tifwmeuf pdppfjzwfawmufr_rsm; ausmfvm;Ekdifa&; vlxkvufpJG

FOR CITIZENS WORLDWIDE

A CIVISEC PROJECT
The Citizen Lab
The University of Toronto
September, 2007

cover illustration by Jane Gowan

rmwdum

a0g[m&

rdwfqufed'gef;

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;

okH;pGJolqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;avhvmqef;ppfjcif;
yHhydk;olqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;avhvmqef;ppfjcif;

enf;ynm

17

0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfrsm;
v#dK0Sufvdkif; oG,fwef;jcif; aqmhzf0J
trnf0Suf qufoG,fa&;pepf

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynm. vSnfhuGufrsm;

28

rSwfom;xm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;

29

a0g[m&

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmrsm;
ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmqdkonfrSm tifwmeufpdppfr_rsm;tm; jzwfoef;ausmfvm;&mwGif tokH;jyKaomud&d,mrsm;/
aqmhzf0JESifh enf;vrf;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf? if;enf;ynmrsm;wGif _yfaxG;qef;jym;onfh uGefysLwm ykd*&rfrsm;ESifh
tqifhqifh vG,fulpGm vkyfaqmifr_rSonf wm;jrpf0ufbfqdk'frsm;tm; wdkufkduf0ifa&mufjcif;xuf &SmazGa&;
tif*sifwGif ,m,DodkrSD;xm;jcif;rsm;rSwpfqifh 0ifa&mufjcif;rsdK;jzpfaom omrefenf;vrf;rsm;txd yg0ifayonf?

ausmfvm;jcif;pepf yHhydk;olrsm;
tifwmeufpdppfr_r&Sdonhfa'orS uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif aqmhzf0Jrsm;wyfqifxnfhoGif;xm;+yD; tifwmeufpdppf
jzwfawmufr_}uHKawG@ae&onfh a'orS okH;pGJolrsm; tqdkyguGefysLwmESifh qufoG,fEkdifap&ef csdwfqufr_rsm;udk
ausmfvm;jcif; yHhydk;olrsm;u aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&Sdonf? xdkodk yHhydk;olrsm;wGif ausmfvm;jcif;0efaqmifr_rsm;udk
tca=u;aiG,lI yHhydk;ay;onfh pD;yGm;a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rSonf tcrJh aqmif&Gufay;aeonfh wpfoD;yk*~vdursm;txd
yg0ifayonf?

ausmfvm;jcif;pepf okH;pGJolrsm;
ausmfvm;jcif;pepf okH;pGJolrsm; qdkonfrSm tifwmeufay:rS ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pdppfaer_rsm;tm; jzwfoef;ausmf
vm;Ekdifonfh enf;ynmrsm; okH;pGJvsuf&Sdonfh yk*~dKvfwpfOD;csif;udk qdkvdkonf?

rdwfqufed'gef;

tifwmeuf pdppfjzwfawmufr_ odk@r[kwf yg0ifta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pdppfaer_onf

urBmvkH;qdkif&m ta&;}uD; jy\emjzpfvmonf?
tifwmeufcsw
d q
f ufaqmif&u
G af er_rsm;udk Ekid if t
H pk;d &rsm;u xde;f csKyfxm;Ekid jf cif;r&S[
d al om ,lqcsurf sm;
f & (25)Ekid if aH usmo
f nf
&Scd =hJ uaomfvnf; OpenNet Initiative (http://www.opennet.net) . okawoejyKcsut
tifwmeuf pdppfjzwfawmufrr_ sm; usio
hf ;Hk aea=umif; awG@&&dS onf? trsm;pkusio
hf ;Hk vsu&f adS om pdppfrr_ sm;onf
vuf&t
dS pd;k &udk tE&,fay;Ekid af om od@k r[kwf rvdv
k m;aom vl@tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ owif;rsm;/
bavmh*rf sm; ESihf tjcm;tifwmeuf 0efaqmifrr_ sm; ok;H pGcJ iG u
hf kd ykrH eS yf w
d q
f @kd xm;avh&o
dS nf? tjcm;pepfrsm;url
AsL[majrmuf v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;jzpfaom a&G;aumufy/JG vlxq
k ENjyyGJ ponfw@kd EiS hf csed o
f m;udu
k v
f i w
hf ifavh&adS om
f 'kd rf sm;/ uGe,
f uf0efaqmifrr_ sm;ESihf tifwmeufay:rS qufpyfowif;ESihf tcsut
f vuftcsKd wd@k ukd
cgawmfrSD 0ufbq
oD;oef@ ydwq
f @kd =uonf?
tifwmeufppd pfrr_ sm;udk tcsKd @Eikd if rH sm;u oD;jcm;Oya' jyXmef;aqmif&u
G =f uaomfjim; trsm;pkurl vlxrk S aumif;pGm
oabmayguef m;vnfjcif;/ yGiv
hf if;jywfom;jcif;wd@k r&Sb
d J qufvufusio
hf ;Hk aeqJjzpfonf? Ekid if t
H rsm;pkonf
rnfuo
hJ @kd aom owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;tm; ydwq
f @kd xm;onfukd zGi[
hf a=ujimjcif;r&S=d uay? xd@k tjyif
TtusKd ;qufukd Ekid if o
H m;rsm;/ owif;tcsut
f vuf vGiw
hf ifa&;om;olrsm; rnfr#xcd u
kd cf cH &hJ a=umif;udk qef;ppfjcif;/
ta&;w,l aqmif&u
G jf cif;vnf; r&S=d uay? 0,f,o
l ;Hk pGEJ idk af om aqmhz0f rJ sm; ok;H pG+J y;D ydwq
f @kd &ef}uKd ;pm;onft
h cg
ta=umif;t&mtrsKd ;trnf rSm;,Gi;f qk;H jzwf+y;D tvGet
f rif;ydwq
f @dk vmonft
h wGuf jy\emydrk sm;vm+y;D Al;av;&m
z&kq
H ifjh zpfco
hJ nf? tusKd ;quftaejzifh trsm;jynfoel m;rvnfEidk o
f nfh tifwmeuf pdppfjzwfawmufr_ Oya'/
pnf;urf;csurf sm;udk yk*v
~ u
d ukr%
` rD sm;uyg pnf;urf;owfrw
S cf surf sm; owfrw
S v
f m=uonf? aps;uGuw
f iG f
0,f,El idk af om aqmhz0f rJ sm;udk tok;H cs+y;D tifwmeufppd pfjzwfawmufrr_ sm;udk jrefrmEkid if /H wle;D &Sm;/ ,Drif/ aqmf't
D ma&As
ESihf tD&efEidk if rH sm;wGif usio
hf ;Hk ae=uonf?

TvufpGJpmtkyfonf enf;ynmurf;usifr_r&Sdaom tifwmeufokH;pGJolrsm;tm; qifqmjzwfawmufr_ ausmfvm;Ekdifonfh enf;ynmrsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;&ef &nf&G,fygonf?

xdk@tjyif rdrd&ifqdkifae&aom tajctaersm;/ vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh tudkufnDqkH;enf;vrf;udk
a&G;cs,fEkdif&efvnf; ulnDay;ygrnf?

vufawG@urBmrS erlemjzpf&yfrsm;

tifwmeuftcsut
f vufrsm; Edik if w
H umwGif enf;rsKd ;pkjH zifh wm;jrpfyw
d q
f kd jcif;vkyaf qmifonf?

wkwfjynf
wkwfEkdifiHwGif enf;ynmtokH;cs pdppfa&;enf;vrf;rsm;udk omru pnf;urf;csufrsm;/
vrf;!efcsufrsm; oD;oef@jyXmef;jcif;wdk@udkyg yl;wGJusifhokH;+yD; tifwmeufodk@csdwfquf0ifa&muf
jcif;ESifh tGefvdkif;ay:rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;a&;om;azmfjyjcif;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfxm;onf?
enf;ynmtokH;cs pdppfr_rsm;udk wpfEkdifiHvkH; tqifh yifr0ifaygufay: (national backbone
level) wGif tajccH pdppfr_rsm;vkyfaqmifae+yD; wm;jrpf 0ufbfqdk'f tifwmeufvdyfpmrsm; ESifh
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;twGif wm;jrpfpum;vkH;rsm; yg0ifr_rsm;udk pdppfvsuf&Sdonf? xdkodk@pdppfr_
rsm;udk wpfcgwpf&HwGif ykHaoowfrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfjim; vl@tcGifhta&;udpP&yfrsm;/ +ydKifbufygwD.
EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ wdkif0rf ESifh wdAufwdk@. cGJxGufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ EdkifiHwum owif;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;0ufbfqdk'frsm; yufoufvmv#if tifwmeufygta=umif;t&mrsm; pdppfa&;qdkif&m w&kwfEkdifiH.
A[dkxdef;csKyfpepfa=umifh EkdifiHwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif wpforwfwnf; ydwfqdk@xm;vsuf&Sdonf?
tifwmeufpdppfr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufIvnf; yGifhvif;r_r&Sdoavmuf jzpf+yD; trsm;jynfol
vufcHem;vnfavmufonfh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;vnf;r&Sday?

tD&ef
wpfEidk if v
H ;Hk twkid ;f twmjzifh wpforwfwnf;xm;&Sad om pdppfa&;pepfrsm; tD&efwiG f r&Sad y?
od@k &mwGif qifqm jzwfawmufrr_ sm; ESihf ywfoufI tpd;k &rS jyXmef;xm;aom tao;pdwf
k ef may;&onf? yk*v
~ u
d
!e=f um;csurf sm;udk tifwmeuf0efaqmifry_ yhH ;kd olrsm; (ISP) u wm0ef,l vdu
tifwmeuf0efaqmifra_ y;olrsm;onf tar&duefrS aqmhz0f rJ sm;udk ok;H pGjJ cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ rdrb
d mom
rdrd pdwf uduzf efw;D Ekid af om enf;vrf;rsm; ok;H pGjJ cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; tifwmeufppd pfrr_ sm;udk ykpH t
H rsKd ;rsKd ;
jzifah qmif&u
G v
f su&f o
dS nf? tifwmeuf 0efaqmifr_ ay;aompepfrsm;rS tifwmeufrS 0ufbq
f 'kd rf sm;od@k
0ifa&muf&mwGif wpfXmeESihf wpfXme ok;H pGEJ idk rf y_ pHk rH sm; rwlnrD u
_ kd awG@&ayrnf? Ekid if aH &;0ufbq
f 'kd rf sm;
vdiw
f q
l ufqrH u
_ pd &P yfrsm;/ trsKd ;orD; tcGit
hf a&;0ufbq
f 'kd rf sm;/ tqufrjywf xkwv
f iG ahf eaom
owif;Xmersm;/ bavmh*rf sm; tygt0if tD&eftpd;k &udk xdcu
dk v
f mEkid o
f nfh yg&mS ;/ zm&pDbmomjzifh
azmfjyxm;aom tD&efEiS hf oufqikd af om ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pdppf&efjzpfonf? tifwmeufyg
ta=umif;t&mrsm; pdppfrr_ 0l g'rsm;ESihf ywfoufI yGiv
hf if;pGm todtrSwjf yKa&;/ aqG;aEG;a&;wd@k twGuf
tpd;k &tzG@J twGi;f jiif;ckrH r_ sm; &Sad eaomjim; pdppfjzwfawmufrnft
h a=umif;t&mtwdtusurkd l
yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; a=ujimjyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sad y?a=ujimjyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sad y?

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifrl trsm;qdkifXmersm;jzpfaom pmoifausmif;rsm;ESifh pm=unfhwdkufrsm;onf

uav;oli,frsm;tm; vdifr_qdkif&m t"rRjyKusifhjcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;aponfh npfnrf;"gwfykHrsm; tjcm;
qufpyfta=umif;t&mrsm;odk@ r0ifa&mufEkdif&eftwGuf pdppfa&; aqmhzf0Jrsm; okH;I ydwfqdk@xm;&ef
uav;oli,frsm;qdkif&m tifwmeuf umuG,fa&;Oya'jzifh owfrSwfjyXmef;ay;xm;onf?
xdkodk@pdppf&mwGifvnf; trsm;pku tqifhoifh 0,f,lokH;pGJEkdifaom enf;ynmrsm;udkokH;pGJojzifh
trsdK;tpm;rSm;,Gif;cGJjcm;rdjcif;/ tcuftcJrsm; uHawG@&jcif;wdk@ jzpfay:vmjyefonf? tqdkyg
0,f,lokH;pGJEkdifaom pdppfa&;enf;ynmrsm;onf trsdK;orD;a&;&m/ usef;rma&;/ usm;vdifwl rvdifwl
qufqHolrsm;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;/ q,fausmfoufrsm;tm; vdifynmay;a&;ponfwdk@ESifh
qufpyfaeaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rSm;,Gif;pGm ydwfqdk@xm;wwf=ua=umif;
okawoeynm&Sifrsm;u avhvmawG@&Sdxm;onf?

rdwfqufed'gef; (tquf)

urBmvkH;qdkif&m jy\em=uD; ,ckuJhodk@=uD;xGm;vmaoma=umifh urBmt0Srf;rS vlrsm;onf

enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK; &SmazGvm=uonf? rdrdod&Sdvdkaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
&&SdokH;pGJEkdifa&;twGuf tpdk;&rS pdppfydwfqdk@aer_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;jcif;jzifh tajccH
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; ydkifqdkif&ef=udK;pm;vm=uonf?

tifwmeufygta=umif;t&mrsm;tm; pdppfydwfqkdaer_rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&efokH;pGJonfhud&d,mrsm;/ enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh

AsL[mrsm;onf ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmrsm;jzpfonf?
tifwmeufokH;pGJolrsm;. tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;ay: rlwnfI tokH;jyKEkdifaom ausmfvm;jcif; enf;ynmrsm; tajrmuf
trsm;&Sdygonf? okH;pGJoltrsdK;rsdK;. tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;udk ajyvnfapEdkifonf wpfckwnf;aom enf;ynm[lIr&Sdyg?
ausmfvGm;jcif;enf;ynmtm;vkH;udk tulud&d,mrsm;tjzpf aygif;pyfokH;pGJjcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfayrnf? tcsdK
ud&d,mrsm;onf tcsdKaomvkyfief;rsm;twGuf aumif;rGefonf rSefaomvnf; tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;twGufrl oifhawmfr_
r&SdEdkifay? okH;pGJol. urf;usifr_taetxm;vnf; vdktyfayrnf? ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmwpfckcsif;tm; okH;pGJol
wpfOD;csif;. xl;jcm;tcuftcJrsm;/ tajctae ESifh urf;usifr_ ponfwkdudk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; &ayrnf?

ausmfvm;jcif;
enf;ynmrsm;oHk;pGJolavm

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsm;udk u|rf;usifr_tqifhtwef;ESifh toHk;jyKonfh pufypPnf;wdk rwlnD=uaom oHk;pGJol

trsdK;rsdK;twGuf &nf&G,fxm;ayonf? xdk@a=umifhwpfOD;wpfa,muftwGuf taumif;qHk;[k ,lqxm;aom
enf;ynmrsm;onf tjcm;wpfa,muftwGufrl tqifajycsifrS ajyayrnf? ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmwpfck
a&G;cs,frnfqdkv#if yHhydk;olaum/ oHk;pGJolyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; &rnfhtcsufrSm 4if;wdk.oD;oef@tajctaetwGuf
rnfonfhenf;u taumif;qHk; jzpfrnfenf;yif? ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmwpfcka&G;cs,f&mwGif yg0ifolrsm;.
xl;jcm;aom vdktyfcsufrsm;/ &&SdoHk;pGJEdkifrnfh pufypPnf;t&if;tjrpfrsm;/ yg0ifolrsm;.vHkjcHKa&; tE&m,frsm;
ponfhtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;oHk;oyf+yD; owd&Sd&Sdav;av;eufeufjzifh a&G;cs,foifhonf?
tifwmeufpdppfjywfawmufr_rsm;udk jzwfausmfvdkaom oHk;pGJolrsm;twGuf ajrmufrsm;pGmaom enf;ynmrsm;
&Sdaeayonf? odk@aomf ausmfv$m;jcif;0efaqmifr_rsm;udk wnf+idrfatmifjrifpGm toHk;csEdkifa&;rSmrl tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm
pOf;pm;&ayOD;rnf? 4if;wdk@wGif oHk;pGJol. enf;ynmu|rf;usifr_ tqifhtwef;/ vHk+cHKpdwfcsr_twGuf &SdvmEdkifonfh
tE&m,frsm;/ tjzwfawmuftcHa'o. jyifywGif &&Sdxm;aom ,Hk=unfr_wdk@yg0ifonf? ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsm;
a&G;cs,f&mwGif toHk;jyKolESifh yHhydk;ol ESpfzufpvHk; a,bl,spOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;udk t=urf;zsOf;azmfjyvdkufygonf?

okH;pGJolrsm;

yHhydk;ol

oifonf ausmfv$m;jcif;
enf;ynmrsm;oHk;pGJolavm
odk@r[kwf yHhydk;olavm/

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;
(tquf)
ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmoHk;pGJvdkolrS pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (bmvJ/ b,frSmvJ/ b,fvdkvJ)

tifwmeufrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;odk@
0ifa&mufvdkygovm;? odk@r[kwf
tifwmeufwGif owif;tcsufrsm;udk
jzef@a0vdkygovm;?

tifwmeufay:rS wm;jrpfxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;tm; 0ifa&muf =unfh&_

jcif;onf 4if;wdk@tm; jzef@a0jcif;ESif@qufpyfaeaomfjim; rwlnDonfhtcsufrSm
toHk;jyKoltwGuf &if;ESD;pGef@pm;&r_/ enf;AsL[mESifh enf;ynmwdk@jcm;em;pGmyg0if
aejcif;jzpfonf? tGefvdkif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk jzef@a0Edkif&ef tifwmeuf
pDppfjzwfawmufr_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;vdkolrsm;twGuf t}uHay;vrf;n$efcsufrsm;udk
oD;jcm;jyKpkxm;ygonf?

tifwmeufudk udk,fydkifuGefysLwmuae
0ifa&mufwmvm;?
trsm;ydkifuGefysLwmuae
0ifa&mufwmvm;

tifwmeufo@kd rdrt
d rd rf S (od@k ) tifwmeufuaz;qdik w
f pfc.
k uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH rS (od@k )
trsm;ydik pf m=unfw
h u
kd rf S ponfjzifh 0ifa&mufyakH y: rlwnfI pOf;pm;&rnft
h csurf sm;
uGmjcm;Edik yf gonf? ausmv
f m$ ;jcif;twGuv
f nf; jzpfEikd af jcrsm;pGm ay:xGuEf ikd yf gonf?
Oyrm - trsm;qdik u
f eG yf sLwm (od@k ) tifwmeuf uaz;qdik w
f pfqikd f rSwqif@
tifwmeuf odk 0ifa&mufonfqykd gp@kd ? oift
h aejzifh aqm@z0f rJ sm; xnfo
h iG ;f
wyfqifjcif; raqmif&u
G Ef ikd o
f nfh tjyif aqm@z0f q
J ikd &f mvkyif ef;rsm; twGuf
udv
k nf; uef@owfc&H ayrnf? rdru
d 0ufbq
f u
kd =f unf&h j_ cif; (HTTP) udo
k m
aqmif&u
G f vdak omfvnf; tjcm;vlrsm;u tD;ar;vkyif ef;rsm; (SMTP) /
pmwGaJ jymif;a&$@jcif; (FTP) wd@k vyk cf si=f uayrnf? xd@k a=umif@vnf; 4if;wd@k EpS o
f uf&m
aqmhz0f x
J nfo
h iG ;f wyfqifjcif;/ uGeyf sLwmtjyiftqifrsm; pdww
f ikd ;f us csed n
f jdS cif;wd@k
jyKvky=f uayrnf? tifwmeuftoH;k jyK&m trsm;qdik af e&mrsm;wGif cGirhf jyKaomfvnf;
ud,
k yf ikd u
f eG yf sLwmwGirf l pdw}f udKuf aqm@z0f rJ sm;udk a&G;cs,w
f yfqifxm;Edik o
f nf?
od@k aomf Tod@k aqmif&u
G jf cif;onfvnf; tjcm;aom pGe@f pm;&if;ES;D r_rsm;od@k
OD;wnfv#u&f o
dS nf? tb,fah =umifq
h akd omf oifu
h eG yf sLwmwGif ausmv
f m$ ;Edik af om
enf;ynmrsm;oH;k pGx
J m;a=umif; oufaotaxmuftxm;cdik v
f akH e+yDjzpf&m
wm0ef&ydS *k Kd~ vfwpfO;D OD;u awGoGm;cJ@v#if tjypf'%fEiS hf &ifqikd &f ayawmhrnf?
trsm;qdik t
f ifwmeufXmersm;wGif trnfrahJ qmif&u
G v
f yk u
f ikd Ef ikd af omfvnf;
ud,
k yf ikd u
f eG yf sLwmrsm;wGirf l xdo
k @kd rjzpfEikd af cs? rnfo@kd qakd p tcsKd aom trsm;qdik f
tifwmeufXme rsm;onfvnf; vma&mufo;kH pGo
J rl sm;taeESihf ywfoufI
oufaocHtaxmuftxm;rsm; awmif;cHwwf=u+yD; aqmif&u
G o
f nfv
h yk if ef;wdik ;f
udv
k nf; apmif=h unfah vh&=dS uonf? tifwmeuf pDppfjzwfawmufrt
_ m;
jzwfausmjf cif;udk tdrrf jS zpfap trsm;qdik Xf mewpfcrk S jzpfapaqmif&u
G &f mY
ta&;}u;D onfrmS yHyh ;kd ay;xm;onfh 0efaqmifrE_ iS hf ywfoufI pnf;urf;oabmwl
owfrw
S cf surf sm;udk tjynft
h 0em;vnfxm;zd@k vakd yonf?

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmoHk;pGJvdkolrS pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;
(b,foleJ&if;ESD;wmvJ)

EdkifiHjyifyrS ,kH=unfpdwfcs&olwpfOD;ESifh
qufoG,fr_rsm; (odk@) jzpfEdkifacsrsm;
&Sdygovm;? (Oyrm- rdwfaqGrsm;/
rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;)

tifwmeuf pDppfjzwfawmufr_rsm;udk ausmfv$m;onfqdk&mY

qifqmjzwfawmufa'o. jyifyrS uGefysLwmwpfvHk;ESifhcsdwfquf&r_vJ
yg0ifayonf? odk@jzpf&mausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsm; yHhydk;ay;rnfhjyifyyk*d~Kvf
(odk@) tzGJ@ESifh&if;ESD;,Hk=unfr_ &Sdr&SdqdkonfhudpPrSm tvGefta&;}uD;ayonf?
tifwmeuf pDppfjzwfawmufr_udk ausmfv$m;oltrsm;pkonf emrnf}uD;
(proxy) uGefysLwmrsm;udk toHk;jyKavh&Sdonf? odk@aomf xdkuGefysLwmrsm;ESif@
csdwfqufxm;onfh owiftcsuftvufrsm;udk yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh
a=umfjimazmfjyxm;a=umif; awG@ae&jyefonf?
TuJhodk@ csdwfqufr_rsm;onf tjrift& vHkjcHKr_tenf;qHk; jzpfonfudk
odxm;oifhonf? Todk@ csdwfqufr_rsdK;onf &efolaxmifacsmuf jzpfEdkif
ouJhodk@ &efoluyg rsufpdusvmonfh oumtdk;}uD;vnf; jzpfoGm;Edkifayonf?
Tenf;rsdK;xuf ,kH=unfpdwfcs&olwpfOD;ESif@ csdwfqufaqmif&Gufjcif;u
ydkrdkaumif;rGefygonf? odk@aomf Tenf;onfvnf; &if;ESD;pGef@pm;&r_rsm;/ pOf;pm;
&rnfhtcsufrsm;yg0ifaea=umif; owdjyKyg? azmfjyyg enf;ynmyHhydk;olrsm;onf
oifoGm;a&mufcJhonfh 0ufbfqdkufrsm;tygt0if tGefvdkif;ay:rS
aqmif&Gufonfh udpPwdkif;tm; apmifh=unfhppfaq;Edkifygonf? xdk@a=umifh
ausmfv$m;jcif; enf;ynmyHhydk;rnfhol (odk@) tzGJ@tpnf;onf oiftjynfht0
,Hk=unf&oljzpfzdk@ vdkayonf? pDppfjzwfawmufr_uif;rJha'orS ,Hk=unfpdwfcs
&olwpfOD;OD;&SdrSomv#if ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsm;udk tqifajyacsmarG@pGm
a&&SnfusifhoHk;Edkifayrnf?

tifwmeufay:rS owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;&,ljcif; (odk) jzefa0jcif;twGuf
tzJG@tpnf;wpfckxHwGif oifh,Hk=unfr_udktyfESHygrnfavm

10

,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aomrdwfaqGrsm;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;/ oifhtodkif;t0dkif;

jyifywGif r&Sdbl;qdkygu tjcm;wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkom ,Hk=unf&ayawmhrnf?
ausmfv$m;jcif; enf;ynmrsm;udk tca=u;aiGjzifh yHhydk;ay;aeonfh pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;pGm&Sdygonf? xdktca=u;aiGudk wwfEkdifonfqdkygu xdkyHhydk;olrsm;.
pnf;urf;oabmwlowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh vsKd0SufvkH+cKHr_qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;udk
aoaocsmcsm pl;prf;oifhygonf? TuJhodk tca=u;aiG,l+yD; enf;ynm
yHhydk;olrsm; udk,fwkdifu oifhudkod&Sdaeao;a=umif; rarhoifhyg? xdktjyif
Oya'a=umif;t& twif;tusyf ckdif;apvmcJhonf&Sdaomf xdkyHhydk;olrsm;onf
if;wdk@.rSwfwrf;rsm;/ oifh.udk,fa&;udk,fwmtcsuftvufrsm;tm;vkH;udk
xkwfazmfzGifh[=urnfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf?

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmokH;pGJolrS pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; ('gawGudkodygp)

oif. enf;ynm u|rf;usifr_ tqifh

rnfr#&SdygovJ/ uGefysLwmokH;pGJ&mwGif
oif.tqifhtwef;udk ynmoif/
tv,ftvwfpm;/ ynm&Sif
rnfodk@owfrSwfxm;ygovJ?

oif.enf;ynm u|rf;usifr_ tqifhjrifhavav/ ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsm;

a&G;cs,fEkdifr_ ydkrsm;avav jzpfonf? tcsdK@olrsm;twGufqdkv#if aqmhzf0Jrsm;
xnfhoGif;jcif;/ pwifwyfqifr_vkyfief;rsm;/ au#mfvGm;jcif;enf;ynmrsm; okH;pGJr_
ponfwdk@onf if;wdk@twGuftvGefcufcJaeonf? rnfr#_yfaxG;eufeJonfh
aqmhzf0JrsdK;jzpfaeygap/ tcsdef,lavhvmygu okH;pGJwwfoGm;rnfrSefaomfjim
aqmhzf0JxnfhoGif;jcif;ESifh ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmwdk@udk rSefuefpGmrokH;pGJwwf
v#ifvnf; qkH;_H;r_rsm;ESifh &ifqkdifwwf&a=umif;udk owdjyKyg?

rnfonfh bmompum;rsKd;
okH;pGJxm;jcif;udk =udKufygovJ?
enf;ynmrsm;udk tokH;jyK&mwGif
t*Fvdyfr[kwfbJ tjcm;bmompum;
okH;zdk@vdktyfygovm;?

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmtcsKd@onf if;wdk@. enf;pepfrluGJrsm;/

okH;pGJolvrf;!Gefrsm;udk tjcm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh azmfjywwf=uaomfvnf;
trsm;pkurl !Gef=um;csufrsm;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhom a&;om;
xm;wwf=uonf? tu,fIoifokH;aeaom okH;pGJolvufpGJonf bmomjyef
xm;jcif;jzpfygu okH;pGJaeonfh aqmhzf0Jrl&if;ESifh vkH;0udkufnDa=umif;
aocsmzdk@vdkygonf? xdkESpfrsdK;rSm wpfcgw&HwGif udkufnDr_r&Sd=uay?

11

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynm okH;pGJolrS pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (pdwfcs&r_ESifh v#dK0SufvkH+cHKr_)

oifaexdkif&mwdkif;jynf. vkH+cKHa&;udk
xdyg;vmEkdifonf[k ,lq&aom tvGef
tE&,f}uD;aomta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
0ifa&muf=unfh_aeygovm;?

wm;jrpfxm;aomta=umif;t&mrsm; txl;ojzifh EkdifiHawmf. vkH+cKHa&;udk

xdyg;vmEkdifonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,l=unfh_jcif;onf Oya'udk
}uD;av;pGmazmufzsufjcif;jzpfonf? oifonf azmfjyygta=umif;
t&mrsm;ukd ykHrSef0ifa&muf &,laewwfoljzpfygu oifhta=umif;udk
vkH+cHKpGm uG,f0Sufay;xm;onfh v#dK@0Sufpdwfcs&r_t&SdqkH; ausmfv$m;jcif;
enf;ynmudk okH;yg? okd@aomf okH;&vG,fuljcif;ESifh v#dK0SufvkH+cKHr_
wdk@=um;wGif tay;t,lvkyf+yD; csdef!Sd&p+rJjzpf&m qkH;_H;r_tenf;qkH;jzpfap&ef
tcsdefESifhvkyftm;wdk@ ydkrdktokH;cs+yD; jyifqifxm;oifhayonf?

oifhtpdk;&. owdxm;apmifh=unfh&rnfh olrsm;pm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom

tifwmeuf pdppfjzwfawmufr_rsm;udk
ausmfv$m;jcif;rsm;twGuf zrf;qD;cH&jcif;rsdK; emrnf}uD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqHaqmif&Gufr_rsm; oifhrSm &Sdaeyg
oifhwdkif;jynfwGif ,cifu &SdcJhzl;ygovm;? ovm;? emrnf}uD; vltcGifhta&;qdkif&m toif;tzGJrsm;/ twkduftcHtzGJ@
oifhtpdk;&. owdxm;apmifh=unfh&rnfh
olrsm;pm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom
emrnf}uD;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufqH
aqmif&Gufr_rsm; oifhrSm&Sdaeygovm;?

www.

12

tpnf;rsm;ESifh ywfouf qufqHr_rsm;&Sdaeygu oifonfvnf; tpdk;&.

apmifh=unfh&olrsm; pm&if;wGif ygaeEkdifaoma=umifh ausmfv$m;jcif;
enf;ynmrsm; okH;pGJ&mwGif ydkIowdxm;a&G;cs,f&ayrnf? oif.v_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;udk tjrJrjywf apmifh=unfhaeonf? oif.uGefysLwmonfvnf; tcsdefra&G;
odrf;qnf;cH&Ekdifonf[k rSwf,lxm;&ayrnf? rdrduGefysLwmtwGif;odk@
aqmhzf0J xnfhoGif;&efvdkonfh ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsKd;udk a&Smif=uOfyg?
jzpfEkdifv#if tifwmeufcsdwfquf&mY txifu&r[kwfaom tifwmeuf
uaz;trsdK;rsdK;udk vnfhywfokH;pGJoifhygonf?

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmokH;pGJolrS pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (rdrdta=umif;)

oifhta=umif;udk tGefvdkif;ay:rS
umuG,fxm;jcif;onf r&Sdrjzpfwr#
ta&;}uD;ygovm;? tifwmeufodk@
0ifa&mufvSnfhywf=unfh_@&mwGif
odk@r[kwf jzef@a0&mwGif oifhudk,foif
zkH;uG,fxm;vdkygovm;?

ausmfv$m;jcif;ESifh zkH;uG,fjcif;onfrwlnDyg? zkH;uG,fay;jcif;enf;pepfonf

oifhta=umif;/ oifcsdwfqufxm;onfh 0ufbfqdk'frsm;ESifh tqdkygzkH;uG,f
ay;jcif;enf;pepfudk,fwkdifuyif rod&SdEkdifatmif umuG,fay;xm;ygrnf?
if;enf;pepfrsm;udk ausmfv$m;&mwGifvnf;okH;Ekdifygonf? odk@aomf
T&nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh zefwD;xm;jcif;r[kwfojzifh tvG,fwul ydwfqkd@
cH&Ekdifygonf? ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmurl ydwfqdk@r_rsm;tm; auG@0dkuf
a&Smif&Sm;Ekdif&ef zefwD;xm;ygonf? odk@aomf oifhta=umif;udk ausmfv$m;jcif;
enf;ynmyHhydk;olrS rod&Sdap&efawmhjzifh umuG,fay;rnfr[kwfay?
vltrsm;pko;Hk pGaJ e=uonfh proxies rsm;udk zk;H uG,rf p_ epfrsm;ESihf ra&moifyh g?
h rH mS ud,
k af &;ud,
k w
f m
xdk proxies rsm;onfz;Hk uG,af y;olrsm; r[kw=f uyg? oifx
tcsut
f vufrsm; rawmif;cHaomfjim;/ tifwmeufo@kd csw
d q
f uf&mwGif
oiftok;H jyKaom uGeyf sLwm.wnfae&m/ xdu
k eG yf sLwmrSwpfqifh oif=h unfh _
cJah om0ufbq
f 'kd rf sm; ponfw@kd ukd apmif=h unfrh w
S o
f m;xm;Ekid o
f nf?
tifwmeufay:wGif rdrdudk,fudk vlrodap&bJ v#dK@0SufpGm v_yf&Sm;
oGm;vmEkdifygonf[k a=umfjimaeaom aps;uGuf0if0efaqmifr_rsm;onfyif
oif.csdwfqufr_/ oif=unfhcJhaom 0ufbfqdk'f wdk@udk apmifh=unfhrSwfom;xm;
Ekdif=uonf? if;0efaqmifr_rsm;udk okH;pGJjcif;twGufpnf;urf;oabmwlowfrS
wfcsufrsm;udk tjynfht0em;vnfxm;&ygrnf?
tGefvdkif;ay:wGifrdrdudk,fudk vlrodap&bJ v#dK0SufpGmjzef@a0Ekdifap&ef
enf;AsL[majrmufjrm;pGm &Sdaeygonf? tGefvdkif;wGif jzef@a0jcif;twGuf
ausmfv$m;enf;rsm; vrf;!$efudk Citizen Lab uoD;jcm; jyKpkay;xm;ygonf?
xdktxJwGif trnfrazmfbJ jzef@a0jcif; uyg0ifygonf?

YOU
ARE
HERE

13

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmyHhydk;olrsm;rS pOfpm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (v#dK0SufvkHjcHKr_onf t"du)

owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,ljcif;/ vGwfvyfpGmajymqkdjcif; ponfh tajccHvl@tcGifta&;rsm;&&Sdap&ef ausmfv$m;jcif;

enf;ynmwpfckwnfaqmif+yD; tjcm;olrsm;tm; jzef@a0ulnDay;jcif;onf tvGefrGefjrwfaomvkyfief;jzpfygonf?
}uD;av;aomwm0efrsm;ESifh tav;teufpOf;pm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;&Sdaea=umif;udkvnf; owdjyK&ygrnf? xdk@xufydkI
ta&;}uD;onfrSm oif.enf;ynmudk okH;pGJolrsm; v#dK0Suf vkH+cHKr_&Sda&;udk t"duOD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&efjzpfonf?

oif.enf;ynmu|rf;usifr_
tqifhrnfr#&SdygovJ? uGefysLwmokH;pGJr_
wGif oif. u|rf;usifr_udk ynmoif/
tv,ftvwfwef;pm;/ ynm&Sif
ponfjzifh rnfodk@owfrSwfxm;ygovJ?

14

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmqkdif&mqmAmwpfck wnfaqmif0efaqmifr_
ay;jcif;onf ausmfv$m;r_enf;pepftvdkuf tcsdefukef+yD; eufeJ_yfaxG;ygonf?
tcsdKqkdv#if aqmhzf0JtrsdK;rsdK;udk tifwmeufrS ul;,l&efESifh xnfhoGif;wyfqif
&efvdkayonf? oif.uGef,ufjzef@usufEkdifr_tay:rlwnfI tqdkyg aqmhzf0J
rsm;tm;vkH;eD;yg;udk oDoef@wyfqif&rnfjzpfonf? Oyrm-tifwmeufcsdwf
qufr_udk Router odk@r[kwf Firewall cHIaqmif&Gufv#if oif.ausmfv$m;jcif;
enf;pepfwGif tcsdKudkpdwfwdkif;us jyKjyifzefwD;Edkifayrnf? tcsdKaomausmfv$m;
jcif;enf;ynmrsm;wGif wdus&Sif;vif;+yD; tokH;0ifonfh okH;pGJenf;vrf;!Gefrsm;
&Sd=uaomfvnf; tcsdK ryg=uay? rdrd.u|rf;usifr_tqifhESifhudkufnDaomenf;
ynmudk a&G;cs,fwwfzdk@vdkygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaom enf;pepfwpfckudk
tom;wus rwyfqifrdv#if xkdpepfudk okH;pGJolrsm;. v#dK0SufvkH+cHKr_udk
ysufjym;oGm;apEkdifygonf? acwfrrSDaom odk@r[kwf jy\em tjrJay:wwf
aom enf;ynmrsm;udk okH;pGJrdygu pdppfjzwfawmufcHa'orsm;rS okH;pGJolrsm;
twGuf taESmuft,Sufjzpf+yD; tE&,fay;Ekdifojzifh oif.enf;pepfonf
jyKjyifxdef;odrf;&ef vG,fula=umif; oifudk,fwkdifuaocsmzdk@vdkayonf?

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmyHhydk;olrsm;rS pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (oif.enf;pepfudk okH;pGJrnfholrsm;)

oifar#mfvifhxm;aom odk@r[kwf enf;y

nmyHhydk;&ef&nf&G,fxm;aom okH;pGJolOD;a&
rnfr#&SdygovJ? oifyhHydk;ay;Ekdifonfh
v_dif;tus,frnfr#&SdygovJ?

oifhuGefysLwmrSwpfqifh tifwmeufodk@ 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;cGifhjyKrnfh okH;pGJol

ta&twGufonf oifhuGefysLwm vkyfief;aqmif&GufEkdifr_pGrf;&nfESifh tjrefE_ef;
wdk@udk xdckdufEkdifygonf? oifhvkyfief;udkomru ausmfv$m;jcif; enf;ynm
okH;pGJolrsm;. vkyfief;udkyg xdcdkufjcif;rsdK;jzpfonf? cGifhjyKonfhOD;a&rsm;
vmonfESifh tr# if;wdk@. tokH;csr_rsm;udk ppfaq;=unfh_&ef (vdktyfv#if)
ESifhif;wdk@.rSwfwrf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;}uD;=uyf&efydkI _yfaxG;vmayrnf?
xdk@a=umifh oifESifh oifhuGefysLwmwdk@. pGrf;tm;&SdoavmufESifh nDr#aom
okH;pGJolOD;a&udkom cGifhjyKoifhygonf?

okH;pGJolrsm;udk oifhuGefysLwmESifh
csdwfqufr_rS wpfqifh rnfonfh
udpPrsm;aqmif&Guf&ef cGifhjyKrnfenf;?
if;wdk@. 0ifa&mufaeaom odk@r[kwf
jzef@a0aeaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
odxm;vdkygovm;? if;wdk@oGm;vm
v_yf&Sm;cJhonfh rSwfwrf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI
bmqufvkyfrnfenf;?

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynm0efaqmifr_wpfckwnfaxmifxm;jcif;onf
T0efaqmifr_rSwpfqifhaqmif&GufcJhaom tokH;csr_tm;vkH;udk
oifhtaejzifh apmifh=unfhppfaq;Ekdifapygonf? TtcGifhxl;udk&&Sdxm;jcif;jzifh
okH;pGJolrsm;tm; rnfonfhowif;tcsuftvufrsdK;udk &,lcGifh odk@r[kwf
jzef@a0cGifhay;rnfqdkonfh vkyfydkifcGifhudkvnf;&&Sdapygonf? ausmfv$m;jcif;
enf;ynmtcsdKonf Ttm;omcsufudk tjcm;olrsm;xuf ydkrdkvGwfvyf
ayghyg;ap&ef zefwD;xm;wwf=uonf? tqdkyg tjcm;enf;ynmrsm;
qdkonfrSm okH;pGJolrsm;. v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufor#udk oifhuGefysLwm
xJwGif oJvGefpusefraeap&ef azsmufzsufwwf=uonf? rnfodk@aomf
owif;tcsuftvufrsdK;udk =unfh_rnf/ odrf;xm;rnf/ z,f&Sm;rnfqdkonfudkrl
oifudk,fwdkifqkH;jzwfa&G;cs,f&ayrnf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk zsufodrf;
vdkufonfqdkaomjim; oJvGefpusefaewwfao;ojzifh zsufrnfqdkv#ifvnf;
pepfwus zsufqD;oifhygonf? tcsKyftm;jzifhqdk&v#if okH;pGJolrsm;u
oifhuGefysLwmay:wGif csefxm;&pfonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI oif.vkyfief;aqmif&GufykH pHykHpH owfrSwfcsufESifh oif.
ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmudk tokH;jyKI rnfonfhudpPrsdK;udk okH;pGJolrsm;
aqmif&GufEkdifa=umif; }udKwiftoday;xm;&ygrnf? okH;pGJolrsm;ESifh
qufoG,faqmif&Guf&mwGif &Sif;vif;wdusaom rl0g'&Sdygap?

15

ausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmudka&G;cs,fjcif;

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynm yHhydk;olrsm;rS pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrsm; (&if;ESD;pGef@pm;&r_rsm;)

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsm;0efaqmif
ay;&jcif;a=umifh v#dK0SufvkH+cHKr_ESifh
Oya'a=umif;wdk@tm;jzifh rnfodk@aom
&if;ESD;pGef@pm;&jcif;rsKd;&Sdaeygoenf;?
Todk@aom vkyfief;rsdK;udk oifcsdwfquf
xm;aom tifwmeuf0efaqmifr_Xme
odk@r[kwf tpdk;&rS uef@owfxm;ygovm;?

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsm; 0efaqmifay;jcif;a=umifh =uHKawG@vm&rnfh

&if;ESD;pGef@pm;&r_rsm;onf tqdkygenf;ynmrsm;udk okH;pGJ&olrsm; &ifqkdifae&
oavmuf r}uD;rm;onfrSefaomjim; vkH;0r&Sdjcif;awmh r[kwfay?
uGefysLwmESifh oif. tifwmeufcsdwfqufr_rsm;rS wpfqifh aqmif&Gufonfh
udpP&yfwdkif;twGuf oifwpfOD;wnf;tay:wGifom wm0ef&Sdayonf?
wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf oif.ausmfv$m;jcif;0efaqmifr_udk tokH;cs+yD;
w&m;r0if 0ufbfqdk'frsm;tm;=unfh_jcif; odk@r[kwf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
vGifhwifjcif;wdk@jyKvkyfoGm;ygu oifonfvnf; Oya'ESifh jidpGef;aeayrnf?
jzpfEkdifajcenf;aomfvnf; jzpfvmEkdifonfh wpfckwnf;aom tusdK;qufrSm
oif.0efaqmifr_rsm; yHhydk;xm;onfhEkdifiHrS apv$wfxm;aom
jynfypkHaxmufrsm;u oifhudk ypfrSwfwpfcktjzpf owfrSwfvmEkdifjcif;yif?
ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmrsm; 0efaqmifay;jcif;a=umifh oif.
tifwmeuf0efaqmifr_Xme ESifh oifhEkdifiH. tpdk;&wdk@rS csrSwfvm=urnfh
vkH+cHKa&;ESifh Oya'a=umif;t& &if;ESD;pGef@pm;&r_rsm;udkaumif;pGmoabmayguf
xm;&ayrnf?

vufawG@urBmrS erlemjzpf&yfrsm;

16

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ a*smf*sD,mjynfe,f/ twWvEm+rdK@wGifaexdkifol ,GrfvD. aetdrfodk@

trnfrodyk*~dKvfrsm;u 2006 ckepf azazmf0g&Dv (8) &uf eHeuf 11;15 wGif t=urf;zuf
pD;eif;0ifa&mufcJh=uonf? ,GrfvDtm; csKyfaESmif kdufESuf+yD;v#if if;ydkifqdkifonfh vufyfawmh
uGefysLwmrsm;ESifh pmwGJrsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;=uonf? y&ifpwefwuUodkvfrS owif;tcsuftvuf
enf;ynmu|rf;usifolESifh zmvifa*gif;toif;.acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol ,GrfvDonf wkwfEkdifiH.
bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufaom [pfwkdif0uffbfqdk'frsm;udk tar&duef jynfaxmifpkrSaeIa&;om;ay;
cJhonf? wkwfjynftwGif;rS okH;pGJolrsm;uvnf; tpdk;&. ydwfqdk@r_rsm;udk jzwfausmfI
xdk0ufbfqdk'frsm;Y owif;tcsuftvufrsm; zwf_jcif;/ v$ifhwifjcif;wdk@jyKvkyfcJh=u
onf? Tjzpf&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufIckdifvkHaomf taxmuftxm;rsm; r&Sdaomvnf;
tqdkygt=urf;zuf yk*~dKvfrsm;onf rdrd.0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;tm; zsufqD;&ef wkwftpdk;&rS
apv$wfvkdufaomolrsm; jzpf&rnf[k ,GrfvDu,kH=unfxm;onf?

enf;ynm

0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfrsm;
0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfrsm; qdkonfrSm oD;oef@a&;qGJxm;aom 0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;yifjzpfonf?
tokH;jyKolrsm;taejzifh rdrdtvdk&Sdonfh vdyfpmwpfckudk xnfhoGif;vkdufonfESifhrdrd=unfh_vkdaom0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;udk
0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfrsm;u &,lay;ygvdrfhrnf? tqdkygenf;pepfrsm;onf wm;jrpf0ufbfqdk'frsm;rS
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk okH;pGJol=unfh_Edkif&ef azmfjyay;jcif;jzpf&m xdk0ufbfqdk'frsm;ESifh okH;pGJolt=um; qufoG,fr_
r&Sdawmhay? vltrsm;okH;pGJ=uonfh ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfrsm;. 0ufbfqdk'fvdyfpmrsm;rS emrnf=uD;ae+yDjzpf&m
tifwmeufpdppfydwfqdk@r_aqmhzf0Jtrsm;pkonf if;wdk@ydwfqdk@&rnfh 0ufbfqdk'frsm;pm&if;wGif xdkvdyfpmrsm;udk xnfhoGif;
xm;=u+yD;jzpfonf? EkdifiHtrsm;pkuvnf; wpfwkdif;jynfvkH;twdkif;twmjzifh xdkvdyfpmrsm;udk pdppfydwfqdk@xm;onf?
jynfywGif ,kH=unftm;xm;avmufolr&Sdonfh okH;pGJolrsm;tzdk@ 0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfrsm;onf
(ydwfqdk@xm;jcif; rcH&ao;v#if) taumif;qkH;a&G;cs,fr_yifjzpfonf?

rSwfcsuf?

? 0ufbftajccHausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepftcsdKonf v#dK0Suf
zkH;uG,fv_yf&Sm;olrsm;[k trnfwyfa=umfjimaomfvnf; trsm;pkrSm
r[kwf=uacs? tcsdKrSm v#dK0Sufpmrsm;jzifha&;om;xm;onfh0ufbfqdk'frsm;
udk https jzifhpwifazmfjyavh&Sda=umif; rSwfom;xm;&efjzpfonf? xdk@tjyif
if;0ufbfqdk'frsm;udk oauFwjyK&mwGifvnf; uGefysLwm.0ufbfqdk'frsm;
=unfh_&efae&mYaomhtyGifhykHpHav;rS aomhtydwfykHpHav;okd@ajymif;oGm;jcif;
jzifh azmfjywwfygonf? oifoGm;a&mufvdkaom 0ufbfqdk'frsm;ta=umif;udk
v#dK0Sufpmjzifha&;om;jcif;rjyKbJ omrmeftwdkif; awmif;qdkrnfqdkygu oif.
aetdrfokH; odk@r[kwf kH;okH; Router rSwpfqifh tifwmeuf 0efaqmifr_
Xmeodk@ ydk@v$wf&mvrf;wpfav#mufwGif ay;ydk@r_udk vrf;ckvwfrS tvG,fwul
jzwf,lEkdifygonf?

0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfrsm; pm&if;

Proxify

https://proxify.com/

StupidCensorship
https://stupidcensorship.com/

ESifh Stupid Censorship wdkonf vSdK0Sufapwwfaom trsm;okH; 0ufbftajccH

ausmfv$m;jcif; enf;pepfrsm; jzpf}uygonf? ydwfqkdr_rsm;&Sdaom EdkifiHwpfckwGif&Sdonfh
okH;pGJol wpfOD;onf ,ck 0ufbfqdk'fwpfckudk &dk;&Sif;pGm 0ifa&mufEdkifonfhtjyif
olwdk. oGm;vdk&mudk xnfhoGif;Edkifonf? ,ck 0efaqmifrSKrsm;udk vltrsm;okH;pGJ=uojzifh
wdkif;jynftrsm;tjym;wGif ydwfqdkaomaqmhzf0Jrsm;tokH;jyKI txufyg0efaqmifrSKrsm;
ydwfqdkjcif;cHcJh}u&ygonf?
Proxify

17

enf;ynm

0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfrsm; pm&if;

CGIProxy

http://www.jmarshall.com/

onf 0ufbt
f ajccH ausmv
f m$ ;jcif;enf;pepf ok;H pGo
J l trsm;pk ok;H pGo
J nfh pepfwpfck
+zpfygonf? ud,
k yf ikd o
f ;Hk 0ufbt
f ajccH ausmv
f m$ ;jcif;enf;pepfrsm;onf uGeyf sLwmwpfv;Hk udk
ud,
k yf ikd o
f ;Hk 0ufbpf mrsuEf mS rsm;udk &,lEikd pf rG ;f &So
d nfh pum;0Suq
f mAmtjzpfokd ajymif;vJ
h jyif &yfa0;&Sd ok;H pGo
J rl sm;udk 0ufbpf mrsuEf mS rsm;jyoygonf? ud,
k yf ikd o
f ;Hk 0ufbf
aponft
f m$ ;jcif;enf;pepfwiG f yHyh ;kd ol/ wyfqifay;olEiS hf jzwfawmufjcif; r&Sad omae&mwGif
ausmv
pwifay;olEiS hf jzwfawmufjcif;cH&aom ok;H pGo
J rl sm; yg0ifonf? ausmv
f m$ ;jcif;enf;
pepfukd yHyh ;kd olonf ,k}H unfrKS udk tajccHaomvlrq
_S ufo,
G af &;owif;uGe,
f uf ESihf
ud,
k yf ikd (f oD;oef) qufo,
G af &;wdk udk rsm;jym;wd;k yGm;vmaponft
h jyif ,if;wdk udk
d q
f kd olrsm;u &SmazG&efEiS hf ydwq
f kd jcif;wdk udk jyKvky&f ef cufcaJ pygonf?
jzwfawmufyw

CGIProxy

psiphon

http://psiphon.ca

onf omrefuGefysLwmwpfvkH;udk udk,fydkifokH; rnfonfhae&mrS rqdk0ufbfp

mrsufESmrsm;udk &,l+yoEdkifpGrf;&Sdaom pum;0SufqmAmtjzpfodk ajymif;vJay;ygonf?
owif;ydwfqdk jzwfawmufjcif;r&Sdaomwdkif;jynfwGif aexdkifaomyk*~dKvfonf
Taqmhzf0Judk ul;,l+yD; uGefysLwmwGif wyfqifxm;yg? psiphon onf tcrJh&,lokH;pGJEkdif
aomykHpHjzifh vif;epf ESifh 0if;'dk; rluGJrsm;tjzpf &&SdEkdifygonf? xdkaqmhzf0Jonf tvGef
wdusI vdkufygvkyfaqmif&ef vG,fulaom tokH;jyKol twGuf vrf;n$efcsufvnf;
f vufrsm;udk
yg0ifygonf? uGeyf sLwmudk Router ESihf wGzJ ufo;Hk pGrJ nfqykd gu tcsKd aomtcsut
xnfhoGif;jyifqif&efvdktyfygonf? xdkaqmhzf0Judk wyfqif+yD;ygu Taqmhzf0Judk yHhydk;olu
owif;ydwfqdk@jzwfawmufonfh e,fajrtwGif;aexdkifokH;pGJolrsm;udk csdwfqufr_Eifh
ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &&SdEdkifonfh vkH+cKHrSKt&SdqkH;enf;jzifh
ay;ydkygonf? owif;ydwfqdk@jzwfawmufcH&onf okH;pGJolonf rnfonhfaqmhzf0Judkr#
wyfqifxm;&ef rvdkaomfvnf; &dk;&dk;tifwmeuf vdyfpmwpfckudk psiphon
utjyma&mifwef; xnfhoGif;Edkif+yD; 4if;tcsufonf psiphon udk rnfonfhae&mrSrqdk
0ifa&mufokH;pGJEdkifa}umif;yif jzpfygonf? psiphon wyfqifxm;onfh uGefysLwmrsm;onf
udk,fykdifuGefysLwmrsm; tjzpf&Sd=uaoma=umifh &SmazG&ef ESifh ydwfqdk&ef tvGefcufcJapyg
onf?
psiphon

Peacere/Circumventor
http://peacere.org/

ESifh psiphon onf eD;pyfonf[k owfrSwfEdkfaom

ausmfv$m;jcif; enf;pepfwpfck jzpfygonf? odkaomfvnf; 4if;aqmhzf0Jonf
wyfqifokH;pGJ&ef cufcJ ygonf? rwlnDaomaqmhzf0JokH;ckudk ul;,lqGJcs&rnfjzpf+yD;aemuf
wyfqifokH;pGJ&rnf? Router ESifh wGJzufokH;rnfqdkygu tcsdKtcsuftvufrsm;udk
xnfhoGif;jyifqif&ef vdktyfygonf? Peacere/Circumventor wGif
wyfqiftokH;jyK&eftwGuf vrf;nGefcsuftaxmuftulrsm; xnfhoGif;xm;aomvnf;
tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; psiphon avmufryg&Sday? xdkodkuGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;
&Sdaomfvnf; Peacere/Circumventor onf t"dutcsufrsm;wGif psiphon uJhodkyif
vkyfaqmifygonf?
Peacere/Circumventor

18

enf;ynm

v#dK0Sufvdkif; oG,fwef;jcif; aqmhzf0J

v#dK0Sufvdkif; oG,fwef;jcif; qdkonfrSm okH;pGJr_/ jzwfoef;r_rsm;udk ykHpHuGJjzpfatmif pDrHjcif;jzpfygonf? ykHpHtm;jzifh

vkH+cKHrSKr&Sdaom/ vSdK0SufrSKr&Sdaom jzwfoef;okH;pGJrsm;udk vsdK0SufaomqufoG,fr_wpfcktwGif;wGifxJhoGif;
jzwfoef;apjcif;
jzpfonf? omrmef0efaqmifr_rsm;udk okH;pGJol. uGefysLwmwGif &&SdEdkifaomfvnf; pdppfjcif;rjyKxm;aom uGefysLwmudk
vsdK@0Sufvdkif;jyKvkyfI jzwfoef;oGm;ap+yD; okH;pGJol. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifhwkefjyefcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm &&Sdapygonf?
pdppfjcif;r&Sdaomwdkif;jynfESifh tquftoG,f&Sdaomolonf udk,fydkifv#dK0SufqufoG,fjcif;udk wnfaqmufEdkif+yD;/
tquftoG,frygbJ tca=u;aiGjzifh vsdK0Sufvkdif;oG,fwef;jcif; 0efaqmifrSKrsm;udk okH;pGJEdkifygonf? 0ufbfqdk'f
tajcjyKvsdK@0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif;onf 0ufbfoG,fwef;r_rsm;twGufomvkyfaqmifEkdifjcif;a=umifh
0ufbfqdk'f=unfhaom aqmhzf0J (web browsers) wGifomvkyfaqmifEkdif+yD; tjcm;aqmhzf0Jrsm;wGif rokH;pGJEkdifay?
aqmhzf0JpktajcjyK vsdK@0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif;onf tD;ar;vfaqmhzf0J ESifh wkduf&kdufpum;ajymEkdifaom aqmhzf0Jpaom
tifwmeuf0efaqmifr_rsm;okH;pGJr_ trsdK;rsdK;twGuf vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifygonf?

0ufbfqdk'f tajcjyKvsdK@0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif;aqmhzf0J (tcrJh)

UltraReach

http://www.ultrareach.com/

udk owif;pdppfjzwfawmufjcif;udk qefusifonfhaqmhzf0Jtjzpf

zefwD;cJh+yD; UltraSurf [kod}uonf? UltraReach udk qGJcs&,lEkdif+yD; Windows
wGiftokH;jyKEkdifatmif vkyfaqmifay;xm;ygonf? tokH;jyKolwpfOD;u qGJcs&,l&kHjzifh
(wyfqifxm;&efrvdktyfay) uGefysLwmwGiftokH;jyKEkdifygonf? 4if;onf
tcrJhaqmhzf0J jzpf+yD; t*FvdyfbmomESifh w&kwfbmomwdkESifh &&SdEdkifygonf? 4if;udk
wpf}udrfpwif+yD;v#if aqmhzf0Jonf Internet Explorer udk tvdktavsmuf yGifhapI
vdt
k yfaomtcsut
f vufrsm;udk jyifqifaqmif&u
G +f y;D ok;H pGo
J rl S aqmhz0f u
J kd tok;H jyKEkid rf nf
d ,
kd w
f idk f tcsuf
jzpfygonf? tjcm;tifwmeuf=unf&h a_ ompepfrsm; (browsers) wGif rdru
tvufrsm; jyifqifaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygonf? ykHrSeftm;jzifh qufoG,fr_rsm;udk
0SufpmtokH;jyKrnfjzpf+yD;/ rydwfqkd@xm;aom vdyfpmrsm;udkvnf; enf;ynmpkHokH;um
&SmazGr_ vkyfaqmifxm;ygonf? UltraSurf onf tjcm;olrsm;udk,kH=unfvdkaom
omrmefokH;pGJolrsm;twGuf taumif;qkH;a&G;cs,fr_ jzpf+yD; vufcHEkdifaom tjrefE_ef;
udkvnf; tcrJh&&Sdapygonf?
UltraReach

tcsdKEkdifiHrsm;wGif UltraReach 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdk@xm;+yD;jzpfygvdrfhrnf? xdktcg

okH;pGJoltaejzifh xdkaqmhzf0Judk wpfpkHwpfa,mufxHrS &,l&efvdktyfygonf?
0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdk@xm;cJhaomjim;vnf; 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkrl &,lokH;pGJEkdifygvdrfhrnf?
rydwfqdk@xm;aom IP vdyfpmrsm;udk enf;rsdK;pkHjzifh &SmazG&,lay;ygvdrfhrnf? odkaomfvnf
wdusaocsmpGm pdppfaernfqdkygu ydwfqdk@aumif;ydwfqdk@Ekdifvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf?

19

enf;ynm
0ufbfqdk'f tajcjyKvsdK@0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif;aqmhzf0J (tcrJh)
FreeGate

http://www.dit-inc.us

onf DynaWeb u jyKvkyfxm;onfh owif;pdppfjzwfawmufr_udk

qefusifonfhenf;ynmwpfck jzpf+yD;/ UltraSurf ESifh enf;vrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
xyfwlnD }uygonf? UltraSurf ESifh rwlnDaomtcsufrSm ykHrSeftm; jzifh Freegate
onf vdyfpmrsm;udk 0SufpmtokH;rjyKjcif;jzpfygonf? okH;pGJoltaejzifh vdyfpmrsm;udk
0SufpmtokH;jyKvdkonf qkdygu tjcm; aqmhzf0Jtpkudk &,lxnfhoGif;&efvkdtyf+yD;/
tcsufvufrsm;jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;&efvdktyfygonf?
Freegate

onfausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmtm; vkH+cHKr_twGufomru tjcm;olrsm;tm;

,kH=unfr_vdkvm;aom enf;ynmurf;usifolrsm;twGuf a&G;cs,ftokH;jyKEkdif
ayonf? udk,fwkdif aocsmpGm ajymif;vJjyifqifr_rsm; ESifh vkHavmufaom
tjrefE_ef;wGif 0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;udk tcrJh=unfh&_Ekdifygonf? Ultrasurf uJhodkyif
qifqmjzwfawmufolrsm;rS ydwfqdk+yD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? xdktwGuf tjcm;aomae&mrS
aqmhzf0Judk okH;pGJolrsm;taejzifh &,l&ygrnf? xdktwl 0efaqmifr_rsm;udk
ydwfqdkwm;jrpfxm;ygu okH;pGJoltaejzifh rydwfqdkxm;aom IP udk udk,fwkdifxnfhoGif;
tokH;jyKEkdifygonf?
FreeGate

0ufbq
f 'kd f tajcjyKvsKd @0u
S v
f ikd ;f oG,w
f ef;jcif;aqmhz0f J (tok;H jyKc aumufc)H
Anonymizer

http://anonymizer.com

udk Windows twGuf &,lEidk +f y;D pdppfjzwfawmufrr_ sm; cHae&aom tok;H

jyKol. uGeyf sLwmwGif tok;H jyKEkid yf gonf? vG,u
f al omwyfqufrt
_ qifrh sm; +yD;aemuf
J t
l wGuf trnf0u
S o
f ;Hk pGjJ cif;ykpH o
H kd a&muf&o
dS mG ;ap+y;D qufo,
G rf _ vrf;a=umif;
ok;H pGo
S v
f ikd ;f oG,w
f ef;+y;D jzwfoef;oGm;ygvrd rhf nf?
rsm;onf Anonymizer rSwpfqifh vsKd 0u
odk aomfvnf; vk+H cKH r_ ydrk akd ocsmr_&adS =umif; aocsmap&eftwGuo
f ;Hk pGo
J rl S Surng Security
(tm) SSL Encryptionudk a&G;cs,v
f yk af qmif &rnf? xdo
k kd vyk af qmifjcif;onf qufo,
G rf _
f ;Hk pGjJ cif;udk vkyaf qmifay;ygrnf?
vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk HTTPS/SSL jzifh pum;0Sujf yKvkyo
omrmeftm;jzifh xdyk pHk o
H ;Hk pGrJ u
_ kd ydwx
f m;rnf? xdak qmhz0f o
J nf rSww
f rf;wifxm;aom
f ;D r_umuG,af &;
t&mrsm; z,f&mS ;aom aqmhz0f J (Digital Shredder" ) / axmufvrS ;f zsuq
S pf mG ajymif;vJo;Hk pGEJ idk af om tD;ar;vf (disposable email
aqmhz0f J (Anti-Spyware) ESihf vsKd 0u
addresses) paom tjcm;0efaqmifrr
_ sm;udv
k nf; xnfo
h iG ;f ay;xm;ygonf?
Anonymizer

onf enf;ynmtm;enf;olrsm;/ tokH;jyKcay;acsvdkolrsm;ESifh 0ufbf

pmrsufESmrsm;udk tvGefvsifjrefaomE_ef;/ pum;0Sufpepfjzifh =unfhvkdolrsm; twGuf
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf? 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdkxm;r_rsm; &SdEkdifaomvnf; tjcm;aom
ae&mrS aqmhzf0Judk okH;pGJolrsm;taejzifh &,l&ygrnf? 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdk@xm;cJh
aomvnf; 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkrl &,lokH;pGJEkdifygvdrfhrnf? xdk0efaqmifr_udk wdusao
csmpGm pdppfjcif;jzifh vG,fulpGm ydwfqdk@Ekdifvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? xdkaqmhzf0Jpkudk wyfqif
okH;pGJ&rnfqdkygu trsm;okH;pGJaomae&mrsm;wGif okH;pGJjcif;ESifh uGefysLwmtwGif;
&SmazGzrf;qD;Ekdifaomtaetxm;&Sdonfh okH;pGJolrsm;twGuf roifhawmfyg?
Anonymizer

20

enf;ynm
0ufbq
f 'kd f tajcjyKvsKd @0u
S v
f ikd ;f oG,w
f ef;jcif;aqmhz0f J (tok;H jyKc aumufc)H
Ghost Surf

http://tenebril.com

udk Windows twGuf qGJcs&,lEkdif+yD; pdppfjzwfawmufr_rsm; cHae&aom

tokH;jyKol. uGefysLwmwGif wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifygonf? wyfqifr_rsm;+yD;qkH;ygu
aqmhzf0JrS Internet Explorer browser udk tvdktavsmuf vdktyfonfh tcsuftvuf
rsm; jznfhoGif;ay;rnfjzpfonf? tjcm;tifwmeuf=unfh&_aompepfrsm; (browsers) wGif
rdrdudk,fwkdif tcsuftvufrsm; jyifqifaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygonf? aqmhzf0JrS
Normal" ykHpHjzifh tjrJwef;tokH;jyKEkdifrnfjzpfygonf? xdkykHpHwGif qufoG,fr_
tm;vkH;onf omrmefykHpHtwkdif;jzpf+yD; =um;rS jzwfawmuf=unfhEkdifygonf? qufoG,fr_
rsm;udk pum;0SufjzifhtokH;jyKvdkygu Secure" jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tjrifhqkH;tqifh
Anonymous" onf tjcm;pmom; vsdK0Sufcsufrsm; 0ufbfqdk'frS xnfhoGif;oGm;jcif;udk
umuG,fjcif;omjzpf+yD;/ trnf0Suf qufoG,fjcif;ykHpHjzifh vkyfaqmifEkdifjcif;r&Sdyg?
Secure" ykHpHudk a&G;cs,fvkyfaqmifxm;rnfqdkygu tifwmeufokH; aqmhzf0JwGif
vkyfaqmifr_tcsufrsm; ajymif;vJ jyifqifxm;+yD; tokH;jyKygu tokH;jyKaom qufoG,fr_
rsm;tm;vkH;onf Ghost Surf . qmAmrsm;rS pum;0SufykHpHjzifh tokH;jyKEkdifygrnf?
Ghost Surf

onf enf;ynmwwfurf;olrsm;/ tokH;jyKcay;acsvdkolrsm; ESifh

0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;udk tvGefvsifjrefaomE_efjzifh =unfhvkdolrsm; twGuf
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf? Anonymzer rsm;xkH;pHtwdkif; Ghost Surf 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdk
xm;r_rsm; &SdEkdifaomvnf; tjcm;aomae&mrS aqmhzf0Judk okH;pGJolrsm;taejzifh
&,l&ygrnf? 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdk@xm;cJhaomjim;vnf; 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkrl
&,lokH;pGJEkdifygvdrfhrnf? xdk0efaqmifr_udk wdusaocsmpGm pdppfjcif;jzifh vG,fulpGm
ydwfqdk@Ekdifvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? xdkaqmhzf0Jpkudk wyfqifokH;pGJ&rnfqdkygu trsm;okH;pGJ
aomae&mrsm;wGif okH;pGJjcif;ESifh uGefysLwmtwGif; &SmazGzrf;qD;Ekdifaomtaetxm;
&Sdonfh okH;pGJolrsm;twGuf roifhawmfyg?

Ghost Surf

vufawG@urBmrS erlemjzpf&yfrsm;

2006 ckepf/ wleD;&Sm;EkdifiH wl;epf+rdKwGif urBmvkH;qkdif&m owif;enf;ynmtodkif;t0dkif; Information Society II (WSIS) udkusif;ycJhygonf?
wleD;&Sm;EkdifiHwGif tifwmeufydwfqdkr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif&mwGif tpdk;&. vltcGifhta&;qkdif&m 0ufbfqdk'frsm;udk txl;ta&;xm; vkyfaqmifygonf?
WSIS udk taqmuftOD;wpfck twGif;wGif aqG;aEG;yGJ 2ckxnfhoGif;cJhygonf? xkdaqG;aEGyGJrsm;wGif uGJjym;aom tifwmeufqufoG,fr_rsm; xm;&SdcJhygonf?
aqG;aEG;yGJwpfckonf tifwmeufydwfqkdjcif;r&Sdaom w&m;0iftpnf;ta0;jzpf+yD;/ tjcm;wpfckwGif NGO rsm;ESifh owif;orm;rsm; twGuf pDpOfxm;aom
aqG;aEG;yGJwGif wleD;&Sm; tifwmeuf0efaqmifr_udk tokH;jyKcJh&m tar&duefwGifa&mif;csaom Smartlter udktokH;jyKI owif;tcsuftvufydwfqdkr_rsm;
vkyfaqmifcJhygonf?
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJtpnf;wpfckonf ydwfqdkwm;qD;aom ae&mwGifusa&mufaeaomtcgwGif e,fomvefwGif &Sdaom olwdktdrfokH;uGefysLwmudk
tokH;jyKI SSH-D ESifh proxy udk wyfqiftokH;jyKcJhygonf? xdkaemuf tjcm;olrsm;udk olwdktokH;jyKaompepfrS trSwfudk ajymjy+yD; tjcm;olrsm;tm;
wleD;&Sm;. ydwfqdkr_rsm;udk jzwfausmfEkdifcJhygonf?

21

enf;ynm

aqmhzf0JpktajcjyK vsdK@0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif; (tcrJh)

GPass

http://gpass1.com/

udk Windows twGuf qGJcs&,lEkdif+yD; pdppfjzwfawmufr_rsm; cHae&aom

tokH;jyKol. uGefysLwmwGif wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifygonf? 4if;onf tcrJhaqmhzf0J jzpf+yD;
t*FvdyfbmomESifh w&kwfbmomwdkESifh &&SdEdkifygonf? GPass
udkpwifvkdufaomtcg/ okH;pGJvdkaom aqmhzf0Jpkudk GPass .y&kd*&rftwGif;
qGJ,lcsvdkufjcif;jzifh xdkaqmhzf0Jpkudk wpfqifhcHokH;pGJEkdifatmif vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifygonf?
xdkaqmhzf0Jpkrsm; pwifokH;pGJaomtcg GPass rSwqifhokH;pGJEkdifatmif tvdktavsmuf
jyifqifaqmif&Gufay;ygonf? ykHrSeftm;jzifh Internet Explorer / Windows Media Player
ESifh tD;ar;vfokH;pGJaom y&kd*&rfrsm;udk jyifqif aqmif&Guf+yD;jzpfygrnf? ykHrSeftm;jzifh
qufoG,fr_rsm;onf pum;0Sufpepfjzifh vkyfaqmifrnfjzpf+yD; rydwfqdkxm;aom IP
vdyfpmrsm;udk enf;rsdK;pkH;okH;I&SmazGrnf jzpfonf? xdkaqmhzf0Jpkonf vufcHEkdifaom
tjrefE_ef;ESifh rSwfom;xm;&efvdkaom vdyfpmrsm;ESifh tjcm;zdkifrsm;udk odrf;qnf;
ay;Ekdifjcif;rsm; yHhydk;ay;onf?
GPass

onf tjcm;olrsm;udk,kH=unfvdkaom omrmefokH;pGJolrsm;twGuf taumif;qkH;

a&G;cs,fr_ jzpf+yD; vufcHEkdifaomtjrefE_ef; pum;0SufykHpH jzifh tcrJh&&Sdapygonf?

GPass

rsm;xkH;pHtwdkif; Gpass 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdkxm;r_rsm; wcgw&H

&SdEkdifaomvnf; tjcm;aomae&mrS aqmhzf0Judk okH;pGJolrsm; taejzifh &,l&ygrnf?
0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdk@xm;cJhaomjim;vnf; 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkrl &,lokH;pGJEkdifyg
vdrfhrnf? ydwfqdkxm;r_rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;pGJEkdifonfh taetxm;jyef&&eftwGuf
rydwfqdkxm;aom IP vdyfpmrsm;udk tvdktavsmuf&SmazGay;ygrnf? xdkaqmhzf0Jpkudk
wyfqifokH;pGJ&rnfqdkygu trsm;okH;pGJaomae&mrsm;wGif okH;pGJjcif;ESifh uGefysLwmtwGif;
&SmazGzrf;qD;Ekdifaomtaetxm;&Sdonfh okH;pGJolrsm;twGuf roifhawmfyg?
Anonymzer

22

enf;ynm

0ufbq
f 'kd f tajcjyKvsKd @0u
S v
f ikd ;f oG,w
f ef;jcif;aqmhz0f J (tok;H jyKc aumufc)H

HTTP Tunnel

http://www.http-tunnel.com/

udk Windows twGuf qGJcs&,lEkdif+yD; pdppfjzwfawmufr_rsm; cHae&aom

tokH;jyKol. uGefysLwmwGif wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifygonf? psiphon ESifh Peacere /
Circumventor enf;wl HTTP Tunnel onf ydwfqdkjcif;rcH&olrS y&kd*&rfudk &,lwyfqifI
qmAmwpfckuJhodk yHhydk;xm;+yD; ydwfqdkjcif;cH&aom okH;pGJoltm; udk,fydkif0efaqmifr_
ay;jcif;jzpfonf? HTTP Tunnel onf tcrJh 0efaqmifr_rsm;&Ekdifovdk
0efaqmifcaumufcHaom ykHpHjzifhvnf; okH;pGJEkdifygonf? okH;pGJolrS udk,fwkdif
aqmhzf0Jpkrsm;wGif tcsuftvufrsm; jyifqifxnfhoGif;&rnfjzpf+yD; 0ufbfqdk'f=unfh
aqmhzf0Jrsm;/ tD;ar;vfokH;pGJEkdifonfh aqmhzf0Jrsm; ESifh wkduf&kdufpum;ajymEkdifaom
aqmhzf0Jrsm;wGif HTTP Tunnel udkokH;pGJEkdifygonf?
HTTP Tunnel

onfausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmtm; vkH+cHKr_twGufomru
tjcm;olrsm;tm; ,kH=unfr_vdkvm;aom enf;ynmurf;usifolrsm;twGuf
a&G;cs,ftokH;jyKEkdifayonf? udk,fwkdif aocsmpGm ajymif;vJjyifqifr_rsm; ESifh
vkHavmufaom tjrefE_ef;wGif 0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;udk =unfh&_Ekdifygonf? HTTP tunnel
onf pum;0Sufrsm;xnfhoGif; tokH;rcsaomvnf; tpm;xdk;ajymif;vJjcif;pepfrsm;udk
omxnfhoGif;xm;ygonf? tjcm;aomykHpHuGJwpfrsdK;tjzpf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk
azmfjyjcif;jzpf+yD;/ yxrenf;vrfrsm;avmuf owif;tcsuftvufrsm; vsdK0Sufr_udk
rxdef;odrf;Ekdifay?
HTTP Tunnel

tjcm;0efaqmifr_rsm; ykHpHtwdkif; HTTP Tunnel 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdkxm;r_rsm; wcgw&H

&SdEkdifaomvnf; tjcm;aomae&mrS aqmhzf0Judk okH;pGJolrsm;taejzifh &,l&ygrnf?
xdk0efaqmifr_udk wdusaocsmpGm pdppfjcif;jzifh vG,fulpGm ydwfqdk@Ekdifvdrfhrnf
jzpfygonf? ydwfqdkxm;r_rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;pGJEkdifonf taetxm;jyef&&eftwGuf
enf;ynmwwfu|rfolrS &SmazGay;ygrnf? xdkaqmhzf0Jpkudk wyfqifokH;pGJ&rnfqdkygu
trsm;okH;pGJaomae&mrsm;wGif okH;pGJjcif;ESifh uGefysLwmtwGif; &SmazGzrf;qD;Ekdifaomtae
txm;&Sdonfh okH;pGJolrsm;twGuf roifhawmfyg?

23

enf;ynm

aqmhzf0JpktajcjyK vsdK@0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif; (tokH;jyKc aumufcH)

Relakks

https://www.relakks.com/

onf Relakks Safe Surf [kac:wGifaom tokH;jyKcaumufcHonf 0efaqmifr_

wpfckjzpfygonf? udk,fydkifuGef,ufwk (Virtual Private Network (VPN)) wpfckjzpf+yD;
pum;0SufjzifhvsdK0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;+yD; qufoG,fr_rsm;udk Relakks qmAmrSwqifh
ydwfqdkxm;aomwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif tokH;jyKEkdifatmif vkyfaqmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
Windows ESifh Mac wGif wGJqufyg0ifaom VPN pepfrsm;udktokH;cs+yD; okH;pGJoltaejzifh
rnfonfh aqmhzf0Judk rS wyfqifxm;&efrvdkay? tD;ar;vf aqmhzf0J/ 0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;
=unfhaomaqmhzf0J ESifh wkduf&kdufpum;ajymEkdifaom aqmhzf0Jrsm;udk VPN ay:wGif
vsdK0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif;jzifhtokH;jyKEkdifygonf? Relakks Safe Surf onf enf;ynm
tm;enf;olrsm;/ tokH;jyKcay;acsvdkolrsm; ESifh pum;0Sufpepfjzifh udk,fydkifuGef,ufwk
(Virtual Private Network (VPN)) rSwqifh okH;pGJolrsm; twGuf taumif;qkH;jzpfonf?
Relakks onf tvG,fwul ydwfqdkEkdifygonf?
Relakks

Guardster/SSH

http://www.guardster.com/

xyfrHI tcrJh&aom/ pum;0SufrokH;aom 0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepf

wpfckjzpfonfh Guardster onf 0efaqmifcay;aqmifjcif;jzifh pum;0SuftokH;jyKaom
0ufbftajccH ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;pepfESifh Secure Shell (SSH) jzifh vsdK0Sufvdkif;
oG,w
f ef;jcif; udo
k ;Hk pGEJ idk yf gonf? aqmhz0f t
J rsKd ;tpm;rsm;pGm/ 0ufbq
f 'kd =f unf&h a_ om aqmhz0f J ESihf
tD;ar;vftokH;jyKaomaqmhzf0Jrsm;onf vsdK0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif;udk SSH tunnel of
Guardster jzifhokH;pGJEkdifygonf?
onf enf;ynmtm;enf;olrsm;/ tokH;jyKcay;acsvdkolrsm; ESifh
pum;0Sufpepfjzifh vsdK0Sufvdkif;oG,fwef;jcif; rSwqifh okH;pGJolrsm; twGuf
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf? tjcm;0efaqmifr_rsm; ykHpHtwdkif; Guardster/SSH 0ufbfqdk'fudk
ydwfqdkxm;r_rsm; wcgw&H &SdEkdifaomvnf; tjcm;aomae&mrS aqmhzf0Judk
okH;pGJolrsm;taejzifh &,l&ygrnf? Guardster/SSH udk wdusaocsmpGm pdppfjcif;jzifh
ydwfqdk@Ekdifvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf?
Guardster/SSH

24

enf;ynm

trnf0Suf qufoG,fa&;pepf

trnf0Suf enf;ynmrsm;onf okH;pGJol. IP vdyfpmudk qmAmwGif vm&mcJhonfh pm&if;rS uG,f0Sufay;ygonf?

tcsdKwGifrl trnf0Suf enf;ynmrsm;onf okH;pGJol. IP vdyfpmomru trnf0Suf0efaqmifr_ESifh okH;pGJol=um;
qufoG,fr_rsm;udkyg pum;0Sufpepfjzifh qufoG,fvkyfaqmifapygonf? okH;pGJolrsm;u trnf0Sufenf;ynmrsm;jzifh
0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;udk qufoG,f&,lygu jzwfoef;oGm;aom 0efaqmifr_udk wdkuf&kduf&,ljcif;rjyKbJ wqifhcHjcif;jzifh
tokH;csapygonf? trnf0Sufenf;ynmrsm;ond tvGefyif tokH;usaom tifwmeufydwfqdkwm;jrpfr_rsm;udk
ausmfvm;Ekdifaom enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf? tcsdKaom trnf0Suf enf;ynmrsm;wGif okH;pGJolrS aqmhzf0Judk ul,lokH;pGJ&ef
vdktyf+yD;/ wm;jrpfolrsm;rSvnf; vG,fulpGm ydwfqdkwmjrpfEkdifrnfjzpfonf?

JAP ANON

http://anon.inf.tu-dresden.de/index_en.html

udk Windows/Mac/Linux twGuf qGJcs&,lEkdif+yD; pdppfjzwfawmufr_rsm;

cHae&aom tokH;jyKol. uGefysLwmwGif wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifygonf?
4if;onf t*FvdyfbmomESifh Oa&mybmompum;rsm;pGmwdkESifh &&SdEdkifygonf?
okH;pGJolonf mix" udk qufoG,fr_vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk ajymif;vJap&ef a&G;cs,f+yD;aemuf
JAP ANON udkokH;pGJEkdif&ef vkyfaqmifr_tcsufvufrsm;udk 0ufbfqdk'f okH;pGJaom
aqmhzf0Jrsm;wGif wpfaoGrwdrf;ajymif;vJ&ef vdktyfonf? mix" qdkonfrSm
=um;cHtpk=uD;jzpf+yD; awmif;qdkr_rsm; jyKvkyfaomtcgwGif qufoG,fr_vrf;a=umif;
rsm;udk ajymif;vJjzwfoef;ap+yD; =um;cHyHhydk;ol odkr[kwf tcsuftvufrsm; odkrSD;&mXme
vnf;r[kwfay? odkaom mix" onfokH;pGJol. udk,fa&;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&Sdol
jzpfonf? odkaomvnf; trnf0Suf jcif;ykHpHrsm;onf single mix" ESifh mix cascades."
udk okH;pGJr_rsm;ay:rlwnfI ajymif;vJaeygonf? tjrefE_ef; ESifh trnf0Suf 0efaqmifr_
rsm;twGuf 0efaqmifc&,lygonf?
JAP ANON

onfausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmtm; vkH+cHKr_twGufomru tjcm;olrsm;tm;

,kH=unfr_vdkvm;aom enf;ynmurf;usifolrsm; twGuf a&G;cs,ftokH;jyKEkdifayonf?
JAP ANON 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdkxm;r_rsm; wcgw&H EkdifiH tcsdKwGif &SdEkdifaomvnf;
tjcm;aomae&mrS aqmhzf0Judk okH;pGJolrsm;taejzifh &,l&ygrnf? 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwf
qdk@xm;cJhaomjim;vnf; 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkrl &,lokH;pGJEkdifygvdrfhrnf? wdusaocsmpGm
pdppfjcif;jzifh ydwfqdk@Ekdifvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? xdkaqmhzf0Jpkudk wyfqifokH;pGJ&rnfqdkygu
trsm;okH;pGJaomae&mrsm;wGif okH;pGJjcif;ESifh uGefysLwmtwGif; &SmazGzrf;qD;Ekdifaomtae
txm;&Sdonfh okH;pGJolrsm;twGuf roifhawmfyg?
JAP ANON

25

enf;ynm

trnf0Suf qufoG,fa&;pepf

Tor

http://tor.eff.org

onf tcrJh&,lEkdifaom trnf0Suf qufoG,fa&;pepf jzpfygonf? 0ufbf

awmif;qdkr_rsm;udk ajymif;vJqufoG,fapjcif;ESifh pum;0Sufrsm; aygif;pyftokH;jyKap
jcif;jzifh rnfonfae&mrS vmonf/ rnfonfae&modkoGm;rnfudk ud&d,mrsm;jzifh
uGef,uftwGif;rS rrSef;qEkdifatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf? trnf0Sufjcif;udk
ta&;=uD;vkdtyfolrsm;twGuf a&G;cs,f&efjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaom
tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodkqufoG,fr_rsm;jyKvkyfonfudk Tor uGef,ufudkokH;pGJaeoltm;
&SmazG&cufcJaoma=umifhjzpfonf? Tor onf vsdK0SufoG,fwef;jcif;udk uGef,uftwGif;
wdkuf&kdufpum;ajymjcif; ESifh tD;ar;vf paomaqmhzf0Jrsm;twGuf tjcm;ykHpHrsdK;pkHjzifh
qufoG,fr_rsm;udk yHhydk;ay;xm;ygonf? xdkaqmhzf0JwGifygaom xl;jcm;r_wpfckrSm
uG,f0Sufr_0efaqmifjcif; hidden services" okH;pGJolrsm; trnf0Sufum ukd,fydkif0ufbf
pmrsufESmrsm; a&;om;wifjyjcif;udk Tor rSwqifh vkyfaqmifEkdifjcif;jzpfygonf?
Tor

xdkaqmhzf0Jpkudk ul;,lokH;pGJ&rnfqdkygu trsm;okH;pGJaomae&mrsm;wGif okH;pGJjcif;ESifh

uGefysLwmtwGif; &SmazGzrf;qD;Ekdifaomtaetxm;&Sdonfh okH;pGJolrsm;twGuf
roifhawmfyg? bmompum;rsdK;pkHjzifh&,lEkdif+yD; vltrsm; wDxGifa&;om;Ekdif&ef
yHhydk;xm;ygonf? tvGefaumif;rGefaom vkyfaqmifr_ tzGJtpnf;ESifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;
udkvnf; &&SdEkdifygonf? wyfqyfr_rsm;vkyfaqmif+yD;aomtcg/ 0efaqmifr_ pwifrnf
jzpfygonf? Firefox browser udkydkrdkOD;pmay;a&G;cs,fygonf? Torbutton" udk awGjrif
Ekdif+yD; vG,fulpGmjzifh zGifhjcif;/ ydwfjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf? tjcm; tifwmeuf
=unfhaom aqmhzf0Jrsm;wGif ukd,fwkdif ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifr_rsm; vdktyfygonf?
onfausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmtm; vkH+cHKr_ta&;=uD;aom enf;ynmurf;usifolrsm;
aqmhzf0JtrsdK;rsdK;udk rjrefaomE_ef;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifayonf? Tor 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdk
xm;r_rsm; wcgw&H EkdifiH tcsdKwGif &SdEkdifaomvnf; 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkrl &,lokH;pGJ
Ekdifygvdrfhrnf? wdusaocsmpGm pdppfaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifh ydwfqdk@Ekdifvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf?
odkaomfvnf; y&kd*&rfa&;om;olrsm;onf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom ausmfvm;jcif;enf;
ynmrsm; udkqufvufa&;omaeygonf? rsm;jym;aom Router rsm;udk jzwfoef;
&aoma=umifh tifweufudk Tor jzifhokH;pGJjcif;onf aES;auG;aernfjzpfonf?
Tor udk tokH;jyKrnfqkdygu uGefysLwm wwfu|rf;olrsm;twGufomjzpf+yD;
pwiftokH;jyKolrsm;twGuf roifhawmfay?
Tor

26

enf;ynm

I2P

http://www.i2p.net

onf trnf0Suf uGef,ufjzpf+yD; t"dutm;jzifh okH;pGJolrsm;. owif; tcsuf

tvufrsm; vGifhwif&ef ESifh okH;pGJEkdif&efudk I2P rSwqifh tokH;jyK&ef &nf&G,fvkyf
aqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? odkaomvnf; tifwmeufwGif trnf0Suf okH;pGJjcif;udkyg
okH;pGJEkdifcJhonf? I2P udk Windows/Mac/Linux twGuf qGJcs&,lEkdif+yD; pdppfjzwfawmuf
r_rsm; cHae&aom tokH;jyKol. uGefysLwmwGif wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifygonf? okH;pGJol.
tifwmeuf=unfhaom aqmhzf0JwGif I2P uGef,ufudk jznfhoGif;ay;&rnfjzpfonf?
I2P onfausmfvm;jcif;enf;ynmtm; vkH+cHKr_ta&;=uD;aom enf;ynmurf;usifolrsm;
a&;om;wifjyjcif; tay:rlwnfI rjrefaomE_ef;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifayonf?
I2P

0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwfqdkxm;r_rsm; wcgw&H EkdifiH tcsdKwGif &SdEkdifaomvnf;

tjcm;aomae&mrS aqmhzf0Judk okH;pGJolrsm;taejzifh &,l&ygrnf? 0ufbfqdk'fudk ydwf
qdk@xm;cJhaomjim;vnf; 0efaqmifr_rsm;udkrl &,lokH;pGJEkdifygvdrfhrnf? wdusaocsmpGm
pdppfjcif;jzifh ydwfqdk@Ekdifvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf? xdkaqmhzf0Jpkudk wyfqifokH;pGJ&rnfqdkygu
trsm;okH;pGJaomae&mrsm;wGif okH;pGJjcif;ESifh uGefysLwmtwGif; &SmazGzrf;qD;Ekdifaom
taetxm;&Sdonfh okH;pGJolrsm;twGuf roifhawmfyg?
I2P

27

ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynm. vSnfhuGufrsm;

,m,DodkrSD;xm;aom
0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;
&SmazGa&;tif*siftrsm;tjym;onf &SmazGay;&rnfh0uf
bfqdk'frsm;.rl&if;pmrsufESmrsm;udk rdwWLul;yGm;xm;onfh
,m,DodkrSD; pmrsufESmrsm;udk yHhydk;ay;wwf=uygonf?
0ufbfqdk'fwpfck &SmazGonfhtcg &SmazGr_&v'frsm;.
eHab;wGif cached [k pm!$ef;uyfxm;aom
csdwfqufr_udk&Sm=unfhEkdifygonf? wm;jrpfxm;aom
pmrsufESmudk wm;jrpf0ufbfqdk'fxHrS wdkufkduf&,ljcif;
r[kwfbJ &SmazGa&;tif*sif.qmAmrS rdwWLyGm;udkom
&,ljcif;jzpfaoma=umifh qifqmjzwfawmufxm;onfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udkyg &,lEkdifayrnf? rnfodk@qdkap
EkdifiHtcsdKurl tqdkyg ,m,DodkrSD;jcif;0efaqmifr_rsm;udk
t"duypfrSwfxm; ydwfqdk@ae=uonf?
Oyrm

bmomjyef0efaqmifr_rsm;

RSS

bmomjyef0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; tifwmeufay:wGif
tajrmuftjrm;awG@Ekdifygonf? &SmazGa&;tif*sifrsm;u
bmomjyef0efaqmifr_rsm;udk yHhydk;xm;=ujcif;
jzpfygonf? bmomjyef0efaqmifr_wpfckrS wpfqifh
0ufbfqkd'frsm;odk@oGm;a&mufrnfqdkygu tqdkyg
wm;jrpf0ufbf qdk'frsm;odk@ oifuoGm;a&mufcsdwfqufjcif;
r[kwfbJ bmomjyef0efaqmifr_uom csdwfquf0ifa&muf
ay;jcif;jzpfonf? xdkenf;vrf;tm;jzifh wm;jrpf0ufbfqdk'frsm;
odk@ wdkufkdufcsdwfquf&efrvdkbJ qifqmjzwfawmufxm;
onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk zwf_Ekdifayrnf?

RSS 0ufbfqdk'fpkqdkonfrSm oifESpfouf&m ta=umif;

t&mrsm;udk RSS Feeds wGifrSwfom;jcif;/ zwf_jcif;
wdk@udkzefwD;ay;onfh 0ufbfqdk'ftpkta0;jzpfonf? RSS
0ufbfqdk'fpkonf wm;jrpf0ufbfqdk'frsm;odk@oGm;a&mufcsdwf
quf+yD; RSS Feed rsm;tjzpf ul;,lum oifzwf_Ekdif
atmifzefwD;ay;=uygonf? 0ufbfqdk'frsm;udk oifudk,fwkdif
oGm;a&muf csdwfqufp&mrvdkbJ RSS Feed
0ufbfqdk'fpku csdwfqufay;rnfjzpfaoma=umifh qifqm
jzwfawmufxm;onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udkvnf;
&,lEkdifayonf?

Oyrm

Oyrm

babel.altavista.com

Google Cache

0ufbfqdk'fpk

www.bloglines.com

'drk ed ;f trnfajymif;vJtok;H jyKjcif;

0ufbfqdk'fwpfcktm; qifqmjzwfawmufxm;rnf qdkv#if
tokH;trsm;qkH;enf;rSm if;0ufbfqdk'ftm; 'dkrdef;trnf
(Oyrm - news.bbc.co.uk) udkydwfqdk@xm;jcif;yif
jzpfonf? odk@aomf 0ufbfqdk'frsm;onf tjcm;'dkrdef;
trnf (Oyrm - newsrss.bbc.co.uk) rsm;jzifh
0ifI&wwfygonf? xdk@a=umifh 'dkrdef;trnfwpfckudk
ydwfqkd@xm;ygu if;0ufbfqdk'f.ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
&,lEkdif&ef tjcm; 'dkrdef;trnfwpfckjzifh 0ifI&/ r&
}udK;pm;=unfhoifhygonf?

2
3

Oyrm
news.bbc.co.uk -> newsrss.bbc.co.uk

5
28

0ufbfpGrf;aqmif&Sifrsm;
0ufbfpGrf;aqmif&Sifrsm;onf 0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;udk
,m,DodkrSD;xm;wwf=u+yD; oifhtm;jyefvnfjyo&mwGif
tifwmeufcsdwfqufr_ ydkrdkjrefqefvmonf[k
xif&avmufatmif kwfjcnf;azmfjyay;=uonf?
0ufbfqdk'fwpfckzGifhvSpf&mwGif wm;jrpf0ufbfqdk'ftm;
wkdufkdufzGifhvSpfjcif; r[kwfbJ ,m,DodkrSD;xm;jcif;rS
&,ljcif;om jzpfonfhtwGuf jzwfawmufpdppfxm;onfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udkyg &,l=unfh_Ekdifayrnf?
Oyrm
webaccelerator.google.com

rSwfom;xm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;

wm;jrpfufbfqdk'fwpfckodk@ ifa&mufEkdifonfh enf;vrf;trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf?

if;wdk@teuftrsm;pkonf xdkodk@ v#dKSufpGm ifa&mufEkdifa&;udk raqmif&Gufay;Ekdifyg?
xdka=umifh ifa&mufjcif;udkomru v#dKSufvkH+cKHr_udkyg tmrcHay;Ekdifonfh enf;vrf;rsKd;
&SmazGoifhygonf?
oiftokH;jyKrnf ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmonf v#dKSufr_&Sdav ydkaumif;avyif
jzpfonf? rnfonfhenf;ynmudkokH;onfjzpfap/ v#dKSufEkdifoa&G@umvywfvkH;
tjcm;oloGm;jcif;ESifh ydwfqdk@cH&jcif;wdk@rS taumif;qkH;a&Smif&Sm;Ekdifayrnf?
EkdifiHjyifywGif a&mufaeonfh ,kH=unfpdwfcs&olwpfOD;udk tokH;jyKEkdifrnfqdkygu oif.
a&&SnfokH;oGm;&rnfh ,kH=unfpdwfcs&aom ausmfv$m;jcif;enf;ynmtqifhtwef;udk
jrifhay;oifhygonf?
d cf s&jcif;wd@k r&Syd gu jynfytquftoG,Ef iS hf qufqH
cifrif&if;ES;D jcif;/ ,k=H unfpw
aqmif&u
G jf cif;udk vk;H rvkyo
f ifah y? xkt
d quftoG,o
f nf v#Kd Suv
f +Hk cHKr_
h @kd oifuakd csmufcsrnfh peufwv
H nf;jzpfomG ;Ekid o
f nf?
twGuf t"dutm;ud;k &mjzpfouJo
oift
h wGuaf usmv
f m$ ;jcif;enf;ynmyHyh ;kd olonf xdek nf;ynmudk tok;H cs+yD;
oifvyk af qmifaom udp&P yfwikd ;f tm; pOfqufrjywf=unfh a_ eEkid af =umif; rarhoifyh g?
tifwmeufpdppfjzwfawmufr_ESifh ywfoufI EkdifiHawmftpdk;&rS jyXmef;xm;aom
Oya'udk csdK;azmufjcif;onf tifrwef}uD;av;aom jypfr_jzpfonf? tjynfht
em;rvnfonfh odk@r[kwf rnfodk@tokH;cs&rSef; rodonfh enf;ynmrsdK;udk
vkH;rokH;ygESifh? EkdifiHtaetxm;/ u|rf;usifr_ESifh todkif;t0dkif;ay:rlwnfum
wdusaocsmaom pDppfavhvmr_udk jyKvkyfyg?
rdrdtokH;jyKonfhenf;ynmudk aumif;pGmem;vnfxm;zdk@vdkygonf? tcsdKaom
efaqmifr_rsm;onf v#dKSufvkH+cHKr_&Sdonf/ zkH;uG,fay;xm;Ekdifonf/ ponfjzifh
a=umfjimavh&Sd=uaomfvnf; vufawG@wGifrl raqmif&Gufay;Ekdif=uacs? aqmif&Guf
ay;Ekdifrnfqdkv#ifvnf; xyfrHIoD;oef@wyfqif&efodk@r[kwf aiGa=u;xyfrHay;aqmif&ef
awmif;qdk=uygvdrfhrnf?

29

www.citizenlab.org

THE CITIZEN LAB is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk

Centre for International Studies at the University of Toronto, Canada
that engages in advanced research and development at the intersection of digital media and world civic politics.
A hothouse" that brings together social scientists, computer scientists,
activists, and artists, the Citizen Lab's projects explore the political and
social dimensions of new information and communication technologies with a focus on human rights, humanitarianism, and democratic
change worldwide.

The civisec project is sponsored by the generous support of

the Open Society Institute.