BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

PlantCell
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AnimalCell

BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

CellComponents
1. TheNucleusCellPrimeMinisterandInfoStorage a. Large,dense,sphericalorganelle b. Enclosedbydoublemembrane(nuclearmembrane) c. Hasnucleoplasm,darksphere(nucleolus) d. Chromatin(uncondensedchromosome)innucleoplasm e. Chromosomescarrygeneticinformationthatdeterminecellcharacteristic+function f. Controlsallcellactivities 2. RoughEndoplasmicReticulumHighway+RibosomesFactoryWorkers a. RERNetworkoffoldedmembraneforminginterconnectedsacs b. Physicallycontinuouswithnuclearmembrane c. Hasribosomesattachedtosurface d. TransportsMadeinRibosomeProteinsandenclosestheminvesicleswhenexiting e. RibosomeCompactsphericalorganellesattachedtoRERorfreeincytoplasm f. Consistsof2subunits(small+large)madeofRNA+Protein g. Synthesisesproteinsbasedonchromosomeinfo SynthesisMaking 3. NuclearMembraneCheckpoint Vesiclescontainers a. Madeofproteins+phospholipids b. Boundaryseparatescellfromenvironment c. Semipermeable,selectivebarrier d. Regulatessubstancemovementinandoutofcytoplasm 4. MitoChondriaPowerPlant a. Sphericalorcylindricalorganelles b. Involvedincellularrespiration c. Releasesenergywhenfood(egglucose)isbrokendownwithmitochondrionenzymes d. EnergystoredinATP(adenosinetriphosphatetrysayingthat10times) 5. GolgiApparatusFactory a. Stackofflattenedmembranoussacs b. Processes,packagesandtransportscarbohydrates,proteins,phospholipidsandglycoproteins c. VesiclesfusewithGA,stuffgoesintoGA,modified,sorted,packagedintovesicles d. Vesiclesbudoffandtraveltootherorganellesorplasmamembrane 6. SmoothEndoplasmicReticulumFatandPoisonCenter a. Continuouswithnuclearmembrane b. Detoxifiestoxinsandproduceslipidssuchassteroids
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BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

7. CentriolesNorthandSouth(AnimalOnly) a. Smallcylindricalstructuresoutsidenucleus,composedofmicrotubules b. FormspindlefibresinanimalcelldivisionONLY 8. LysosomesStuffSmasher a. Membraneboundsacswithhydrolyticenzymes b. Enzymesbreakdowncomplexorganicmolecules c. Eliminateoldorganellesforcellrenewal d. Certainlysosomesbreakdownfoodinvacuolesanddigestbacteria(breakdowncellwall) 9. ChloroplastsSolarPanels(PlantOnly) a. Lensshaped,containmembranousstructureswithgreenpigmentchlorophyll b. Chlorophylltrapssunlightandturnslightenergytochemicalenergyinphotosynthesis 10. VacuolesTheRefrigerator(MajorinPlants/MinorinAnimals) a. Fluidfilledsacsurroundedbytonoplast(semipermeablemembrane) b. Fluidinvacuoleiscellsap(water+dissolvedsubstances) c. Typicalplantcellhas1largevacuole,youngplantcellhasmanysmallvacuoles d. Freshwatermicroorganismshavecontractilevacuoles+foodvacuoles(Parameciumsp.) e. Contractilevacuolesregulatewaterbalance 11. CellWallsBigFrigginWalls(PlantOnly) a. Rigidouterlayer,surroundsplantcellplasmamembranes b. Composedofcellulose,toughandfibrouscarbohydrate c. Permeabletoallfluids,hastinypores d. Givesshapeandmechanicalsupportforcell e. Protectscellfromexplodingfortoomuchwater

Now rest your brain for a while after reading all this OK~ More to read after the break from This Guy

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BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Unicellular

Amoebasp.(species)
Amoebaliveinfreshwater Constantlychangingshapeinresponsetostimuli Adversestimulilikeacidicwaterandbrightlightcausesittorunaway Movesbyextendingpseudopodia(falsefeet),stickingittothegroundandflowingcytoplasminto thefoot Cytoplasmis2layers,inner(endoplasm)andouter(ectoplasm) Pseudopodiaalsousedforeating,surroundingfood (phagocytosis),packagingitinafoodvacuoleanddigestsit Osmoregulation withlysozyme(lysosomeenzyme) Regulatewater Exchangeofsubstancesthroughplasmamembranebydiffusion Watergoesintothecellbyosmosisandfillsthecontractile vacuole,whenfull,blowsoutthewaterfromtimetotime(osmoregulation) Amoebasp.reproducesbybinaryfission,butproducesspores whencannotdobinaryfission

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BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Multicellular
Cellsgrow,changeshapeanddifferentiateinmulticellularorganisms. Maturecellscarryoutdifferentfunctions,likedifferentmedicalspecialistsareexpertsintheirfield, likeacardiologistintheheart,theneurologistinthebrain,etc. Theyundergospecializationtocarryouttheirfunctionsmoreefficiently. Organisationisinthisform:

Cellsthatcarryoutafunctionaregroupedintotissues. Differenttissuesthatcarryoutafunctionaregroupedintoanorgan. Severalorgansthatcontributetoonesectionofanorganismsfunctions(circulatory,muscular)are groupedintoasystem. Severalsystemsmakeupanorganism.

Animals
Thereare4maintypesoftissueinananimal: Epithelialtissue(LiningandProtection) o Consistsof1ormorelayersofcells o Epitheliumcellsaretightlyinterconnected,formcontinuouslayeroverbodysurfaces(skin+ mouth)andinnercavitylinings(digestivetractsandlungs) o Somehaveglands(exocrineandendocrine) o Skinepitheliumformsabarrieragainstinfections,mechanicalinjuryanddehydration o Intestineepitheliumhasgobletcellswhichsecretemucusintothedigestivetract o Tracheaepitheliumhassmall,hairlikeprojectionscalledcilia

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BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Muscletissue(Movement) o Composedofmusclefibres o 3typesofmuscletissue: Smoothmuscle(intestine,bloodvessels,urinaryandreproductivetract) Involuntarymovements Contractslowly,foralongtime Skeletalmuscle(armsandlegs)OnDemand Voluntarymovements Contract,relaxtomovebones Cardiacmuscle(heartwalls)Work,Work,Work,24/7,365daysayear Bloodpumpingtobodyparts,involuntary Nervetissue(InformationTransfer) o Composedofneuronesornervecells o Neuronehasacellbodyandnervefibres(dendritesandaxons) o Neuroensdetectstimuliandtransmitelectricalsignals(impulses)tomuscles/glands o Directsandcoordinatesbodyactivities Connectivetissue(MultipleUses) o Consistsofvariouscellsandfibresseparatedbyextracellularmatrix o Typesofconnectivetissue: Looseconnectivetissue Mostwidespread Bindsepitheliatounderlyingtissuesandholdsorgans Densefibrousconnectivetissue Alotofcloselypackedcollagenousfibres Foundintendons(muscleboneconnection)andligaments(bonebone connection/joints) Cartilage Strongandflexible Supporttonose,earsandcoversboneendsatjoints Cartilagediscsbetweenvertebraeabsorbpressure Bone Cellsembeddedincollagenmatrix,hardenedbycalcium Harderthancartilage,protectsorgans,supportsbody

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BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Bloodcells Producedinbonemarrow(endsoflongbones) Regulating,transportingandprotectivefunctions Adiposetissue Tightlypackedcells,storingfat Foundinskindermisandaroundmajororgans Energyreserve,insulationandprotection Eachcellhasanoildroplet,energyusedup,thedropletshrinks Tissuesworktogethertoperformaspecificfunction.Thesearecalledorgans.Examplesarelungs,heart, kidneys,brainetc.Example:Theskin: Consistsofvarioustissuesjoinedtogether 2mainlayers,theepidermisandthedermis Epidermisismadeofepithelialtissue,whichconstantlydivides Dermisismadeofconnective,nerve,epithelialandmuscletissue Bloodissuppliedthroughbloodcapillarynetwork Nerveendingsarescatteredthroughouttheskin,transmitimpulsestonervoussystem Epithelialcellsproducehairfollicles,sweatglandsandoilglands

Plants
Twomaintypesoftissueinplants:

Meristematictissue o Consistsofsmallcellswiththinwalls,largenuclei,densecytoplasmandnovacuoles o Young,activelydividingcells,undifferentiated,locatedatroottipsandshootbuds Permanenttissue o Differentiated/partlydifferentiatedmaturetissues o Threeetypesofpermanenttissue: Epidermaltissue Outermostlayer,coveringstems,leavesandrootsofyoungplants Flat,withlargevacuoles Wallsthatareexposedtoaircoveredwithwaxywaterproofcuticle Cuticlereduceswaterloss,mechanicalinjuryandinfection Rootcellshaveroothairstoincreasewaterabsorption Guardcells,containingchloroplasts,openandclosestomata

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BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Groundtissue Consistsofparenchyma,collenchymaandsclerenchymatissue Formthebulkofaplant o Parenchyma Leastspecializedcells Thinprimarywalls,largevacuoles Storesugarandstarch Turgid,givessupportandshapetoherbaceousplants o Collenchyma Unevencellwalls Supportsherbaceousplants,youngstemsandpetioles(leaf branches) o Sclerenchyma UniformcellwallswithThickeningLignin,maybedead Support+mechanicalstrengthtomatureplaces Vasculartissue Continuousthroughouttheplant Consistsof: o Xylem Consistsofxylemvesselsjoinedendtoendfromroottoleaf Nocytoplasm,easywater,mineraltransport CellwallswithThickeningLigninforsupportnstrength o Phloem Sievetubesendtoend,formingtubelikestructures Transportsorganiccompounds(carbohydrates,aminoacids) Organsinplantsareleaf,stem,rootandflower.Systemsarerootandshootsystems. Rootsystemallplantroots.Shootsystemstem,leaf,bud,flowerandfruit.Stem,branchforsupport system.Leafforphotosynthesis.Flowersforpollination.
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BiologyForm4Chapter2CellStructureandOrganisation

Internalenvironmentconsistsofbloodplasma,interstitialfluidandlymph. Interstitialfluidfillsspacesbetweencellsandbathesthecells.Itexchangessubstanceswiththeblood plasmaandthelymph. Physicalfactorsandchemicalfactorsofinternalenvironmentmustbemaintained. Physicalfactorsincludetemperature,bloodpressureandosmoticpressure. ChemicalfactorsincludepH,saltandsugarcontent. Homeostasisismaintenanceofconstantinternalenvironmentforoptimalcellperformance.Any changeintheinternalenvironmentwillcausehomeostasistokickinandworktocancelthechange. Thisisgovernedbythenegativefeedbackmechanism. Bodytemp.isregulatedbyintegumentarysystem(skin+glands),nervous,circulatory,muscularand endocrinesystem.Skinreceptorsdetectrisesinbodytemp,nervecellstransmittheinfotothe hypothalamus,thebrainstempcontrol.Itactivatesbloodvesselsdilationtoallowmorebloodflowto skinforheatlossandsweatglandstoproducesweattoincreaseheatloss. Oxygenandcarbondioxidelevelsareregulatedbytherespiratory,circulatoryandnervoussystem. Circulatorysystemtransportsoxygentocellsandcarbondioxidetolungs.Levelchangesaredetected bynervoussystemlikeanincreaseinCO2anddecreaseinoxygen.Heartbeatandbreathingincreaseto getnormaloxygenandCO2levels. Bloodglucoselevelisregulatedbyendocrine,circulatoryanddigestivesystem.Pancreassecretes insulintochangeglucosetoglycogenwhenlevelsarehighandglucagontochangeglycogentoglucose whenlevelsarelow. Bloodosmoticpressureisregulatedbynervous,endocrine,excretoryandcirculatorysystems. Chemicalcontentsareregulatedbyexcretory,circulatory,nervousandendocrinesystems.Ureais transportedtothekidneysbybloodstreamtobeexcreted. pHisregulatedbyrespiratory,circulatoryandexcretorysystemsbycontrollingH+(hydrogenion),OH (hydroxylion)andHCO3(hydrogencarbonateion)levelsinbloodplasmaandinterstitialfluid. -Biology chapter 2 end-

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