opeHI1Ti> cera CTpaHI14HI1 OTAi>neHI151, cpacaAa e 11Malla
MHoro no-3aBbpweHb BI1Ab, MHoro no-crpora apxHTeKTOHCKa cpopMa. Karo Hi>K051 n11paM11Aa ce
113A11ra T51, OTb KpaHW,aTa KbMb Cpi>AaTa, BCe nO-BI1COKO 11 nO-BI1COKO, BCi>Ka YaCTb CaMa 3a ce6e Cl1
11 see naKb nOA411HeHa Ha o6w,11r-B KOHryp11, KOI1TO on11csarb noYTI1 eA11Hb rp111'hrbnHI1Kb. Ha Cl'h-
w,ara 11Ae51, K05HO ce Bb CTpi>MneHI1eTO KbMb eAHa KynMI1Ha1..1,110HHa T04Ka, e nOA411HeHO
11 pa3npi>Ai>n51Hero Ha npo3op1..1,11Ti>: n11ncsaw,11 Bb Kpal':iw,ara, r-5 ce ysenHYaBaTb 11 pa3BI1BaTb, KOnKOTO
noseye OTHBaMe KbMb cpi>AaTa 11 Bbpxa Ha cpacaAaTa.
npo30p1..1,11Ti> CbCTaB51Tb eAI1HCTBeHI1Ti> AeKopaTI1BHI1 eneMeHTI1 11 Ha ApyrHT-5 CTi>HI1 Ha 1..1,bpK13aTa,
H11KaKBI1 cnO}f{HI1 npocp11n11, HHKaKBH 113nl'hKHanl1 YaCTI1 He HapywasaTb ryKb cnoKOHHara 11 npoCTa
xapMOHI151 Ha ni1HI111Ti>. H11ro eAI1Hb KaMbKb, HI1TO eAHa cpopMa He e nocraBeHa caMo 3apaA11 AeKo-
paTHBeHb ecpeKTb: HanpOTI1Bb, BCi>KO Hi>W,O Cl1 11Ma CB051Ta OpraHI14eCKa Bpb3Ka Cb l..l,i>nOTO, K051TO
npo113n1Ya Henocpi>ACTBeHo OTb Herosoro KOHcrpyKTI1BHO npi>AHa3HaYeH!1e. TaKa Hanp. apKHT-5 Bbpxy
BpaTHT-5 11 np030p1..1,11Ti>, KOI1TO He C/'h n11weH11 OTb 113Bi>CTeHb AeKOpaT!1BeHb ecpeKTb, Ce 51B51BaTb no
He06XOA11MOCTb OTb OC06HOTO Hape}f{AaHe Ha ryxn11Ti>, npi>AI13BI1KaHO OTb 411CTO KOHCTpyKTI1BHI1
Cbo6pa}f{eHI151.
Cl'hw,ara xapaKTep11CTI1Ka Ba}f{l1 11 3a Bl'hTpi>wHOCTbTa Ha l..l,bpKsara. 11 TYKb naKb n11ncsarb
KaKBI1TO 11 Aa 611n0 Cn0}f{HI1 np0cp11n11 11 OTAi>nHI1 AeKopaTI1BHI1 eneMeHT11. nocTpOHKaTa e rp-56sano
Aa Ai>HCTByBa 113Kni0411TenHO 4p-53b xapMOHI151Ta Ha ni1HI111Ti> 11 pa3npi>Ai>n51HeTO Ha npOCTpaHCTBOTO.
Ero 3aw,o BCI14KO e cseAeHo AO Hal':i-npoCTHT-5 cpopM11 11 nnocKOCTI1. He caMo CTp011TenHI151Tb MaTe-
pHanb He e 113nOn3yBaHb AeKOpaTI1BHO, KaKTO Bb KbCHI1Ti> Bl13aHTI1HCKI1 nOCTpOHKI1, HO Bb l..l,bpKBaTa
Ca. Cocp1151 n11ncsarb 11 OHI151 KpbCTOCBaHI151 Ha ni1HI111Ti>, KOI1TO orsap51Tb nepcneKTI1BHI1 113rneA11 Cb
pa3HO ocs-BrneHHe, Karo CBbp3BaTb no-r-EcHo OTAi>nHHT-5 YaCTI1 Ha l..l,bpKBaTa no Me}f{AY 11Mb. TyKb
sc-5KI1 eAHHb OTb Kopa611ri> e HanbnHo caMOCT051TeneHb 11 3asbpweHb Bb ce6e c11. Bb nbnHa xap-
MOHI151 Cb T0311 06W,b xapaKTepb Ha l..l,bpKBaTa Ce HaM11pa 11 nl1nCaTa Ha KaKBI1TO 11 Aa 611n0 KOnOHI1,
KOI1TO 611xa np11nan11 no-roni>Ma neKOCTb 11 rpa1..1,1151 Ha nocrpol'1KaTa. KonoHHT-5 Cl'h 3aMi>HeHI1 Cb
MaCI1BHI1 YeTBbpT11TI1 CTbn6ose, 6e3b 6a311 11 Kan11ren11, CKa4eHI1 CaMO Cb apK11 nOMe}f{AY Cl1, nbn-
HOTO eAH006pa311e Ha MaTep11ana, KaKTO 11 CTpOrHT-5 apX11TeKTOHCKI1 cpOpM11 npaB51Tb sneYaTneHI1e,
KaTO Ye n11 l..l,bpKBaTa e 113ni>Ha 1131..1,-5no CaMO OTb eA11Hb Kanbnb, HO Bb C/'hll.I,OTO Bpi>Me H np11Aa-
BaTb OC06Ha MOHyMeHTanHOCTb 11 COn11AHOCTb,
Bb BCI14KI1 r-5311 oco6HOCTI1 Ha l..l,bpKBaTa np0311pa eAHa cMi>na 11Ae51, eAHa c11nHa 11HA11BI1-
AYanHOCTb, K051TO rp-56sa Aa np11ni1WeMb Ha HeHHI151 apX11TeKTb. np11 roni>Mo TeXHI14eCKO CbBbp-
weHCTBO, l..l,bpKBara Cs. Cocp1151 e 113nbnHeHa Cb OH51 CMi>nb 11 eneMeHrapeHb 3aMaXb, xapaKrepeHb
)
3a enOXI1Ti> Cb3AaTenKI1 Ha HOBI1 11Ae11, KOraTO TBOp4eCTBOTO He Ce ry611 Bb 6e3KpaHHaTa pa3pa-
60TKa Ha AeTaHnHT-5, HO OTI1B& npaBO 11 Henocpi>ACTBeHO KbMb l..l,i>nbTa, KaTO Yepn11 BAbXHOBeH!1e
CaMO Bb OpraHI14eCKI1 He06XOA11MOTO 11 Ce CTapae Aa CTI1rHe HaH-rOni>MI1Ti> Bb3MO}f{HI1 ;;e3ynTaTI1 Cb
HaH-ManbKb pa3XOAb OTb cpi>ACTBa 11 spi>Me. Pa3rneAaHa OTb rosa 411CTO cpopManHo rneAHw,e, l..l,bp-
KBaTa Cs. Cocp1151 npas11 sneYaTneHHe Ha eAHa np11MI1TI1BHa 3a csoero spi>Me nocrpol'1Ka. Ho Bb
Ta311 np11B11AHa np11MI1TI1BHOCTb Ce Kp1151Tb 3apOAI1W11Ti> Ha eAHO 3ApaBO CTp011TenHO 113KYCTBO, CnO-
I
J
,,
,,
46
C06HO aeye )J,a pa3p-5waaa HaH-TPYAHv!T-5 npo611eM11, Ha I<OeTO 1111ncaa CaMO e)J,HO npO)J,bJl>KI1Te11HO
CbCp-5AOTOYaaaHe ab ce6e Cl1, 3a )J,a 11Ma ap-5Me )J,a pa3a11e ac-5t<a e)J,Ha OTb Ca011T-5 cpopM11. Ero
3aw,o TYI<b 1111ncsa cno>KHOTO, I<OI<eTHOTO, rosa t<OeTo n0411Ba Ha Abnrorpai1HI1 np-5cM-5TaHI151 11 t<OM-
611HaU,I1H 11 I<OeTO HOCH OTneLJaTbl<a Ha TbpCeHOTO 11 Ha H31<YCTBeHOTO, Bb06w,e Ha aCI141<0 OHOBa,
I<OeTO xapat<TepH311pa 1131<YCTBOTO Bb !<past Ha e)J,I1Hb )J,bJlbrb nepHO)J,b OTb HerOBOTO pa3aHTI1e, np-5)],11
)J,a ce n051B51Tb HOBH H)J,el1 H HaCOI<H, t<OHTO )J,a np-5AH3BHI<aTb Herosoro ab3pam)J,aHe. Llbpt<aara Ca.
CocpHst npHHa)J,neml1 cnt.AosarenHo He Ha crapyeCK11st, a Ha MJla)J,eHLJect<Hst nep110)J,b OTb pa3BI1T11eTo
Ha e)J,Ha crpoHrenHa enoxa H 3arosa Hei1HOTO ab3)J, l;!1craHe Bbpxy 3pHrenst, np11 aCHYI<ara npocrora
ii
I
..
w
. ..
.
.. :.:::.:::::::.
06p. 31. - nnaHb Ha Ce. CoqJHSI Bb
(cnopenb Holtzinger, Rltchristl. und
byzant. Baukunst).
Ha cpopM11T-5 11 rpa)J,e>Ka, H-5Ma )J,a 6;;r;)J.e HI1I<Ora
no-cna6o, OTI<OJli<OTO Ha OH-5311 nOCTpOHI<I1, I<OHTO
np-5ACTaBSI'fb HaH-BHC::I<aTa TOYI<a Bb XYAO>KeCTBe-
HOTO raopLJecrso Ha e)J,Ha enoxa. 3aw,oro Ca. CocpHst
Cb)J,bp>Ka aCHYI<H OHH51 >KI1BOTOCnOC06HI1 eJleMeH111,
Ha t<OI1TO e norp-56Ho caMo apt.Me, 3a )J,a ce
pa3aHstTb 11 )J,a )J,a)J,aTb OT11114HI1 pe3ynraTH.
EAHa OTb Hal1-xa pat<repHHT-5 oco6HOCTH
Ha Ca. Cocp1151 e ron-5MI1HaTa H 113061111Hero Ha
npo3opu,11rt.. 06aLJe norp-5wHo 611 611110 )J,a ce
MI1CJlH, Ye T-5 611xa )J,a1111 Yp-53M-5pHO OCa-5TJleHI1e
Ha Hei1HaTa s;;r;rpt.wHoCTb. KaKTO not<a3BaTb MHO-
ro6po!1HH aHanorHLJHH npHM-5p11, w,e rp-56sa
)J,a np11eMeMb, LJe ab npo3opu,vn-5 Ha u,bpt<BaTa
nbpBOHaYaJlHO CJl'\ 6HJ1H nOCTaaeHI1 Mp51MOpHH pe-
WeTI<I1 cb Ma111<11 t<p;;r;rnH 11111-1 YeTBbpT11TH AY111<11,
3aTBOpeHI1 Cb np03pc 4HH Clbi<Jla. no T03H HaYHHb
Bb U,bpt<BaTa CB-5TJl11HaTa e npOHHI<BaJla ab TBbpAt,
OrpaHHYeHI1 pa3M-5p11.
Karo MI1HaaaMe cera t<bMb oco6HOCTI1rl ab
nJlaHa Ha U,bpt<aaTa, Ha nbpBO M-5CTO 11MaMe )J,a
OT6-5Jl-5>KI1Mb JlHnCaTa Ha )J,B-5Tt, no-MaJli<H OT)J,-5-
1leHI151 OTCTpaHI1 Ha anCI1)J,aTa, 1<011TO xapat<TepH3H-
paTb al13aHTHHCI<HT-5 U,bpt<BH. Bb HaWH51 CJlyYaH,
BM-5CTO T-53H )J,B-5 OT)J,-5JleHI151, HaMHpaMe e)J,HO yro-
Jl-5MstBaHe Ha anCI1AaTa nocp-5ACTBOMb nemaw,ero
MeH<AY He51 H Hanp-54HH51 1<0pa6b YeTBbpTHTO npo-
CTpaHCTBO, I<OeTO Ce 51B51Ba t<aTO npO)J,bJl>KeHHe Ha
rnaaHHst t<opa6b, Ta3H oco6HOCTb Ha U,bpt<aara,
3ae)J,HO Cb t<pbCTOBI1)J,HaTa H cpOpMa, 1<051TO Ce o6-
pa3yaa OTb np-5CI1YaHeTO Ha rnaBHI151 1<0pa6b Cb
Hanp-5YHI151, e rJlaBHaTa npi-t411Ha, W,OTO nJlaHbTb
Ha npbab norneAb )J,a npas11 aneYarneHHe t<aro Aa e Ha H-51<051 poMaHCI<a, a He Ha BH3aHTI1HCI<a u,bpt<aa.
Cxoncrsoro Ha Cs. CocpHst Cb poMaHCI<11T-5 u,bpt<BH He OTHBa o6aYe no-AaneYb OTb rl3H Ha sct.1<11
CJlyYaH TBbpAt, Xapat<TepH11 OC06HOCTI1 Bb nJlaHa, Cb Yl1eTO np0113XO>K)J,eHHe w,e HMaMe CJlyYaH )J,a ce
3aHI1MaeMb no)J,p06HO nO-AOJl-5.
0THOCHTe11HO CHCTeMaTa Ha 3aCBOA51BaHero Ha Ca. CocpHst HMa Aa 3a6-5n-5mHMt-. ye Ha Aaara
1<pbCTaTI1 CaOAa Bb rnaaHI151 !<Opa6b OTrOBapstTb no Tp11 t<pbCTaTH CBOAa Bb CTpaHHYHHrl ROpaDH.
Cnt.AOBarenHo eAHHT-5. He ce HaM11parb Bb onp-5A-5JleHa Bpb3t<a Cb ApyrHrl, TbH t<aro Ha ac-5t<H
CBOAb ab r1laBHI151 1<0pa6b OTrOBapstTb eA11Hb H nOJlOBI1Ha Bb CTpaHI14HHT-5 1<0pa611. Bb TOBa OTHO-
Oco6HOCTH Ha nnaHa 47
weHI-!e CI-!CTeMara Ha 3acao.o,s!BaHeTO Ha U,bpKBara Ca. Cocp!-!S! ce pa3Jll-!'-laaa pi>3KO KaKro OTb TbH
Hape4eHaTa CBbp3aHa CI-!CTeMa Bb pOMaHCKI-ISI CTI-!Jlb, .o,i>TO Ha BCi>KI-1 KpbCTaTb CBO,D,b Bb rnaBHI-ISI
1<0pa6b OTrOBapS!Tb TO'-IHO no ,D,Ba CBO,D,a Bb CTpaHH'-IHHTh KOpa61-!, TaKa H OTb nO-KbCHaTa CI-ICTeMa
Ha 3aCBO,D,S!BaHe, Koraro, Cb roni>Moro pa3BI-ITHe Ha KpbcTaTHSI CBOAb, e 6Hllb ycbBbpweHcrayaaHb H
Ha'-!HHbTb 3a 3aCBO)J,S!BaHeTO Ha npO)J,bJlrOBaTH npocrpaHCTBa, TbH '-!e '-IHCJlOTO Ha CBO)J,OBeri:, Bb rna-
BHHSI KOpa6b ce e H3paBHHJ10 Cb '-IHCJlOTO HMb Bb CTpa-
HH'-IHHTi> Kopa6H. HaHCTHHa, Ha crpoHrenHri> Ha Ca. CocpHS!
He e 6HJlb CbBCi>Mb Hen03HaTb Ha'-!HHbTb 3a 3aCBO)J,SIBaHe
Ha npO)J,bJlrOBaTI-1 npocrpaHCTBa, KaKTO TOBa Ce BH>I<)J,a OTb
HerOBOTO 1-!3n0113YBaHe npH 3aCBO,IJ,S!BaHeTO Ha )J,OJlHHSI era>l<b
Ha npi>A,D,BepHeTO (rll. CTp. 42). 06a'-!e TbKMO Ha TOBa Mi>CTO
Ce 3a6i:,ni>3Ba roni>Ma Heyai>peHOCTb 1-1 HeSICHOCTb Bb KOH-
crpyKU,HS!Ta, OTAi>To ce BH<Aa, '-!e 3a crpoHrenHri> Ha Ca.
CocpHS! Hanpaaara Ha npo.o,bnroaarH KpbCTaT!-1 CBOAOBe e 6Hna
ow,e Hi>w,o Heo6HKHOBeHo. Ero 3aw,o Bb BCH'-IKH ApyrH '-!aCTH
Ha U,bpKBaTa np03Hpa SICHO TeH)J,eHU,I-IS!Ta, CBO)J,OBeTi> )J,a Ce
nocraBS!Tb no Bb3MO>I<HOCTb Bbpxy KBaAparHa OCHOBa. Ta3H
e 61-1na npH4HHara, w,oro Bb rnaBHI-ISI Kopa6b Aa ce Hanpa-
BS!Tb )J,Ba, a Bb crpaHH'-IHHTi> - no rpH CBOAa, 6e3b KaKBOTO
H )J,a 61-1110 YMHwneHo crpi>MJleHHe )J,a ce nocraBS!Tb eAHHTi>
~ i : \ _ ] ~
ii !... . . l:
--->,. .... 0:: -
......... l ___.. ___ _ .... ___ l .... .. .
CBO)J,OBe cnpi>MO ApyrHTi> Bb onpi>Ai>lleHa Bpb3Ka, TbH '-!e
06
P
32
- nnaHb Ha Cs. CocjJHS! Bb ConyHb
(cnopellb Holtzinger, FlltchristL '; nd
e)J,HH H C.:KW,H nHnacrpH Aa cny<aTb C.:Kw,eapi>MeHHO 3a no)J,- byzant. Baukunst).
nOpKa Ha apKHTi> KaKTO Bb rnaBHHSI, TaKa H Bb CTpaHH'-IHHTi>
KOpa6H. Toea Hi>w,o HAe ,D,a nOTBbpAH ow,e e)J,I-!Hb n.:KTb H3Ka3aHHSI no-ropt, (crp. 46), Bb3b OCHOBa
Ha ApyrH Cbo6pa<eHHSI , Bb3rne.o,b, '-!e U,bpKaara Ca. CocpHS! npi>AcTaBSI e.o,Ha ow,e Mna.o,eH'-!eCKa cpa3a
OTb CTpOHTeJlHaTa enoxa, Ha KOSITO TSI n pHHa)J,Jle>I<H. 3a W,OTO CI-ICTeMaTa Ha 3aCBO)J,S!BaHeTO nOKa3Ba
06p. 33. - Cs. CoHII Bb ConyHb, orb H3TOKb.
HaH-A06pt,, '-le CTpOHTellHTi> Ha U,bpK-
sara C.:K 61-111H ow,e nOA'-IHHeHH Ha rex-
HH'-IeCKH M.:K'-IHOTHH H C.:K 6HJlH npHHy-
)J,eHH )J,a )J,bp>!<aTb CMi>TKa 3a Ti>Xb; Ti>
OW,e He C.:K 6HJlH )J,OCTHrHaJlH e)J,HO Ta-
KOBa pa3BHTHe, Ai>TO )J,a MOraTb )J,a CH
HrpaS!Tb Cb apXHTeKrypHHTi> cpopMH H
)J,a rH KOM6HHHpaTb KaKTO CH HCKaTb,
no '-IHCTO JlOrH'-!eCKI-1 Cb06pa<eHHSI .
Karo roaopHMb 3a U,bpKaara Ca.
CocpHS!, He MO<eMb )J,a He XBbpllHMb
noHe e)J,I-!Hb 6-Brbllb norne)J,b H Bbpxy
HaH-rnaBHHTi> e)J,HOHMeHHH HeH U,bpKBH
Ha 6ant<aHCI<HSI nonyocrpoBb, 3a )J,a H3nb-
KHaTb ow,e nO-)J,06pt, HeHHHTi> OC06-
HOCTH. Toea e ronK03b noae'-!e Heo6xo-
AHMO, '-!e Hi>KOH HeyMi>CTHH CpaBHeHHSI
Cb Ti>3H U,bpKBH '-leCTO C.:K CTaBaJlH
npH'-11-!Ha Ha He)J,Opa3yMi>HHSI.
Ha nbpBO Mi>CTO rpi>6aa )J,a Ce cnpeMb Bbpxy OHaSI U,bpKBa, KOSITO Bb06w,e e nonynS!pH3H-
pana HMero Cs. CocpHS! H t<OSITO 3aeMa HaH- BHAHOTO Mi>cro Bb BH3aHTHHCKara apxHreKrypa, a HMeHHO
U,bpKaara Ca. Coi;w1 Bb Ll,apHrpa)J,b, nocrpoeHa Bb api>Mero Ha IOcTHHHaHa Me<AY 532 H 537 ro)J,.
48 nbpBOHaYanHH51Tb BHilb Ha UbpKBaTa
OTb apxvneKTYITi> f\HreMYI OTb Tpanecb VI VfcH.o,Opb OTb MYinerb. CaMo norne.o,b Bbpxy Hei1-
HYI51 nnaHb (o6p. 31) e ,D,OCTaTb4eHb, 3a .o,a HYI y6i>.o,YI, Ye Bb C-"'W,HOCTb Hl-11<ai<BO cpaBHeHI-1e Me>KAY
HawaTa Cs. CocpY151 VI Ta3YI U,bp!<Ba He e Bb3MO>t<HO. nbpBaTa e Ha,D,nb>t<Ha, 4YICTO 6a3YinYII<anHa no-
CTpOi1Ka, Bb cpopMa Ha naTWICKYI KpbCTb, Bb K051TO KynonbTb Y!Ma sropocreneHHO 3HaYeHI-1e. UapY!-
rpa.o,ci<ara Cs. CocpY151, nocrpoeHa Bb cpopMaTa Ha rpbU,KYI KpbCTb, e Bb nbnHaTa CMY!Cbnb Ha
.o,yMaTa U,eHTpanHa nOCTpOHI<a; Bb He51 BCYIYI<YI YaCTYI, a!<O MO>t<eMb TaKa .o,a Ce Y13pa3Y!Mb, KaTO nYI Ye
Y!MaTb 3a rnasHa u,i>nb .o,a nocnymaTb 3a ocHosa VI .o,a no.o,rors51Tb senHYeCTBeHYI51 Kynonb,
I<Oi1To sna.o,-te u,-tnara u,bpi<sa. 3a rnaseHb VI crpaHYIYHYI Kopa6YI TYKb MO>t<e .o,a ce rosopY! caMo
ycnosHo. Bbo6w,e .o,s-tr-t u,bpKBYI ce 51B51BaTb Karo np-t.o,craBYITenKYI Ha .o,sa CbBbpweHo pa3-
nw-IHYI TYina, npYI I<OYITO ,D,OnY!pHYI TOYI<YI 6YIXa MOrnYI .o,a Ce ,D,Y1p51Tb CaMO Bb He3HaYY!TenHYI no.o,po6HOCTYI.
no-.o,pyrb e cnyYa51Tb npYI conyHci<ara Cs. Cocpl-151, Cb-
rpa.o,eHa, KaKTO Yl3rnem.o,a, ow,e npi>3b VI croni>rYie,
1
) no
CB051 nnaHb 3aeMa cp-t.o,ara Mem.o,y ueHrpanHa VI Ha.o,nb>t<Ha
nocrpoi11<a (rn. o6p. 25, 32 VI 33). HaY!CTYIHa, TYI<b KynonbTb,
Bb3,D,YirHaTb Bbpxy yerY!p:-1 caMOCT051TenHYI n1-1nacrpa, 3aeMa u,eH
TpanHO Mi>cro. 06aYe see nai<b 51CHO ce pa3nY!Yasarb rpYI
Ha,D,nb>t<HYI !<Opa6a, e,D,Y!Hb rnaBeHb VI ,D,Ba CTpaHYIYHYI, Ha I<OYITO
onosap51Tb VI TPYI caMOCT051TenHYI ancH.o,YI. Hanpi>YeHb Kopa6b
nHncsa CbBCi>M'=> VI KynonbTb He ce YI3AYira Bbpxy Ksa.o,para,
o6pa3yBaHb OTb npi>CYIYaHeTO Ha rnaBHY151 !<Opa6b Cb Ha-
npi>YHYI51, HO BbpXy e,D,YIHb YI3KYCTBeHO Cb3,D,a.o,eHb I<Ba.o,paTb
Bb rnaBHYI51 Kopa6b. Cb .o,pyrYI AYMYI VI TYI<b He MO>t<e .o,a ce
:!
; 1
I
'
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ll
I<OHCTaTY!pa HI-1Kai<sa npY!nYII<a Cb cocpY1i1CI<aTa Cs. Cocpi-151, HI-1TO
111-------------
,7.5 __________ -,1
Bb o6w,ara cpopMa Ha nnaHa, HI-1TO Bb no.o,po6HOCTYITi>.
OxpY!,D,CI<aTa u,bpi<sa Cs. CocpY151, Cbrpa.o,eHa npi>3b
XI 06p. 34. - Cs. Co1151 Bb OxpHnb (cno-
penb Deutsche Bauzeitung 1895).
nm<a3sa Ha npbBb norne.o,b Hi>Kai<sa npY!nYII<a cb Ha-
wara. T51 C-"'W.O e Ha.o,nb>t<Ha 6a3YinYII<anHa nocrpoi11<a Cb rpYI Kopa6a, o6aYe 6e3b
Hanpi>YeHb !<Opa6b, a Bb 3aM SHa Ha TOBa HaMY!paMe y He51 Xapai<TepHY!Ti:; 3a
Kynonb VI 6e3b
BYI3aHTI-1HCI<YITi>
u,bp!<BYI TPYI ancH.o,YI. Bbo6w,e nnaHbTb Ha oxpH.o,ci<ara Cs. CocpY151 He noi<a3sa HYII<aKBYI TYinYIYHYI
OC06HOCTYI VI HanbnHO Ce CXO>t<,D,a Cb wa6nOHHYI51 nnaHb Ha nO-I<bCHYITi> BYI3aHTYIHCI<YI U,bp!<BYI, noB-
Tap51Hb 6e3YeTHO YYICnO nJi<,TYI .0,0 HaH-HOBO Bpi>Me.
3a .o,a ce np-tu,i:.HYI HanbnHo 3HaYeHI-1ero Ha Cs. CocpY151, Heo6xo.o,YIMO e .o,a ce BYIAYI, Ha I<Oe
spi>Me npY!Ha.o,ne>t<YI T51 VI Kai<BO e Hei:fHOTO Mi>CTO Bb YICTOpY!!;na Ha apXY!Tei<TypaTa, VInYl Cb .o,pyrYI
AYMYI, l<bMb 1<051 rpyna apXY!Tei<TYPHYI naMeTHYIU,YI w,e rp-t6sa .o,a 5I npY14YICnY!Mb. npi>AYI .o,a pa3rne.o,aMe
o6aye n3YI BbnpOCYI, He06XO,D,YIMO e ,D,a ce CnpeMb BbpXy OHi>3YI cpa!<TYI, ycTaHOBeHYI Ypi>3b Hanpase-
HYITi> pa3I<Oni<YI, I<OYITO, Ma!<apb VI .o,a He Ce OTHaC51Tb Henocpi>.o,CTBeHO .0,0 nOCTpOi:f!<aTa Ha U,bp!<BaTa,
XBbpn51Tb ro.li>Ma CBi>TnY!Ha BbpXy He::iHaTa YICTOpi1:i!.
1
) 3a HeSI rn. rnasHo Texier et Pullan, L'archi
tecture byzantine, Londres 1864, crp. 154-158 11 ra6n.
XXXV-XLI; Laurent Bb Byzant. Zeitschr. IV, 1895, 431
en.; 51. CMHpH03b. Bv.3:'!HT. speMeHHHKb V, 1898,
365-392; n. MHniOKOBb, J.-bst.CTi>l pyccK. apxeon. HH
CTHT. Bb KoHcraHT:.1Hon::lJit. IV, 1899, 24 en.; J. Strzy
gowski, Oriens Christianus 1,1901,153-15811 Kleinasien,
Leipzig 1903, crp. 115-121; Ch. Diehl, Manuel d'art
byzantin, Paris 1910, crp. 120 en.
B. r pH r 0 p 0 B H 'l b, QyepKb nyrewecrBiH crp.
100; f\HTOHHHb, l13b PyMeniH, Cn6. 1886, crp. 58-67
11 ra6n. II-IV; M. llpHHOBb, CbYHHeHH51 II 244 en.
( nep. cn11c. XXXII-XXXIII, 1890, 360 en.); Deutsche
Bauzeitung 1895, npt.seneHo Bb Cn11c. Ha HH)f{eH.apxHr.
npy)f{. I, 1895, 263 en.; n. MHJJIOKOBb, l13st.cr. pyccK.
apxeon. HHCTHT. Bb KoHcraHTHHonont. IV, 1899, 86 en.; H.
KoHnaKOBb, MaKenoHiSI, Cn6. 1909, crp. 228-234. 3a
HannHca Ha UbpKsara rn. 11 t1 o p n a H u 11 s aH o s b,
6bnrapCKH crapHHH H3b MaKenOHH51, Co1151 1908, crp. 211.
06p. 35. - Mo3aHKa, orKpHra np-t3b 1893 ron. Bb anc1-1nara Ha Ca. Cocjm51.
r n F\ sF\ 111
no-crapvt crpanvt Ha MtCTOTO Ha Cs. Cocpvt51
Pa3KOnKHTi:., KOHTO ce HanpaBY!Xa Bb s;!npi:.wHOCTbTa Ha LI,bpt<BaTa Cs. Co151, AOBe)J,oxa AO
OTKpHBaHeTO Ha )J,Ba M03aYI4HYI nO)J,a, ne>KaW,H e)J,HHb Bbpxy ApyiO, KOYITO 01\. Yl )J,BaTa nO-CTapH OTb
caMaTa LI,bpKBa, TbH KaTo ce HaMHpaTb Ha 3Ha4HTenHa )J,bn6o4HHa nOAb HeHH151 nO)J,b. Bb CJi\.W,OTO
Bpi:.Me OTKpHXa ce OCHOBYITi; Ha Hi:.KOJIKO 3H)J,a, KaKTO Bb anCH)J,aTa, TaKa Yl Bb LJ,eHTpanHaTa 4aCTb
Ha LI,bpt<BaTa (rn. nnaHa Ha Ta6n. IX), KOHTO 6e3b CbMHi:.HHe npHHa)J,ne>KaTb KbMb noCTpOHKHrl Cb
M03aH4HHTi:. nOAOBe. 0Tb TOBa CTaBa 51BHO, 4e, npi:.AH )J,a ce CbrpaAH Cs. Co1151, Ha CJi\.W,OTO Mi:.CTo
CJi\. 6HJJYI Y13)J,HraHH e)J,HO CJJi:.)J,b Apyro HaH-ManKO ABi:. crpa)J,H, KOYITO 3a Hanpi:.Ab HHe w,e pa3JJH4a-
BaMe cnope)J,b )J,BaTa M03aH4HYI nO)J,a - ropeHb Yl )J,OJJeHb- CbOTBi:.TCTByBaW,H Ha )J,Bi:. pa3HYI enOXYI.
Bb3MO>KHO e o6a4e Ti:.3H ABi:. crpaAH )J,a CJi\. ce npi:.AwecTByBaJJH OTb ApyrH ow,e no-CTapH noCTpOHKH,
3a KOYITO Hi:.MaMe B ~ 4 e )J,OCTaTb4HYI yKa3aHHSI. Ha BCi:.KH cny4aH OTb KbMb CTpaHaTa Ha anCH.O,aTa
Ha Cs. Co1151, ot<ono 15 CM. noAbn6ot<o OTb AOJJH51Ta M03aHKa, ce 3a6t.ni:.3BaTb cni:.AH ow,e OTb
e)J,HHb nOAb, K o ~ h o cni:.AoBaTenHo Tp-b6sa Aa 6Ji\.Ae no-CTapb OTb nemaw,aTa Bbpxy Hero M03aHKa.
To3H Hai1-CTapb no)J,b He MO>Ke o6a4e Aa ce npocni:.AH, npi:.AH Aa ce Cb6opH HaXOA51W,aTa ce oTropt.
Typct<a crlHa, 1<051TO 3anywsa TPYIYManHaTa apt<a Ha LI,bpt<BaTa. no Ta3H npY14HHa 3a cera w,e ce
CnpeMb CaMO Bbpxy OHi:.3H )J,Bi:. nOCTpOHKYI, l<bMb KOYITO npHHa)J,ne>KaTb OTI<pHTHTi:. npH pa3KOnKHTi:.
npi:.3b 1910 H 1911 rOAHHa M03aH4HH nonose.
Cs. CocpHo. 7
50 no-crapH cr paaH Ha Mt.CTOTO Ha Cs. Co<jJH5l
rOPH5lTf\ (r26.'l. XV-XVII VI XVIII 2) ce HaMt.pVI Ha ,D,b1160'-!VIHa 01<0110 0"60 M.
no.o,b nbpBoHa'-!a11HHSl lt.'lVI 01<0110 140 M. no.o,b rypcK>J51 no.o,b Ha u,bpKBara Cs. Co<jJVI51 (rn. o6p. 36,
Bbpxy HaCVIna e JanaJeHa '-laCTb OTb rypcKVI51 no.o,b, a no cpt..o,ara ce Ja6tnt.JsaTb c11t..o,H OTb
nbpBoHa'-!a11HVI51 no.o,b Ha u,bpKBaTc). T51 JaeMa e.o,Ho npoCTpaHCTBO He no-Ma11KO OTb 144 KB. M. , o6a'-!e
ro11i:.MV1 '-!aCTVI OTb He51 en; CbBbpweHo paJpyweHVI. To'-IHVITt. rpaHYIU,VI, .o,o.o,tro e CTY1ra11a MOJaVIKara,
He MoraTb .o,a ce onpt.o,t.1151Tb Cb a6C01110THa CVIrypHOCTb, noHel-l<e H Hasct.K"'At. CJh pa3-
pyweHVI. Ha sct.KVI T51 e 3aeMa11a u,t.11oro KBa.o,parHo npoCTpaHCTBO no.o,b 1<yno11a Ha u,npKBaT<J,
Kai<TO VI nO-f011i:.MaTa '-laCTb OTb rnaBHVI51 1<0pa6b 6b u,t.11aTa MY WVIpO'-IVIHa, KaTO e CTV1ra11a Ha
3ana,D,b st.p051THO .0,0 3VI,D,b, I<OHCTaTYipaHb Bb TOBa HanpaB11eHVIe npVI pa3l<Oni<VITt., Mel-l<.o,y
06p. 36. - lJaCTb OTb ropH5na M03aHKa.
YeTBbpTV151 VI neTVI51 n1-111aCTpV1 Ha u,bpi<Bara (Ha ra611. IX npVI 0 ). nap'-!e OTb MOJaVIKara
(ra611 . XVII 6 ) 6t. OTKPVITO Ha sct.KVI c11yYai1 Henocpt..o,crseHo .o,o JVI.o,a H, Ha Jana.o,b OTb Hero. Ha
ctsepb M03aVII<aTa e CTV1ra11a Bi:.pOSlTHO .0,0 Bt-HWHVI 51 - BJhTpi:.WHVI51Tb OCTaBa nO,D,b He51 - OTb
nO'-!TVI napa11e11HVI 3VI,D,a, OT,D,a11e'-!eHVI CaMO 27 CM. e,D,VIHb OTb .o,pyrb, I<OVITO Ce HaMVIpaTb Ha
rpaHVIu,ara Me>t<.o,y rnaBHVI51 VI Hanpt.YHVI51 KOpa6VI (Ha ra611. IX npVI M ). ToJVI JVIAb ce e npocrV1pa11b
ow,e Ha Jana.o,b, o6a'-le 6VI11b e pa3pyweHb npVI nocrpoi-1Kara Ha Cs. Co<jJVI51 OTb ocHosara, Bbpxy
t<051TO 11el-l<aTb 11i:.BV1Tt nV111acrpV1 Ha u,bpKBara, Cb KOVITO roi-1 ce Cbsna.o,a. Bb 11-tBVISl Hanpt.YeHb
Kopa6b, KaKTO VI Bb crpaHVI'-IHVI51, He ce HaM-tpVIxa HVIKai<BVI c11t..o,V1 orb MoJaVIKara. Tosa o6aYe He e
rapaHU,VI51, Ye T51 He e CTHra11a T011K03b .o,a11e'-lb Ha c-tsepb, noHel-l<e Ob r-tJVI Kopa6VI ce
yKa3a CbBbpWeHO pa3pyweHb VI CTapV151Tb nO,D,b Ha U,bpi<BaTa, TbH '-!e Bb3MOl-I<HO e CJhW,eBpt.MeHHO
.o,a e 6V111a pa3pyweHa VI 11el-1<aw,ara no.o,b Hero MOJaVIKa.
Ow,e no-HeCVIrypHVI CJh rpaHVIU,VITt. Ha MOJaVIKara Ha !Orb. ,lJ,eCHVI51Tb crpaHVI'-IeHb Kopa6b He
MOl-l<eWe .o,a Ce VI 3C11t.o,Ba Bb TOBa OTHOWeHVIe, TbH KaTO BbpXy Hero Ce HaMVIpa MO.o,epHaTa U,bp-
ropHH51Tb Mo3aH4eHb nonb 51
-------
I<BI1U,a. Q6aYe Bb IO>KHUTO 1<p11n0 Ha Hanp-tYHI151 1<0pa6b, Bb CaMI151 IOrOI13TOLfeHb JKrbnb, Ce OT1<p11
e,[J,HO AOCTa ron-tMo napye M03ai1Ka (Ta6n. XVIII 2), KOeTo, MaKapb 11 na ce OTni1YaBa no 113pa6oTKa
11 I<OnOp11Tb 3Hal.fi1TenHO OTb OCTaHani1Tt, YaCTI1, Tp-t5sa ,[J,a np11Ha,[J,ne>KI1 l<bMb C.:KW,1151 nO,[J,b, nOHe>Ke
ce HaM11pa Ha e,!J,HaKBa BI1COYI1Ha Cb Hero. Cn-t,[J,oBaTenHo Tp-t6sa Aa np11eMeMb, Ye M03ai1YHI151Tb
nO,!J,b ce e npoCT11panb Hai1-ManKo AO BbHWHaTa IO>KHa cT-tHa Ha U,bpKBaTa. TyKb H:l sc"t1<11 cnyYaH
He MOH<a ,[J,a ce H3M"tp11 H"tKO.:i nOCTapb 311,[J,b, I<OHTO na CLfi1TaMe KaTO Herosa rpaHI1U,a.
06p. 37. - Mo3aHKa, orKpHra npi;3b 1893 ron. Bb ancHnara Ha Cs. Ca<jJH51.
Ha 113TOKb M03ai1KaTa ce npOAbnH<asa nOAb TypcKaTa cT-tHa, K051TO cera 3anywsa TPI1YM-
<j:>anHaTa apKa. 06aYe Bb anC11AaTa He ce oT1<p11xa HI1KaKBI1 cn"tA11 OTb He51, TbH w,oTo nbpsoHa
YanHaTa 113TOYHa rpaHI1Ua He Mome ,[J,a ce onp-tA"tn11. 3acnyH<aBa caMo ,[J,a ce > ye np11
pa3KOnKI1T-t, KOI1TO r. B. ,D,o6pyc1<11 e npas11nb Bb anC11AaTa Ha U,bpKBaTa np"t3b 1893 ro,!J,., ocs-tHb
(
napYeTo OTb AOnH51Ta M03ai1Ka, 3a KOeTo w,e rosop11Mb no-HaTaTbKb, OTKp11Ta e 611na ow,e e,[J,Ha
T-tCHa 11B11U,a M03ai1Ka Me>KAY ,!J,Ba 311,[J,a (o6p. 37 ). 3a OTI<p11BaHeTO Ha TOBa napye He 06Ha-
pO,!l,BaHI1 11 ,!J,OCera HI1Kai<BI1 6t,n-t>KKI1, TbH Ye He Ce 3Hae TOYHO, Ha I<Oe M"tCTO 11 Ha KaKBa ,!J,bn6o-
-'
( ,,
l
52 no-crapH crpanH Ha M-tCTOTO Ha Cs. CocpH5!
4l1Ha e 61-1n::> TO HaMi:;peHo. CaMO OTb e,IJ,Ha ororpacjm51, 3ana3eHa Bb c6!-1pK1-1TB Ha HapOAHI-151 My3ei1,
K051TO Bb3np:::>!-139emuaMe TYKb Bb o6p. 37, Mome )J,a ce 3aKnl041-1, nopaA!-1 CXOACTBOTO Ha opHa-
MeHTI-1TB, 4e 1-1 TOBa nap4e e np!-1Ha,IJ,nemano KbMb ropH51Ta M03a!-1Ka. F\Ko TOBa Hawe npB,!J,nono-
meHI-1e ce yKame BBpHo, w.e Tpi:;6sa ,IJ,a np!-1eMeMb, Ye ropH1-151Tb M03a!-14eHb no,IJ,b ce e npocr1-1panb
H Bb ancl-1,1J,aTa Ha u,bpKBaTa.
KaKTO ce B!-1m,IJ,a orb Ka3aHOTO noTyKb, cera He e se4e Bb3MOmHo ,IJ,a ce ycTaHOBI-1 nnaHbTb
Ha crpaAaTa, KbMb K051TO np!-1Ha)J,neml-1 ropH1-151Tb M03al-14eHb nO,IJ,b. Cb roni:;Ma si:;po51THOCTb MO-
raTb )J,a ce np:.-m!-1warb Ha Ta3!-1 crpa)J,a ,IJ,BaTa Hai1-Kpai1Hl-1 3ana)J,Hl-1 3!-1,1J,a 0 1-1 H Ha Ta6n. IX, KaKTO
1-1 BbHWHI-151Tb ci:;sepeHb 31-1Ab M. OcraHan1-1rl KOHCTaT!-1paH!-1 np1-1 pa3KOnK!-1TB 31-1,1J,OBe (rn. Ta6n. IX)
l-13rnem,IJ,aTb Bb no-roni:;MaTa CH 4aCTb )J,a HBMaTb Hl-1W.O o6w,o Cb Ta3!-1 crpa)J,a. Tosa sam1-1 npBAI-1
BCI-14KO 3a napanenH!-151 31-1,1J,b N, KOi1To ce HaM1-1pa nO,IJ,b M03al-1_:<aTa, 1-1 3a 3!-1,1J,a 1 Bb nBBI-151 crpa-
Hl-14eHb Kopa6b, KOi1To 61:; omp1-1Tb Ha ,IJ,bn6:::>4!-1Ha oKono 3 M. nO,IJ,b cTap!-151 nO,IJ,b Ha Cs. Cow11.
0rHOC!-1renHo npto,Ha3Ha4eH!-1eTo Ha crpa,o,:na Cb r::>pH;na M::>3a!-1Ka Mome Cb ronB:"'a si:;po-
51THOCTb )J,a ce np:.1e:"!e, 48 n e cnym1-1na 3a U,bpKaa. KbMb TOBa 3aKnt04eH!-1e B:::l,IJ,l-1 He ca;vro o 6 c T o > ~
TencTBOTO, 4e Bbpxy He51 no-KbCHO e 61-1na nocTpoeHa Cs. Co1-151, HO TaKa C...W.O 1-1 Apyrl-1 Hi:.Kol-1
Cbo6pameHI-151. TaKa Hanp. )J,BaTa 3ana,IJ,Hl-1 napanenHI-1 31-1A:'l 0 1-1 H 33Tsap51Tb e,IJ,HO npOAbnrosaTo
npOCTpaHCTBO, KOeTO 61-1 ce 0051CHI-1nO OTnl-14HO KaTO npB,O,JJ,Bep!-1e Ha U,bpKBaTa. 0Tb Apyra CTpaHa
Bb anC!-1,1J,aTa Ha Cs. Co1-151 HaM!-1paMe e,IJ,/IHb l-13Bl-1Tb 31-1Ab Q, KOi1To 61-1 MOrbnb MHOro A06pi:; ,IJ,a
6...)J,e 4aCTb OTb anCI-1,1J,3Ta Ha Ta3/l no-CTapa U,bpKB:'l. no-ronBMa CHrypHOCTb Bb TOBa OTHOWeH!-1e w,e
A06!-1eMb, aKo HBKora ce Cb60p1-1 TypcK!-151Tb 31-1Ab nO,IJ,b TPI-1YManHaTa apKa, Cb KOeTo w.e ce na,IJ,e
Bb3MO)f{H0CTb )J,a Ce l-13CnB)J,Ba ll0-)J,06pi:; Ta3!-1 4aCTb Ha U,bpKBaTa.
Bcl-14Kl-1 31-1AOBe, 3a KOI-1TO crasa AYMa TYKb, C... rpa,!J,eH!-1 no e,IJ,l-1Hb 1-1 C...W.l-1 Ha4!-1Hb OTb Tpo-
weH!-1 KaMbHI-1 1-1 xopocaHb, HanpaseHb caMo orb sapb 1-1 nBCbKb. Tyxn1-1 C... ynoTpt6eH!-1 caMo Ha
ABB MBcra (Bb 3l-1,1J,OBert H H M) 1-1 TO Ta;vrb, ABTO 31-1,1J,bTb e Tpi:;6sano )J,a npi:;xsbpn!-1 Bb Bl-1,1J,b Ha
apKa HaXO,IJ,51W,aTa ce Ha TOBa MBCTO no-crapa 3acso,IJ,eHa rpo6H1-1u,a. TyxnHTB C... OTb C...W.l-151 Bl-1Ab
KaKTO TB31-1, ynoTpi:;6eH!-1 np1-1 nocTpoi1KaTa Ha Cs. Co1-151. KaTo ce !-1Ma npBAb Bl-1,1J,b, 4e OCHOBI-1TB Ha
Ta3!-1 nocnt,IJ,H51Ta C... npaseH!-1 Tome Bb no-roni:;MaTa Cl-1 YaCTb OTb KaMbHI-1, a ropH51Ta nocTpoi1Ka OTb
TyXnl-1 (rn. CTp. 13 ), TO Cb ronBMa BBp051THOCTb MOmeMb )J,a np!-1eMeMb aHanOr!-14eHb Ha4!-1Hb Ha
rpa)J,emb 1-1 np1-1 crpa,!J,aTa Cb ropH51Ta M03al-1Ka. ,1J,e6en1-1Hara Ha pa3Hl-1TB 31-1AOBe C...W.O e no4n1 Ha-
BCBK...AB e,IJ,HaKBa 1-1 ,1J,OCT1-1ra 65-75 CM. CaMo 31-1,1J,bTb H l-1Ma no-roni:;Ma ,IJ,e6en!-1Ha, o6a4e Toi1 e Ha-
npaseHb Ha )J,Ba n...Tl-1 OTb ,IJ,Ba np1-1nBnHan1-1 e,IJ,l-1Hb AO Apyrb 31-1,1J,OBe, OTb KOI-1TO e,IJ,l-1Hl-151Tb e ,IJ,e6enb
75, a Apyrl-151Tb 45 CM.
Hai1-nocni:; ocTasa ,IJ,a 3a6i:;ni:;ml-1Mb, 4e noHe cna6o npBACTasneH!-1e 3a B...TpBwHaTa yKpaca
Ha Ta3!-1 u,bpKsa Hl-1 )J,aBaTb HBKOI-1 Mp51MOpHK parMeHTI-1, OTKPI-1Tl-1 np1-1 pa3KOnKI-1TB. EA1-1Hl-151Tb OTb
TBXb e parMeHTb OTb paHHOB!-13aHTI-1i1CKI-1 KOp1-1HTCKI-1 Kan!-1Tenb Cb c1-1nHo 3aocTpeH!-1 1-1 no,IJ,,J,bn6aH!-1
aKaHTOBI-1 nl-1CTa, 04yKaHb OTb BCI-14Kl-1 CTpaH!-1 (o6p. 38 a ). ct>parMeHTbTb e Bl-1COKb cera 27 CM., Wl-1-
pOKb 1-1 )J,e6enb no OKOnO 16 CM. ,lJ,HaMeTbpbTb MY nbpBOHa4ilnHO He w,e )J,a e Ha)J,Ml-1HaBanb 18 CM.
BTop!-151Tb parMeHTb (o6p. 38 6 ), Bl-1COKb 22 CM., npo!-13XOm)J,a OTb opHaMeHT!-1paHb 4eTBbpT1-1Tb
CTbnOb, ,IJ,e6enb OKOnO 18 CM. KaKTO n:::> pa3MBp1-1, TaKa 1-1 no OpHaMeHTa, TOi1 ce CXOmJJ,a HanbnHO
Cb CTbn6oseri:; OTb Mp51MOpHaTa npi:;rpaAa npBAb anrap51 Ha crapara 6a31-1n1-1Ka Bb X1-1capcKaTa
Kptnocrb.
1
) Hai1-nocni:; HaMBp!-1 ce 1-1 e,IJ,HO ManKo nap4e OTb Mp51MOpHa KonoHa. Bcl-14Kl-1 TB31-1 par-
MeHTI-1, OTKPI-1Tl-1 Bb HaC!-1n:'l nO,IJ,b crap:-151 nO,IJ,b Ha Cs. Co/171, HBMaTb Hl-1W.O o6w,e> Cb Ta3!-1 nocnBA-
H51Ta. Ti:; He Morarb TaKa c...w,o )J,a np0113XOmJJ,aTb 1-1 OTb Hai1-cTapaTa ManKa U,bpKBHu,a, 4HHTO He3Ha-
mTenHI-1 pa3:-tBp:1, KaKTO w.e Bl-1JJ,!-1;vrb, H3Kni04BaTb nO)J,OOHa B...TpBwHa apxHTeKTypa. CnB)J,OBaTenHo
H36poeHHTB TYKb parMeHTH Tpi:;6sa ,IJ,a ce np1-1n11waTb Ha u,bpKBaTa Cb ropHH51 M03aH4eHb nO,IJ,b,
K051TO, aKo ce C...JJ,l-1 no TB31-1 parMeHTH, TpB63a ,IJ,a e l-1Mana TPH 1<0pa6a, pa3,1J,BneH!-1 Cb )J,Ba peAa
')ln. 6. ct>HnOBb BbVI3stcTH5!Ha 6bnr.apxeon. npy}f{. II, 1911,137.
OCTaTbUH OTb UbpKBaTa Cb ropHHSI Mo3aH'leHb no.ub 53
= =====------- -
I<OJ10HY1. no nnaHa Cl-1, Bb cpaBHeHY!e Cb OTKpY1TY1T"E .D.OCera y HaCb U,bpi<BYI , T51 w,e .o.a ce e np1-16J1Y1
masana s-Epo51THO .o.o XHcapo<aTa 6a3YIJ1Y!Ka.
1
)
HeKa cera pa3rne.o.aMe no-no.o.po6Ho caMYI51 M03aYI4eHb no.o.b (Ta6n. XV-XVII Yl XVIII 2). Toi1
e HanpaseHb no Ci"i',W,I-151 Ha41-1Hb, KaKTO cTapY151Tb no.D.b Ha Cs. Cocp1151 (rn. CTp. 43), a YIMeHHO Hai1-
Hanp"E.D.b YI.D.e nnacTb OTb p-EYHYI KaMbHH 6e3b xopocaHb. Bbpxy Hero cn-E.o.sa .o.pyro nnacTb (.o.e6e11b
01<0110 15 CM.) OTb xopocaHb Cb YyKaHYI KepaMH.D.I-1 Y111YI 1YX11YI, Bb nnaCTb Ci"i', 3aJ10BeHY1 Yl
KaMb4eTaTa Ha M03aY!KaTa. T"E3YI noc11"EAHYIT"E Y!MaTb cpopMaTa Ha ManJ<YI HenpaBYI11HYI Ky64eTa, 3arna-
.o.eHYI Yl non1-1paHY1 caMO Ha nHu,eTo, 4YI51TO CTpaHa M"EpYI cp-E.o.Ho 15 .o.o 2 CM. Bb M03aYIKaTa ce cp-Ew,aTb
Cll"EAHYIT"E U,B"ETOBe: 6"E11b, 4epseHb, WOI<011aTeHb, 3eneHb, H<bJlTb Y1 CYIHJ<aBOCYIBb, Cb pa3HYI OT"EHbli,YI.
BcY14KYI KaMb4eTa, cnope.o.b Cbo6w,eHHe Ha r-Ha P. nonosb, J<OHTO HMa mo6e3HOCTbTa .o.a m Yl3nY!Ta,
(i"l', OTb M"ECTHO npOY13XOH<.D.eHHe Yl ce cp-Ew,aTb 61-1110 Bb BYITOWa, 6H110 Bb ni011YIHb-n11aHHHa. 6-E11HT-E
II 6
06p. 38. ApxvtTeKTYPHH cpparMeHn1 OTb no-CTapara UbpKsa.
Ci"i', OTb CY1TH03bpHeCTb Mp51MOpb, OT4aCTYI Cb CYIBYI n"ETHa. 4epseHYIT"E (i"l', OTb H<e11"E3eHb J<BapU,b,
WOI<011aTeHYIT"E OTb .o.pe6H03bpHeCTb oapOBY!Tb ni:;Cb4HY11<b H OTb .o.pyro no-cna6b e.o.p03bpHeCTb
n"ECb4HY11<b; H<b11TY1T"E OT4aCTY1 OTb C11a6b e.o.p03bpHeCTb n"ECb4HY11<b, OT4aCTYI OTb J<Bapu,YITb (Cb no-
CB"ETb11b U,B"ETb); CHHKaBO-CHBYIT"E OTb .D.OllOMHTb Yl HaH-nOCll"E 3eJ1eHHT"E OTb aH.D.e3HTHa CKaJla (Cb
n0 51CeHb Yl nO-TbMeHb U,B"ETb).
Mo3aY!J<aTa np-E.o.CTaB51 r.OYTYI YI3KJ1104HTellHO reoMeTpH'--ieCKI-1 cjmrypYI. E.o.Ha .D.bnra nneTeHHU,a,
WHpOKa 35 eM., pa3.o."En51 u,-EnaTa M03al-1Ka OTb YI3TOKb KbMb 3ana.o.b Ha .o.s-E nonOBYIHYI. T"E3YI nonoBHHYI
OTb CB051 CTpaHa (i"l', no.o.pa3.o."EneHY1 no Ha H"EI<OJli<O noneTa, BC"EKO e.o.HO OTb I<OHTO e OpHaMeHTYI-
paHO no oco6eHb Ha4J.1Hb, w,oTo Bb u,-EnaTa M03ai1Ka He cp-Ew,aMe .o.s-E noneTa, KOYITO .o.a
YIMaTb Ci"i',W,aTa opHaMeHTYIKa. B-Epo51THO npYI HanpasaTa Ha no.o.a Ci"i', pa6on111Y1 Ci"i',w,esp-EMeHHO H-E-
KOJlKO AYWYI, Ha BC"EI<YI {'.!J.l-1Hb OTb I<OYITO e 611110 Bb3JlOH<eHO ll3nbl1HeHHeTO Ha YI3B"ECTHa 4aCTb OTb
Hero. Cb TOBa ce o651CH51Ba Yl ron-EMoTo pa3Hoo6pa3Yie Ha opHaMeHTHKaTa , KaKTO Yl caMo-
CT051TenHocTb Bb OT.D.-tllHHT-E noneTa. Bc-EKo e.o.Ho OTb T"E3YI nocn-t.o.HHT-E np-E.o.CTaB51 Bb ce6e CH H-Ew,o
u,-Eno, 3asbpweHo, 6e3b HYIKaKbBb orne.o.b KbMb opHaMeHTYITh Ha CbC-t.D.HYIT"E 4aCTYI. Bbnp"EKH Tosa
xapaKTepbTb Ha pa6oTaTa e nO'-lTH Hasc-EKi"i',.O.-t e.o.HaKbBb - H-Ew,o, Koero rosopYI 3a e.o.Hosp-EMeHHO
1
) 6. <PHnOBb, UHT. M. CTp. 125-145. Ta3H 6a3HnHKa naTHpa s-tpOS!THO owe OTb V s-tKb.
' .
54 no-crapH crpanH Ha Mi;CTOTO Ha Cs. CoHSI
l-13nbnHeHI-1e Ha BCI-141<1-1 4acm. CaMo AB-5 nap4eTa npaB51Tb l-13K!lf04eHI-1e. EAHOTO (Ta6n. XVIII 2), KOeTo
Ce HaMV!pa Bb fO>t<HOTO Kpl-1!10 Ha Hanpi;4HJ.151 1<0pa6b, Ce OTJlJ.14aBa no CBOeTO He6p-5>t<HO J.13nbnHeHI-1e
J.1 nO ront.MaTa He51CHOCTb Ha ptiCYHI<aTa, BCJ11:.,1J,CTBJ.1e Ha I<OeTO Ha H-5KOJ.1 M-5CTa, Hanp. np!-1 eM6ne-
MJ.1T-5 Bb I<BaApaTVITE, He BV!Harl-1 MO>t<e ,IJ,a ce n03Hae, Kai<BO e VICI<a!lb ,IJ,a np-5ACTaBJ.1 MaHCTOpbTb.
BTopoTo nap4e e TOBa, KOeTo ce HaMV!pa KaTo nocn-BAHe Ha 3ana,IJ,HJ.151 Kpali Ha M03aJ.1KaTa (Ta6n. XVII 6).
To npas1-1 sne4aTneHI-1e np-BAI-1 BCI-141<0 Cb Tosa, 4e Bb Hero np-Bo6na,IJ,aBaTb cs-BTnVIT-5 601-1, oco6Ho
6-BnaTa, a TaKa ClKWO np-5o6na,IJ,aBaTb J.1 paCTJ.1TeflHJ.1 OpHaMeHTI-1, I<OVITO H-BI<ai<Cl-1 He nO,IJ,XO>t<,IJ,aTb
KbMb ocTaHanaTa opHaMeHTVII<a. D,an1-1 TI31-1 pa3Jll-141-151 we Tp-56sa Aa ce o651CH51Tb Cb Tosa, 4e Bbn-
pOCHVITi; nap4eTa ClK npaseHI-1 np"53b Apyro spt.Me, 1-1!11-1 4e T-5 ClK l-13n-B3nl-1 OTb plKKaTa Ha MalicTopl-1,
np1-1Ha,IJ,Jle>t<aW,J.1 Ha Apyra , WI<OJla" nO!lO>t<J.1TefleHb OTrOBOpb Ha T03J.1 BbnpOCb He MO>t<e ,IJ,a ce
AaAe. Ha sc-BKI-1 cny4al1 3acny>t<asa Aa ce oT6-Bn-B>t<l-1, 4e 1-1 nap4eTa ClK TBbpn.-5 ManKI-1, HaMYI-
paTb Ce Bb 1<pa51 Ha M03aYII<aTa Y1 ClK OTKlKCHaTI-1 OTb He51 4p"53b pa3pyweHJ.1T-5 4aCTYI, Tbf:i W,OTO
npYI Tai<YISa ycnOBI-151 61-1 6YIJ10 pYICKOBaHO ,IJ,a ce npaB51Tb H-BI<aKBYI 3aKJlf04eHYI51. 3a HaCb e iJ,OCTaTb'lHO
,IJ,a I<OHCTaTYipaMe, 4e, Cb J.131<Jlf04eHYie Ha T-531-1 He3Ha4YITeflHYI 4aCTYI, u,t.naTa OCTaHana M03aYIKa npaBYI
sn e4aTneHYie Ha e,IJ,HOpOAHa 1-1 e,IJ,HOsp-BMeHHa pa6oTa.
lJ,s-5THJ.1T-5 penpOAYI<Ll,IH1, I<OVITO ,IJ,aBaMe OTb BCI-141<11 4aCTYI Ha M03aYII<aTa, npaB51Tb YI3JlYIWHO
noApo5HOTO 1-1Mb (rn. Ta6n. XVI, XVII 1-1 XVIII 2). UJ,e ce orpaHYI41-1Mb caMo Aa
xapaKTepHYI MOTYIBYI, KaTO Hanp. nneTeHYiu,aTa (Ta6n. XVI 1 1-1 2), aMa30HCKYI51 W.YITb 1-1 6pbWJ151
HOBI-151 nYICTh (naKb TaMb), sa3YIT-B (Ta6n. XVI 2) 1-1 pa3H0:>6pa3HYIT-B reoMeTp1-14eCKJ.1 Ha
Ta6n. XVII 1. BcYI4KYI T-B3YI MOTYIBYI ce cpt.w,aTb 4eCTO Bb KbCHOpYIMCKaTa opHaMeHTV!Ka. Heo6YIKHOBeHo
sne4aTneHYie npasYI caMo ABOi1HaTa 6paAaa (Ta6n. XVIII 2), a1<o MaHCTOpbTb e A1
np-B.o,cTaBYI T031-1 np-BAMeTb. Orb KbCHOpYIMCI<OTo YI3KYCTBO He MYI e J.13s-BcTeHb Apyrb cny4af:i, A-BTo
Ta3J.1 6pa,IJ,Ba, TbH xapaKTepHa 3a MYII<eHCKOTO YI3KYCTBO, ,IJ,a Ce cpi:,w,a KaTO 06YII<HOBeHb OpHaMeHTb.
i-1 300W.O B3eTO OpHaMeHTJ.11<aTa Ha M03dYII<aTa n04Y!Ba BCeU,-5!10 Ha aHTI-14HYI Tpa,IJ,YIU,YIYI. npt.Aiil o6a4e
Aa ce 3aHYIMaeMb Cb HeliHaTa iJ."lTa, w.e Tp-56sa Aa ce 3ano3HaeMb 1-1 Cb ne>t<aw,ara nOAb He51 no-
CTapa M03aYIKa.
D,OnHVI$lTb M03f\I-14EHb nOD.b 6t oTKPYITb Ha Abn6o41-1Ha o:on:> 4') eM. noJJ,b ropHYI51l)
Hflt1 1 M. nOAb nOiJ.b H1 Cs. (b H3K!lf04eH:.-te Ha ManKH nosp-BAI-1,
TOH e 3ana3eHb u,-Bnb (rn. Ta6n. XIX), 6narow1peHYie Ha KOeTo MO>t<e Aa ce Bb3CTaHOBYI 1-1 nnaHbTb
Ha crpaAaTa, KbMb K051TO e npYIHa.IJ,ne>t<anb. Ct.sepHaTa, 3anao,HaTa 1-1 fO>t<HaTa CT-5HYI Ha Ta3YI crpaAa
ClK 3ana3eHI-1 Bb ccHosaTa Cl-1 (Ta6n. IX K, L 1-1 0); T-5 cn-BABaTb 04epTaHJ.151Ta Ha M03oYIKaTa, K051TO
3aBbpwsa AO T"5Xb Cb Henp-BKlKCHaTa nneTeHYiu,a, o6pa3ysaw.a H-Bwo KaTo paMKa Ha u,-EnaTa M03aYIKa,
KaTO 3aTBap51Tb no T03YI Ha4HHb e,IJ,HO npO,IJ,'l,JlfOBaTO npOCTpaHCTBO Cb OTb H3TOI<b l<bMb
3ana,IJ,b, WV!pOKO 4"65 M. nY!nCBa caMO I-13T04HaTa CT-EHa. Bb TOBa HanpasneHJ.1e M03aJ.1KaTa ce npo-
,IJ,bfl>t<asa 1-1 nOAb TypcKaTa cT-EHa, K051TO 3aTBap51 apKa. Bb caMaTa np1-1 nocn-EA-
pa3I<Oni<J.1 He Ce cni;,IJ,l-1 OTb He51. 06a4e npl-1 pa3KOni<HTi;, I<OVITO e npaBHJlb Ha T0Ba
M-EcTo r. Ao6pycKH np-E3b 1893 ro,IJ,., e omp1-1TO e,IJ,HO ron-EMo nap4e M03aHKa, KOeTO
e J.13Ba,IJ,eHo u,i;no 1-1 np-EHeceHo Bb HapOAHI-151 My3ei1 (Ta6n. XVIII 1 1-1 o6p. 35). MaKapb 4e 3a T-E3H
pa3I<Oni<J.1, Kai<TO JlHnCBa Kal<bBTO J.1 ,IJ,a 6!-1!10 OT4eTb, OTb I<OHTO ,IJ,a ce BY!,IJ,l-1 T04HO Ha
Koe M-ECTo 1-1 Ha 1<a1<sa Abll604HHa e 61-1no HaM-EpeHo Tosa nap4e, see naKb MO>t<e Aa ce ycTaHOBH,
4e TO e CbCTaB51JlO npOiJ.bll>t<eHHe OTb HdWI-151 iJ.O!leHb M03aH4eHb nO,IJ,b. Tosa Hi;w,o Ce BH>t<,IJ,a OTb
eAHaKBI-151 x1pa1<Tepb Ha opHaMeHTHKara, e,IJ,HaKsal-a Ha KaMb4eTaTa 1-1 e,IJ,HaKsaTa
Ha K051TO o51-1Ka!l51 1-1 AB-ET-E 41CTJ.1. He3aBHCHMO OTb Toaa, orb e,IJ,Ha cpoTorpacp!-151,
CHeTa Bb sp-EMe Ha pa3KOni<J.1Tt Ha r . Ao5?YCKJ.1, K051TO cera ce na3H Bb HapoAHI-151 My3el1 (o6p. 35),
1
) llbn6o'"HHara KbMb H3TOI<b nocreneHHO ce Ha-
ManS!sa no ManKo, Karo nocrHra no 27 CM. Orb rosa ce
BHH<na, '"e nsara M03aH<jHH nona HnH He c.>il. 6HnH no-
craseHH owe orHa'"ano napanenHo enHHb KbMb npyr11,
HnH nbt<b ornocnt, e craHano cna6o cnanaHe Ha enHHb
OTb nsara nona .
l
.
,;
I
l
'
-
.. -
nnaHb H M03aHKH Ha liaHCTapaTa UbpKBa
ce BH>t<)J,a, ye BbnpocHoro napYe, o6b?Haro Cb CH YaCTb KbMb HJTOKb, e ne>t<ano
TOYHO Ha HJTOI<b orb AOnHH51 MOJaHYeHb nOAb, AO tO>t<Hara cri;Ha Ha anCH)J,ara Ha Cs. CoH51. Cb ApyrH
AYMH TO Ce e HaMHpano Tbi<MO Ha Mi;CTOTO, )J,i;TO 6HXMe 0'-laKBanH npO)J,bfl>HeHHeTO Ha )J,OflH51Ta MOJaH.Ka.
8b3b OCHOBa Ha ri;JH <fJaKTH H Cb06pa>t<eHH51 MO>HeMb Cb roni;Ma si;p051THOCTb )J,a BbJCTa-
HOBHMb nnaHa Ha crpa)J,aTa, l<bMb 1<051TO e npHHa)J,ne>t<anb )J,OflHH51Tb MOJaHYeHb nO)J,b, Kai<TO TOBa
e HanpaseHo Bb o6p. 39. ancHAa noKaJBa, ye 1-1 Bb ro3H cnyYai1 HHe HMaMe pa6ora
naKb Cb e)J,Ha U,bp!<Ba Cb TBbp)J,B CKpOMHH paJMi;pH: 4'65 M. WHpOYHHa Ha 1010 M. )J,bfl>HHHa Jae)J,HO
Cb anCH)J,3Ta. Cb ApyrH AYMH U.bpKB3Ta e 61-1na OTb THna Ha Tb::1 HapeYeHara basilica cimiterialis,
1<051TO HaMHpaMe Bb CTapoxpHCTH51HCI<HTB rpo6Hw,a H K051TO ce OTflH'-laBa no CbBCtMb CKpOMHHTi; CH
pa3MBpH.
1
) Ocsi;Hb Bb PHMb, ManKH u,bpKBHU.H HnH no-npaso KanenH OTb
T03H THnb, )J,bflrH )J,O 10 M. H WHpOKH OTb 6-10 M., CIK 6HnH OT!<p11TH
npi;A11 Hi;KonKo ro)J,"'HH 1-1 Bb crapoxp11CT1151HCKI1Ti; rpo611w,a Monasterine
np11 CanoHa Bb 4e HaHCTI1Ha 11 Hawara u,bpKB11U,a e 611na
U,HMHTep11anHa, ce BH>t<Aa orb nono>t<eHHero H Bb u,eHrbpa Ha crapoxp11-
CTH51HCKH51 HeKpononb np11 Cs. Co1-151, Ja KOHTO w,e rosop11Mb Bb cni;A-
H51Ta masa.
CnH11ri; Ha raJI1 u,bpKBHu,a CJK Ae6en11 caMo 55 eM. 1-1 CJK rpa-
AeHI1, )J,OI<Ofli<OTO 6t Bb3MO>HHO )J,a ce KOHCTaTHpa, Bb OCHOBI1T-b CH CaMO
OTb KaMbHH Cb xopocaHb, I<OHTO Cb)J,bp>t<a rpoweHH Ha )J,pe6HO KepaMH)J,H.
npH ci;[lepHI-151 31-'!)J,b (Ha ra6n. IX np11 0) Ha)J,b KaMeHHaTa OCHOBa CJK
Jana3eHH H pe)J,b roni;Ml1 YeTBbpTHTI1 ryxn11, nO)J,06HH Ha ri;311, OTb I<OHTO
e rpaAeHa (B. Co1-151. Cnope)J,b rosa 113rne>t<)J,a, Ye CJKW,O 11 np11 Mam<ara
u,bpKBHu,a ropH51Ta nocrpoi1Ka e 611na CbrpaAeHa OTb ryxnH.
MoJC:\.11'-lHI151Tb nOAb Ha raJH U.bpKBHU,a e HanpaBeHb no CJKW,H51 Ha-
'-lHHb, Kai<TO 11 ne>t<aW,H51Tb Bbpxy Hero nO-I<bCeHb nO)J,b, I<OHTO OnHCaXMe
J
no-ropi; (crp. 53). CaMara MOJaHKa o6aYe ce pa3nHYaBa JHaYHTenHo OTb 06p. 39. - nnaHb Ha Hail-eTa"
ropH51Ta KaKTO no opHaMeHTI1Kara cH, TaKa 11 no 113pa6or1<a. KaMbYerara
11MaTb CIKW,l1TB u,si;rose 11 CIK OTb CJKW,I-151 MaTepHanb, HO pa3Mi;p11Ti;
paTa UbpKBa Ha MtCTOTO
Ha Cs. Cocjm11.
11Mb CJK JHaYHTenHo no-ManKH 1-1 AOCTI1rarb caMo oKono 1 KB. eM. Ha Hi;KOH Mi;cra CJK ynorpi;6eHH
JeneHH Ky6YeTa H TBbp)J,i; pi;)J,KO >HbflTI1 H CHHI1 He Be'-le OTb KaMbl<b, a OTb CTbl<flO. BnpOYeMb
11Jrne>t<)J,a, ye ri;311 Ky6Yera CJK nocraB51HH ornocni;, npH nonpasKa Ha M03aHKara.
3
)
Bb )J,OnH51Ta M03av.Ka ce or)J,i;n51Tb 51CHO rp11 YaCTH, pa3nl1YHH He caMo no opHaMeHTI1Ka, HO
CHrypHo 11 no spi;Me. 3ana)J,Hara Yacrb (AOnH51Ta nonoBHHa Ha ra6n. XIX), o6rpaAeHa Cb JeneHa
nnereHHu,a, H3rne>KAa Aa 6JK)J,e Hai1-crapa. T51 e paJ)J,i;neHa Ha Hi;KonKo nonera, sci;Ko e)J,HO OTb
I<OHTO e OpHaMeHT11paHO no OC06eHb HaYHHb, Kai<TO 6i; cnyYa51Tb 11 npH ropH51Ta M03al1Ka. 06aye
ryKb, HapeAb Cb reoMerpHYeCKHTE 11ryp11, e 11 paCTHTenHara opHaMeHTHKa, K051TO e CHnHO
CTHfll1311paHa. Bb KB3Apara npH tOro-JanaAHH51JKrbnb Ha MOJaHKara, paJpyweHb Ja }l{anocrb Ha nonoBI1Ha
OTb KynonHH51 nHnacrbpb Ha Cs. Cocp1151, CJK npi;AcTaBeHI1 Aa>He ABi; nTI1U.H, KOI1TO, 1<au,Han11 Ha
KnOHYera, KbnBaTb nnoAOJe. Bb pHcyHKara Ha opHaMeHTI1Ti; npo311pa )J,Ocra roni>Ma
He6pi;>t<HOCTb. Oco6Ho ce xsbpn51 13b 0'-111 113KpHB51BaHero Ha rpvni; rnaBHI1 nonera Bb ra311 YaCTb Ha
1
) Cp. F. X. Kraus, Geschichte der christlichen
Kunst I, f reiburg i. Br. 1896, CTp. 261-264; J o s. N e u-
w i rt h, Die Baukunst des Mittelalters (Geschichte der
Baukunst von Borrmann und Neuwirth TOMb II),
Leipzig 1904, crp. 8 en .; H. Leclercq, Manuel d'arche-
ologie chretienne I, Paris 1907, CTp. 330- 334.
2
) rn. L ec I ercq, Manuel d'archeologie chretienne
I 326 -330 Cb o6p. 99 H 100, n:ETO Ha CTp. 326 3a6. 5 e
UHfHpaHa H no-ciap:Ha JJHTeparypa, no-rontMara YaCTb
OTb K051TO He Ce HaMHpa Bb COcjJHHCKHrt 6H6JJHOTeKH.
n) nono6HH Ky6YeTa (oKono 50 eK3eMnn51pa) ce
HaMtpHXa pa3XBbp!151HH H Bb HaCHna Me)f{llY llBtli;
M03aHKH. 3acny)f{aBa owe na ce oT6tnt)f{H, Ye Bb 10)1{-
Horo omt.neHHe Ha Hanpt.YHH51 Kopa6b, HapaBHO Cb
nbpBoHa'laJJHH51 nonb Ha Cs. Cocj:>HII, ce HaMt.pH H enHo
YepHO CTbK!IeHO Ky6Ye Cb 3JJarHa noBpbXHOCTb, KaKBHTO
C/il. 6H!IH ynoTpt.651BaHH 06HKHOBeHO Bb CTi>HHHTt. M0-
3aHKH. 6b3b OCHOBa Ha Ta3H CbBci>Mb H30!11-1paHa Ha-
XOllKa He 6H 6HnO nonyCTHMO na Ce npaBH KaKBOTO H
na 6Hno npt.nnonmf<eHHe.
--
56 no-crapH crpauH Ha M-tCTOTO Ha Cs. Cocpm!
= = = = - - - - - ~ ~ - ~ - ~ ~ ~ c = - - - - - - - ~
M03aVIKaTa, KOVITO VIMaTb cpopMaTa Ha npO,!J,bnroBaTVI, Ha T"ECHVITi:. CVI CTpaHVI 3aKpJKrneHVI UJ,VITOBe.
i-'bo6w.o Vl3rnem,IJ,a, Ye M03aVIKara He e 6VIna npaBeHa no npt.ABapVIrenHo npVIrorBeHa CKVIIJ.a, HO e
Cb3)J,aBaHa OTb Mat1CTOpV1Ti:. Bb MOMeHTa H:'l pa60TaTa. (b TOBa Ce 0651CH51BaTb MHOrO OTb OC06HOCTVITt.
Bb Vl3nbnHeHVIero, KOVITO necHo 6VIxa MornVI )J,a MVIHaTb 3a He,IJ,OCTaTbiJ.VI. TaKa Hanp. Ht.KOVI JlVIHVIVI,
3an04HaTVI Bb e)J,HO HanpaBJleHVIe, He04aKBaHO Ce OTKJ10H51BaTb OTb eCTeCTBeHVI51 CVI nJKTb, KaTO 3aBVIBaTb
CbBCi:.Mb Ha Apyra CTpaHa VI Cb TOBa )J,aBaTb KpVIBb Vl3rne)J,b Ha IJ,i:.JlaTa cpVIrypa. npVI Hape>t<)J,aHeTO
Ha IJ,Bi:.TOBeTt. Bb e)J,VIHb VI CJKW,VI OpHaMeHTb, KOiho Ce nOBTap51 Ha Hi:.KOnKO Mi:.CTa, He e Cb6niO)J,aBaHb
HVIKaKbBb onpt.At.neHb pe,!J,b, a CJK nocraB51HVI npocro TaKVIBa u.st.rose, KaKBVITO cJK ce nona)J,aJlVI Ha
pJKKa. Bbnpt.KVI rosa He MOH<e Aa ce OTKame, Ye A06VITVI51Tb ecpeKTb, aKo ce B3eMe M03aVIKara V13IJ.i:.Jlo,
e TBbp)J,i; CnOJly4nVIBb. 3aUJ,OTO Bb He51 JlVInCBa MaTeMaTVIYeCKVI npi:.CMi:.THaTOTO, npVIHy)J,eHOTO VI e)J,HO-
o6pa3HOTO. HanporVIBb Bb BCVI4KO ce 3a6t.nt.3sa 6orara VI nil9AOTBOpHa cpaHTa3VI51, roJlt.Ma cso6o)J,a
VI Henocpt.ACTBeHO TBOp4eCTBO.
BTOpara YaCTb (ropH51Ta nOJlOBVIHa Ha ra611. XIX), o6rpa)J,eHa OTb ABt.rt. CTpaHVI Cb CVIH51
nnereHVIIJ,a, ce OTJ1V14aBa Cb MHoro no-ront.Ma reoMerpV14HOCTb Ha opHaMeHTVITt.. TyKb nVIncBaTb
no-ront.MVI nnOCKOCTVI Cb CaMOCT051TenHa OpHaMeHTVIKa, KaKTO Bb nbpBaTa 4aCTb. Ll,t.JlaTa nOBpbXHOCTb
e yci:.51Ha Cb OT)J,i:.nHVI reOMeTpV14eCKVI cpHrypKVI, 6e3b HVIKaKBa opraHVI4eCKa Bpb3Ka nOMeH<AY VIMb.
no-roni:.MO OH<VIBJleHVIe BHaC51Tb CaMO )J,Bi:.TE Ba3VI, OTb KOVITO o6a4e He VI3XOH<)J,aTb HVIKaKBVI IJ,Bi:.T51. no
BCVI4KO J1V14VI, 4e Ta3VI 4aCTb e npaBeHa nO-KbCHO OTb nbpBaTa. npVI TOBa, 3a )J,a Ce nonpoBVI rpi:.WKaTa,
npE)J,VI3BVIKaHa OTb V13KpVIB51BaHeTO Ha OpHaMeHTVITt. Bb nbpBaTa YaCTb, nO cpi:.,[J,aTa e BMbKHaTb
e)J,VIHb rOJli:.Mb }l{bnTb KnVIHb, KOt1TO pi:.3KO OT,IJ,i:.n51 ,IJ,Bi:.Tt. 4aCTVI.
Hat1-nocnt. rpeT51Ta YaCTb orb M03aVIKara e ra3VI, K051TO ce e HaMVIpaila Bb anCVI)J,ara (ra611. XVIII 1
VI o6p. 35). no opHaMeHTVIKa T51 ce npV16nVI>t<aBa naKb AO nbpB:'!Ta YaCTb, o6a4e TYKb u.t.noro npocrpaHCTBO
e V13nbnHeHO OTb e)J,Ha o6w,a KOMn03VIUVI51. MeH<AY )J,Bt. ,!J,bpBeTa, npVInVfllHVI Ha KVInapVICVI, OKOnO KOVITO
ce ysVIBaTb nbn351W.VI pacreHVI51, ce HaMVIpa ro11t.Ma Ba3a Cb u.st.re,- Ha K051TO CJK Kau.HaJlVI ABt.
nTVIUVI. Ba3aTa VIMa cpopMara Ha nOilYKbn6o, nocraseHo Bbpxy rpVI KpaKa. OrcrpaHVI ce HaMVIpaTb
APYrvt ABt. no-MaJlKVI IJ,VInVIHAPVIYeCKVI Ba3VI naKb Cb u.st.r51, Ha KOVITO CJKW.O CJK KaiJ,HaJlVI nTVIIJ.VI. Ll,t.nara
KOMn03VIIJ,VI51 e o6rpa,[J,eHa Cb nJleTeHVIIJ,a, Bb K051TO npt.06Jla)J,aBa Kacp51Bb IJ,Bi:.Tb, Bb npOTVIBOnOnOmHOCTb
Ha CVIHVI51 VI 3eneHVI51 IJ,Bi:.Tb npVI Apyrynt. )J,Bi:. nneTeHVIIJ,VI. L!aCTb OTb Jli:.BaTa crpaHa Ha Ta3VI M03ai1Ka
ce e yKa3aJla pa3pyweHa npVI orKpVIBaHeTO,.H, KaKTO ce BVIm,IJ,a OTb cpaBHeHVIero Ha ra6n. XVIII 1 Cb
o6p. 35. npt.AVI )J,a 6 ~ ~ npt.HeCeHa Bb HapO)J,HVI51 My3et1, T51 e 6VIJ1a BHVIMaTeJlHO pecraBpVIpaHa VI TO Cb
KaMbYera, HaMt.peHVI OKOJlO CaMara M03aVII<a, Tbt1 Ye pecraspVIpaHVITt. Mt.cra MJK4HO ce pa3no3HaBaTb.
npt.)J,VI OUJ,e )J,a 6JK)J,aTb Ol<OH4aTenHVI pa34VICTeHVI )J,Bi:.Tt. M03aVIKVI, a3b 6i:.Xb VI3Ka3anb npt.)J,-
nonoH<eHVIeTO, Bb3b OCHOBa Ha Ti:.XHaTa TeXHVIKa VI O?HaMeHTVIKa, 4e no-crapara (AOJ1H51Ta) M03aVIKa
rpt.6sa )J,a ce )J,aTVIpa npV16nVI3VITenHo Bb spt.Mero Ha KoHcraHTVIHa BeilVIKVI (HaYaJlOTO Ha YeTBbproro
CTOJli:.TVIe), a ropH51Ta Bb Kpa51 Ha CJKW,OTO CTOni:.TVIe.
1
) no-KbCHVI HaXO)J,l<VI nOTBbp)J,VIXa TOBa npi:.)J,nO-
nOH<eHVIe - Bb nbpBaTa MY 4aCTb HanbnHO, a Bb BTOpara Cb MHOrO ManKa MO)J,VIcpV1KaiJ,!151, npVI )J,VI-
raHeTO Ha ropH51Ta M03aVIKa npt.3b 11t.roro 1911 ro,IJ,. ce HaMt.pVIxa Bb HacVIna MeH<AY ABt.rt. M03aVIKVI
21 Manl<VI Mi:.,IJ,HVI MOHeTVI, OT4aCTVI MHOrO )J,06pt. 3ana3eHVI, KOVITO HVI )J,aBaTb CVIrypHa XpOHOnOrVI4eCl<a
6:'13a, noHeme npbCTbTa Mem.IJ,y M03aVIKVITB He e Morna )J,a 6,'KIJ,e o6pbw,aHa ornocnt. VI cnt.AoBaTeJlHO e
ocraHana 3ana3eHa KaKTO orb no-paHWHVI, TaKa VI OTb nO-KbCHVI npVIMt.cVI. Tt.3VI MOHeTVI CJK cnt.AHVITt.:
n VI U VI H VI (308-324 rO,!J,.).
1. IMPCVALLICINLICINIVSPFAVG. tJlaBa Ha nVIIJ.VIHV151 Cb ,IJ,VIa,IJ,eMa Ha)J,eCHO.
On. IOVICONS ERVATORI. !OnVIrepb ronb, npaBb, Hant.so, MaHTVI51ra Bbpxy nt.soro MY
paMo, Bb )J,ecHara CVI pJKKa Abp>t<VI 8VIxropV151 Bbpxy rno6ycb, a Cb nt.sara ce onVIpa
1
) Jahrbuch des deutschen archaol. lnstituts XXVI, 1911, Flnzeiger 361.
--
MoHen1 HaM-EpeHH Me}f{ny M03aHKHT-E 57
Ha Abnbrb Cl<l-inTbpb; Bb ntso nptAb Hero openo Cb stHeU,b Bb '-IOBI<aTa. Bb noneTo
OTneCHO N H S e.[I.HO Bbpxy Apyro, a Bb 0Tpt3a OTAOnt SMNr. - ,[],HaM. 25 MM. 0TnH'-IHO
3ana3eHb eJ:<3eMnn51pb. H. Cohen, Description historique des monnaies frappees sous
!'empire romain VII 196, 70.
BaneHTHHHaHb I (364-375
2. DNVALENTINI[AN]VSPFAVG. ,[J,panHpaHb 610CTb Ha BaneHTHHHaHa Cb AHaAeMa,
On. [GLOR]IARO MANORVM. BaneHTHHHaHb Bb soeHHO o6nt1<no o6pbw,a rnasaTa
c1-1 Hantso H TernH 3a I<OCaTa nosaneHb Ha 3eM51Ta nnenHHKb; Bb ntsaTa Abp>t<H
3HaMe (labarum). Bb noneTo OTAecHo D, Bb OTpt3a BSISC.- 19 MM. Cohen VIII 88, 12.
3. [DNVAL]ENTINI [ANVSPFAVG]. C.IKW,I-151Tb 610CTb.
On. GLORIA [ROMANORVM]. THnb. Bb noneTO OTAeCHO 8, Bb oTpt3a TES.- 18 MM.
4. [DNVAL]ENTINI[ANVSPFAVG]. 610CTb.
On. GLORIA [ROMANORVM]. THnb, o6a'-!e AOCTa H3Tp11Tb; MOHeTaTa OT'-IaCTH e
OT'-IyneHa. - 16 MM.
5. MOHeTa, o6a'-le MHOfO H3TpHTa, OC06HO Onai<OTO.
6. DNVALENTINIAi'oV]S PF AVG]. 610CTb.
On. SECVRITAS RE[IPVBLI)CAE. BHKTOpH51 Cb stH2U,b 11 nanMoso KnOH'-Ie TH'-Iaw,a Hantso.
Bb noneTo omtso 3Bt'3Aa, R H 0 eAHO Bbpxy OTAeCHO M Cb TO'-IJ:<a OTAOnt. Bb
OTpt3a rSISC.- 19 MM. 0T'-IaCTH OT'-IyneHa H TBbpAt cna6o 3ana3eHa. Cohen VIII 92, 37.
BaneHCb (364-378
7. DNVALEN SPFAVG. ,[J,pan1-1paHb 610CTb Ha BaneHca Cb AHaAeMa, HoAeCHO.
On. SECVRITA[S] REIPVBLICAE. BI11<TOpH51 m'-law,a Hantso H3TpHTa). Bb noneTo OT-
ntso K 11 P Bb oTpt3a ASISC.- 18 MM. Cohen VIII 110, 47.
8. DNVALEN [SPFAVG
1
. 610CTb.
On. SECVRITAS [REIPVBLICAEJ. THnb. Bb noneTo oTntso ..l. 6yt<BHTt Bb oTpt3a
H3TpHTI1. - 16 MM.
r p a L.l, H a H b ( 367- 368 fO,[\.).
9. DNGRATIA NVSPFAVG. ,[l,parmpaHb 610CTb Ha (pau,I--taHa Cb AHaAeMa,
On. CONCOR DIAAVGGG . .>t<.eHa Cb wneMb Ha rnasaTa (nepcOHHqmKaU,1151 Ha P11Mb),
Ha TpOHb, rnasaTa 11 o6bpHaTa Hantso, Bb ntsaTa c11 pi'KI<a Abp>t<H Abnbrb
Cl<l1nTbpb, a Bb rno6ycb. Bb oTpt3a CONSA. - 19 MM. 0TnH'-IHO 3ana3eHb
eJ:<3eMnm!pb. Cohen VIII 125, 3.
BaneHTHHHaHb II (375-392
10. DNVALENTINIANVSPFAVG. ,[J,pan11paHb 610CTb Ha BaneHTHHHaHa II (cbsctMb MnaAb) Cb
,[\Yia,[leMa, Ha,[leCHO.
On. VOT X MVL T XX Bb '-!eTI1p11 u,tnoTo Bb nasposb stHeu,b; Bb OTpt3a CONt. .
- 14 MM. Cohen VIII 148, 73.
I (379-395
11. DNTHEO:DOSIVSPFA)VG. ,[J,pan11paHb 610CTb Ha I Cb HaAeCHO.
On. (SALVSREIIPVBLICAE. B11l<TOp1151 TH'-Iaw,a Hantso, rnasaTa 11 o6bpHaTa Ha3aAb, sne'-le
cntAb ce6e CH 3a J<OCI1Tt na,[\Hanb Ha 3eM51Ta nneHHHI<b. 6yi<BHTt Bb 0Tpt3a He nH'-IaTb.
- 14 MM. ,[],acTa H3Tp11Tb eJ:<3eMnn51pb. Cohen VIII 158, 30.
12. DNTHEODO[SIVSPF]AVG. Ci'KW,H51Tb 610CTb.
On. SALV[SREIPVBLICAE]. Ci'KW1151Tb THnb, o6a'-!e no-pa3saneHb 0T'-IaCTY1 OT'-IyneHa. -14 MM.
Cs. Co<jm. 8
58
no-cTap11 <:rpanl1 Ha Mt.<:TOTO Ha Cs. Co<jJHil
13. DNTHEODOSIVSPFAVG. (IKW,1151Tb 610CTb.
On. VICTORIAAVGGG. B11Krop1151 Cb si;Heu,b 11 nanMa Tl14aw,a Hani;3o. Bb orpi;3a ASIS.
- 14 MM. ,Uo6pi; 3ana3eHb eK3eMnn51pb. Cohen VIII 159, 41.
14. DNTHEODOSIVSPFAVG. (IKW,I151Tb 610CTb.
On. [VIR]TVSAVGGG. Teo.D,OCI1, Bb soeHHO o6ni;Kno, npaBb, Hani;so, Bb Kopa6b(?), ryp51
e.D,I1HI151 c11 KpaKb Bb?XJ na.D,Hanb Ha 3eM51Ta nneHHI1Kb; Bb .D,eCHO B11Krop1151 (?) . - 17 MM.
OnaKoro e MHoro 113rp11ro 11 o6pa311Th e.D,Ba nl14arh. Cohen VIII 160, 51.
F\ p K a A 11 (395-408 ro.D, .).
15. [DNAR]CADIVSPFAV G]. ,Upan11paHb 610CTb Ha f\pKa.D,I-151 Cb .D,Ha.D,eMa, Ha.D,eCHO.
On. VOT X MVLT XX Bb 4eTI1pH pe.D,a, u,i;noro Bb naBpOBb si;HeU,b. Bb orpi;3a . . . . N. -
13 MM. Sabatier, Monnaies Byzantines I 107, 48.
16. [DNAR]CADIVSPFAVG. Ci'K W,"151Tb 610crb. OnaKoro e CbBCi;l'1b pa3saneHo, TbH Ye H11W.O He
ce pa3n03Hasa. - 14 MM.
17. DNARCADIVSP[FAVG]. CIKW.H51Tb 610crb. OnaKOTO e CbBCi;Mb pa3BaneHo. - 14 MM.
18. Ocsi;Hb ri;311 eK3eMnn51p11, HaMi;p11xa ce Oll.\e 4er11p1-1, KOI1ro np11Ha.D,ne>+<aTb ciKw,o Ha
IV si;Kb, o6a4e Ci'h ronK03b 113Tp11TH, w,oro sna.D,i;ren11ri; He Morarb .D,a ce onpi;.D,i;n51Tb.
KaKTO ce BI1>H.D,a OTb TO:;! CnHCbKb, n04TI1 BCI14KI1 MOHeTI1 np11Ha.D,ne>+<aTb Ha BTOpara nono-
BHHa Ha '-!eTBbpTHS! si;Kb. CaMo e.D,Ha orb ri;xb .D,arHpa OTb Ha'-!anoro Ha CIKW,I151 si;Kb. Karo B3e-
MeMb npi;.LJ.b BI1.LJ.b, '-!e TbKMO MOHera e MHoro .D,o6pi; 3ana3eHa 11 '-!e TS! cnB.D,OBarenHo, npi;.LJ.I1
.D,a 6IK.D.e He e 61-1na .D,bnro spi;Me Bb o6pbw,eH11e, ro nony'-laBaMe Karo repM11Hb ante quem
3a HanpaBara Ha .D,OnHS!Ta M03ai1Ka np110fli1311TenHO Kpa51 OTb u,apyBaHeTO Ha nl1li,I1HI151. Orb .D.pyra
crpaHa, noHe>+<e M03aHKara e 6Hna npi;.D,Ha3Ha'-!eHa 3a egHa UbpKBa, ro repM11HbTb post quem ce
onpi;.D,i;nS! Cb BbBe>H.D,aHeTO Ha Xp11CTH51HCTBOTO KaTO oqmu,HanHa penHrl151 B"b p11MCKaTa 11Mnep1151. no
ra311 npH'-111Ha .D,OnH51Ta M03ai1Ka rpi;6sa .D,a ce .D,ar11pa HaH-KbCHO Bb Ha'-!anoro orb u,apysaHero Ha
KoHCTaHTHHa BenHKH (312-337 ro.LJ.). ManKara U,bpKBa Cb .D,OflH1151 M03aH'-!eHb no.D,b (rn. crp. 55)
Mo>+<e .D,a ce C'-111Ta cni;.D,oBarenHo 33 nbpBara xp11CTI151HCKa U,bpKBa, KOS!TO e 611na H3.D,I1rHara Bb Co1151.l)
H11e BI1.D,i;xMe, '-le Me>+<AY MOHeTI1Ti;, ocsi;Hb eK3eMnn51pa Ha ni1U,11HI151, He ce cpi;w,aTb APYrH
OTb nbpBara no:l03HHa Ha '-!eTBbproro cronBrHe. Tosa e Cb3CBMb ecrecTBeHo, noHe>+<e, AO.D,i;ro Bb-
npocHara u,bpKBa ow,e e 611na Bb ynorpi;6eHI1e, He e 611no Bb3MO>+<HO .D,a ce H3ry651Tb MHor o
napH BbpXy HeHHI-151 nO.D,b. MHoro6pOAHI1Ti; MOHeTI1 OTb BTOpara nonOBI1Ha Ha CIKW,OTO croni;r11e CIK
MornH o6a4e .D,a nona.D,Harh Bb HaCHna Bb?XY AOnHS!Ta M03ai1Ka caMo cni;.D,b pa3pyweHHero Ha
u,bp!<Bara, Koero cni;.D,oBarenHo rpi;6aa .D,a e craHano ow,e Bb re'-leHHe Ha '-leTBbpToro croni;r11e.
KonKoro ce orHaC51 AO ropn51Ta M03ai1Ka, ro 11 HefiHara .D,ara ce onpi;_IJ,i;nS!, 6naro.D,apeHI1e Ha
MOHeTI1Ti;, Cb roni;Ma TO'-IHOCTb. noHe>+<e HaH-KbCHHrB MOHeTI1, HaMBpeHI1 Bb Hac11na Me>+<.D,y .D,Bi;TB
M03aHKI1, CIK ri;3H OTb 11Mneparopa f\pKa.D,I151 (3J5---4Q3 rO.:J. .), TO 51BHO e, '-!e ropHS!Ta M03ai1Ka rpi;6sa
Aa e 6Hna HanpaBeHa, aKo He ow,e Bb u,apysaHero Ha T03H 11Mneparopb, ro noHe HaCKopo cni;.D,b
Hero, Hfll1, Cb Apyrl1 AYMI1, ow,e Bb CaMOTO Ha4ano Ha neTOTO CT0,1i;THe.
VbBi;CTHO e, '-!e M03ai14HI151Tb nO.D,b Bb T03H BI1.D,b, KaKTO ro HaMHpaMe np11 no-crap11ri;
u,bpKBH Ha Mi;croro Ha Cs. Co:jJHS! (rexHH'-IeCKH51Tb H3pa3b e opus vermiculatum), e 6Hnb H3BbH-
pe.D,HO MHoro pa3npocrpaHeHb Bb p11MCKO spi;Me. Hasci;K;K.LJ.i;, .D,i;ro CIK Bna.D,i;nl1 p11Mfl51HI1Ti;, orb
5pHraHI151 .LJ.O f\:jJpHKa 1-1 orb VlcnaHH51 AO C11p11S1, ce HaM11parb 611no o6-
w,ecrseHH crp3Il,H, 611no '-!aCTHI1 Ki'Kll.\'-'1, 4HHTO no.D,OBe CIK no!<pi1rH Cb M03aHKH. Heo5HKHOBeHoro p33-
1
) Tpt.6sa na <:e 3a6t.nt.ml1, Lfe UbpKB:'!Ta 611 Morna
na 6Niae <: b rpaaeHa 11 nop3HO. 1--bst.<:rHO e, 4e npt.n11
owe xp11<:TI11!H<:TBOTO na 6Nine np113Haro 3a o<P11u11anHa
pe1111r1111, Xp11CT111lHI1Tt. CHi MOrlll1 113BbpWBaTb Ha
onpt.nt.neH11 o6wenseH11 Mt.CTa csoeTo 6oro<:nymeHI1e.
TaKHBa Mt.CTa <:" 6111111 npt.n11 BCI14KO UI1MI1Tep;.!aiiHI1ffi
UbPKBI1, nt.TO UbpKOBHaTa cnym5a, <:Bbp3aHa Cb Kynra
Ha MbpTBI1Tt., He e <:e XBbplllllla TbH CI111HO Bb 0411. Oo-
He)f( e 11 HawaTa UbpKBa, KaKTO BHnt.xMe, e 61111a U11MI1-
Tep11a11Ha, TO Til 611 Morna na 6Niue. nonpoeHa owe
npt.Jb Tpemll st.Kb, KoraTo Bb Co<tJ1111 Tpt.6sa na e
11Ma!IO Be4e llOCTaTb4HO Xp11<:T111l H11 .
.Uara 11 xapaKrepb Hil M03aHK11rE Bb Cs. (Q(jJHS! 59
npoCTpaHeHVIe Ha Ta3J.1 MOAa Bb BeWIKVI enoeBe Ha pHMeKOTO o6w,eeTBO e npWIHHVInO VI 6bp3V151 OT-
naAbKb Ha M03aVIYHOTO V13KyeTBO, KOeTO ee ebB3eMa OTHOBO VI AOeTVIra ron-5MO pa3BVITVIe Bb BVI3aH-
TVIHeKO sp-BMe, HO He seye Karo nOAOBa, a Karo CT-5HHa M03ai-1Ka.
1
) 3aeAHO eb MHoro APYrl-1 aHTVIYHVI
rpaAVIU,VIVI, nOAOBaTa M03aVIKa e 6VIna Bb3npV1eTa VI OTb nbpBVIT-5 Xp1-1CTJ.151HVI, KOVITO Ha Aparo Cbpu,e
CJK 5I ynorp-5651sanVI npVI yKpaeara Ha eBOVIT-5 06aYe no rosa sp-BMe T51 BeYe
ee HaMVIpa Bb nbneHb OTnaAbKb J.1 npV16nVI>KaBa eB051 KpaH. r1rypaHIBHVIT-5 KOMn03VIli,HVI, KOVITO
Gil. CbeTaB51nVI e?Kw,eeTBeHaTa YaeTb Ha no-erapVIT-5 pVIMeKVI M03aJ.1KJ.1, eTaBaTb see no-p-5AKVI VI no-
p-5AKH. Cera np-Bo6naAaBaTb reoMerpVIYeeKHT-5 qmryp1-1, KOVITO e?K ce H3nbnH51BanVI MHoro no-neeHO
KaMeHHVIT-5 Ky6Yera, Bb HHrepeea Ha no-6bp3ara pa6ora, e;v;.w,o e?K ee ysenHYasanVI noereneHHO no
o6eMb, a raMara Ha u,s-Broser-5 see noseye e o6-BAH51Bana, KaKro rosa MO<eMb Aa
MHoro A06p-5 VI np1-1 HaWHT-5 M03aVIKVI . Ben-BAeTBVIe
Ha TOBa Kai<TO I<OHTYPHT"E, TaKa VI KOMn03VIl.I,J.151Ta e
3arpy651sana, pa6orara e crasana no-He6p-5<Ha VI
BeVIYKO ee e ese>t<Aano no Bb3MO>KHOeTb l<bMb no-
npoem reoMerpVIYeeKVI cp1-1rypV1. Tosa, Koero MaHero-
pbTb He e MO<anb Aa np'EAaAe Yp-53b cpOpMVIT-5,
TOH ro e no51eH51Banb Yp-53b HaAnHeVI, Cb Koero ee
0651eH51Ba YeeTOTO ynorp1;6eHVIe Ha HaAnVIeVI Bb Kbe-
HOpVIMeKVIT-5 M03aHKH. Bb 3aM-EHa Ha r-53VI H.eAO-
erarbu,H ee e pa3BVIna 3Ha YVITenHa cp?K YHoerb 11
He06VIKHOBeHa 6bp3HHa Bb pa6orara, KOHTO e?K AO
KapanVI ron-5MO noecpTVIH51BaHe Ha M03aVIYHOTO 1-13-
KyeTBO, Ha KOeTO ee VI Abn>KH HerOBOTO WeipOKO pa3-
npoerpaHeHJ.1e.
LI,-BnVI51Tb T03VI npou,eeb Mo<e Aa ee npo-
en-BAVI VI Bb HaWVITt : M03aVIKVI. BVIA-BxMe, ye r-E
AaTVIpaTb OTb pa3HVI Bp-5MeHa, eb KOeTO Ce 0651eH51Ba
VI pa3nVIKara Bb r-BxHOTO Vl3nbnHeHVIe. Bb
Yaerb (AonH51Ta nonOBVIHa Ha ra6n. XIX) KaMbYerara e?K
HaH-ManKVI, us-Broser-5 - 6naroAapeHHe Ha npHM-Bee-
HVIT-5 eTbKneHVI Ky6YeTa - HaH-pa3H006pa3HVI, OpHa-
MeHTHKaTa He e VI3KntOYVITenHo reoMerpVIYeeKa. BeYe
Bb nO-KbeHaTa LJaeTb Ha e?KW,aTa M03aVIKa (ropH51Ta
06p. 40. Mo3a HKa orb CanapescKa 6aHS! .
nonOBVIHa Ha XIX) KaMbYerara erasarb ManKo no-ron-BMVI, u,s-Eroeer-5 no-npoerVI, a paeTVI-
renHHT-5 opHaMeHTVI ee H3M-5CT51Tb noseye OTb reoMerpVIYeeKVI Ow,e no-ron-BMa CTasa ra3VI
pa3nHKa Bb cpasHeHVIe eb rOpH51Ta M03aVIKa. J-1Jo6w,o MO>KeMb Aa Ka>KeMb, Ye BeVILJI<VI T'E3VI oeo6-
HOe1VI VI HeAOeTaTbl.l,l1, KOVITO V13TbKHaXMe npVI OnVIeaHVIeTO Ha HaWHT'E M03aHKVI, He eb"CTaB51Tb T-5XHa
eneu,VIcpHYHa oeo6HoeTb, K051TO Aa ee 0651eH51Ba Hanp. eb ena60TO pa33VITI-1e Ha M-5eTHOTO VI3KyeTBO, HO
e?K Bbo6w,e xapaKrepHH 3a enoxara.
1) rn. OTnH'lHala MOHOrpaHS! Ha P. G au c k I e r y
Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites Ill
2088-2126 nonb nyMara musivum opus 11 orntnHo, ntro
e u11r11paHa 11 nocTJpara n11reparypa. Cneu11anHo 3a
era poxp11cr11S!HC1< ara cp. Kraus, Geschichte der
christlichen Kunst I 399-404; Leclercq, Manuel d'ar-
cheologie chretienne II 193 en . 11 Clii.WHS! asropb y Cab-
ro I, Dictionnaire d' archeologie chretienne I 715-723.
2
) np11Mtp11rt 3a rosa Hi>WO C/il. MHOro6pOHHH.
Ha no-rnaBH11rE apHKaHCKI1 UbpKB11 Cb raKa!la
M03ai1Ka nasa HanocntnbKb Leclercq y Cabral, Dic-
tionnaire d'archeologie chretienne I 722. Orb C11p11S1 we
cnoMeHeMb 6a311ni1Kara Bb (Y c n e H c K i H,
vf3stcriSI pyccK. apxeon. HHCrHryra lib KOHCraHrHHOnoni;
VII, 1902, 187 en.) 11 npyrH 6 UbpKBH npH Mane6a Bb
nanecrHHa (na s noscKi H 11 Knyre, naKb raMb VIII,
1903, 87 en.), 'lHHrO M03il11'lHI1 nonose noKa3Balb H Bb
opHaMeHrHKara roni>Mo cxoncrso Cb HawHrl;. 3a npH
Mi>p11 Orb 6anKaHCKHS! nonyocrpOBb H cneu11anHO Orb
rn. no-non-E crp. 60.
60 no-crapH crpanH Ha Mi:;croro Ha Cs. Cocjm11
Mo3aY!lJHYI no)J,ose crK HaMY!paHY! 11 Apyrb nrKTb y HaCb, Hanp. Bb Crapa-3aropa, KIOcTeH)J,Yinb,
np11 c. B11Haposo Bb 4HpnaHCKO 11 Bb CaMara Cocjm51.
1
) Hanocni>AbKb e 611nb oTKpY!Tb M03aYilJeHb
nO)J,b 11 np11 c. CanapescKa 6aH51, ,lJ,ynHYIWKO,
2
) noKa3sa raKOBa roni>Mo CXOACTBO Cb ropH51Ta
M03aY!Ka OTb Cs. Cocjm51, w,oro rpi>6sa )J,a ce np11eMe, lJe 11 )J,Bara no)J,a crK npaseHY! orb CrKUJ,Y!Ti>
MaHCTOpY! (rn. o6p. 40). n p11 BCY!lJKYI Ti>3YI M03aY!KYI He MO<e )J,a ce Ka<e, Kb:vtb KaKBYI crpa)J,YI C?
npY!Ha)J,ne<anYI, TbH Karo rt ow,e He CrK )J,OCTaTblJHO Y!3cn-tnsaHYI. EAYIHCTBeHara YI3Bi>crHa AO cera
y HaCb UbpKBa Cb M03aY!lJeHb nO)J,b, Ha KOHTO e 3ana3eHb OTlJaCTYI 11 naTY!HCKYI Ha)J,nY!Cb, e Ta3YI,
K051TO 6-t OTKPY!Ta Hanocni>)J,bKb npY! nn-tseHb.
8
) 3a <anOCTb 11 T51 ow,e He e o6HapO)J,BaHa KaKTO rp-t6sa.
11 Bb CbC BAHYIT-t HaMb crpaHY! CrK HaMi>peHYI Hi>KOYI U,bpKBYI Cb M03aY!lJHYI no)J,ose,
OTAi>To ce BYI<Aa, lJe nO)J,06HY! ubpKBYI ctK 611n11 e)J,HO spi>Me nocra pa3npocrpaHeHY! 11 Ha 6an-
KaHCKYI51 nonyocrposb. Ha nbpso Mi>cro rp-t6sa )J,a cnoMeHeMb oTKpY!rara npi>3b 1906 ro)J,. 6a3Y!nY!Ka
Bb nona Ha ,lJ,anMaTY!HCK151 6pi>rb, K051TO Ci'i'-.UJ,O e 611na LJ,YIM;TepY!anHa LJ,b?i<Ba 11 lJYIHTO nO)J,b no-
Ka3Ba Bb sc-tKo e)J,HO OTHOWeHY!e roni>Mo CXOACTBO Cb ropH51Ta M03aY!Ka OTb Cs. Cocjm51. Hi>KOYI
opHaMeHTYI, Karo 'nnereHY!uara, lJeTY!pY!crpaHHYITi> 3Bi>3AYI Cb KBaAparY! noMe<AY 11Mb 11 AP c;r:..
e)J,HaKBYI 11 Bb ABi>r-t M03aYIKYI. ,lJ,pyrH crapoxp11CTYI51HCKYI ubpKBYI Cb no)J,06HY! c;r:.. OTKPYITYI naKb
Bb nona
5
) 11, n6 Ha c-tsepb Bb IO<Ha f\scrp151, Bb Celeja G) 11 Teurnia. 'J ,1J,o6bpb cpaBHY!TeneHb Ma-
repY!anb HYI )J,aBaTb 11 MHoro6poHHYITi> M03aY!lJHYI nO)J,OBe OTb pY!MCKYI crpaAYI Bb 6ocHa 11 XepuerOBY!Ha.
8
)
3acny<asa HaH-nocn-t )J,a ce or6sni><YI, lJe M03aY!KY!Ti> OTb Cs. Cocjm51 He CbiJ.bp<aTb HYITO HaA-
nHCH, HYITO Hi>KaKBYI CTapoxp11CH151HCKI1 eM6neMYI, KOIHO )J,a yKa3BaTb Ha Ti>XHOTO CaKpanHO npi>)J,Ha3HalJe-
HY!e. Ti>311 Hi>w,a snpolJeMb He c;r:.. Heo6xo)J,I1MYI 11 ri>xHara n11nca He Hl1 )J,asa npaso )J,a ce CbMH51BaMe,
lJe M03al1lJHI1rl nO)J,OBe CJi'.. 611n11 npaBeHY! cneLJ,YianHO 3a KOHCTaTHpaHYITi> OTb HaCb U,bpKBI1. 0THO-
CY!TenHO HaAnHCHTi> HMa )J,a 3a6-tni><I1Mb, lJe r-t nHnc&aTb Hanp. 11 Bb cnoMeHarara ManKo no-rapt,
LJ,11MI1Tep11anHa 6a3Y!ni1Ka Bb nona. (;r:..w,o TaKa He MO<e )J,a HYI OlJY)J,Ba nHnCaTa Ha 06YIKHOBeHI1Ti>
CTapoxp11CTI151HCKI1 eM6neMI1, KaTO XpY13MaTa Bb pa3HI1rl J.1 cpopM11 11 KpbCTbTb, TbH KaTO lJpi>3b Ti>XHOTO
nOCTaB51He Bbpxy nO)J,a, no KOHTO BCi>KI1 e MI1Hasanb, Ti> 611xa Ce npocpaHysanH. VI3Bi>CTHO CKp11TO
CI1MBOnl1lJeCKO 3HalJeHI1e UJ,e rpi:,6sa MO<e 611 BCe naKb )J,a np11ni1WeMb Ha Hi>KOI1 OTb OpHaMeHTI1Ti>,
Hanp. Ha sa311Ti>. Ha11CTI1Ha, ri>311 noCJli>AHHTi> ce ynorpi>651BaTb MHoro lJecro Bb KbCHOpHMCKOTO
113KYCTBO KaTO CbBciMb 0611KHOBeHI1 OpHaMeHTI1 6e3b HY!KaKBO 3HalJeHHe. 06alJe nbpB11Ti> Xp11CTI151HI1
CKOpO 11Mb CJi'.. np11)J,an11 CI1MBOnl1lJeCKO 3HalJeHI1e KaTO OnHLJ,eTBOpeHY!e Ha Bi>psaUJ,151. D) (Ji'..UJ,OTO Hi>UJ,O
MO<e )J,a ce Ka<e 11 3a nr11u11rl (rbni'i'-.611), KOHTO Hrpa51Tb MHoro roni>Ma pon51 Bb crapoxp11CTI151H-
cKaTa CI1MBOni1Ka KaTO OnYILJ,eTBOpeHHe Ha lJOBi>WKaTa )J,ywa.
10
)
(b no-roni>Ma CY!rypHOCTb MO<eMb )J,a npHeMeMb CYIMBOnHlJeCKO 3HalJetme np11 Yl306pa<eHY!51Ta
Bb anrapHara M03ai1Ka Ha HaH-crapara ubpKBHua (ra6n. XVIII 1 ). ,lJ,bpserara 11 pacreHH51Ta, sa3Y!Ti>
Cb LJ,Bi>T51Ta, HaKau,anHrl nO T"EXb nTYILJ,YI - BCI1lJKO TOBa OnY!LJ,eTBOp51Ba Cnope)J,b CTapoXp11CTYI51HCKaTa
CYIMBOnHKa pa51 Cb AYWHrl Ha npase)J,HHTi>. TbKMO e)J,HO raKosa Y!3o6pa<eHY!e e 611no Ha Mi>croro
CYI Bb anCYI)J,aTa Ha U,bpKsara, Ai>To c;r:.. ce 113BbpwsanH 6orocny<e6HYITi> TaY!HCTBa.
1) 3a nbpsHrt nsi:; rn. Cbo6weHH5! Bb 1--bsi:;cr.
Ha 6bnr. apxeon. npym. II, 1911, 264. 3a npyrHri:; nsi:;
HBMa o6HaponsaHa no cera HHKaKsa 61;nl;mKa.
r. 1-1. KauapOBb, naKb TaMb 11,1911,189.
3
) K. Bbnesb, naKbTaMb I, 1910, 209.Cp. H Jahrb.
des deutschen archaeol. lnstit. XXV, 1910, f\n*iger 393 cnc----
4) f\. G n irs, Bb Jahrbuch der K. K. Zentrai-Kommis-
sion, Neue Folge IV, 1906, 247-256.
5
) Mitteil. der K. K. Zentrai-Komm. XXVIII, 1902, 57-62.
1
;) naKb raMb XXIV, 1898,219-225 Cb nerb ra6nHUH.
') Jahreshefte des Oesterreich. archaeol. Instit. XIll,
1910, Beibl. 162 en.
B) Glasnik zemaijskog muzeja u Bosni i Hercegovini
V, 1893, 511 en.; VI, 1894, 1 en. Cb ra6n. IV; VII, 1895,
161 en. H 371 en.
g) Cp. F. X. Kraus, Reai-Encykiopadie der christii-
chen f\IterthGmer I 578; L e c I e r c q y Cab r o I, Diction-
naire d'archeologie chretienne I 7I9.
10) Kraus, Gecch. der christi. Kunst I 99; L. von
S y be I, Christiiche f\ntike I, 1906, crp. 172 en.
06p. 41 - rpo6HI1U>1 Bb ane>J:rara Ha Cs. Co1151.
In f\ Bf\ IV
HeKpononbTb Ha UbpKsara
Bb 6m-13Kara OKOnHOCTb Ha Cs. Co<jJI-151, Koraro 1-1 Aa ce e Kona51no, BY!Harl-1 CJK HaMI-1-
paHI-1 MHoro6poHHI-1 rpaAeHI-1 rpo6HI-1UI-1, KaMeHHI-1 capKo<jJa31-1 1-1 o61-1KHOBeHI-1 rpo6ose. Tosa Hi;w,o
CBYIAt,TenCTByBa 3a eAYIHb TBbpAt, o6w1-1peHb HeKpOnOnb OKOnO L.I,bpKBaTa, 41-11-1TO rpaHYIL.J,I-1, CnOpeAb
AOCeraWHYITt, HaXOAKI-1, C.:K np1-16ni-131-1TenHO cni;AHYITt,: Ha ci;sepb AO 6yneBapAb ,Il,OHAYKOBb,
1
) Ha
I-13TOKb AO 6ynesapAb <:PepAY!HaHAb,
2
) Ha IDrb AO 6ynesapAb Uapb Ocso60AI-1Tenb
13
) 1-1 Ha 3anaAb
si;po51THO YaKb AO yn1-1ua EeHKOBCI<I-1.
4
) CnopeAb rosa l-13nl-13a, Ye HeKpononbTb e 3aeManb eAHO
npoCTpaHCTBO OTb OKOnO 500 MeTp:l Bb KBaApaTb. 8bpxy L.J,i;nOTO TOBa npOCTpaHCTBO He CJK HaMi;peHI-1
1
) En11Hb Manbl<b n-Bre1<11 eap1<oaro e 6>1nb HaMt
peHb Ha yn11ua Bpa6Ya, 120 M, Ha e-Bsepb OTb Cs. Co<j:>H51,
1<0raro e;y; ee KOn<J51nl1 oeHOB>JTt 3a era para Ki'I'\Wa Ha n-pb
K. Crol1nOBb. rn. 6p. w I{ 0 p n 11 n 0 B 11, C6opH. 3CI Hap.
yMOTB. II, 189J, 53. EnHa rpaneHa rpo6H>Jua 6-5 HaMtpeHa
Ha 2 IQHI1 1911 ron. Ha eaMH51 6ynesapnb !lOHllYI<OBb,
6nl130 no npteJ.-t'laHeTO My eb ynHUa nap11>1<b. rn. J.--bst-
eTJ.-151 Ha 6bnr. apxeon. II, 1911, 268 en. 6nH30
.UO TOBa MteTO, Ha i'l'\rbna Ha yn. napH>!<b H Bpa6Ya,
61; OTI<pHTb, Bee no TOBa Bp-5Me, H enHHb l<beeHb Han
rpo6eHb l<aMbl<b eb rpbUI<H HannHeb (naKb raMb erp. 269).
0 Ht1<on1<o rpo6HHUH e;y; 6HnH HaM-BpeHH npH no
naraHe OeHOBHT-5 He eaMO Ha UbpKBaTa f\nel<eaHnbpb
Hese1<11, HO raKa e;y;wo 11 Ha 3.UaHHero 3a
HHnyerpHanHoro YYHnHwe, 1<oero rpaHHYI1 eb 6ynesapnb
ct>epnHHaH.Ub 3a rpo6HHUHTt OTI<pHTH Bb Ubpi<BaTa F\n.
Hesci<H rn. no-nont. 3a .upyr11rt H-BMa 3ana3eHI1 HHI<aKB11
6-l;n-5>1<1<11. En11Hb Hanrpo6eHb KaMbl<b OTb YeTBbpTH51
B-5l<b e 6Hnb OTKp11Tb ei'I'\WO Bb OeHOBI1r-5 Ha XY.UO>J<e-
CTBeHOI1HnyerpHanHOTO YYHnHwe: J..13s-5eTI151 Ha 6bnr.
apxeon . Ill, 1912, 14 en. n. 10.
'
1
) MHoro6poi1HH rpo6HHI.lH e;y; oTKp11TH np-53b 1888
ron. Bb Henoep-BnerseHara OI<OnHoerb Ha HaponHoro eb-
6pa1me, Ha e-Bsepb 11 Ha 3ananb OTb Hero: rn. 6p. W 1<o p-
nl1nOBH, C6opH. 3a Hap. yMors. II, 1890, 46 en.
1lo6pye1<11 (C6opH. 3a Hap. yMOTB. XIII, 1896, 435)
6tnt>J<H, ye npt3b 1894 ron. 611nH orKpHT11 .rpo6ose eb
MbpTbBUI1, 3axnyneHI1 eb rontMH 1<epaMHnl1", 1<oraro ee
1<0naen11 OCHOBHT-5 3a npHeTpOHI<aTa l<bMb I<H51>J<eel<l151 nBO-
peUb, I<051TO eeHaM11pa orraTbl<b yn. 6eHI<OBei<H.
62 HeKpononbTb Ha UbpKsara Cs. Co<jJHS!
AOCera cni>AVI OTb ApyrVI CTapV! nOCTp0111<VI, 0 :Bi>Hb rpo6HVIU,VI VI OCTaTbU,VI OTb ABi> CrpaAVI, I<OVITO
Vl3rneH<AaTh Aa CFK 611n11 u,bpi<BI-1.
1
) To3VI o6w11peHb HeKpononb ce e Cb3Aanb c11rypHo Bb npOAbn-
H<eHV!e Ha Hi>I<Oni<O CTOni>n151 VI TO TaKa, Ye npi>3b pa3HVITI Bpi>MeHa CaMO OTAi>nHVI YaCTVI OTb Hero
CFK 611n11 Bb ynoTpi>6eHV!e. Cni>Ab KaTo VI3Bi>cTHa YaCTb e 611na BeYe Vl3nbnHeHa, OTV!Bano ce e no-
HaTaThKb, TbH Ye B'h eAHO VI CFKW,O Bpi>Me He CFK CTaBanV! norpe6eHVI51 no u,i>nOTO npOT51H<eHV!e Ha
He!<ponona. K.bMb TOBa 3al<niOYeHVIe HVI BOA51Th V13Bi>CTHVI pa3nVIYVI51, I<OVITO MOraTb Aa ce I<OHCTaTV!paTb
Bb pa3HVITi> MY YaCTVI.
HeKpononbTb oi<ono (B. Cocp1151 e pa3KonaBaHb Bb no-HOBO Bpi>Me np11 pa3HVI cnyYaVI
Ha Hi>I<Oni<O nrKTVI. npi:>3b 1888 rOA., I<OraTO ce e CHVIWaBano HVIBOTO OI<OnO HapOAHOTO Cb6paHVIe,
Ha IOrO-VI3TOI<b OTb (B. Cocp!-151, 611n11 CFK OTI<PVITVI OI<ono 40 rpo6HVIU,VI, 3a I<OVITO CFK o6HapOABaHVI
KpaTKVI, 3a H<anocTb TBbpAi> He3aAOBOnVITenHVI CBi>Ai>HI-151. Bb Ti>Xb npi>AMeTVI CFK 611n11
np116paH11 ow,e Ha Bpi>MeTO CVI Bb HapOAHaTa 6VI6nVIOTeKa, OTAi>To nocni> CFK MV1Han11 Bb HapoA-
HI-151 My3eH. noBeYeTO OTb Ti>3VI npi>AMeTVI (V!HB. 6 69-84 VI 87) CFK pa3HVI BVIAOBe CTbl<neHVIU,VI (o6p.
42-46), V13Bi>CTHVI 06VII<HOBeHO nOAb V!MeTO 6ancaMapV!V1, Kai<BVITO YeCTO ce cpi>w,aTb MeH<AY l<bCHO-
a 6 8
06p. 42. - CrbKJJeHHUH OTb HeKponona Ha Cs. CocpHS! (oKono
1
/:1 eCTeClB. ronBMHHa).
pV!MCI<VITi> 11 CTapoxpVICTVI51HCI<VI HaXOAI<VI. Oco6Ho BH(1MaHVIe 3acnyH<aBa, nopaAVI He06VIKHOBeHaTa CVI
cpOpMa, CTbl<neHVIU,aTa o6p. 45, npVInVIYHa Bb riOnOH<eHV!eTO, Bb I<OeTO e cpOTOrpacpV!paHa, TBbpAi>
MHOrO Ha ne6eAb. T51 e BVICOI<a 15'2 VI Abnra 25 CM . .0,BaTa 11 1<pa51, I<OVITO 6e3b CbMHi>HVIe CFK 611n11
OTBOpeHVI, CFK OT'-IyneHVI. HaAe6eneHaTa YaCTb OTb AOnH51 CTpaHa e CVInHO BAaAeHa HaBFKTpi> VI e
3a06neHa, TbH Ye CTbl<neHVIU,aTa He MOH<e Aa CTOVI CB060AHO Ha He51. T51 e cnyH<V!na KaTO peTOpTa
3d BCMYI<BaHe Ha TeLJHOCTb, 1<051TO ce e Cb6V!pana Bb HaAe6eneHaTa 11 LJaCTb, Cb I<OeTO ce 0651CH51Ba
VI 06CTOS!TenCTBOTO, 3aW,O He e HarOAeHa Aa CTOVI npaBa. noA06HVI CTbl<neHVIU,VI CFK 113Bi>CTHVI VI OTb
ApyrVI Mi>CTa. Ti> CFK cnyH<WlVI 611no 3a onVITBaHe Ha BVIHO, 611no KaTo ToaneTHVI npV!HaAneH<HOCTVI 3a
napcp!OMVI.
3
) Bb non3a Ha BTopoTO npi>AnonoH<eHV!e roBOpVI HaMV!paHeTo 11Mb Bb rpo6HVIU,VI.
1
) fJJ, 6p. ill I< 0 p n H II 0 B H, C:6opH. 3a Hap. YMOTB.
II, 1890, 46 CJI. H npHIIO<eHHS! KbMb CTaTHS!Ta HMb nJJaHb
Ha ra6n. I. 3a manoCTb Ta3H craTHS! e TBbpui:; Heyuosne-
TBOpHrenHa (rJJ KpHTHYeCKHlB 6l;ni:;<KH Ha fl. n pOTH Yb,
Cs. CocpHS!, crp. 31- 34). LlanH crpaaHn, YHHTO ocHOBH
6p. illKopnHJJOBH Ci'i'i HaHeCJJH Ha nnaHa, Ci'i'i 6HJIH HaH-
CTHHa UbpKBH, e TBbpllB CbMHHTeJJHO. npH CHHWaBaHeTO
Ha HHBOTO Memuy UbpKsara FlneKCaHabpb HeBCKH H Ha-
pOllHOTO Cb6p3HHe, KOeTO ce H3BbpWH npt3b npOIIBTbTa
1912 rOll., ri:;3H OCHOBH 6l;xa HaHOBO pa3KpHTH, 6e3b
aa ce HaMBpS!Tb o6aYe .anCHllHTB", 3a KOHTO rOBOpS!Tb
6p. illKopnHJJOBH
2) 6p. illKopnHJJOBH, C6opH. Ja Hap. yMOTB; II,
1890, 46-60 Cb 5 Ta6JJ. fn. no-ropHS!Ta 3a6l;nl;mKa.
:1) Cp. Fl. K is a, Das Glas im Flltertume, Leipzig
1908, crp 352 H o6p. 334 Ha crp. 829.
CTapoxpHCH!SIHCKH CTbKilel!HUH 63
Orb Apyr1-1rl> C.:K)J,OBe 3acnymaea BHvtMaHJ.1e CTbt<JleHvtu,ara o6p. 46 (ropHvt51Tb et<3eMn1151pb),
HanpaeeHa Bb evtnb 11.:1 Ha)J,e6eneHa no cptAaTa enpyeen<a, )J,bJlra 45 CM. CTbKJleHJ.1u,ara e J.1Mana
caMo envtHb OTBOpb 1-1 e Morna )J,a CTOH caMo Bb nemaw,e nonomeHvte. Ta3J.1 cpopMa, K051TO ce cptw,a
vt Apyra)J,li ,
1
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a 6 0 2
0 6p. 43. - CTbKJleHHUH OTb HeKpo no.1a 11a Ce. Co1m" (o Kono
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rpo6Hvtu,a np1-1 CnoKOW.YIU.:J, K.IOcTeH)J,Y!JlCKO. OcraHaJlHTli CTbKJleHI-iU.H, KOYITO ce omvt4aBaTb no
rontMoro pa3Hoo6pa3J.1e Ha opMaTa c1-1 (caMo OTb r1-1na o6p. 44 a Cli'- HaMtpeHI-1 ABa e)J,HaKBH eK-
3eMnn51pa), ce cptw,aTb no-4ecro.
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