Tmemygeusifhpofrs 0dyóemokdy: ZM Atmufawm&Q&Mawmf

tmemygeusifhpOfrS
0dyemokdY
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf
oA'geH "r'geH Zdemwd?

oA&oH "r&aom Zdemwd/
oA&w "r&wd Zdemwd?
wPSua,m oA'kuH Zdemwd/
'getm;vkH;udk "r'geu atmifEdkif\/
t&omtm;vkH;udk w&m;t&omu atmifEdkif\/
arGUavsmfzG,ftm;vkH;udk w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
'kutm;vkH;udk wPSmukefjcif;u atmifEdkif\/
pd&H wd|wk o'arm? "ar a[mE K o*g&0g/

bk&m;&Sif\ tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf
t"GefY&SnfpGm wnfygapownf;/
o'roHk;jzm kdaoav;pm;jcif; &SdMuygapukefownf;/
orm"d H bdua0 bma0x?

orm[dawm bdua0 bduK ,xmblwH yZmemwd/
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...
orm"d H = orm"dukd/ bma0x = yGm;rsm;Muygukefavmh/
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wkdY ...
orm[dawm = orm"d&Sdonfh yk*dKvfonf/
,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kwfwkdif;rSefpGm/
yZmemwd = uGJuGJjym;jym;od\/
(oH?2?12/ oH?3?363/)
tmemygeusifhpOfrS 0dyemokdY
taMumif;t&m
pmrsufESm
rmwdum
trSm
awy&d0"ra'oem
orm"dukd xlaxmifyg
tmemygeusifhpOftusOf;
yxrpsmeform"d
b0ifpdwfqdkwmbmvJ
psmeft*Fgig;yg;
'kwd,psmeform"d
wwd,psmeform"d
pwkwpsmeform"d
"mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;
jcHKikH wpfukd,fvkH;ukdMunfhyg
tjzLjyif ESifh tMunfjyif
kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;
Oyg'gkyfrsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH
emrfw&m;rsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH
tZw ESifh A[d'
ork', 0, ork',0,
ememuPduurowd
taMumif;jycsuf
0,"rmEkyD
tEkyg'eda&m"
Oyg'eda&m" - tEkyg'eda&m"
u
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"r|dwdPf
taMumif;w&m;rsm;
udavo0#f - ur0#f - 0dygu0#f
opma'oemawmfenf;
ul#m*g&okwefw&m;awmf aumufEkwfcsuf
twdwf tem*wf ypKyefcEmawGudk odrf;qnf;jcif;
0dyemykid ;f
w&m;a'oemawmfed*Hk;
rSwfom;zG,f&m tu&mpOftTef;
55
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tmemygeusifhpOfrS 0dyemokdY
trSm
zm;atmufawm&q&mawmfonf --pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;w&m;awmf[k acgif;pOfwyfum
1354-ckrS 1355-ckoYdk ul;ajymif;onfh twmul;onfh oBueF &f ufrsm;ukd
A[kdxm; w&m; (8)n a[mcJh\/ rk'HkNrdKU rif;wef;&yfae a':jrpdef
rdom;pkwu
Ydk xkw
d &m;rsm;xJrS orxESi0hf yd emusiphf Of tusO;f csKyu
f dk
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&GufvkdMuojzifh ,if;w&m;rsm;xJrS
tmemygeusiphf OfEiS hf 0dyemykid ;f tusO;f csKyu
f dk pmtkyt
f jzpf ku
d Ef ydS f
Ekdif&ef pDpOfay;vkduf&ayonf/ orx 0dyemusifhpOfrsm;ukd us,f
us,fjyefYjyefY ravhvmEkdifolwkdYtwGuf tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;
orx0dyemusiphf OftaMumif;ukd tenf;i,f em;vnfoabmayguf
&eftwGuo
f m &nf&,
G x
f m;ojzifh usr;f i,f jynfph rkH I r&So
d nfuu
dk m;
cGifhvTwfEkdifMuvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ rlv a[mMum;xm;aom
w&m;awmfrsm;rS orxykid ;f -tmemygeusiphf Of tusO;f ESihf 0dyemykid ;f
wdu
Yk o
dk m tusO;f csKy
f xkwEf w
I af zmfjyxm;ojzifh rl&if;a[mpOf tjynfh
tpHk r[kwfonfukdum; BudKwif today;tyfygonf/
pdwf"mwf jzLpif oefY&Sif;a&;twGuf &nf&G,f bk&m;&Sifonf
cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmf *'KvA'okwefrsm;ukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
cJh\/ xkdokwefrsm;ukdyif rlwnf zm;atmufawm& q&mawmfonf
pdwf"mwfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;w&m;awmfukd a[mMum;awmfrlcJh\/ xkd
okwe f rsm;wGif 0dyemusiphf Ofyidk ;f 0,f awy&d0"ra'oemenf;jzifh
cEmig;yg;IuGufukd a[mMum;xm;awmfrl\/ xkdIuGufukd Iwwfa&;
twGuf tmemygeusifhpOfjzifh orm"dukd xlaxmifum IyHkpepfrsm;ukd
tusOf;csKyfum a[mMum;wifjyxm;ygonf/ olawmfaumif;taygif;
wkdYonf usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifMuygapaomf --pDpOfolrsm;
tmemygeusiphf OfrS 0dyemokYd
earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'

tcktcsdeftcg[m yef;csDum;wpfcsyfukd a&;qJGaewJh tcsdefjzpf
w,f/ uRr;f uRr;f usiu
f sief YJ 'Dyef;csu
D m;wpfcsyu
f dk a&;qJEG idk cf rhJ ,fq&kd if
bmjzpfrvJ tifrwef acsmarmvSyaewJh kyfykHoPmefuav;awG
wpfcsdefrSm ay:vmr,f? ruRrf;rusifbJeJY yef;csDum;wpfcsyfukd oGm;NyD;
awmh rku
d rf u
dk f uef;uef;eJY a&;qJrG cd rhJ ,fq&kd if tifrwef tusn;f wef
tkyfqkd;wJh yef;csDum;wpfcsyf ay:vmvdrfhr,f/
odkYaomf Pfynmrsufpd r&SdwJh tEAmv ykxkZef irkdufom;u
a&;qJGvkdufcJhvdkY&Sd&if uRrf;uRrf;usifusifESifhyJjzpfjzpf ruRrf;rusifESifhyJ
jzpfjzpf vdrv
f rd rf mrmESiyhf jJ zpfjzpf rku
d rf u
dk u
f ef;uef;ESiyhf jJ zpfjzpf ola&;
qJv
G jYkd zpfay:vmrJh yef;csu
D m;wpfcsyo
f nf acsmarmvSywJh yef;csu
D m;yJ
jzpfcsijf zpfygap tusn;f wef tkyq
f ;dk wJh yef;csu
D m;yJ jzpfcsijf zpfygap
oljzpfatmifvyk Ef idk w
f hJ 'Dyef;csu
D m;csyu
f dk y&rwopme,fbufu "mwf
cJGvkdufawmh bmawGom&SdovJ kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPf
qkdwJh cEmig;yg;yJ? oljzpfatmifvkyfEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;onf b,fvkd
oabmom&Srd vJ - cEmig;yg;yJ/ tJ'D cEmig;yg;udo
k m olu jzpfatmif
vkyEf idk w
f ,f? bmaMumifv
h J - 'Dyx
k Zk efirdu
k o
f m;&JU b0[m cEmig;yg;
qkdwJh csnfwkdifrSm wPSmwnf;[laom oHa,mZOfBudK;ESifh ckdifckdifcHcH
tcsnfaESmifcHae&wJh b0omjzpfw,f/ 'd|dqkdwJh awmufBuD;ukdvnf;
olY&JUvnfyif;rSm qJGxm;jyefao;w,f/ olY&JUb0[m cEmig;yg;qkdwJY
csnw
f idk ef m;rSm w0JvnfvnfEiS hf igyJ-igY[myJ-ig\twyq
J Ndk y;D uyfuyf
ae&wJY b0om jzpfw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qkdawmh ruao;bl;/ ol[m
kyfemrfawGukd y&rwfqdkufatmifvnf; xdk;xGif;rodao;zl;/ rodwJh
twGuf olUrSm y&rwPfynmrsupf u
d r&Sad vawmh olu jzpfatmif
vkyfEkdifvQif bmukdom jzpfatmifvkyfEkdifrvJ cEmig;yg;ukdom olu
jzpfatmifvkyfEkdifr,f/ cEmig;yg;jzpfa&;twGufom olu uHawGukd
xlaxmifEidk rf ,f/ tJ'cD Emig;yg;onf b,fvdk oabm&So

d vJ bk&m;&Sif
u 'Dtykid ;f usawmh 0dyemykid ;f vSno
hf mG ;Ny?D 'Dnvnf; 0dyemykid ;f
ukdyJ twkdcsKyfNyD; ajymzkdY &nf&G,fxm; ygw,f/
awy&d0"ra'oem
wH u rnx bdua0? lyH edpH 0g tedpH 0gwd/ tedpH baE/ ,H
yemedpH 'kuH 0g wH okcH 0gwd/ 'kuH baE/ ,H yemedpH 'kuH 0dy&dPmr"r?H
uvH Ek wH orEkydwHk ]]{wH rr? {aom[ro?d {aom ar twm}}wd/
aem a[wH baE/ (oH-2-124/)
bdua0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ wH = xkd igbk&m;ar;rnfh
ar;cGe;f uk/d wkarS = oifcspo
f m;wko
Yd nf oifcspo
f rD;wko
Yd nf/ u rnx
= tb,f o k d Y atmuf a rh rS w f x if ,l q Muuk e f o enf ; / l y H =
kyfw&m;onf/ edpH 0g = edpavavm/ tedpH 0g = tedpavavm/
wd = okdY ar;awmfrlonf&Sdaomf/ baE = t&Sifbk&m; .../
tedpH = tedpjzpfkd; trSefygbk&m;/ wd = okdY a&Tem;awmfMum;
atmif avQmufxm;MuavukefNyD/
cspo
f m; &[ef;wkYd ...uRr;f usiw
f hJ yef;csaD q;a&;orm;wpfO;D u
yJjzpfjzpf ruRrf;usif rvdrmwJh yef;csDaq;a&;orm;wpfOD;uyJjzpfjzpf
a&;qJv
G u
dk w
f hJ yef;csu
D m;csyu
f dk "mwfcMGJ unfv
h u
dk af wmh cEmig;yg;yJ? kyf
a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfac:wJh cEmig;yg;yJ? tJ'D cEmig;yg;
om&SdwJhtwGuf oifcspfom;wkdYukd igbk&m; ar;cGef;wpfckar;r,f? tJ'D
kyw
f &m;onf edpv
m; tedpv
m; 'Dvdk ar;awmfrv
l u
dk w
f ,f/ tJ'v
D dk
ar;awmh &[ef;awGu b,fvadk jzovJ tedpy gbk&m; - vkdY ajzw,f?
aemufwpfck --,H yemedpH 'kuH 0g wH okcH 0gwd/ 'kuH baE/
tJ'D tedprSefaewJh 'Dkyfw&m;onf 'kuvm; okcvm;vkdY 'Dvkd

ar;awmfrlvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dvkdar;awmh 'kuygvkdY ajzw,f/
,H yemedpH 'kuH 0dy&dPmr"rH? uvH Ek wH orEkydwkH ]]{wH
rr? {aom[rod? {aom ar twm}}wd/ aem a[wH baE/
(oH-2-124/)
,H = tMuifkyfw&m;onf/ tedpH = tedpw&m;omwnf;/

[bmjzpfvkdYvJ tedp jzpfNyD;ysufaevkdY ] 'kuH = 'kuw&m;omwnf;/
[bmjzpfvkdYvJ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; 'Pfcsufjzifh tjrJ nOf;yef;ESdyfpuf
cHae&wJhtwGuf 'kuyJ/]
,H = tMuifkyfw&m;onf/ tedpH = tedpw&m;omwnf;/ 'kuH
= 'kuw&m;omwnf;/ 0dy&dPmr"rH = azmufjyef ysufpD;wwfwJh
0dy&dPmr oabmw&m;omwnf;/
b,fvdk azmufjyefysupf ;D ovJ jzpfNy;D wJah emuf rysub
f eJ YJ tckid f
trm tESpfom&tm;jzifh wnfEkdifwJhpGrf;tm; r&Sdbl;? XDumvuaeNyD;
ysufrnfh bifumvbufokdY tjrJwrf; ,kdifvJaewJhoabmuav;yJ/
'gukd 0dy&dPmr"r azmufjyef ysupf ;D wwfwo
hJ abm Z&m-r&PwkjYd zifh
azmufjyefysufpD;w,fqkdNyD; bmomjyefxm;w,f/ 'gaMumifh ---,H = tMuifkyfw&m;onf/ tedpH = tedpw&m;omwnf;/ 'kuH
= 'kuw&m;omwnf;/ 0dy&dPmr"rH = azmufjyef ysufpD;wwfwJh
0dy&dPmroabmw&m;omwnf;/ wH = xkdtedp 'ku 0dy&dPmr"r
jzpfaewJh kyfw&m;ukd/ {wH = kyfw&m;onf/ rr = ig&JU
kyfw&m;wnf;/ {aom = kyfw&m;onf/ t[rod = igwnf;/
{aom = kyfw&m;onf/ ar = ig\/ twmwd = twwnf;[l/
orEkydwkH = pJGvrf;xifjrif Iqifjcifjcif;iSm/ uvH Ek = oifhwifh
avsmufywfygrnfavm
tJ'D yk w
f &m;[m tedpv
nf; rSew
f ,f? 'kuv
nf; rSew
f ,f? azmuf
jyefysufpD;wwfwJh 0dy&dPmr"rvnf; rSefaew,f? 'gaMumifh 'Dkyfw
&m;Bu;D ukd oifcspo
f m;wkw
Yd pfawG oifcspo
f rD;wkw
Yd pfawG[m 'Dyk w
f &m;
[m igh&JUkyfw&m;yJ 'Dkyfw&m;[m igyJ 'Dkyfw&m;[m igh&JUtwyJvkdY
'Dvkd pJGvrf;xifjrif IqifjcifzkdY oifhwifhygrvm;vkdY jrwfpGmbk&m;u
ar;w,f? tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm &[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; --- aem a[wH
baE = roifhygbl; jrwfpGmbk&m; ...vkdY jyefavQmufxm;Muw,f?
a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfw&m;awGuv
dk nf; ykpH w
H yl J ar;ygw,f/
tedpwpfausmh 'kuwpfausmh tewwpfausmh tar;tajz
jyKvkyfaewmyJ? ykHpHwlar;wJhtcgrSmvnf; &[ef;awGu ykHpHwlyJ jyefNyD;
awmh tajzay;Muawmh cEmig;yg;IuGuf tar;tajz NyD;oGm;NyD/
'Dtar;tajzukd Munfhvkdufawmh &[ef;awGu - 'Dkyf a0'em
onm ocFg& 0dnmPfac:wJh cEmig;yg;ukv
d nf; odw,f? 'DcEmig;yg;
wkdY&JU tedpoabm 'kuoabm tewoabmukdvnf; odw,fvkdY
'Dvkd t"dyg,fxGufvmw,f/ tJ'DtcgusawmhrS jrwfpGmbk&m;u aU&S
qufNy;D 0dyemI&rnfh vkyif ef;cGiu
f dk TeMf um;awmfrw
l ,f/ b,fvdk
TefMum;awmfrlovJ
womwd[ bdua0 ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH
0g A[d'g 0g MoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la&
oEdau 0g? oAH lyH ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? e araom twm}}wd
{0arwH ,xmblwH orynm, '|AH/
(oH-2-124/)
bdua0 = cspfom; &[ef;wkdY .../ wom = xkdYaMumifh/ [ =

omoemawmfjrwftwGif;/ wkarS = oifcspfom;wkdYonf oif
cspforD;wkdYonf/ twDwmem*wypKyEH = twdwf tem*wf ypKyef
jzpfaom/ ,H udd lyH = tvkH;pkHaom kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;/
twdwfkyfw&m; ypKyefkyfw&m; tem*wfkyfw&m; tJ'D kyf

w&m;ukd b,favmufwv
hJ J ,H udd lyH = tvk;H pkaH om kyw
f &m;onf
vnf;aumif;? kyfuav;wpfvkH; [kwfovm; r[kwfbl;? twdwf
kyw
f &m; ESpq
f ,f&h pS rf sK;d &Sw
d ,f? trsK;d tpm;u ESpq
f ,f&h pS rf sK;d yJ - aemf?
wpfrsKd; wpfrsKd;rSm ta&twGufuawmh ra&rwGufEkdifatmif rsm;jym;
ygw,f? twdwfkyf (28)rsKd; tukefvkH; tem*wfkyf (28)rsKd;vnf;
tukefvkH; ypKyefkyf (28)rsKd;vnf; tukefvkH;yJ/ 'gaMumifh ---twDwmem*wypKyEH = twdwf tem*wf ypKyefjzpfaom/ ,H
udd lyH = tvkH;pkHaom kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;/ tZwH 0g =
rdrd\ ukd,fwGif; tZwoEmefrlvnf;jzpfaom/ A[d'g 0g = tjyif
ty A[d'avmurlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udd lyH = tvkH;pkHaom kyf
w&m;onfvnf;aumif;/
tZw yk w
f &m; (28)rsK;d A[d' yk w
f &m; (28)rsK;d ? 'gu a,mufsm;
rde;f r rcJb
G aJ jymwm? cJjG cm;Ny;D ajymr,fq&dk ifawmh tZwr mS trsK;d orD;
rsm;twGuf (27)rsKd; trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf (27)rsKd;yJ? bm0kyfu wpf
rsKd;pDyJ a,bk,stm;jzifh &SdMuw,f? A[d'rSmuawmh a,musfm; rdef;r
rcJGjcm;bJ omref aygif;pkjcHKikHajym&if bm0kyfu ESpfrsKd;&SdEkdifwJhtwGuf
A[d'r mS awmh kyf (28)rsK;d yJ? 'Dawmh tJ'D kyw
f &m;ukv
d nf; b,favmuf
vJ ,H udd lyH = tvk;H pkaH om kyw
f &m;onfvnf;aumif;? kyt
f m;vk;H
vkdY ajymw,f/
MoVm&duH 0g = kefY&if;Murf;wrf;onfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ okckrH 0g
= odrfarGUonfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udd lyH = tvkH;pkHaom kyfw&m;
onfvnf;aumif;/
puKyom' = rsufpdtMunf aomwyom' = em;tMunf Cme
yom' = ESmacgif;tMunf Zd0Sgyom' = vQmtMunf um,yom' =
ukd,ftMunf? tMunfkyfu (5)ck?
lygkH o'gkH *EmkH &omkH azm|AmkH (azm|AmkHuawmh yx0D

awaZm 0ga,m) - aygif;vkdufawmh tmkHkyf (7)ck?
tMunfkyf (5)ckESifh tmkHkyf (7)ckudk aygif;vkduf&if kyf (12)rsKd;?
tJ'D (12)rsKd;aom kyfw&m;awGuawmh IaewJha,m*D&JU todPf
xJrSm xif&Sm;wJhtwGufaMumifh odvG,f jrifvG,fwJh kyfawG jzpfjcif;
aMumifh olwkdYukd MoVm&dukyfvkdY ac:xm;ygw,f? tJ'D MoVm&dukyfu
b,favmuf&SdovJ (12)rsKd;/
okckrqkdwmu kyf (28)yg;rSm usefaewJh kyfawGukd okckrkyfvkdY
ac:ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh MoVm&dukyfyJjzpfjzpf okckrkyfyJjzpfjzpf kyf
tukefvkH;ukd? ,H udd lyH = tvkH;pkHaom kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;?
tukefvkH;ukd 'DrSm 0dyemIzkdY bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;aew,f/
[DeH 0g = ,kwfnHhonfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ yPDwH 0g = rGefjrwf
onfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udd lyH = tvkH;pkHaom kyfw&m;onf
vnf;aumif;/
,kwn
f w
hH hJ kyyf jJ zpfjzpf rGejf rwfwhJ kyyf jJ zpfjzpf? tukov
dk &f UJ tusK;d
jzpfwJh kyfawGukdawmh ,kwfnHhw,f ukokdvf&JU tusKd;w&m;jzpfwJh kyf
awGuadk wmh rGejf rwfw,f ponfjzifh 'Dvcdk yGJ gw,f/ 'Dt,kwt
f jrwfu
awmh tqift
h wef; bku
H v
dk u
dk Nf y;D cJrG ,fq&dk ifawmh tyg,fom;ow0g
awG&JU kyfawGu ok*wdow0gawG&JU kyfawGxuf ykdNyD;awmh tqifh
edrw
hf ,f ,kwn
f w
hH ,f? ok*wdow0gawGuadk wmh rGejf rwfw,f? ok*wd
ow0gawGrSmvnf; tqifhqifh cJGvkduf&ifawmh - wpfqifhESifh wpfqifh
,kwfwm jrwfwmawG jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh (31)bkHtwGif;&Sd kyf
tukefvkH;vkdY qkdvkdygw,f/
[DeH 0g = ,kwn
f o
hH nfrv
l nf;jzpfaom/ yPDwH 0g = rGejf rwfonf
rlvnf;jzpfaom/ ,H udd lyH = tvkH;pkHaom kyfw&m;onfvnf;
aumif;/ 'la& 0g = todPfESifha0;onfrlvnf;jzpfaom/ oEdau
0g = todPfEiS hf eD;onfrv
l nf;jzpfaom/ ,H udd lyH = tvk;H pkaH om
kyfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;/ twd = &Sdacs\/
aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfrsKd;vJ (11)rsKd;/
twdwfkyfw&m; ypKyefkyfw&m; tem*wfkyfw&m; tZwkyf
w&m; A[d' yk w
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tvk;H pkaH om kyw
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10
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ouf ESpfrsKd;yJ? aygif;vkdufawmh b,fESpfrsKd;&SdoGm;ovJ - &SpfrsKd;? 'gu
orxykdif;twGuf uGufNyD; ajymwmyg/
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odatmif yxravhusi&hf rSmjzpfawmh a,m*g0p&yk*Kd vu
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11
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12
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13
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14
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15
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f mkaH y:rSm uyfaewJh tcsed t
f cgrSm yuwd 0ifav xGuaf vukd
jyefrMunfeh ?YJ yuwd 0ifav xGuaf vukd Munfv
h u
dk f edrw
d u
f dk Munfv
h u
dk f
acgufwkHYacgufjyef jyKvkyfaecJh&if 'Dorm"donf Nidrf0yfrIr&SdwJhtwGuf
pdwo
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f t
hJ wGuaf Mumifh
orm"d ysufoGm;wwfw,f/
tu,f 'Derd w
d af csmif;u rckid af o;bl;qk&d ifawmh yuwd 0ifav
xGufavukdom Iaeyg? Iae&muae edrdwfu ckdifNyD; em&D0ufavmuf
wpfem&Davmuf raysmufawmhb;l qk&d ifawmh tJ'eD rd w
d rf mS ajymif;uyfyg?
xked rd w
d o
f nf a0;aecJ&h ifawmh tuyfrcHb;l ? ESmoD;zsm;ESihf teD;uyfq;Hk
ae&mrSm ay:rS rsm;aomtm;jzifh tuyfcHw,f/
ay:wJh tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; edrdwfacsmif;u odyf&Snfae&ifvnf;
&Snw
f t
hJ wkid ;f awmufavQmufvu
dk rf uyfe?YJ ESmoD;zsm;ESihf teD;uyfq;Hk
ae&mrSm wnf&adS ewJh edrw
d af y:rSmom pdwu
f av;ukd uyfomxm;vku
d /f
tJ'v
D dk uyfxm;vku
d v
f Ydk bm0empdwu
f 'Dtmemygeedrw
d t
f mkrH mS
wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh NidrfNyD; uyfvmNyDqkd&ifawmh wjznf;jznf;
'Dedrdwfonf jzL&muae MunfNyD; awmufvmwwfygw,f/
jzLaewJeh rd w
d u
f adk wmh O*[edrw
d v
f Ydk ac:ygw,f? MunfNy;D ta&mif
xGufvmwJh edrdwfukdawmh y#dbm*edrdwfvkdY ac:ygw,f? tJ'D y#dbm*
edrw
d q
f w
dk hJ tmkrH mS bm0empdwu
f dk wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG
uyfNyD;wnfaeatmif xkdifwkdif; xkdifwkdif; &atmif avhusifh&w,f? xkd
16
tcsed t
f cgrSm oGm;&ifvnf;I &yfvnf;I xkid v
f nf;I tdyv
f nf;I avh
usifhay;&ygw,f/
yxrpsmeform"d
tJ'Dvkd avhusifhvkdufwJhtcsdeftcgrSm orm"du Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;
wnfaeNy;D wpfem&Dt"d|mef&if wpfem&D wpfred pft"d|mef&if wpfred pf
&NyD? ESpfem&Dt"d|mef&if ESpfem&D &NyD? t"d|mefwJhtwkdif; atmifjrifrI
&Sad eNyq
D &dk ifawmh xkt
d csed t
f cgrSm xkad ,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f psmeft*Fgudk qif
jcifvkdY&NyD/
tm;xkwfpyk*dKvfonf psmeft*Fg qifjcifrI enf;ygap? 0ifpm;rI
rsm;ygapvdkY 0dok'dr*ft|uxmu (0dok'd-1-148/ r[m#D-1-178/) owf
rSwfay;xm;w,f/ tm;xkwfpyk*dKvf tckvkd edrdwf&pyk*dKvfu edrdwf
tay:rSm bm0empdwu
f dk Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wpfem&D ESpef m&D ponfjzifh
wnfaeatmif avhusifhay;&w,f? tJ'Dvkd avhusifhwJhvkyfief;ukd ]pkduf
pku
d pf ;l pl; txl;jrjJ rH Itm;oef psmef[ak c:owwf} - 'Dvdk v,fwq
D &mawmfbk&m;u rdefYqkdxm;w,f? tm&rPlyedZmepsmefvkdY ac:ygw,f/
tvGef MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHukd pdkuf
pkduf pl;pl;ESifh jrJjrJjrHjrH wnfwHhaeatmif pdwfuav;ukd wnfNyD;uyfae
atmif IaewJhvkyfief;jzpfvkdY 'gukd psmefvkdY ac:w,f/
ajrvQKd; rkd;ysHaewmukd psmefvkdYac:wm r[kwfbl;? ajrvQKd; rkd;ysHwJh
vkyfief;uawmh tbdnmPfESifh qkdifw,f? tJ'gu tbdnmPfykdif;/
tckajymaewmu psmefykdif;yJ? tJ'Dawmh psmef0ifpm;rIrsm;&r,f? psmef
t*Fgukd qifjcifwm enf;&r,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dtmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkH
rSm tenf;qkH; av; ig; q,fxkdifavmuf bm0empdwfu t"d|mefwJh
twkdif; wpfem&Dt"d|mef&if wpfem&D ESpfem&Dt"d|mef&if ESpfem&D Nidrf
0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaeNyDqkd&ifawmh xkdyk*dKvf[m psmeft*Fgukd qifjcif
Ekdifw,f/ okdYaomf rSwfausmufwpfckuawmh tJ'D tmemygey#dbm*
17
edrw
d rf mS wpfem&D t"d|mefNy;D wpfem&Dxidk v
f u
dk v
f Ydk wpfem&Dv;Hk pdwu
f
uyfaew,fqkd&if tJ'DtcsdefrSm rdrdu ab;toHawGukd Mum;-rMum;
enf;enf; tuJcwfMunfhyg/
Mum;aeao;w,fqkd&ifawmh 'Dpsmefonf qufwkduf r&ao;bl;?
BuKd ;Mum; BuKd ;Mum; psmefu avQmavQmaewJo
h abm &Sw
d ,f? qufwu
dk f
&NyD? bmoHrSvnf; rMum;awmhbl;? tvGef MunfvifawmufyaewJh
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f av;ESihf rdr&d UJ bm0empdwf 'DEpS cf yk &J adS wmhw,f
vkdYvnf; odaeNyD? bm0empdwfuvnf; tmemygey#dbm*eddrdwftmkH
rSmyJ Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaeNy?D tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkx
H rJ mS yJ
bm0empdwfu epfjrKyfaeNyDqkd&ifawmh xkdtcsdeftcgrSm psmeft*Fgudk
qifjcifvkdY &EkdifygNyD/
'Dpsmeft*FgawGu b,frmS jzpfovJvaYdk r;awmh IaewJah ,m*Dy*k Kd vf
&JU ESvkH;tdrftwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh [',0wKkyfukd rSDwG,fNyD; jzpfyg
w,f? 'Dvdk jzpfay:oGm;wJt
h wGuf xkad ,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f psmeft*Fgukd qifjcif
w,fqkdvkdY&Sd&if [',0wKkyf &Sd&mbufukd cPacw vSrf;tmkHpkduf
&w,f? Oyrm --- wpfem&Davmuf tmemyge y#dbm*edrdwftmkHrSm
bm0empdwfukd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaeygapvkdY t"d|mefvkdufw,f?
t"d|mefNyD;wJhtcg wpfem&DjynfhwJhtcgusawmhrS [',0wKkyf&Sd&m
ESvkH;tdrfbufukd vSrf;NyD; Munfh&w,f? wpfem&D rjynfhao;&ifawmh
rMunfheJY? aemufwpfck 'Dtykdif;rSm owdxm;&rnfhtcsufuawmh 'D
tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d u
f dk tmk,
H al ewJt
h ydik ;f rSm psmefrqku
d cf iftykid ;f
av;ukad wmh Oypm&orm"de,fajrvkYd owfrw
S yf gw,f? psmefqu
dk o
f mG ;wJh
tykdif;ukdawmh tyemorm"de,fajrvkdY owfrSwfygw,f? 'Dvkd orm"d
ESpfrsKd;ukd cJGjcm;owfrSwfxm;awmh Oypm&orm"de,fajrtykdif;uav;
rSm cP cP b0ifusaewwfw,f/
b0ifqkdwmuawmh twdwfb0 aocgeD;umv r&PmoEaZm
18
u ,lxm;wJh tmku
H o
dk m vSr;f odw,f? ypKye f ,ckvuf&dS aI ewJt
h mkH
qdk&ifawmh bmtmkHrQukd rodbl;? tck tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukd I
w,f? tJ'eD rd w
d u
f v
dk nf; rodawmhb;l ?ypKye t
f mkq
H v
dk Qif b,ftmku
H rdk S
bmrS rodawmhb;l ? tJ'D bmrSrodwhJ 'Dpw
d u
f twdwrf &PmoEaZm&JU
tmku
H adk wmhow
d ,f? ypKye t
f mkrH eS o
f rQom rodwm? tJ'D bmrSrodwhJ
pdwfuav;awGukd b0ifvkdY ac:w,f/ b,fur|mef;ESifhyJ IIayghav?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh orm"dtawmftoifh jzpfvm&ifawmh enf;enf; 'D
b0ifusrIuav;awGawmh jzpfwwfygw,f/ tJ'D b0ifusaewmukdyJ
r*fqkdufNyD zkdvfqkdufNyDvkdY ,lq&ifawmh vrf;qkH;oGm;NyD? omoemESifh
awGUwm b0wpfck IH;oGm;wmyJ? r*f zkdvf edAmefESifh ta0;BuD; &Sdao;
w,f? kyfemrfawmif rodao;wJhtqifhyJ jzpfygao;w,f/
'Dawmh 'Dtmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkrH mS bm0empdwu
f wpfem&D
ESpef m&D ponfjzifh Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D wnfaeNyq
D v
dk &Ydk &dS if xkad ,m*Dy*k Kd vf
u bmvkyf&rvJ - [',0wK&Sd&mbufukd rdrdt"d|mefxm;wJh wpf
em&DjynfhwJh tcsdeftcgavmuf qkMd upkdY? tJ'DtcsdefavmufrSm vSrf;NyD;
Munfh&w,f? tJ'Dvdk vSrf;NyD;Munfhvdkuf&if tdrf&Sif b0ifraemtMunf
"mwfudk awGUEdik yf gw,f? 'Db0iftMunf"mwfukd raem'Gg&vdYk ac:w,f/
tJ'b
D 0ifraemtMunf"mwfrmS tvGeMf unfvifawmufyaewJh tmem
ygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHu aU&SIusa&mufaewJhtcg xifaewJhtcgrSm
tJ'D'Gg&ESifh tmkHudk yl;wGJodrf;qnf;NyD; psmeft*FgawGudk qifjcifMunfh
vkdufvkdY&Sd&if 0dwuf 0dpm& yDwd okc {u*wm ac:wJh psmeft*Fg
ig;yg;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUvdrfhr,f/
b0ifpdwfqdkwmbmvJ
b0if = b0*F = b0 + b*F = b0rSm pdwt
f pOf rjywfpaJ &;twGuf
b0&JU taMumif;w&m;tjzpfEiS hf jzpfay:aewJh 0dygufpw
d w
f pfrsK;d jzpfyg
w,f? y#doaEpw
d Ef iS hf rsK;d wlpw
d f jzpfygw,f/ 'Db0ifpw
d [
f m twdwu
f
19
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;

w&m;awGaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh pdwfwpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f/ vlom;awG
twGuf uGuaf jymr,fqv
kd Qif twdwo
f cFg&-uHawG[m ukov
kd o
f cFg&uHawGom jzpfMuygw,f/
b0wpfcrk mS acgifq;kH jzpfwhJ b0ifpw
d u
f kd y#doaEpw
d f aemufq;Hk
jzpfwJh b0ifpdwfudkawmh pkwdpdwfvdkY ac:ygw,f/ y#doaEESifh pkwd
tMum; b0wpfavQmufrSm 0Dxdpdwf rjzpfvQif 'Db0ifpdwfawGu jzpf
aeMuygw,f/ tcsKdUaomy#doaEESifh tcsKdUaomy#doaEESifhuyfaewJh
b0ifuvGJvQif [tu,f r&PmoEaZm&JUtmkHu kyfw&m;jzpfae
vdkY&SdvQif r&PmoEaZm&JU aemifrSmvnf; pkwdpdwf uscJhr,fqdkvQif
y#doaEtmkH ,if;y#doaEEiS u
hf yfaewJh tcsKUd aomb0iftmkaH wG[m
,if;oufwrf;rukefqkH;ao;wJh r&PmoEaZm&JUtmkHjzpfwJh kyfudkyJ
qufvufNy;D tmkjH yKMuygw,f/ 'Dvkd yk t
f mkrH sK;d jzpfvQiaf wmh y#doaE
ESifh ,if;b0iftcsKdUwdkY&JUtmkHudk ypKyefvdkYyJ ajym&ygw,f/] y#doaE
b0if pkwpd w
d w
f u
Ykd a,bk,stm;jzifh twdwb
f 0u aocgeD;umvrSm
r&PmoEaZmu ,lxm;cJw
h hJ tmku
H ykd J odygw,f? tmkjH yKaeygw,f/
Oyrm twdwb
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ukov
kd af ZmjzpfvYkd txufuajymcJw
h hJ aomwmEk*wokwe rf mS vm&Sw
d hJ
twdik ;f ocFg&w&m;wd&Yk UJ tedpt
csuu
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vuf&b
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d u
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rodygbl;/
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ckvdk psmeft*FgawGudk odrf;qnf;awmhrnfh a,m*Du vSrf;NyD; tmkH,l
vdkufwJhtcg odrf;qnf;vdkufwJhtcg b,fvdkawGUwwfovJ 'Dtydkif;
udkawmh &Sif;jyzdkY vdkygvdrfhr,f/
20
'Db0ifudk t*FkwdK&fygVdawmfrSm (tH-1-9/) bk&m;&Sifu --
yb&rd'H bdua0 pdwH/ (tH-1-9/)

'Dvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ t|uxmuvnf; -pdwEd b0*FpdwH/ (tH-|-1-45/)
'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ 'DzGifhqdkcsuft& txufyg ygVdawmfrSm
vm&Sw
d hJ pdw (= pdw)f t& b0ifpw
d u
f kd &nfeT ;f um bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;
awmfrlw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ 'Db0ifpdwfu b,fvdk oabm&SdovJ
yb&H = NyKd ;NyKd ;jyuf wvufvuf awmufyw,fvYkd 'Dvkd bk&m;&Siu
f
a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
'DvdkqdkvQif pdwfrSm ta&mif&Sdygovm;vdkYawmh ar;p&m &Sdw,f/
ta&mifawmh r&Sdygbl;/ (tH-|-1-45/)
odkYaomf pdwfonf wpfenf;ajymvQif b0ifpdwft0iftygjzpfwJh
[',0wKkyfudk rSDwG,fjzpfaewJh pdwfonf pdwZkyfudk jzpfapEdkifwJh
pGrf;tm; &Sdygw,f/ 'DpdwfaMumifhjzpfwJh pdwZkyfuvmyfawGudk "mwfcGJ
MunfhvdkufvQif uvmyfwpfckwpfckrSm yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,m
0P *E &o MoZmqdkNyD; oabmw&m; (8)rsKd;pD &Sdwwfygw,f/ pdwf
wpfckwpfck[m pdwZkyfuvmyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm;
&Sw
d ,f/ txl;ojzifh ckajymaewJh orxbm0empdww
f v
Ykd kd tqift
h wef;
jrifhaewJh pdwfrsKd;awG aemufajymrnfh 0dyempdwfrsKd;awG[m pdwZ
kyu
f vmyfaygif;rsm;pGmudk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Syd gw,f/ txl;ojzifh
orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwfwdkYvdk tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;
aewJh pdwaf wGaMumifh jzpfay:oGm;MuwJh pdwZ kyu
f vmyfawGrmS yg0ifwhJ
0P"mwf (= lygkH)[m bmok&ly = tvGefawmufywJhoabm &Sdyg
w,f? (r[m#D-2-428-429/) orxbm0empdwf 0dyembm0empdwf
wdkYESifh ,SOfwGJaewJhPfu xufvQifxufovdk ydkawmufywJhoabm
21
&Syd gw,f/ tvm;wlyJ b0ifpw

d u
f vnf; pdwZ kyu
f vmyfawGukd jzpfap
Ekid af wmh 'Db0ifpw
d af Mumifh jzpfay:wJh pdwZ kyu
f vmyfwikd ;f rSm yg0ifwhJ
0P"mwf (= lygk)H [mvnf; awmufywJo
h abm &Sw
d wfygw,f? b0if
pdwfESifh ,SOfwGJaewJhPfu xufvQifxufovdk EkHYvQifvnf;EkHYovdk
awmufywJhoabmawmh &Sdygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm b0ifpw
d u
f dk jzpfapwwfwt
hJ aMumif;&if;uHEiS hf ,SOw
f GJ
aewhJPfu xufvQifxufovdk b0ifpdwfESifh,SOfwGJaewJh Pfu
vnf; xufjrufwwfygw,f/ aomwmEk*wokwefrSmvmwJhtwdkif;
taMumif;&if;uHu 0dyemuHjzpfvYkd ocFg&w&m;wd&Yk UJ tedpt
csuu
f kd
odaewJh uHrsKd;jzpfaevQif b0ifpdwfuvnf; 'DocFg&w&m;wdkY&JU tedp
tcsufudkyJ odaeygw,f/ 'DvdkPfrsKd;awGudkawmh xufjrufwJh Pf
awGvdkY qdk&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd b0ifpdwfwpfckwpfck[m pdwZkyfuvmyf
aygif;pGmudk jzpfapEdik w
f t
hJ wGuf uvmyfwpfcrk mS wnf&w
dS hJ lygkt
H a&mif
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f cd u
kd Nf y;D jzpfwt
hJ cg a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f 'Db0ifpw
d f
&Sd&m [',0wKbufudk vSrf;MunfhvdkufvQif tJ'DlygkHwdkY&JU taygif;
tpkBuD;udk vSrf;NyD;awmh jrifwwfygw,f/ 'DlygkHtaygif;tpkawGu
MunfvifaewJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ 'DMunfvifaewJhoabmudkyJ b0if
raemtMunfvdkY wifpm;um (tusKd;&JUtrnfudk taMumif; wifpm;
um) ac:a0:okH;pGJjcif; jzpfygw,f/ a,m*Dyk*dKvfu tJ'D b0ifraem
tMunf"mwfudkawmh yxr odrf;qnf;wwfzdkY vdkygw,f/
'D b0ifraemtMunf"mwfudk odrf;qnf;wJhtcgrSm cPcP
vSrf;NyD;awmh ESvkH;tdrfbufudkawmh rMunfhygeJY/ tenf;qkH; tmemyge
y#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkrH mS wpfem&D odrYk [kwf ESpef m&Davmuf bm0empdwu
f
NidrfuyfpGmuyfNyD; wnfaeNyD;rS [',0wK&Sd&m ESvkH;tdrfbufodkY puefY
ydkif;avmufom pkdufMunfhyg/
22
tu,f rawGUygu MumMum rMunfb

h J tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d f
tmku
H ykd J xyfNy;D Iyg? orm"dukd jyefvnfxal xmifyg/ tmemygey#dbm*
edrdwftmkHrSm bm0empdwfu epfjrKyfoGm;NyD; tenf;qkH; (10)rdepf
(15)rdepfavmuf xyfNyD; epfjrKyfoGm;NyD;qdkygrS wpfzef jyefMunfhyg/
'Denf;twdkif; avhusifhygu MunfvifawmufyaewJh b0ifraem
tMunf"mwfudk PfESifh awGUjrifEdkifygw,f/
tJ'v
D kd b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukd odr;f qnf;Edik w
f t
hJ cg tmemyge
y#dbm*edrw
d u
f ykd J jyeftmk,
H u
l m yxrpsmefukd xyfNy;D awmh 0ifpm;yg?
psmefrx
S wJt
h cg b0ifraemtMunf"mwfukd xyfNy;D odr;f qnf;Munfyh g/
'Dvo
kd rd ;f qnf;vku
d w
f t
hJ cg b0ifraemtMunf"mwfqw
kd hJ rSex
f rJ mS rdrd
IyGm;aewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHudk a&S;SLusa&mufaewm
xifaewmudk awGUNyq
D v
kd Qif psmeft*FgawGukd odr;f qnf;Ekid Nf yD jzpfygw,f/
psmeft*Fgig;yg;
0dwuf 0dpm& yDwd okc {u*wmqdkNyD; yxrpsmefrSm psmeft*Fg
ig;yg; &Sdygw,f/
0dwufqw
dk mu MunfvifaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mkaH y:
okdY pdwfukd a&S;Iwifay;jcif;oabm?
0dpm& = tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mku
H dk xyfum xyfum ok;H oyf
qifjcifaejcif;oabm?
yDwd = tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tmkHukd ESpfoufaejcif;oabm?
okc = tmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
f mk\
H t&omukd csr;f csr;f omom
cHpm;aejcif;oabm?
{u*wm = tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHwpfckwnf;ay:okdY pdwf
usa&mufwnfNidrfaejcif;oabm ----
23
aygif;vkdufawmh --- oabmw&m; ig;ck? oabmw&m;ig;ckwkdY&JU

taygif;ukdawmh psmefvkdYac:w,f? 0dwuf 0dpm& yDwd okc {u*wm
wpfvkH;pD wpfvkH;pDukdawmh psmeft*FgvkdY ac:w,f/
vSnf;wpfck qkdMupkdY? 0ifkd;wkdY vSnf;bD;wkdY xrf;ykd;wkdY ponfjzifh
tm;vk;H aygif;pkxm;wJh taygif;tpkuadk wmh vSn;f vkaYd c:w,f? wpfcpk D
wpfckpDjzKwfxm;vkdufawmh 'gu 0ifkd; 'gu vSnf;bD; 'gu xrf;ykd;
ponfjzifh wpfckpD cJGjcm;NyD;awmh ac:&w,f? tJ'DykHpHtwkdif;yJ 'Dpsmef
t*Fgig;ckwkdY&JU taygif;ukd psmefvkdYac:w,f? ajrvQKd;rkd;ysHaewmukd psmef
vkdYac:wm r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dpsmeft*Fgig;ckwkdY&JU taygif;tpkukd psmef
vkdYac:w,f? wpfckpD wpfckpDukdawmh psmeft*FgvkdY ac:ygw,f/
tJ'D psmeft*Fgig;yg;u bkef;BuD;ajymawmh rajymcsifygbl;? 'gayrJh
vnf; w&m;yJu
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vma&mufNyD; tm;rxkwfEkdifvkdY w&m;acGuav;ukdyJ emNyD; tm;xkwf&
rnfh ta0;u w&m;emwJhyk*dKvfawGtwGuf iJhnmNyD;awmh enf;enf;
awmh ajym&rSmaygh/
psmeft*Fgig;yg;u qifjcifprSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh a,m*Dy*k Kd vw
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PfrmS wpfv;Hk pD ay:wwfygw,f? a,m*Du xyfum xyfum avhusihf
zefrsm;vmvk&Yd &dS if xyfum xyfum avhusi&hf ifawmh PfxrJ mS NyKd iw
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aeao;&ifawmh rdrdIjrJjzpfwJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftmkHrSmyJ pdwf
ukd Nird 0f yfpmG uyfNy;D awmh wnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;&w,f? BuKd ;pm;vku
d w
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tcsed t
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ausmfrS avhusifhyg? tJ'Dvkd avhusihfzefrsm;vm&if 'Dpsmeft*FgawGukd
NydKifwl ay:wm awGUEkdifNyD? awGUvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm a,m*Dyk*dKvfu
'Dyxrpsmeform"dukd ckdifcHhatmif 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avh
usifh&ygw,f? psmeft*Fgukd tcsdefra&G; qifjcifvkdY&atmif avhusifh&
24
w,f? 'Dpsmefudk 0ifpm;csiw

f t
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avhusifh&w,f? xcsifwJhtcsdeftcgrSm tcsdefra&G; xvkdY&atmif avh
usi&hf w,f? wpfem&Dt"d|mef&if wpfem&D&atmif wpfred pft"d|mef&if
wpfrdepf&atmif avhusifhxm;&w,f/
tJ'Dpsmeft*Fgudk qifjcifwJhtykdif;rSm raem'Gg&m0Zef;ESifh qifjcif
wJt
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jzpfjzpf tm;vkH;twlwlyJ? tm0Ze0oDESifh ypa0uPm0oDqkdNyD;awmh
'DvkdESpfck cJGxm;w,f? raem'Gg&m0Zef;pdwfESifh psmeft*Fgukd qifjcifwm
ukd tm0Ze0oD? ypa0uPmaZmpdwfESifh psmeft*Fgukd qifjcifwmukd
ypa0uPm0oDvYdk 'DvEdk pS cf k cJjG cm;owfrw
S x
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&ygw,f/
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avhusiv
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jzKwf&w,f? PfxufwJhyk*dKvfrsm; jzpfcJh&ifawmh 0dwufESifh 0dpm&ukd
NydKifwljzKwfvkdY&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh b,fvkdjzKwfrvJar;awmh jzKwfykHenf;
pepfawmh &Syd gw,f? 'D0oDabmfig;wef Ekid ef if;atmif yxrpsmefudk avh
usifhNyD;wJh olawmfaumif;u 'Dyxrpsmefonf eD0&P&efolESifh eD;uyf
w,fvkdY yxr qifjcifyg/
eD0&P&efoq
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taMu;awGu uGmusoGm;w,f? rNidrfcifrSm 'D &m* a'go arm[pwJh
eD0&PawGu wpfvSnfhpD 0if0ifNyD;awmh aESmihf,SufwwfwJhoabm
25
&Sdw,f? 'gaMumifh 'Dyxrpsmefonf eD0&P&efolESifhvnf; eD;w,f?

'kwd,psmefavmufvnf; rNidrfoufbl;? 0dwuf 0dpm&awGuvnf;
kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJh oabm&Sdw,f? 'gaMumifh usKd;ysufvG,fwJhoabm
&Sw
d ,f? usK;d ysuv
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orm"dukd tvkd&SdaewJh olawmfaumif;wpfOD;tzkdY? 'DtmkHay:ukd pdwf
uav;ukd wifwifay;ae&wmuku
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H dk xyfum
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&Sad ewJt
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Nird af e&if ykad umif;rSmyJ? rok;H oyf&bJEiS hf Nird af e&if ykad umif;rSmyJqw
dk hJ
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edrdwfukd pdwfuav;u pkdufNyD; uyfMunfhay;&w,f? Iae&w,f/
tJ'DtcsdeftcgrSm 0dwuf 0dpm& jyKwfoGm;vdrfhr,f? yDwd okc
{u*wmqkw
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'kwd,psmefukdvnf; 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifh&w,f/
wwd,psmeform"d
'kwd,psmefukd 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhNyD;wJhtcg
wwd,psmefudk ul;csi,
f if 'kw,
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d psmefrS
xum 'Dvkd qifjcifyg/ --1/ 'D'kwd,psmeformywf[m 0dwuf 0dpm&qkdwJh eD;uyfwJh &efol
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26
usKd;ysufvG,fwJhoabm&Sdw,f/
3/ (okcESifh {u*wmukd odrf;qnf;NyD; jyefqifjcifMunfhyg/) 'Dokc
{u*wmqkdwJh psmeft*FgESpfyg;&SdwJh wwd,psmefu ydkNidrfouf
w,f/
tJ'v
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d psmefudk tvkrd &Sw
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qkdufr,f? qkduf&if 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhyg/
pwkwpsmeform"d
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h cg
pwkwp smefudk ul;csi&f if wwd,psmefu0kd ifpm;Ny;D aemuf wwd,psmefrS
xum 'Dvkd qifjcifyg/ --1/ 'D wwd,psmeformywf[m yDwdqkdwJh eD;uyfwJh&efol&Sdw,f/
2/ (okcukd jyefodrf;qnf;NyD; qifjcifMunfhyg/ pdwfcsrf;om&if pdwf
xJrSm wodrfhodrfhESifh enf;enf;awmh vIyf&Sm;aewwfw,f/) 'gaMumifh okc[m kefY&if;Murf;wrf;wJhoabm &Sdw,f? kefY&if;
Murf;wrf;wJhtwGuf ysufpD;vG,fwJhoabm &Sdw,f/
3/ Oayum {u*wmac:wJh psmeft*FgESpyf g;&Sw
d hJ pwkwp smefuawmh
ykdNyD; Nidrfoufw,f/
'DvkdqifjcifNyD;aemuf okcukd tvkdr&SdwJh (= wwd,psmefukd tvkd
r&Sw
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d hJ psmeft*FgESpyf g;
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dk cdk siw
f hJ pdwEf iS hf 'Dtmemygey#dbm*edrw
d t
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xyfNyD; tmkHjyK&w,f/
27
okcjyKwcf siw
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cJh&if okcjyKwfoGm;&if Oayumac:wJh tvGefNidrfoufaewJh a0'em
wpfrsKd; 0ifvmvdrfhr,f - Oayum {u*wmac:wJh psmeft*FgESpfrsKd;&Sd
wJh pwkwpsmefukd qkdufr,f/
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trSwt
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&ifawmh pwkwpsmefukd rqdkufao;bl;? toufvkH;vkH; rS L awmhbl;
qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh pwkwpsmefukd qkdufoGm;NyD? tJ'D pwkwpsmefukdvnf;
0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhNyD;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm xkda,m*D
olawmfaumif;u b,fur|mef;ukd ul;csio
f vJ ur|mef;av;q,fxJ
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"mwfur|mef;tusOf;enf;
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rvJ kyu
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'Dawmh "mwfur|mef;uae podrf;qnf;wJh pepfuav;ukd enf;enf;
twkdcsKyfajymr,f ---- w&m;xkdifwkdif; xkdifwkdif; tmemygepwkwpsmef
orm"dukd xlaxmifyg/ vif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tifawG tm;aumif;vmwJh
tcg "mwfav;yg;ukd Iyg/
"mwf b,fESpfyg;&SdovJ -- av;yg;? yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf
awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwf?
rmrI xif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD;awmh rmwJhoabmukd wpfukd,f
vkH;jrifatmif I&w,f?
Murf;rIxif&Sm;wJhwpfae&mupNyD;awmh Murf;wJhoabmukd wpf
ukd,fvkH;jrifatmif I&w,f?
28
av;rIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD;awmh av;wJhoabmukd wpf

ukd,fvkH;jrifatmif I&w,f/
atmifjrifrI&cJh&ifawmh aysmhrIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&maygh? atmuf
twGif;EIwfcrf;om;uav;udk vQmESifh xdxm;Munfhyg/ aysmhaewmudk
awGUEdkifygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk aysmhrIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD; aysmhwJh
oabm acsmrI xif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD; acsmwJhoabm ayghrI
xif&Sm;wJh wpfae&mupNyD; ayghwJhoabm tJ'Doabmw&m;awGukd
wpfukd,fvkH; jrifatmif I&w,f? rm Murf; av; aysmh acsm aygh 'g yx0D"mwf oabmw&m; ajcmufckyJ/ (tbd-1-170/ tbd-|-1-368/)
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wpfae&mupNyD; ylwJhoabm at;rIxif&Sm;wJhwpfae&mupNyD; at;
wJhoabmukd wpfukd,fvkH;jrifatmif Iyg? awaZm"mwfyJ/
atmifjrifrI&&if 0ga,m"mwful;vkduf? axmufuefrI xif&Sm;wJh
wpfae&muaeNyD; axmufuefwJhoabmukd wpfukd,fvkH; jrifatmifI?
wGef;uefrIxif&Sm;wJh wpfae&muaeNyD; wGef;uefwJhoabmukd wpf
ukd,fvkH;jrifatmif I&w,f/
axmufw,fqkdwmuawmh cEmtdrfukd Nidrfatmif xdef;xm;wJh
oabmuav;yJ? tdrfwpftdrfNydKawmhr,fqkd&if usm;ac:wJh wkwfwpf
acsmif;ESifh uefxm;ovkd axmufxm;wJhoabmuav;yJ/
wGef;uefrIqkdwmu ckeu 0ifav xGufavxJrSmvnf; &Sdygw,f?
acgif;tv,favmufrSm pdwfuav; pkdufxm;yg? oGm;uav;ukd enf;
enf;zdxm;? toufS L Munfyh g/ wGe;f rItm;awG xif&mS ;aewm awGU&yg
w,f/
tJ'D wGef;uefrI axmufuefrIoabmu 0ga,m"mwf - aygif;
vkdufawmh "mwfoabm q,fck?
29
yx0D"mwfoabmw&m;u ajcmufrsK;d ? awaZm"mwfoabmw&m;

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ESpfrsKd; aygif;vkdufawmh q,frsKd;? tJ'D q,frsKd;ukd xyfum xyfum
I&if zJGUpnf;wJhoabmw&m; ay:vmr,f? oGm;t&if;wkdY vQmt&if;wkdY
vQmzsm;wkYd tJ'v
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awmh "mwfb,fESpfyg; jzpfoGm;NyDvJ av;yg;/
tJ'D "mwfav;yg;ukd IwwfNyq
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acsm aygh ,kdpD; zJGUpnf; yl at; axmuf wGef; tJ'Doabmw&m;
q,fhESpfckukd ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; oGufatmifIyg/
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tJ'Dvkd ikHMunfhvkdufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm "mwfawGu NydKifwlvkdvkd
ay:aeNyDqkd&ifawmh rm Murf; av; aysmh acsm ayghudk MunfhNyD;awmh
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MunfhNyD;awmh awaZm"mwf? axmuf wGef;udk MunfhNyD;awmh 0ga,m
"mwf - tJ'Dvkd av;csufIyg/
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umxyfum Ivu
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f "mwf
30
av;yg;tmkH Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaevdrfhrnf/ bmaMumifhvJ [kd

bufu tmemygejzifh rdrdu pwkwpsmefqkdufatmif orm"dxlaxmif
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tMunf"mwfukd awGUwwfygw,f? bmtMunfvJvkdYar;awmh ----
31
ckeuajymcJw
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w,f? r&Sw
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f ;Hk tESUH tjym;&Sad wmh 'DtMunfyk u
f dk
uvmyftrIeu
f av;awGukd rawGUcif jyifvu
dk f twk;H vku
d f tcJvu
dk Bf u;D
oGm;awGUjcif; jzpfygw,f? tJ'D tMunfjyif tMunfwkH;rSmvnf;
wnf&SdaewJh "mwfav;yg;ukd jrifatmif qufpkdufI&w,f/
pum'dy0d"H lyg'DeH *[Pyp,bma0e tm'gowvH 0d,

0dyoEwm yom'lyH/ (0dok'd-2-81/)
puKpwJh ig;rsKd;aom kyfawG[m lygHkpwJh tmkH ig;rsKd;udk tmkH
,lzdkY&m puK0dnmPfpwJh qdkif&m 0dnmPf ig;rsKd;wkdY&JU rSD&m ed,
taMumif;w&m;tjzpfjzifh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeNy;D aMu;rkH (= rSe)f tjyifuo
hJ Ykd
MunfvifaewJh twGufaMumifh yom'kyf rnfygw,fvdkY 0dok'dr*
t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ --
kyfuvmyftrIefrsm;
"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk pkdufIvkdufNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh yg&rDawG &ifh
anmif;wJh olawmfaumif; jzpfcJh&ifawmh 'DkyfuvmyftrIefuav;
awGukd vG,fvG,fuav;eJY awG&wwfygw,f? tMunfwkH;BuD;u NydKuJG
oGm;wwfygw,f/ vG,fvG,fuav;eJY 'D tMunfjyifBuD;u uJGxGuf
roGm;bl;qkd&ifawmh 'DtMunfjyifrSm tmumo"mwf &Sdaeav&JUvkdY
tmkH,lNyD;awmh 'Dvif;a&mifjcnfpGrf;tm; tultnDESifh tmumo
"mwfudk pkdufIvkduf&if trIefuav;awGukd pawGUwwfygw,f/
32
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwef (r-2-86/) .. pwJh xdkxdkokwefwdkYrSm

]]tmumo"mwfukd I&ef}} bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
vuPm[m&aewdenf;t& a[mMum;oGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/
tmumo"mwfudk OD;wnf Oyg'gkyaf wGukd IymG ;odr;f qnf;&ef bk&m;
&Sifu TefMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfaMumif;udk t|uxmu (r-|-3-97/)
&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
'DtrIefuav;awGukd kyfuvmyfawGvkdY ac:w,f? kyfuvmyf
qkdwm y&rwopme,frSm kyfwkdY&JU tao;qkH; tzJGUtpnf;uav;yJ/
tJ'DtrIefuav;awGukd pawGUNyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; wpfrIef wpfrIefrSm
wnf&SdwJh yx0D tmayg awaZm 0ga,mqkdwJh "mwfav;yg;ukd
jrifatmif ppkdufI&w,f/
tJ'D"mwfav;yg;ukd jrifatmif pkdufIvkdYr&bl;? trIefuav;awG
u ay:wm aysmufwm odyNf y;D jrefaeNyq
D v
dk &Ydk &dS if xkyd *k Kd v[
f m bmvky&f
ovJ wpfukd,fvkH; Iaeustwkdif; jcHKNyD;awmh ]rm}wmukd pkdufIvkduf?
trIefuav;wpfckrSm ]rm}wmukd pkdufIvkduf? aysmufoGm;&if aemuf
wpfrIef ajymif;pkdufNyD;I? aysmufoGm; aemufwpfrIef ajymif;pkdufNyD;I?
tJ'v
D dk xyfum xyfum Ivu
dk v
f Ydk Ivu
dk w
f hJ trIew
f idk ;f rSm rmwJo
h abm
ukd oabmayguf&if rmwm Murf;wm ESpfckaygh? ESpfck oabmayguf&if
ok;H ck ponfjzifh wjznf;jznf; ajymif;pku
d f &I ygw,f? pku
d f v
I u
dk v
f Ykd 'DtrIef
wkdif;rSm "mwfav;yg;ukd jrifNyDqkdvdkY&Sd&if bmjzpfrvJ
ar pwma&m r[mblaw y&d*PSE Oyg'glyH ygu#H
a[mwd/ (tbd-|-2-241/)
[kd .. oarm[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;u zGifhxm;w,f? 'Dkyfu
vmyfwidk ;f kyu
f vmyfwidk ;f trIew
f idk ;f trIew
f idk ;f rSm "mwfBu;D av;yg;ukd
33
jrifatmif pkdufIEkdif&if <uif;usefaewJh Oyg'gkyfawG xif&Sm;vmNyD?

tJ'v
D dk <uif;useaf ewJh Oyg'gkyaf wGudk odr;f qnf;yku
H awmh q&morm;
ESifhom pepfwus csOf;uyfavhvmayawmh/
tJ'Dawmh Oyg'gkyfu (24)rsKd;&Sdygw,f? kyfwkdYrnfonf uvmyf
ac:wJh trIeu
f av;awGtaeeJjY zpfawmh trIew
f idk ;f trIew
f idk ;f rSm "mwf
av;yg;ukd OD;aqmifNyD;awmh tqif; teHY t&om MoZm tp&SdwJh
Oyg'gkyfawGukd qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;&w,f/ tJ'D kyfw&m;awGukd
odrf;qnf;wJhvkyfief; atmifjrifNyD qkdvkdY&Sd&ifawmh emrfw&m;awGukd
qufvufNyD; odrf;qnf;Ekdifygw,f/
emrfw&m;rsm;ukd odrf;qnf;ykH
tJ'Demrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;wJhtykdif;rSm zupNyD; odrf;
qnf;wJhenf; a0'emupNyD; odrf;qnf;wJhenf; todpdwf 0dnmPfu
pNy;D odr;f qnf;wJeh nf;qkNd y;D awmh k;d k;d ok'0 yd em,meduyk*Kd vaf wG
twGuf TefMum;xm;wm&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh orx,meduyk*dKvf jzpfcJh
&ifvnf; umrm0p&emrfw&m;awGudk odr;f qnf;wJah e&mrSm 'Dpepfo;Hk ck
twkdif;yJ odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
orx,meduyk*Kd vu
f awmh psmefemrfw&m;uae podr;f qnf;vkd
&if odrf;qnf;vkdY&w,f/ psmefemrfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;wJhtykdif;rSm
ckeu 0dwuf 0dpm& yDwd okc {u*wm ac:wJh psmeft*FgawGukd
rdru
d orxykid ;f rSmuwnf;u IwwfcNhJ y;D jzpfwt
hJ wGuf emrfur|mef;
ykdif; ul;NyDqkdvkdY&Sd&ifvnf; tJ'Dpsmeft*FgawGuae pNyD;awmh psmef
emrfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
odrf;qnf;wJhtcgrSm ckvkd tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukd tmkH,lNyD;
jzpfay:aewJh yxrpsmefemrfw&m;qkd&if (34)vkH;txd &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D
34
emrfw&m;awGukdvnf; pepfwus q&morm;ESifh csOf;uyfavhvm&yg

w,f? odr;f qnf;&ygw,f/ 'Gg& (6)yg;vk;H rSm jzpfay:aeMuwJh emrfw&m;
tm;vkH;udk odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/
tJ'DkyfawG emrfawGukd odrf;qnf;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcg kyfw&m;
emrfw&m;qkdNyD; kyf-emrf cJG&w,f? kyfemrfukd yl;wJGodrf;qnf;&w,f/
lyglyy&d*[vkyfief;&yfjzpfw,f/ emrfESifh kyfukd ykdif;jcm;,lwJh emrlyy&dap'PfyJ/ wpfcg 'DkyfemrfuvJG&if a,mufsm; rdef;r yk*dKvf
ow0g vl ewf jA[m -- r&Sdbl;? toufaumif vdyfjymaumif
0dnmPfaumif twaumif r&Sdbl;? kyfw&m;tpktykH emrfw&m;tpk
tykHyJ &Sdw,fqkdwmukd PfESifh jrifatmif MunfhNyD; ]]yk*dKvf ow0g
ZD0 tw r&Sd? kyfemrfrQom &Sdw,f}}qkdNyD; kyfemrfukd ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;
&ygw,f? emrly00wmevkyfief;vkdY ac:qkdw,f/
tJ'Dvkd tZwrSm kyfodrf;qnf;jcif; emrfodrf;qnf;jcif; kyfemrf
odr;f qnf;jcif; kyef mrfyikd ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;jcif;qkw
d hJ 'Dvyk if ef;&yfav;ckudk
jyKvkyfNyD;wJhtcsdeftcgusawmh xkda,m*Dyk*dKvfu A[d'ukd ajymif;NyD;
awmh tvm;wlyJ kyo
f rd ;f qnf;jcif; emrford ;f qnf;jcif; kyef mrf odr;f
qnf;jcif; kyef mrfyikd ;f jcm;rSwo
f m;jcif;qkw
d hJ 'Dvyk if ef;cGiaf v;ckudk wpf
qifw
h ufNy;D jyKvyk &f ygw,f/ tJ'v
D yk if ef;cGiu
f dk bk&m;&Siu
f 'Dtmemyge
yAtykdif;rSm b,fvkda[mawmfrlovJ
tZw ESifh A[d'

wd tZwH 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd? A[d'g 0g
uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd? tZwA[d'g 0g uma, um,mEkyD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-71/)
'Dvdk a[mxm;w,f? tZwr mS vnf; lyum, emrum, (y#do-H
35
wpfenf;tm;jzifh - tmo-ymoum, lyum, emr

um,qkdwJh kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGukd (r[m#D-1-320/) odrf;qnf;zkdY?
A[d'rSm vnf; kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf;zkdY bk&m;&Sifu
TeMf um;xm;awmfrw
l ,f/ tJ'D kyef mrfawGudk tZw A[d' ESpXf merSm
wjznf;jznf; csJUxGifNyD; (31)bkHukefatmif odrf;qnf;wwfNyDqdk&if xkd
a,m*Dyk*dKvfu aU&Swpfqifh wufNyD; bmvkyf&rvJ
181/)
ork', 0, ork',0,
ork',"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd? 0,"rmEkyD 0g
um,o 0d[&wd? ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g um,o 0d[&wd/
(r-1-71/)
um,o
um,o = um,/ 0g? lyum, emrum, (y#doH-181) /
wpfenf; - um,o
um,o = tmo-ymoum, u&Zum, (= ly
um,) emrum, (r[m#D-1-320) / ork',"rmEkyD 0g =
ork',"rukd tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&o
dS nfjzpfrlvnf;/ 0d[&wd
= aeav\/
um,o
um,o = um,/ 0g? lyum, emrum, (y#doH-181) /
wpfenf; - um,o
um,) emrum, (r[m#D-1-320) / 0,"rmEkyD 0g = 0,"rudk
tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonfjzpfrlvnf;/ 0d[&wd = aeav\/
um,o
um,o = um,/ 0g/ lyum, emrum, (y#doH-181) /
wpfenf; - um,o
um,) emrum, (r[m#D-1-320) / ork',0,"rmEkyD 0g =
ork',"rESifh 0,"rudk tzefzef txyfxyf Iavh&Sdonfjzpf
rlvnf;/ 0d[&wd = aeav\/
36
'Dae&mrSm ork',"rEiS hf 0,"rukd t|uxmrsm;u y#dor'd gr*

ygVdawmfBuD;udk &nfTef;um 'Dvdk zGifhqkdxm;Muw,f/ --
ork',"rmEkyD 0g
0gwdtm'Dok ye ]]t0dZmork',m lyork'a,mwd}}tm'dem ea,e y[muma&[d lyuE
ork'a,m
p 0a,m p eD[&dwaAm/ wOd oEm, " ]]ork',"rmEkyD
0g}}wdtm'd 0kwH/ ('D-|-2-358/ r-|-1-357/)
'Dt|uxmrsm;u y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf pmrsufESm (53)rSm vm
&Sw
d hJ O',A,Pf tus,f yI mG ;enf;rsm;udk &nfeT ;f um zGiq
hf akd wmf
rlMujcif; jzpfMuw,f/
'Dtykdif;udk 0dok'dr*t|uxmu (0dok'd-2-267/) -1/ yp,awm O',A,
2/ cPawm O',A, -qkdNyD; ESpfrsKd; zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ ykdrdkNyD;awmh oabmaygufatmif
y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfrmS vm&Sw
d hJ lyuEm O',ESihf 0,IyHk ygVdawmfukd
ykHpHxkwfum em,lMunfhMu&atmif .../
lyuE O',H yaEm uwrmed y vuPmed ywd

1/ t0dZmork',m lyork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e lyuE
O',H ywd/
2/ wPSmork',m lyork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e lyuE
O',H ywd/
3/ urork',m lyork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e lyuE
O',H ywd/
4/ tm[m&ork',m lyork'a,mwd yp,ork',a|e lyuE
37
O',H ywd/
5/ edAwdvuPH yaEmyd lyuE O',H ywd/
lyuE O',H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/
(y#doH-53/)
'DygVdawmf&JU qdkvkd&if;udk ajymMu&atmif .../

lyuEm&JU jzpfjcif; (= O',) udk IwJhol[m tb,fig;yg;aom
vuPmwdkYudk IjrifovJ
1/
2/
3/
4/
t0dZmjzpfjcif;aMumifh
wPSmjzpfjcif;aMumifh
uHjzpfjcif;aMumifh
tm[m&jzpfjcif;aMumifh
kyfjzpf\/
kyfjzpf\/
kyfjzpf\/
kyfjzpf\/
'Dvdk taMumif;w&m;wkdY&JU xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;qdkwJh teufoabm

aMumifh tusK;d kyw
f &m;&JU jzpfyu
Hk kd Iw,f/ 'Dvdk u
I u
G u
f akd wmh yp,awm
O','e (= taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh tjzpfudk Ijcif;)vdkY 0dok'dr*
t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ (0dok'd-2-267/)
'DavmufwGif ruao;bl; -5/ 'Dyk w
f &m;&JU jzpfjcif; edAw
v
d uPmudv
k nf; jrifatmif I&r,fvYkd
TeMf um;awmfrjl yefw,f/ 'Dyk w
f &m;&JU jzpfjcif; edAw
v
d uPmudk
IIjcif;udkawmh cPawm O','e (= cPtm;jzifh tjzpfudk
Ijcif;)vdkY 0dok'dr*t|uxmu zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ (0dok'd-2-267/)
a0'emuEmpwJh emrfcEmav;yg;udkvnf; ykHpHwl a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlygw,f/
38
'Dae&mrSm t0dZmESifh wPSmudk ,lvdkufvQif ,if;t0dZm wPSm

wdkYESifh udavo0#fcsif; wlnDaewJh Oyg'gefudkvnf; xnfhoGif; ,l&yg
w,f/ wpfzef uHudk ,lvkdufvQif ,if;uHESifh ur0#fcsif; wlnDaewJh
ocFg&udkvnf; xnfhoGif;,l&ygw,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;ig;ck jzpfygw,f/
wpfzef tm[m&jzpfjcif;aMumifh kyjf zpfyu
Hk kd I&ef TeMf um;xm;awmf
rljyefw,f/ y0wyd p,ac:wJh ypKye t
f aMumif;w&m;awGxrJ mS tm[m&
qdkwJh taMumif;w&m;u tvGeftm;aumif;wJhtwGuf tm[m&udk
a&G;xkwfum a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
tm[m&ud,
k Nl y;D a[mawmfrv
l u
kd v
f Qif y0wt
d aMumif; (= ypKye f
taMumif;) csif; wlnDaewJh pdwfqdkwJh taMumif;w&m; OwkqdkwJh
taMumif;w&m;awGudkvnf; xnfhoGif;,loifhaMumif;udk #Dumq&m
awmfrsm;u zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlMuygw,f/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*dKvfu -1/ pdwfjzpfjcif;aMumifh pdwZkyfjzpfykH
2/ Owkjzpfjcif;aMumifh OwkZkyfjzpfykH
3/ tm[m&jzpfjcif;aMumifh tm[m&ZkyfjzpfykH -awGudkvnf; qufvufI&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY&JUtaMumif;ukd enf;enf;awmh xyfajym
csiaf o;w,f/ a,m*Dy*k Kd vw
f &Ykd UJ vuf&cdS Emig;yg;udk jzpfapwJh taMumif;
&if;jzpfwhJ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawG[m b,fwek ;f u jzpfcw
hJ hJ
w&m;awGvv
J aYkd wmh ar;p&m&Sw
d ,f/ y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfBu;D uawmh
'Dvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ --
1/ yk&drurb0o arma[m t0dZm?
2/
3/
4/
5/
39
tm,l[em ocFg&m?
eduEd wPSm?
Oy*reH Oyg'geH?
apwem ba0gwd
ar y "rm yk&drurb0o " y#doEd,m yp,m/
(y#doH-50/)
ww yk&drurb0odEd yk&dar urba0? twDwZmwd,H urba0 ud&d,rmaewd tawm/ (0dok'd-2-214/)

'DygVdawmfESifh t|uxmtzGifhwdkY&JU qdkvdk&if;oabmudk ajymMu
&atmif .../
a&S;twdwfb00,f .. urb0 trnf&wJh ,ckb0 vlYjynf
vlUavmuodkY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifchJpOfu -1/ opmav;yg; trSew
f &m;udk rodbJ a,mufsm; rde;f r yk*Kd vf ow0g
ponfjzifh todrSm;rIoabmu t0dZm?
2/ xdkxdka,mufsm;b0 odkYr[kwf rdef;rb0odkY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh
uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;oabmu ocFg&?
3/ xdkxdka,mufsm;b0 odkYr[kwf rdef;rb0udk wG,fwmwyfrufjcif;
oabmu wPSm?
4/ xdkxdka,mufsm;b0 odkYr[kwf rdef;rb0odkY pdwfuyfa&mufpGJae
jcif;oabmu Oyg'gef?
5/ ocFg&udk jyKpkysKd;axmifpOfu jzpfcJhaom xdkxdk ukodkvfapwem
odrYk [kwf tukov
kd af pwemu urb0? wpfenf; - xdx
k akd pwem
OD;aqmifaewJh ocFg&w&m;pkw&Ykd UJ xdx
k b
kd 0udk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tif
urowdu urb0 (= uH) jzpfMuw,f/
40
'DtaMumif;w&m;ig;yg;wdkY[m vuf&SdypKyefb0 y#doaEcEm

ig;yg;wdkY&JU taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfMuw,f/ (y#doH-50/)
'Dae&mrSm ocFg&ESifh urb0 (= uH)wkdY&JUtxl;udk t|uxmBuD;
rsm;u 'geukov
kd w
f pfcu
k kd ykpH x
H m;Ny;D awmh t"dyg ,f zGiq
hf x
kd m;Muw,f/
b,fvdkvJ -'geuHwpfckudk jyKpkysKd;axmifawmhr,f qdkMupdkY? 'gejyKawmhr,f
qdkwJh pdwfudk jzpfay:apNyD;aemuf wu,fvSLawmhr,fvdkY pdwfudk qkH;
jzwfcsufcsNyD;aemuf wpfvywfvkH;aomfvnf;aumif; wpfESpfywfvkH;
aomfvnf;aumif; 'ge&JU taqmuftODjzpfwhJ vSLzG,0f wKtpkpk ponf
wdu
Yk kd pDpOfaewJh tvSL&Si&f UJ oEmefrmS jzpfay:aeMuwJh rvSLrD a&S;tzdYk
jzpfay:aeMuwJh ykAapwem (= yk&drapwem)awGudkawmh ocFg&vdkY
ac:qdkw,f/ tvSLcHyk*dKvfwdkY&JU vuf0,f vSLzG,f0wKudk wnfapwJh
ay;vSLaeqJ ukodkvfapwemawGudkawmh urb0vdkY ac:qdkw,f/
aemufwpfenf; zGifhqdkxm;wmuawmh rvSLrD vSLqJ vSLNyD;
umvwdrYk mS ukov
kd af Zm0Dxd pdwt
f pOfawG tBurd af ygif;rsm;pGm jzpfay:
oGm;Muygw,f/ tJ'aD Zm0Dxad ygif;rsm;pGmxJrmS aZm0Dxd wpfcw
k pfcrk mS
aZm (7)Burd pf D a,bk,stm;jzifh apmMuygw,f/ txl;ojzifh b0wpfck
udk jzpfapEkdifwJh pGrf;tm;&SdwJh raem'Gg&du aZm0DxdpdwftpOfawGudk
&nfeT ;f xm;ygw,f/ tJ'aD Zm (7)wefwt
Ykd euf a&S;aZm (6)wefwrYkd mS
&SdwJh apwemu uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifaMumif;jzpfwJh ocFg& jzpfw,f/
owraZmapwemuawmh urb0 (= uH) jzpfygw,f/
wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifpOftcgrSm txl;
ojzifh 'gewpfckudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omESifh uH-uH&JUtusKd;udk wwfod
em;vnfaewJh uruwm orm'd|dPf jy"mef;NyD; jyKpkysKd;axmif
cJhwJhtcgrSm xkdxkdaZmpdwuPwdkif;rSm ,SOfzuf pdwfapwodufawG
41
(34)vkH;cefY ,SOfwJGNyD; jzpfMuygw,f/ z a0'empwJh tnormef;

apwoduf (13)vkH;? o'g owdpwJh aombPom"m&P apwoduf
(19)vkH;? ynda`E apwoduf (1)vkH;? todpdwf (1)vkH; - aygif; (34)
vkH;wdkY jzpfMuygw,f/
tJ'w
D &m;pkawGxu
J apwemu urb0 xdak pwemESihf ,SOzf uf
pdwf-apwoduf (33)vkH;wdkYu ocFg& jzpfMuygw,f/
'D&Sif;vif;csufuawmh oarm[0daem'eDt|uxm pmrsufESm
(182-183) 0do'k rd *t|uxm 'kw,
d wGJ pmrsuEf mS (214-215) wdYk
vm&SdwJh &Sif;vif;csuf jzpfygw,f/ odkYaomf y|mef;a'oemawmf urypnf;ykdif;rSmawmh twdwfb0wpfckcku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh odkYr[kwf
ypKyefrSm jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh odkYr[kwf tem*wfrSm jyKpkysKd;axmif
vwHUjzpfwJh xdkxdk ukodkvfpdwfapwoduf tukodkvfpdwfapwoduf
w&m;awGu ocFg&jzpfw,f/ xdkocFg&w&m;awG csKyfysufoGm;wJhtcg
xdx
k b
kd 0udk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tifurowu
d kd kyef mrftpOfrmS jrK yEf NHS y;D rS
csKyfysufoGm;Muw,f? tJ'DpGrf;tif urowdudkawmh uHvdkY ac:qkdyg
w,f/
'Dae&mrSm ajymvd&k if;uawmh vuf&b
dS 0 y#doaEcEmig;yg; tp
&SdwJh 0dygu0#f kyfemrfawGudk jzpfay:apwwfwJh pGrf;tif&SdwJh t0dZm
wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh taMumif;w&m;awG[m twdwfb0
wpfckcku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh w&m;awGom jzpfMuw,fqdkwJh tcsuf
ygyJ/
ememuPduurowd
'Dtcsufudk cdkifvkHatmif y|mef;a'oemawmfrSm vm&SdwJh urypn;f taMumif;udk enf;enf;xyfajymr,f/ txl;ojzifh ememuPu
d
42
urypnf;taMumif;w&m;taMumif;udk xyfajymOD;r,f .../
urypa,mwd ukovmukovH urH 0dygumeH cEmeH u#wm

p lygeH urypa,e ypa,m/ (y|me-1-7/)
urypnf;taMumif;w&m;qdkwmu ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuH[m
tusK;d 0dygufemrfcEmwdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif; u#wmkyf (= urZky)f wdu
Yk kd
vnf;aumif; uryp,owjd zifh jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;w,f/
b,fvkd uryp,owu
d aus;Zl;jyKay;ovJ t|uxmu 'Dvkd zGiq
hf kd
xm;w,f/
urypa,emwd taeumerd uyaum#DeH rwau twaem

zvH Oyga'wHk orawe ememuPduurypa,emwd tawm/
ukovmukovOd urH twaem y0wduaP zvH e a'wd/ ,'d
'a',s? ,H rEkam a'0avmuly*H ukovurH ua&mwd? wmEkbma0e wo a,0 caP a'a0g ba0,s/ ,o ye caP wH
uwH? wawm tno caP t0dZr merd au0vH u#wma,0 'da|0
"ar OyyaZ 0g tya& 0g y&d,ma, t0aooyp,orma,ma*
owd zvH Oyga'wd edk'gyd yk&drodyg'dud&d,m 0d, umvEa&
ypdrodyg'dud&d,m,/ wom ememuPduurypa,mwd 0kpwd/
(tbd-|-3-374/)
'Dt|uxmtzGifh&JU qdkvkd&if;udk ajymMu&atmif .../

'Dae&mrSm qdkvdkwJh urypnf; taMumif;w&m;qdkwmuawmh
twdwfb0xdkxdku jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh uHw&m;udk qdkvdkygw,f/
'DuH[m vGefcJhwJh twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh uHvnf; jzpf
Edik w
f ,f? urmaygif;rsm;pGmu jyKpyk sK;d axmifcw
hJ hJ xlaxmifcw
hJ u
hJ v
H nf;
jzpfEdkifw,f? urmaygif;uka#txufu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJhuHvnf;
43
jzpfEdkifw,f/ tJ'DuHrSm rdrd&JUtusKd;udk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tifurowd

qdw
k m&Sw
d ,f/ uHukd jyKpyk sK;d axmifpOftcsed u
f mvESihf uH&UJ tusK;d 0dyguf
wdkY jzpfay:vmwJh tcsdefumv[m rwl xl;jcm;um uJGjym;aeMuw,f/
'Dvdk taMumif;uHESifh tusKd;0dygufw&m;wdkY&JU rwl xl;jcm; uJGjym;wJh
umv&Sw
d hJ taMumif;w&m;udk ememuPu
d urypn;f taMumif;w&m;
vdkY ac:qdkygw,f/
taMumif;jycsuf
ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuHqkdwm rdrd&JU Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh jzpf
ay:aeqJcPrSm tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tm; r&Sdao;ygbl;/
ukokdvfuH tukokdvfuH[m rdrd&JU jzpfqJcPrSmyJ tu,f tusKd;
ay;r,fqkdvQif - vlom;wpfOD;[m ewfjynfokdY a&mufaMumif;jzpfwJh
ukov
dk u
f w
H pfcu
k dk jyKpyk sK;d axmifr,fqv
dk Qif - 'Du&H UJ tmEkabmfaMumifh
'DuHukd jyKpkysKd;axmifaeqJcPrSmyJ ewfom;jzpfav&mw,f? okdYaomf
jzpfaumjzpfovm; rjzpfygbl;/
wu,fwrf;ajymMupdkYqdkvQif - uHwpfckukd jyKpkysKd;axmifw,f
qdMk upd?Yk tJ'u
D u
H dk jyKpyk sK;d axmifqcJ PrS tjcm;wpfyg;aom cPrSmom
'DuHu Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm; r&Sdaomfvnf; oufouf uHukd
jyKpkysKd;axmifNyD;wJhtwGufaMumifh ...
1/ tJ'DuHu 'd|"ra0'eD,uH jzpfr,fqdkvQif rsufarSmufb0rSm
tusKd;ay;r,f/
2/ tJ'u
D u
H OyyZa0'eD,uH jzpfr,fqv
kd Qif vmrnft
h em*wfb0
(= 'kwd,b0)rSm tusKd;ay;r,f/
3/ tJ'u
D u
H ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH jzpfr,fqv
kd Qif wwd,tem*wf
b0u pNyD; tqufquf a&mufxkdufaom tem*wfb0rSm
44
tusKd;ay;r,f/
'DvdktusKd;ay;wJhtcgrSmvnf; ukokdvfuH jzpfr,fqdkvQif -1/ *wdorwd = vljY ynf ewfjynfpwJh aumif;aom*wdEiS hf jynfph jHk cif;
2/ Oy"dorwd = Oy"dkyftqif;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
3/ umvorwd = olawmfojl rwf rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwYkd ay:xGe;f &m
tcsdefumvaumif;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
4/ ya,m*orwd = r*i&f pS yf g;usiphf Ofw&m;pwJh ukov
kd w
f &m;awGukd
tm;xkwfjcif;ya,m*ESifh jynfhpkHjcif; -qdkwJh 'Dorwdpuf av;yg;wdkYudk trSD&wJhtcgrSm 'DukokdvfuHu
tusKd;ay;wwfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ tukokdvfuH jzpfr,fqdkvQif -1/ *wd0dywd = tyg,fav;bkHpwJh raumif;wJh*wdESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
2/ Oy"d0yd wd = Oy"dyk t
f qif;ESihf rjynfph jHk cif; t*Fgajcvuf csKUd wJjh cif;
3/ umv0dywd = olawmfoljrwf rif;aumif;rif;jrwfwdkY ay:xGef;&m
tcg r[kwfjcif;
4/ ya,m*0dywd = r*if&Spfyg;uJhodkYaom txufwef;uswJh ukodkvf
w&m;awGudk rjznfhusifhbJ rolawmfw&m; 'kpkdufw&m;awGudk
vufoGufoGufESifh usL;vGefaejcif; -qdkwJh 'D0dywdpuf av;yg;wdkYudk taxmuftyhH &wJhtcgrSm 'D
tukokdvfuHu tusKd;0dygufudk jzpfapygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm taMumif;uHEiS hf tusK;d 0dygufw[
Ydk m rwl xl;jcm; uGjJ ym;
wJh tcsdefumvcP &Sdaeygw,f/ Oyrm vufrItwwfynmwpfckudk
oif,lw,fqdkMupdkY? a&S;a&S;oif,lxm;wJh twwfoif,lrI[m aemuf
45
aemuftwwfoif,lrItm; tajccHtaMumif;taxmuftyHhtjzpf
aus;Zl;jyK&mrSm umvcsif; rwlbJ umvwpfyg;odkY a&mufrS aus;Zl;jyK
w,f/ enf;enf;&Si;f atmifawmh xyfajymOD;r,f? uGejf yLwmvdk twwf
ynmwpfckudk oif,lw,fqdkvQif - &ufaygif;rsm;pGm vaygif;rsm;pGm
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm avhusifhr,fqdkvQif - wpfpxuf wpfp wpfaeYxuf
wpfaeY ydyk Nkd y;D awmh uRr;f usiv
f mw,f? a&S;a&S;oif,rl u
I aemufaemuf
oif,lrIudk tqifhjrifhatmif uRrf;usifatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aew,f/
'DykHpHtwdkif;yJ uHqdkwJh apwem[mvnf; uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmif&m
cPrSm tusK;d w&m;udk jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;rjyKbJ aemufaemuf
aom cPodkY a&mufygrSomvQif wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh &ifhusuf
vmygrSomvQif tusK;d w&m;udk jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'DuHudk 'Dapwemudk ememuPdu - tusKd;jzpfay:vm&m
cPrS rwluGJjym;wJh cPjzpfwJh apwemvdkY ac:qdk&w,f/
'Dawmh tusK;d w&m;jzpfay:vmwJt
h csed t
f cgrSm 'Duo
k v
kd af pwem
uH odkYr[kwf tukodkvfapwemuH[m Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifhawmh
xif&Sm;r&Sdawmhbl;/ Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifh xif&Sm;r&SdayrJhvdkY tusKd;udk
jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tifurowduawmh uHudk jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh
kyef mrfoEmeftpOfrmS ude;f 0yfvsuyf J &Syd gw,f/ tJ'pD rG ;f tifurowd
udkyJ uHvdkY ac:qdkygw,f/
ocFg& uHwv
Ykd ykd J t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwu
Ykd v
kd nf; ykpH w
H yl J oabm
aygufyg/ tusKd;w&m;awG jzpfay:vmwJhtcsdefrSm 'Dt0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gefawG[mvnf; Oyg'f-XD-biftm;jzifhawmh r&SdMuawmhygbl;/
odaYk omf 'DocFg& uHawGu tusK;d ay;Edik af tmif ocFg& uHawGukd tm;ay;
axmufyHhEdkifwJh pGrf;tifowduawmh wnf&Sdaeygw,f/
aygif;vkdufvQifawmh taMumif;w&m;ydkif;rSm t0dZm wPSm
46
Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkNyD; taMumif;w&m;ig;ck jzpfygw,f/ twdwf

taMumif;w&m; ypKye t
f aMumif;w&m; tem*wftaMumif;w&m;awG
udk ykHpHwl oabmaygufyg/
'Dt0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefawG[mvnf; emrfy&rwfw&m;wdkY&JU "r
wmtwdkif; tkyfpktvdkufom jzpfMuygw,f? aomrea0'emESifh
,SOw
f jGJ zpfwhJ aomreo[*kwf 'd|*d wor,w
k pf w
d f jzpfr,fqv
kd Qif
z a0'empwJh tnormef;apwoduf (13)vk;H ESihf arm[ t[d&u
d
taemwy O'p avmb 'd|dqdkwJh tukodkvfapwoduf (6)vkH;? tod
pdwf (1)vkH;? aygif; tvkH; (20)tkyfpktaeESifh jzpfMuygw,f/
tJ'Demrfw&m;tvkH; (20)xJrSm -1/ a0'emu a0'emuEm
2/ onmu onmuEm
3/ usefapwoduf (17)vkH;u ocFg&uEm
4/ todpdwfu 0dnmPuEm -aygif;vdkufawmh emrfcEmav;yg; jzpfygw,f/
'DemrfcEmav;yg;uvnf; twdwfrSmjzpfcJhwJh qdkif&m [',0wK
kyfudk rSDwG,fNyD;awmh jzpfcJh&wJhtwGuf ESvkH;tdrftwGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh
[',0wKESifhwuGaom [','ouuvmyfpwJh kyfw&m;pkawGu
lyuEm jzpfMuygw,f/
tm;vk;H aygif;vdu
k af wmh cEmig;yg; jzpfygw,f/ tvm;wlyJ ocFg&uHawGuvnf; txufuajymcJhovdk emrfw&m; (34)vkH; jzpfcJhr,f
qdkvQif ,if;emrfw&m;pkawGxJu -1/ a0'emu a0'emuEm
2/ onmu onmuEm
47
3/ usefapwoduf (31)vkH;u ocFg&uEm

4/ todpdwfu 0dnmPuEm -jzpfMuygw,f/
'Demrfw&m;awG[mvnf; twdwfu qdkif&m[',0wKkyfudk
rSDwG,fNyD;awmhrS jzpfcJh&wJhtwGuf [',0wKESifhwuGaom rSD&mkyf
awGu lyuEm jzpfMuygw,f/ tm;vkH;aygif;vdkufawmh cEmig;yg;yJ
jzpfMuygw,f/
ckajymcJw
h hJ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'geftyk pf Ek iS hf rS&D m0wKyk q
f w
kd hJ cEm
ig;yg; ocFg& uHtkyfpkESifh rSD&m0wKkyfqdkwJh cEmig;yg; - 'DcEmig;yg;
awG[m twdwfb0cEmig;yg;awGxJrSm tusKH;0ifaewJh twdwfcEm
ig;yg;wdkY&JU tpdwftykdif; wpfpdwfwpfa'o jzpfwJh cEmig;yg;wkdYom
jzpfMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'D*'KvA'okwefrSm bk&m;&Sifu --
,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH ...

ponfjzifh twdwf tem*wf ypKye cf Emig;yg;wdu
Yk kd 0dyemI&ef
TefMum;awmfrlwJhtydkif;rSm a,m*Dyk*dKvfu ckajymcJhwJh udavo0#f
ur0#fwEYkd iS hf qufE,
G af ewJh cEmig;yg;wdu
Yk ykd g xnfo
h iG ;f um 0dyem
IoGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dudavo0#f ur0#fcEmawG[m ypKyef
0dygu0#fcEmwdkY&JU taMumif;w&m;awG taMumif;cEmawG jzpfMu
ygw,f/
ckypKyefb0rSm a,m*Dyk*dKvfu bk&m;kyfyGm;awmfwpfql&JU a&SU
arSmufrSm yef; qDrD;awGudk vSL'gef;NyD;awmh aemiftem*wfumvrSm
"ruxduewfom;jzpf&ef qkwmif;yefxGmw,f qdkMuygpdkY/
"ruxduewfom;vdYk todrmS ;rI t0dZm "ruxduewfom;b0
48
udk wG,w
f mwyfrufrI wPSm "ruxduewfom;b0udk pdwu
f yfpv
GJ rf;
rI Oyg'gefqw
kd hJ udavo0#fcEmawGEiS hf yef; qDr;D vSL'gef; ylaZmfjcif;qdw
k hJ
ocFg& uHtyk pf k ur0#fcEmawG jzpfomG ;Muw,f/ 'Duad vo0#f ur0#f
cEmawG[m xkda,m*Dyk*dKvf&JU vuf&Sd ypKyefcEmawGxJrSm tusKH;
0ifaewJh aemiftem*wf 0dygu0#fcEmawG &&Sad &;twGuf jyKpyk sK;d axmif
aewJh cEmawGjzpfMuovdk ypKye cf Emwd&Yk UJ tpdwt
f ykid ;f taMumif;cEm
awGom jzpfMuovdk twdwfb0u jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh udavo0#f
ur0#fcEmawGudkvnf; oabmaygufzkdY vdkygw,f/
qdkvdkwmuawmh twdwfcEmawGudk 0dyem IwJhtydkif;rSm
twdwu
f jzpfcw
hJ hJ 0dygu0#fcEmawGEiS w
hf uG ,ckajymaewJh 'Dtwdwu
f
jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh udavo0#f ur0#fcEmawGudkyg xnfhoGif;NyD;awmh
0dyem I&r,fqdkwJh tcsufudk qdkvdk&if; jzpfygw,f/
twDaw a[wa0g y? 'ged zvyuH/

'ged a[wa0g y? tm,w zvyuH/
(tbd-|-2-182/ 0dok'd-2-214/)
qdw
k hJ t|uxmBu;D rsm;&JU y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf pwJh ygVdawmfBu;D
rsm;ESit
hf nD TeMf um;xm;awmfrw
l t
hJ wdik ;f a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f 'D ork',"rmEkyDydkif;rSm -1/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqdkwJh twdwftaMumif;w&m;
ig;yg; ork',opmw&m;aMumifh ypKyefwGif 0dnmPf emrfkyf
oVm,we z a0'emqdkwJh tusKd;cEmig;yg; 'kuopmw&m;
awG xif&Sm;jzpfykHudkvnf;aumif;
2/ ypKyef,ckvuf&Sdb0wGif jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkufwJh t0dZm wPSm
Oyg'gef ocFg& uH qdkwJh ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;ig;yg; ork',
opmw&m;aMumifh 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'em
49
qdw
k hJ tem*wfcEmig;yg; tusK;d 'kuo
pmw&m;awG xif&mS ;jzpfyHk
udkvnf;aumif;
3/ tusKd;cEmwdkY&JU jzpfrI O',udkvnf;aumif; wpfenf;ajym&vQif
taMumif;cEm tusKd;cEmwdkY&JU jzpfrI O',udkvnf;aumif;
jrifatmif I&rSm jzpfygw,f/
oyp,emrly0aoe wdvuPH tma&maywGm 0dyemy#dyg#d,m ]]tedpH 'kuH tewm}}wd oroaEm 0dp&wd/ (r-|-1-281/)
'Dt|uxmBuD;rsm;&JU TefMum;csuftwdkif; taMumif;w&m;ESifh
wuGaom kyef mrfcEmawGukd vuPma&;ok;H wefoYkd wifum 0dyem
IyGm;okH;oyf&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dork',"rmEkyDykdif;rSm bk&m;&Sifu -1/ taMumif;w&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;wwfwJh yp,y&d*[Pf
2/ taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuGaom kyfemrfcEmawGudk vuPma&;
okH;wefwifum IyGm;okH;oyfwwfwJh oroePf
3/ (u) taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tusKd;cEmawG
xif&Sm;jzpfykH taMumif;cEmawG csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;
cEmawG csKyfNidrf;ykHqkdwJh yp,awm O',A,'ePf
( c ) taMumif;w&m;ESiw
hf uGaom kyef mrfcEmwk&Yd UJ wpfenf;ajym
&vQifawmh taMumif;cEm tusKd;cEmwdkY&JU cPrpJ woJoJ
jzpfrI ysufrIudk IjrifwwfwJh cPawm O',A,'ePf
'D0dyemPfokH;rsKd;udk pkaygif;NyD;awmh a[mMum;xm;awmfrl
w,fvdkY rSwfyg/
50
0,"rmEkyD
ork',"rmEkyDyikd ;f udk 'DavmufEiS hf &yfNy;D awmh 0,"rmEkyD
ydkif;udk qufajymMu&atmif ../
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmfBuD;u b,fvdk TefMum;xm;awmfrlovJ
emMunfhMu&atmif .../
0,H yaEm uwrmed y vuPmed ywd

1/ t0dZm eda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e lyuE
0,H
ywd/
2/ wPSmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e lyuE
0,H
ywd/
3/ ureda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e lyuE 0,H
ywd/
4/ tm[m&eda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd yp,eda&m"a|e lyuE
0,H ywd/
5/ 0dy&dPmrvuPH yaEmyd lyuE 0,H ywd/
lyuE 0,H yaEm rmed y vuPmed ywd/
O',A,H yaEm rmed 'o vuPmed ywd/ (y#doH-53/)
'DygVdawmfBuD;&JU qkdvdk&if;tcsufudk ajymqdkMu&atmif .../
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHqw
kd hJ taMumif; ork',opm
w&m;awG&UJ aemifwpfzef rjzpfaomcsKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;vdYk ac:qdk
tyfwJh tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;cEm
ig;yg; 'kuo
pmw&m;wd&Yk UJ aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f
jcif;vdkY ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHudk
vnf;aumif;
51
pdwfcsKyfjcif;aMumifh pdwZkyf csKyfNidrf;ykHudkvnf;aumif;

OwkcsKyfjcif;aMumifh OwkZkyf csKyfNidrf;ykHudkvnf;aumif;
tm[m&csKyjf cif;aMumifh tm[m&Zkyf csKyNf ird ;f yku
H v
kd nf;aumif;
urZkyf pdwZ kyf OwkZkyf tm[m&Zkyw
f &Ykd UJ ysurf I (= bif)udk
vnf;aumif; -0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif IygvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ emrfcEm
av;yg;udkvnf; ykHpHwlyJ qufvuf a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
tEkyg'eda&m"
b,ftcsed t
f cgrSm t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHpwJh taMumif;
w&m;awG[m aemifwpfzef rjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;vkdY
ac:qdt
k yfwhJ tEkyg 'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f ygovJvYkd ar;p&m
&Sdygw,f/ 'Dtydkif;udk y&rwrLom trnf&SdwJh 0dok'dr*r[m#Dum
q&mawmfu 'Dvdk zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlygw,f/
t0dZmeda&m"m lyeda&ma"mwd t*r*aPe t0dZm,

tEkyg'eda&m"awm tem*w ly tEkyg'eda&ma"m a[mwd
yp,mbma0 tbm0awm/ (r[m#D-2-421/)
qkdvkd&if;udk ajymMu&atmif .../
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefawG[m b,ftcsdeftcgrSm csKyfrvJ
t&[wr*f qdu
k w
f hJ tcsed t
f cgrSm csKyrf ,f/ b,fvkd csKyrf vJ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfr,f/
Oyg'eda&m" - tEkyg'eda&m"
'Dae&mrSm Oyg'eda&m"ESihf tEkyg 'eda&m"taMumif;udk enf;enf;
52
xyfajymr,f/ 'kuopmtrnf&wJh Oyg'geuEmig;yg; ork',opm

trnf&wJh taMumif;w&m;awGudk ocFg&w&m;awGvdkY ac:ygw,f/
'DocFg&w&m;awG[m ocFg&w&m; (= ocFww&m;)wd&Yk UJ "rwmtwdik ;f
jzpfNyD;wmESifh ysufoGm;Muw,f/ odkYaomf 'DocFg&w&m;awGudk jzpfay:
vmatmif aus;Zl;jyKay;aewJh taMumif;w&m;awGu rcsKyfNidrf;Mu
ao;bl; qufvufNyD;awmh aus;Zl;jyKay;aeao;w,fqkdvQif tusKd;
ocFg&w&m;awG[m xyfjzpfMurSm jzpfw,f/ xyfjzpfvQiv
f nf; xyfNy;D
awmh ysuo
f mG ;Mujyefw,f/ Oyg'f-XD-bifqw
kd hJ oufwrf;umvaphvQif
csKyyf suo
f mG ;Mu&wm "rwmyJ/ 'Dvkd Oyg'f-XD-bifqw
kd hJ oufwrf;aphvYdk
csKyfysufoGm;aomfvnf; taMumif;w&m;awGu aus;Zl;jyKaeao;vdkY
aemifwpfzef xyfjzpfcGifh&Sdaeao;wJh csKyfysufykHudkawmh Oyg'eda&m" =
aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifh&Sdaom csKyfNidrf;rIvdkY ac:qdkw,f/
ck'aD e&mrSm csKyNf ird ;f rIuawmh 'DOyg'eda&m"rsK;d r[kww
f t
hJ wGuf
tEkyg'eda&m"vdkY zGifhqdkxm;w,f/
tEkyg'eda&m"qdkwmu aemifwpfzef jzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfjcif;udk
qdv
k ykd gw,f/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef qdw
k hJ udavomawG[m t&[w
r*faMumifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtcg aemufxyfwpfzef b,fawmhrS jzpfcGifh
r&SdwJh csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Muw,f/ t<uif;tusefr&Sd ukefpif
atmif csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJt
h wGuf t<uif;rJch sKyNf ird ;f jcif; (= taoo0d&m*
eda&m")vdkYvnf; ac:qdkw,f/ t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefawG t<uif;rJh
csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJt
h wGuf aemufxyfb,fawmhrS jyefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;jzifh
csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJt
h wGuf t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef qdw
k hJ udavomtaygif;
tazmfukd &&Srd S tusK;d ay;Ekid w
f hJ pGr;f tm;&Sw
d hJ ocFg& uHawGvnf; tusK;d
ay;EdkifwJh pGrf;tifawG ukefcef;oGm;Muw,f? aemufxyf y#doaEcEm
ig;yg; pwJh tem*wftusK;d w&m;awGudk jzpfapEdik w
f hJ pGr;f tifawG vk;H 0
ukefcef;oGm;Muw,f/ 'gaMumifh ocFg& uHawGvnf; aemifwpfzef
53
jzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;w,fvdkYyJ ajym&w,f/

'Dvkd taMumif;w&m;awGu aemufxyfwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;
jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f
oGm;wJhtwGuf tusKd;cEmig;yg;wdkYvnf; y&dedAmepkwdudk aemufqkH;
xm;NyD;awmh aemifwpfzefjzpfcGifhr&Sdaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;oGm;Mu
w,f? tEkyg'eda&m"yJ jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd taMumif; tusK;d ESp&f yfv;Hk wk&Yd UJ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;
jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHukd jrifatmifI&ef bk&m;&Sifu 'D0,"rmEkyDykdif;rSm
TefMum;aeawmfrlygw,f/
'Dtydik ;f ukd y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfBu;D O',A,Peda'oydik ;f rSm
xnfhoGif;NyD;awmh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ (y#doH-53/)
O',A,Pfudk tm;opfaeqJjzpfwJh ykxkZeftqifhwGifom
&Sad o;wJh a,m*Dy*k Kd vw
f pfO;D udk tpxm;um O',A,Pfukd tm;opf
aewJh ykxkZefyJjzpfjzpf t&d,myJjzpfjzpf b,fyk*dKvfrqdk 0dyemI&ef
TefMum;aewJh TefMum;vTm jzpfygw,f/
tu,f O',A,Pfukd tm;opfqjJ zpfaewJh a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f
ykxkZeftqifhwGifom &Sdaeao;w,fqdkvQif t&[wr*fudk &&Sdrnfh
tcsdefonf ypKyefvdkYawmh rajymEdkifawmhbl;? tem*wfvdkYom ajym&
awmhr,f/ 'gaMumifh #Dumq&mawmfu - tem*w ly
tEkyg 'eda&ma"m ponfjzifh zGiq
hf o
dk mG ;ygw,f/ y#dor'd gr*t|uxm
BuD;uvnf; ykHpHwl t"dyg,fwl zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ (y#doH-|-1-236/)
tJ'Dtem*wf[mvnf; 'DrsufarSmufb0rSmyJ t&[wzdkvfqdkufrnfh
a,m*Dy*k Kd vt
f wGuaf wmh 'Db0tem*wfyJ jzpfygw,f/ okaYd omf aemif
tem*wfb0wpfckckusrS t&[wzdkvfqdkufa&mufrnfh a,m*Dyk*dKvf
twGuu
f awmh xdq
k u
kd af &mufrnft
h em*wfb0 tem*wfcEmawGom
54
jzpfMuygw,f/
'Dawmh t&[wr*f qdkufa&mufrnfhb0rSm t&[wr*faMumifh
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawG&UJ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh
csKyfNidrf;oGm;wJhtcg y&dedAmepkwdudk aemufqkH;xm;NyD;awmh tusKd;
Oyg'geuEmwdkY&JU aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh csKyfNidrf;jcif;vdkY
ac:qdktyfwJh tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHudk 0dyem
Pfjzifh jrifatmif I&ef bk&m;&Sifu TefMum;aeawmfrlygw,fvdkY
rSwfyg/
'gwGifruao;bl;? tusKd;cEmwdkY&JU cPrpJ woJoJ csKyfysufrI
udkvnf; jrifatmif I&ef TefMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f? cPawm
0,'ePf jzpfygw,f/
taMumif;w&m;awG&JU tEkyg'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;
oGm;wJt
h wGuf tusK;d cEmwd&Yk UJ tEkyg 'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f
ykHudk jrifatmifIwJh Pfudkawmh yp,awm 0,'ePfvdkY
0dok'dr*t|uxmu (0dok'd-2-267/) zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/
'Dtydik ;f uawmh tem*wfcEmawGEiS hf qufpyfaew,fvYkd oabm
aygufyg/
taMumif;cEmawG&UJ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;
aMumifh tusKd;cEmwdkY&JU tEkyg'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;ykHudk
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif I&rnfhtydkif; jzpfygw,f? tem*wfcEm
ydkif;rSm tusKH;0ifaeygw,f? tem*wfcEmig;yg;IuGufrSm tusKH;0if
aeygw,f/
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHawG[m ypKyefb0wGif jyKpk
ysK;d axmifvu
kd w
f hJ cEmawG jzpfEikd pf &m&Sad omfvnf; ,if;wdcYk sKyNf ird ;f rnfh
tcsdefuawmh tem*wfcEmydkif;ESifh qdkifaeygw,f? t&[wr*fqdkuf
55
a&mufcgeD; tcsdeftxd jzpfcGifh&SdEdkifwJh cEmawG jzpfMuygw,f/
"r|dwdPf
y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmf pmrsuEf mS (48) ponfww
Ykd iG f ]]yp,y&d*a [
ynm "r|w
d
d PH = taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd odr;f qnf;jcif; ynmonf
"r|w
d
d Pfrnf\}}ponfjzifh taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd Pfjzifh ydik ;f jcm;
,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfaomPfudk "r|dwdPf[k a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlygw,f/ emrly00wmePf = emrfkyfwdkY&JU taMumif;w&m;
tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;wwfaom Pf[k rac:a0: rokH;
pGJbJ tb,faMumifh "r|dwdPfvkdY ac:a0:okH;pJGxm;&ygovJvdkY ar;
p&m&Sdw,f/ y#dord'gr*t|uxmu 'Dvdk ajzqdkxm;ygw,f/ --
]]emrly00wmae P}}Ed t0wGm {0 uom ]]"r|dwdP}}Ed

0kwEd ap yp,y&d*a[ae0 yp,orkyEy&d*[ od'wm/
yp,orkyaE [d ty&d*[daw yp,y&d*a[m e oum a[mwd
umwk/H wom "r|w
d
d P*[aPae0 w a[wkbw
l H ykaA od'H
emrly00wmePH 0kwar0 a[mwDwd a0'dwAH/ (y#doH-|-1-18/)
emrly00wmePfvYkd a[mMum;awmfrrlbJ bmaMumifh "r|w
d d
PfvdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrl&ygovJ 'guawmh ar;cGef;yJ/ 'Dar;
cGe;f udk t|uxmq&mawmfu 'Dvdk tajzay;xm;ygw,f? qdv
k &kd if;udk
oabmaygufatmif ajymr,f .../
taMumif;w&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;jcif;jzifh tusKd;w&m;udk odrf;
qnf;jcif; vkyif ef;udp& yfvnf; Ny;D pD;oGm;wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh "r|w
d
d Pf
vdkY a[mMum;xm;awmfrljcif; jzpfygw,f/ rSefygw,f - tusKd;kyfemrf
awGudk rodrf;qnf;EdkifvQif taMumif;kyfemrfudk odrf;qnf;zdkY&ef
b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/
56
taMumif;w&m;qdkwmu tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfapEdkifwJh pGrf;tif

owd&SdwJhw&m;udk qkdvdkw,f/ xdkpGrf;tifowdaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh
tusKd;w&m;udk jrifygrS 'DpGrf;tifowd&SdwJhw&m;[m taMumif;w&m;
yJvYkd a,m*Dy*k Kd vu
f orm'd|
d Pfjzifh ud,
k w
f ikd rf suaf rSmuf xGi;f azmuf
odjrifEdkifrSm jzpfw,f/
tusKd;yp,kyefw&m;awG[m taMumif;w&m;tay: wnfae
Muygw,f/ wnfaew,fqdkwmuawmh 'Dvdkyg -- taMumif;w&m;awG
xif&Sm;&SdMuygrS taMumif;w&m;awGu jzpfay:vmatmif aus;Zl;jyK
ay;MuygrS tusKd;yp,kyefw&m;awG[m jzpfay:vmEdkifcGifh &SdMuw,f/
taMumif;w&m;awGu aus;Zl;jyKray;vQif jzpfay:vmEdik w
f phJ rG ;f tifawG
r&SdMubl;/ tJ'Dvdk tusKd;yp,kyefw&m;wdkY&JU wnfaeaMumif; jzpfay:
vmaMumif;jzpfwJh taMumif;w&m;pkawGudk "r|dwdvdkY ac:qkd ygw,f/
tJ't
D usK;d yp,yk e w
f &m;pkw&Ykd UJ wnf&m jzpfay:vm&m taMumif;w&m;
pkukd xd;k xGi;f odwwfwhJ Pfuv
kd nf; "r|w
d
d PfvyYdk J ac:qdyk gw,f/
wpfzef taMumif;w&m;wdkYqdkwmvnf; txufu tBudrfBudrf
&Si;f jycJw
h t
hJ wdik ;f yJ udavo0#ftrnf&wJh cEmig;yg; (= kyef mrfw&m;)
ur0#ftrnf&wJh cEmig;yg; (= kyef mrfw&m;)om jzpfMuw,f/ kyef mrf
rS tvGwfjzpfwJh taMumif;w&m;qdkwm r&Sdpaumif;bl;/ 'gaMumifh
taMumif;kyfemrfwdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfwJh ydkif;jcm;,lwwfwJh Pf
udkvnf; emrly00wmePfvdkY ac:qdkoifhw,f/ 'Dvdk ac:qdkoifh
ygvsuf rac:qkdbJ "r|dwdPfqdkwJh pum;vkH;udk ,lum a[mMum;
xm;awmfrw
l t
hJ wGuaf Mumifyh if xd"k r|w
d t
d rnf&wJh taMumif;w&m;
pk&JU taMumif;&if;jzpfwJh a&S;u NyD;pD;NyD;jzpfwJh emrly00wmePf
(= emrfkyfudk ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;wwfwJhPf) udk a[mawmfrlNyD;om
jzpfw,fvdkY odyg/ (y#doH-|-1-18/)
57
enf;enf;awmh xyfNy;D &Si;f jyzdYk vdOk ;D r,fxifw,f/ t0dZm wPSm

Oyg'gefwdkY OD;aqmifjy"mef;wJh udavo0#ftrnf&wJh cEmig;yg; (=
kyef mrfw&m;) ukov
kd o
f cFg&apwem OD;aqmifjy"mef;wJh ur0#f trnf
&wJh cEmig;yg; (= kyef mrfw&m;)qdw
k hJ udavo0#f ur0#f trnf&wJh
emrfyk w
f &m;awG[mvnf; ,if;emrfyk w
f u
Ykd kd jzpfay:apwwfwhJ qdik &f m
taMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;&SdMuwJh w&m;rsKd;awGom jzpfMuw,f/
taMumif;uif;NyD;awmh taMumif;r&SdbJ tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vm
MuwJh w&m;rsK;d awGawmh r[kwMf ubl;/ ocFwy&rwfe,frmS taMumif;
r&SdbJ tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmwJh w&m;qdkwm r&Sdpaumif;wJh
twGufaMumifh jzpfw,f/
'DvdkqdkvQif udavo0#f ur0#ftrnf&wJh 'Demrfkyfw&m;pkwdkY
[mvnf; qdkif&mqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;pkwdkYudk pJGrSDom jzpfay:vm
Mu&wJh obm0"r ocFw y&rwfw&m;rsm;om jzpfMuwJhtwGuf
'Duad vo0#f ur0#f emrfyk w
f &m;pkw[
Ykd mvnf; taMumif;w&m;rsm;
aMumifh jzpfay:vmMu&wJh taMumif;w&m;rsm;bufu MunfhvQif
tusKd;yp,kyE"r trnf&Muonfom jzpfygw,f/
taMumif;w&m;rsm;
'DvdkqdkvQif 'Dt0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY&JU taMumif;
w&m;awGu bmawGvJ 'Dvakd wmh ar;p&m&Sw
d ,f? tajzudk em;axmif
Munfhyg .../
1/ tmo0ork',m t0dZmork'a,m (r-1-67/) = tmoa0gw&m;
wdkYudk taMumif;cH t0dZmonf xif&Sm;jzpfay:vm\ - vdkY 'Dvdk
bk&m;&Siu
f a[mMum;xm;awmfrw
l t
hJ wGuf umrmo0 b0go0
'd|mo0 t0dZm o0qdw
k hJ tmoa0gw&m;awGu taMumif;ypn;f
w&m; t0dZmu tusKd;yp,kyefw&m; jzpfw,f/
58
2/ a0'emyp,m wPSm = a0'emudk taMumif;cHNyD;awmh wPSm

jzpfay:vmw,fvdkY y#dyporkyg'fa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;xm;awmfrw
l t
hJ wGuf a0'emu taMumif;ypn;f w&m;
wPSmu tusKd;yp,kyefw&m; jzpfw,f/
3/ wPSmyp,m Oyg'geH = wPSmudk taMumif;cHum Oyg'gef[m
jzpfay:vmw,fvdkY y#dporkyg'fa'oemawmfrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mMum;xm;awmfrw
l t
hJ wGuf wPSmu taMumif;ypn;f w&m;
Oyg'gefu tusKd;yp,kyefw&m; jzpfw,f/
4/ t0dZmyp,m ocFg&m = opmav;yg; trSefw&m;udk rodrI
a,mufsm; rdef;rponfjzifh todrSm;rI t0dZmudk taMumif;cHum
ukodkvfocFg& tukodkvfocFg&w&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmMu
w,fvdkY y#dporkyg'fa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlwJhtwGuf t0dZmu taMumif;ypnf;w&m; ocFg&u
tusKd;yp,kyefw&m; jzpfw,f/
5/ Oyg'geyp,m ba0g = Oyg'gefudk taMumif;cHum urb0 = uH
ESifh (Oywdb0)wdkY jzpfay:vmMuw,fvdkY y#dporkyg'fa'oem
awmfrSmyJ bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;xm;awmfrlwJhtwGuf Oyg'gefu
taMumif;ypnf;w&m; urb0 = uHu tusKd;yp,kyefw&m;
jzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh twdwftaMumif;w&m;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;wJh
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY[mvnf; wpfenf;ajym&vQif
awmh -- t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY OD;aqmifjy"mef;aewJh
emrfyk w
f &m;pkwrYkd mS vnf; rdrw
d &Ykd UJ pGrJ &DS m twdwb
f 0u jzpfcw
hJ hJ qdik &f m
qdkif&m twdwftaMumif;w&m;awG xif&Sm;&SdMuonfom jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dtwdwf t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYudk jzpfay:
59
apwwfwJh qdkif&m qdkif&m taMumif;w&m;rsm;bufu MunfhcJhr,f

qdkvQif 'Dt0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkY OD;aqmifjy"mef;aewJh
emrfyk t
f pktyHw
k [
Ykd mvnf; yp,yk E " r (= yp,orkyE " r = taMumif;
w&m;wdkYudk pGJrSDum jzpfay:vmMuwJh tusKd;w&m;) qkdwJh trnfudk
&Muonfom jzpfygw,f/
tu,f a,m*Dyk*dKvfu yp,orkyE trnf&wJh qdkif&m
taMumif;w&m;wdu
Yk kd pGrJ u
DS m jzpfay:vmMuwJh udavo0#f ur0#fqNkd y;D
emrnfwyfxm;wJh 'Dt0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwYkd OD;aqmifaewJh
emrfkyfw&m;pkwdkYukd a&S;OD;pGm rodrf;qnf;Edkifao;bl;qdkvQif tJ'D
emrfkyfw&m;pkjzpfwJh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uHwdkYaMumifh
'DypKye b
f 0rSm y#doaE0yd guf0n
d mPfpwJh 0dygufemrfyk af wG xifxif
&Sm;&Sm; jzpfyGm;ay:aygufvmwmukd b,fvkdrS od&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/
taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wkdY&JU aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,frIoabm
w&m;udk b,fvdkrS od&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/ taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;
w&m;wdkYudk aMumif;-usKd;pyfum - um; taMumif;w&m; um;
tusKd;w&m; ponfjzifh b,fvdkrS odrf;qnf;EdkifrSmvnf; r[kwfbl;/
taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkYudk rodrf;qnf;Edkifyguvnf;
yp,y&d*[Pfudkvnf; b,fvdkrS &&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/
udavo0#f - ur0#f - 0dygu0#f

aemufwpfenf;ajymOD;r,f? twdwfu t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gefwdkY
OD;aqmifjy"mef;aewJh udavo0#f emrfyk w
f &m;pkwu
Ykd dk rodr;f qnf;Edik f
ao;ygu tJ'u
D ad vo0#faMumifh tJ't
D wdwrf mS ocFg& uHqw
kd hJ ur0#f
emrfkyfw&m;pkwdkY jzpfay:vm&wmudk b,fvdkrS od&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;/
NyD;awmhvnf; 'DocFg& uHqdkwJh ur0#femrfkyfw&m;pkawGudk rodrf;
qnf;Edkifao;bl;qkdvQif ,if;ur0#faMumifh 'DypKyefb0rSm y#doaE
60
0dnmPfqw
kd hJ 0dygu0#f jzpfay:vmwmudk b,fvrdk S od&EdS idk rf mS r[kwf
bl;/ tvm;wlyJ 0dnmPfaMumifh emrfyk jf zpfypHk wJh aMumif;usK;d qufE,
G rf I
oabmw&m;awGudkvnf; od&SdEdkifrSm r[kwfawmhbl;/
qdkif&mtwdwftaMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh qkdif&m twdwftusKd;
w&m;awG jzpfykH ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh tem*wftusKd;
w&m;awG jzpfykH tem*wf oHo&mc&D; rqHk;ao;olwdkYtwGuf qdkif&m
tem*wf taMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh qkid &f m tem*wftusK;d w&m;awG
jzpfykHwdkYudkvnf; enf;wl oabmaygufyg/
'gaMumifh emrly00wmePfvdkY rokH;pGJvdkufbJ "r|dwdPfvdkY
ok;H pGv
J u
dk jf cif;jzifh 'D"r|w
d
d Pf jzpfay:vm&jcif;&JU taMumif;&if;jzpfwhJ
"r|dwdPf rjzpfrD "r|dwdPfudk &atmiftm;rxkwfrD a&S;tzdkYrSm
BudKwifNyD;pD;xm;NyD;jzpf&rnfh twdwfemrfkyf ypKyefemrfkyf ESpfrsKd;vkH;
udk ykdif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif; ypKyefemrfkyf tem*wfemrfkyf ESpfrsKd;vkH;udk
ydkif;jcm;rSwfom;jcif;pwJh emrly00wmePfudk a[mNyD;omjzpfw,f
vdkY od&Sdyg/ (y#doH-|-1-18/)
'D&Sif;vif;csufawGuawmh txufu wifjycJhwJh y#dord'gr*
t|uxm&JU qdkvdk&if;oabmw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/
opma'oemawmfenf;
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf yxrwGJ wduedygwf wdwm,weokwefrSm t0dZm aMumifh ocFg&jzpfyHk ocFg&aMumifh 0dnmPfjzpfyHk pwJh tEkavmr
y#dporkyg'foabmw&m; (= taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;wdkY&JU
aMumif;usKd;qufEG,fum txyfxyfjzpfrIoabmw&m;) udk ork',
opmqdkwJh trnfESifh a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ (tH-1-178/) owdy|mefa'oemawmfrmS vm&Sw
d hJ ork',"rmEkyDyidk ;f jzpfygw,f?
oHo&m&JU jzpfpOf jzpfygw,f/
61
aemufwpfck - t0dZm&JU aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyfjcif;jzifh

csKyNf ird ;f jcif;vdYk ac:qdt
k yfwhJ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f rI
aMumifh ocFg&&JU tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f ykpH wJh oHo&m
puf&[wf&UJ csKyNf ird ;f ykt
H pOfukd azmfjywJh y#davmry#dpo
rkyg 'foabm
w&m;udkvnf; eda&m"opmtrnfESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mMum;xm;
awmfrlygw,f/ (tH-1-178/)
'Dead &m"opmuawmh O',A,0dyemPfxrJ mS tusK;H 0ifwhJ
yp,awm 0,'ePf (= taMumif;w&m;tm;jzifh csKyfNidrf;rIudk
IjrifwwfwhJ 0dyemPf) ESihf xd;k xGi;f odwhJ eda&m"opm jzpfygw,f/
(0dok'd-2-267/)
tJ'eD ad &m"opmudk odwhJ 0dyemPfEiS w

hf uGaom r*iw
f &m;
udk,fawGuawmh avmuDr*opmw&m;awG jzpfMuygw,f/ 0dyem
Pfudk wpfzefjyefNyD;awmh 0dyemIEdkifwJhtcg a,m*Dyk*dKvfu
'DavmuDr*opmudkvnf; xkd;xGif;odEdkifygw,f/ owdy|mefa'oem
awmfenf;t& 0,"rmEkyDykdif; jzpfygw,f/
0dyemPfwdkY&JU tqkH;rSm jzpfay:vmwJh t&d,r*fPf
(zdv
k
f Pf) wdjYk zifh xk;d xGi;f odwhJ tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd m efw&m;
awmfjrwfBuD;uawmh avmukw&m eda&m"opmw&m; jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D avmukw& m eda&m"opmudk xd;k xGi;f odwhJ t&d,r*fPfEiS hf
,SOfwGJaewJh r*ifw&m;ukd,fawGuawmh avmukw&m r*opmw&m;
awG jzpfMuygw,f/
oHcdawe yKyg'geuEm 'kum qdkwJhtwdkif; twdwf tem*wf
ypKyefpwJh (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaewJh Oyg'geuEm
ig;yg;wdkYuawmh 'kuopmw&m;pkawG jzpfMuygw,f/
aygif;vdkufawmh avmuD0dyemPfESifh xdk;xGif;odtyfwJh
62
opmw&m;awGu 'kuo
pm ork',opm eda&m"opm r*opmqdw
k hJ
opmav;yg; jzpfMuw,f/
avmukw&mjzpfwJh t&d,r*fPfjzifh xdk;xGif;odtyfwJh opm
uvnf; av;yg;yJ jzpfMuygw,f/ odkYaomf avmukw&m t&d,r*f
Pfu tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAmefqkdwJh avmukw&m eda&m"
opmw&m;awmfjrwfudkom tm&rPy#da0" (= tmkHrsufarSmuf
wdu
k f u
dk jf yKum xd;k xGi;f odjcif;)jzifh xd;k xGi;f Ny;D odw,f? 'kuork',r*qdkwJh usefopmokH;yg;udkawmh rodatmif zkH;vTrf;xm;wJh arm[udk
y,fowfaomtm;jzifh xd;k xGi;f odjcif;qdw
k hJ toarm[y#da0"oabm
tm;jzifh xdk;xGif;odw,f/
'Dvdk avmuD0dyemPf avmukw&mr*fPfwkdYjzifh opm
av;yg;udk xdk;xGif;rodygu r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmefudk rsufarSmuf
jyKEdkifygovm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ opoH,kwfrSmvm&SdwJh ul#m*g&
okwe f aumufEw
k cf suu
f av;udk emMum;Munfyh g/ jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sio
f nf
b,fvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlovJ --
ul#m*g&okwefw&m;awmf aumufEkwfcsuf
a,m p acg bdua0 {0H 0a',s - ]]t[H 'kuH t&d,opH
,xmblwH tebdoarp? 'kuork',H t&d,opH ,xmblwH
tebdoarp? 'kueda&m"H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp?
'kueda&m"*grde y#dy'H t&d,opH ,xmblwH tebdoarp? orm
'kuEH u&dmrD}}wd aewH XmeH 0dZwd/ (oH-3-394/ oH-3-383/)
tebdoarpmwd aPe tebdorm*Em/ ty#d0dZdwGmwd
tawm/ (oH-|-3-330/)
bdua0 = cspfom;&[ef;wdkY .../ a,m p acg = tMuif
trSwfrxm; wpfpkHwpfa,mufaom yk*dKvf ow0gonfum;/ {0
{0H =
63
odkY/ 0a',s = ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ u 0a',s = todkY ajymqdk

av&moenf;/
]]t[H
t[H = igonf/ 'kuH t&d,opH = 'kut&d,opmw&m;udk/ y
/ 'kuork',H t&d,opH = 'kujzpfaMumif; 'kuork',t&d,
opmw&m;udk/ y / 'kueda&m"H t&d,opH = 'kucsKyfaMumif; 'ku
csKyf&m 'kueda&m"t&d,opmw&m;udk/ y / 'kueda&m"*grde y#dy'H
t&d,opH = 'kucsKyf&m eda&m"odkY a&mufaMumif; usifhpOfjzpfonfh
r*t&d,opmw&m;ud/k ,xmblwH = razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG /
tebdoarp = orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;
azmuf rodrjrifrl/ orm = aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm/ 'kuEH =
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku\ tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;udk/ u&dmrd = jyKvkyf
aytHh/}} {0H = odkY/ 0a',s = ajymqdkvmjim;tHh/ {wH XmeH =
d
ajymqdo
k nft
h wdik ;f jzpfEikd &f maom taMumif;t&mrsK;d onf/ e 0dZw
= r&Sdonfomwnf;/
&[ef;wdkY...yk*dKvfwpfa,mufu ajymvmNyDqdkMupdkY? b,fvdk
ajymovJ ]]ig[m 'kut&d,opm 'kuork',opm 'kueda&m"
t&d,opm 'kuc sKy&f medAm ef (= 'kue ad &m")odYk a&mufaMumif; usiphf Of
jzpfwhJ r*t&d,opmw&m;udk razmufrjyef [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG orm'd|d
Pfynmjzifh ukd,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufum rodbJ rjrifbJ
oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k u
ek af tmif oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k u
ek &f m edAm efoYkd
qdkufa&mufatmif jyKvkyfr,f - vdkY 'Dvdk vmajymr,f qdkMupkdY/
tJ'Dyk*dKvf&JU ajymqkdcsuf[m ajymqdkwJhtwdkif; jzpfEdkif&maom
taMumif;t&m[m b,fvdkrS r&SdEkdifbl;/ (oH-3-394/ oH-3-383/)
'Dvakd [mMum;xm;awmfrw
l hJ opma'oemawmfrsm;ESit
hf nD t&d,
opmav;yg;wdkUudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkif
64
rsufarSmuf xGif;azmufum rodygu rjrifygu oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku

ukeq
f ;Hk &m edAm efoYdk ra&mufEidk w
f t
hJ wGuf oHo&m0#fqif;&J'u
k u
ek &f m
edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKvkdwJh &vdkwJh a&mufvdkwJh yk*dKvf rSefcJhvQifawmh
t&d,opmav;yg;wdkYudk orm'd|dPfynmjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf
xGif;azmufodjrifatmif BudK;yrf;&awmhrSm jzpfygw,f/
'Dopmav;yg;xJrSm 'Dae&mrSm txl;ajymvdkwmuawmh avmuD
0dyemPfjzifh xdk;xGif;od&rnfh -1/ ork',opmaMumifh 'kuopmjzpfykHtykdif;
2/ ork',opm csKyfNidrf;jcif;aMumifh 'kuopm csKyfNidrf;ykHtydkif; -'Dtydik ;f ESpyf ikd ;f jzpfygw,f/ ork',opmaMumifh 'kuo
pm jzpfyu
Hk kd
0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif Iwt
hJ ydik ;f udfk owdy|mefa'oemawmfrmS
bk&m;&Sifu ork',"rmEkyDydkif;wGif xnfhoGif;um a[mMum;xm;
awmf rlygw,f/
ork',opm&JU tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f jcif;aMumifh
'kuo
pmw&m;pkw&Ykd UJ tEkyg 'eda&m"oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f ykt
H ydik ;f udk
awmh owdy|mefa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sifu 0,"rmEkyDydkif;wGif
xnfhoGif;um a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
aemufwpfckuawmh ... oyp,emrly0aoe wdvuPH
tma&maywGm (r-|-1-281/) pwJh t|uxmBuD;rsm;&JU TefMum;csuf
twdik ;f 'D'u
k o
pm ork',opmw&m;wd&Yk UJ Oyg'ftm;jzifh biftm;jzifh
wpfenf; - cPtm;jzifh jzpfrIysufrIudk 0dyemPfjzifh jrifatmif
MunfhNyD; vuPma&;okH;wefodkY wifum qufvufNyD;awmh 0dyem
I&rSm jzpfygw,f/
txufu ud;k um;wifjyxm;cJw
h hJ y#dor'd gr*ygVdawmfBu;D twdik ;f
jzpfrIudk Ijcif;u edAwdvuPmudk Ijcif;jzpfw,f? ysufrIudk Ijcif;u
65
awmh 0dy&dPmrvuPm (= cEmwd&Yk UJ azmufjyefysupf ;D wJh vuPm)udk

Ijcif;jzpfw,f/ edAwdvuPmudk ork',"r 0dy&dPmrvuPmudk
0,"rqdkwJh trnfESifh owdy|mefa'oemawmfrSm bk&m;&Sifu a[m
Mum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/
ckajymcJhwmawGudk wpfenf;xyfNyD;awmh ajymOD;r,f .../
twdwcf Emig;yg;xJrmS qdik &f mtwdwt
f aMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh
jzpfay:cJhwJh 0dygu0#fcEmig;yg;awGvnf; yg0ifMuw,f? ypKyef
0dygu0#fcEm ponfwdkY&JU taMumif;&if;jzpfwJh t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
OD;aqmifwJh udavo0#fcEm ocFg& uHOD;aqmifwJh ur0#fcEmawG
vnf; yg0ifMuw,f/
tvm;wlyJ ypKyefcEmig;yg;xJrSmvnf; twdwfudavo0#fcEm
ur0#fcEmwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:aewJh 0dygu0#fcEmawGvnf; yg0if
Muw,f? aemiftem*wf0dygu0#fcEmwdkY&JU taMumif;&if; jzpfMuwJh
ypKyefwGif jyKpkysKd;axmifaewJh udavo0#fcEm ur0#fcEmawGvnf;
yg0ifMuw,f/
tvm;wlyJ tem*wfcEmawGxJrSmvnf; ypKyefudavo0#fcEm
ur0#fcEmawGaMumifh jzpfay:vmrnfh 0dygu0#fcEmawGvnf; yg0if
Muw,f/ aemufxyf 'kwd,tem*wf pwJh xkdxdk vmvwHUaom
tem*wftwGuf &nf&G,fjyKpkysKd;axmifvwHUjzpfwJh udavo0#fcEm
ur0#fcEmawGvnf; yg0ifMuw,f/
'gaMumifh 'D*'KvA'okwefrSm bk&m;&SifTefMum;awmfrlwJh -- ,H
udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH pwJh IuGufrSm -- twdwf tem*wf
ypKyefcEmig;yg;xJrSm udavo0#f ur0#f 0dygu0#fcEmawG tm;vkH;
yg0ifMuw,fvdkY oabmaygufyg/
66
twdwf tem*wf ypKyefcEmawGudk odrf;qnf;jcif;

'D*'KvA'ow
k e yf ikd ;f rSm jrwfpmG bk&m;u twdwf tem*wf ypKye f
jzpfwhJ Oyg'geuEm ig;yg;wku
Yd kd 0dyemI&ef TeMf um;aeawmfryl gw,f/
twdwfcEmig;yg;wdkYudk 0dyemIvdkwJh a,m*Dyk*dKvfu a&SUOD;pGm
twdwfcEmig;yg;udk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfzdkY vdkyg
w,f/ ypKyefcEmig;yg;wdkYudk 0dyemIvdkwJh a,m*Dyk*dKvf[mvnf;
a&SUOD;pGm ypKyefcEmig;yg;awGudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;
wwfzdkY vdkygw,f/ tem*wfcEmig;yg;wdkYudk 0dyemIvdkwJh a,m*D
yk*dKvf[mvnf; a&SUOD;pGm tem*wfcEmig;yg;wdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;
,lwwf odrf;qnf;wwfzkdY vkdygw,f/ PfpOfenf;t& emrlyy&dap'Pf emrly00wmePf jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck ajymOD;r,f .../ twdwt
f aMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh
ypKye t
f usK;d w&m;0dygu0#fcEmawGjzpfyu
Hk kd Pfjzifh jrifatmifv
I w
kd hJ
a,m*Dy*k Kd v[
f mvnf; taMumif;w&m;jzpfwhJ twdwu
f ad vo0#fcEm
twdwfur0#fcEmwdkYudka&m ypKyeftusKd;0dygu0#fcEmawGudka&m
Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf odrf;qnf;,lwwfzkdY vkdygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ ypKyeftaMumif;w&m;awGaMumifh tem*wftusKd;
w&m;awG jzpfyu
Hk kd 0dyemPfjzifh Ijrifvw
kd hJ a,m*Dy*k Kd v[
f mvnf;
taMumif;&if;jzpfwJh ypKyefudavo0#fcEm ur0#fcEmawGudka&m
tusK;d jzpfwhJ tem*wf0yd gu0#fcEmawGuakd &m Pfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;,lwwf
odr;f qnf;,lwwfzYkd vdyk gw,f/ PfpOfenf;t& emrlyy&dap'Pf
emrly00wmePfyJ jzpfygw,f/
'Dvdk odrf;qnf;NyD;awmhrS a,m*Dyk*dKvfu a&SUwpfqifh wufum
twdwfu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh udavo0#fcEm ur0#fcEmwdkYaMumifh
ypKye 0f yd gu0#fcEmawG jzpfyu
Hk kd Pfjzifh jrifatmif I&ygw,f/ Pf
67
pOfenf;t& yp,y&d*[Pf jzpfygw,f/ wpfenf;ajym&vQifawmh

"r|dwdPf jzpfygw,f/
tvm;wlyJ ypKyefwGif jyKpkysKd;axmifxm;wJh udavo0#fcEm
ur0#fcEmwdaYk Mumifh tem*wf 0dygu0#fcEmawG xif&mS ;jzpfyu
Hk v
kd nf;
Pfjzifh jrifatmif I&ygw,f/ yp,y&d*[
Pf (= "r|w
d
d Pf)yif
jzpfygw,f/
'Dvkd taMumif;cEm tusKd;cEmwdkYudk Pfjzifh ydkif;jcm;,lwwf
odrf;qnf;,lwwfwJh yk*dKvfawGonfomvQif -1/ twdwf tusKd;cEm taMumif;cEm
2/ ypKyef tusKd;cEm taMumif;cEm
3/ tem*wff tusKd;cEm taMumif;cEm -qdkwJh twdwf tem*wf ypKyefcEmawGudk vuPma&; okH;wef
wifum 0dyem IyGm;okH;oyfEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'Dork',"rmEkyD-0,"rmEkyDydkif;rSm -t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH tp&Sw
d hJ taMumif;w&m;awG
xif&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh - tusKd;kyfw&m; emrfw&m;awG xif&Sm;jzpfykH?
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef ocFg& uH tp&SdwJh taMumif;w&m;awG csKyf
Nidrf;jcif;aMumifh - tusKd;kyfw&m;awG emrfw&m;awG csKyfNidrf;ykHukd jrif
atmif wpfqifhwufNyD;awmh I&ygw,f/
tJ'Dtykdif;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u yp,y&d*[Pf oroePf
O',A,PfqkdwJh 'DPfokH;yg;ukd aygif;pkNyD;awmh a[mMum;xm;
awmfryl gw,f? 'Dawmh twdwu
f rdru
d b,fvdk t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef
awGjcH&HNyD;awmh ocFg& uHawGukd xlaxmifcJhw,fqkdwmukdawmh rdrd
ukd,fwkdif 'Dtykdif;rSm odatmif jrifatmif I&ygw,f/ tJ'Dtykdif;ukd
68
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Tmemygeusifhpofrs 0dyóemokdy: ZM Atmufawm&Q&Mawmf

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