Friction Loss in Pipe Flow

INSTRUCTED BY: Mr. H Rathnasuriya

NAME INDEX NUMBER COURSE: GROUP: DATE OF PER: DATE OF SUB:

V.W.MEEMADUMA 090325G MPR B3 2010.08.03 2010.08.17

1.0 Introduction Energy Loses Occur in pipe flow due to frictional resistance at the pipe surface. Such head losses are known as frictional resistance head losses. It is important to determine frictional head losses in many pipe flow problems. Objectives To verify that the friction factor in pipe flow varies as expressed in the Darcy-Weisbach and HagenPoiseuille equations for a (a) Small diameter pipe (3 mm) (b) Commercially used PVC pipe (c) Commercially used Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe Theory The frictional head loss (hf) depends on the type of flow, which can be laminar or turbulent. In laminar flow, fluid flows in layers with orderly movement of fluid particles while in Turbulent flow fluid particles move in a disorderly manner, as shown in Figure below.

Whether the flow is laminar or turbulent is decided by a non-dimensional Reynolds number Re which is expressed as Re = Where = Fluid density, v = Flow Velocity, D = pipe diameter, = Fluid viscousity

In pipes, the flow is laminar when Re < 2000 and turbulent when Re > 4000 with flow transition taking place when 2000 < Re < 4000 Various scientists had a need to evaluate the frictional head loss for a given pipe flow. As a result of this, certain formulae were created, some experimentally while others theoretically. From these formulae two equations for the two separate flow states of turbulent and laminar are used commonly by engineers to model pipe systems today. For turbulent flow hf is given by the Darcy-Weisbach equation,

hf = where = friction factor, L = pipe length and g = Accelaration due to gravity

For Laminar Flow hf is determined by the Hagen-Poiseuille Equation, hf =

If the Hagen-Poiseuille Equation is expressed in the form of the Darcy-Weisbach equation, an equivalent
friction factor can be defined for laminar flow so that hf = = yielding =

Apart from these equations, some other empirical equations are used occasionally Eg: The Hazen-Williams formula hf = here C is a dimensional constant dependent on the pipe material and diameter and having values between 75-150. In both these cases, the friction factor can be found using several different methods. 1. Applying the Colebrook-White equation The general form of the Colebrook-White equation is as follows

Where k = surface roughness of the pipe, D = diameter of pipe and Here = f(( ) therefore it is solved by iterative methods However at lower Re values (Re 4000)

= friction factor

<<<
Then at lower Re values (Re )

0 Therefore
These are known as Prandtl and Von Karmann equations.

2. Using the Moody Diagram The Variation of with the relative roughness and Re values are graphically expressed in the Moody

diagram. This diagram has been obtained through a various number of experimental data and any pipe obeying normal frictional flows will have values within the chart in the respected areas ( turbulent or laminar). This method is rather easier and less time consuming than solving the above mentioned equations.

3. Using Wallingford charts or tables The Darcy-Weisbach equation and the Colebrook-White equation have been graphically represented in charts for the hydraulic design of channels and pipes and have been tabularly represented in tables for the hydraulic design of channels and pipes which have been published by the Hydraulic research station, Wallingford, UK. Thus the name Wallingford charts and Wallingford tables being given to them. These provide yet another convenient method for engineers to obtain various properties for a pipe flow, not only the friction factor but also the required pipe diameter for a certain flow rate or the velocity in a pipe for a particular roughness value hence eliminating the need to be involved in tedious sums using the Colebrook-White equation.

Apparatus 1. Pipe Friction Apparatus 1 (for pipe with small diameter)

2. Pipe Friction Apparatus 2 (For larger diameter pipes)

3. Stop Watch 4. Measuring Vessel 5. Ruler/Measuring Tape Methodology

For horizontal pipe of uniform diameter, hf ( frictional head loss) can be expressed as hf = Where P1 and P2 are the pressures at sections (1) and (2) respectively, as shown in the above diagram, which can be measured by the piezometers or the differential manometer.

V can be expressed as V= in which flow rate = Q = where is the volume of outflow in a time

Re can be calculated by the equation given earlier and therefore can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation and the Darce-Weisbach equivalent for the Hagen-Poiseuille equation. hf = and Re =

(where V =
and Re =

then, hf =

2.0 Procedure Fix the apparatus as shown in the above diagrams for the two pipe cases. Once a specific flow rate is set by the water pump do not adjust the pump, only adjust the flow rate through the control valve at the down stream end. First compare manometer readings at minimum and maximum output flow rates in pipes and divide the difference in readings by the number of records to be taken in order to approximate a periodical change in pressures to obtain flow rate values. Obtain steady flow rates for different manometer readings and record them. For each flow the outflow in a time is measured three times for an average value to be taken for better accuracy of experimental values. Measure the length of Pipe. Record the diameter of the pipe. Special considerations to be taken when handling the pipe of small diameter Special care should be taken to observe that the manometric liquid and piezometric liquids do not mix. Also the dropping of the piezometric liquid level inside the pipe should be avoided. To obtain a larger range or readings the internal pressure of the piezometric apparatus can be increased by using a bicycle pump, but attention should be paid to the piezometric levels to ensure none of the above mentioned occurs.

3.0 Calculations PVC Pipe a1x10- a2x10- deltaVx103(m) 3(m) 6(m3) t1 Qx106(m3/s) hfx103(m) lambdax10 9 Re 2.35637E12 36224.79 2.50563E12 30727.57 2.58649E12 27753.28 2.86606E12

t2

t3

21.9

10940 27.17 26.82 27.06 404.9352252 187.74

19.9

8.5

10940 31.76 31.87 31.92 343.4850863 143.64

19

9.4

10940 35.36 35.13

35.3 310.2372625 120.96

17.5

10.5

4790 19.13 19.16 18.81 251.6637478

88.2

22513.4

16.7

11.4

4790 22.34 22.65 22.41 213.2047478

66.78

3.0235E12 19072.92 3.30259E12 16050.88 3.38077E12 13342.14 3.70012E12 10322.93 4.29399E12

16

11.9

4790 26.34 26.76 26.99

179.423149

51.66

15.4

12.5

4790 32.16 32.06 32.13 149.1437468

36.54

14.8

12.9

4790 40.95 41.25 42.33

115.393881

23.94

14.3

13.2

4790 58.89

59 58.42 81.50416879

13.86

7291.22

Length (m) = 6.16 Diameter (m) = 0.016

GI Pipe a1x103(m) a2x103(m) deltaVx106(m3) Qx106(m3/s) hfx103(m) lambdax10 9 1.76645E11 1.73278E11 1.71574E11 1.73635E11 1.67813E11 1.71973E11 1.67087E11 1.64611E11 1.65147E11 1.57708E11 3.35429E12

t1

t2

t3

Re

26.3

24.3

4790

61.75

61.49

61.24

77.89462272

25.2

6026.652

28.2

22.5

4790

36.39

35.68

36.16

132.7727987

71.82

10272.54

29.3

21.4

4790

30.6

30.99

29.89

157.0835155

99.54

12153.44

30.5

20.3

4790

26.8

27.14

27.05

177.4293123

128.52

13727.58

32.5

18.4

4790

22.24

22.86

22.62

212.1972829

177.66

16417.55

34.1

16.8

4790

20.61

20.37

20.91

232.1861367

217.98

17964.08

36

15

4790

18.75

18.33

18.29

259.5268196

264.6

20079.41

37.7

13.6

10940

39.09

38.99

39.09

280.1058291

303.66

21671.59

39

12.5

10940

36.95

37.38

37.59

293.2451751

333.9

22688.17

40.5

11

10940

35.3

34.69

33.67

316.6120008

371.7

24496.05

42.5

9.5

10940

15.02

15.27

14.91

726.1061947

415.8

56178.32

Length (m) = 6.16 Diameter (m) = 0.0185

a1x103(m)

a2x103(m)

deltaVx106(m3)

t1

t2

t3

Qx106(m3/s)

hfx103(m)

lambdax10 9 1.16077E10 7.23745E11 5.79647E11 4.49807E11 3.36683E11 4.16378E11 4.05102E11 3.93745E11 3.60702E11 3.45923E11 3.5498E11 3.78253E11 3.48446E11 3.39445E11 3.34813E11 3.51978E11 3.55044E11

Re

390

355

100

76.97

76.92

76.84

1.300221038

35

620.3493

393

347

100

52.94

52.91

53.07

1.88774226

46

900.6619

398

339

100

41.59

42.08

41.91

2.388915432

59

1139.777

402

326

100

32.39

32.7

32.38

3.077870114

76

1468.485

412

311

200

48.77

48.82

48.71

4.101161996

101

1956.708

455

257

200

38.23

38.75

39.22

5.163511188

198

2463.566

493

211

200

31.86

32.05

32.13

6.247396918

282

2980.699

410

37

250

34.46

34.11

34.34

7.287921485

373

3477.145

494

38

300

35.98

35.93

34.99

8.419083255

456

4016.834

528

15

300

33.13

32.42

33.15

9.118541033

513

4350.553

274

317

400

43.22

43.61

42.89

9.250693802

541.8

4413.604

272

319

400

42.25

42.38

43.45

9.369144285

592.2

4470.118

272

319

400

40.51

41.11

41.31

9.761652973

592.2

4657.388

271

320

400

39.27

39.35

40.21

10.09845998

617.4

4818.082

268

322

400

37.7

37.2

37.52

10.67425725

680.4

5092.801

266

324

400

37.82

36.66

36.74

10.78942636

730.8

5147.75

264

326

500

44.83

45.19

45.03

11.10699741

781.2

5299.266

4.0 Discussion Significance of Frictional Head loss in the analysis of pipe flow Analysis of pipe flow deals with the characteristics of fluid flowing within a pipe. The flow rate between points of the pipe, the velocity of the fluid, etc In an ideal pipe having no head loss one could simply find all above mentioned factors if the necessary data about the pipe was given, since the Head differences at two points would be the same. However if there were to be some limiting force against the flow of the water, the analysis of the flow would not be as straight forward. As there is no ideal pipe in practical applications there will always exist a frictional head loss, no matter how minimal it maybe, affecting the fluid flow in the pipe. More accurately there will be two types of head loss, frictional and local, but in civil engineering applications where we deal with considerably larger pipes with a small number of bends the local losses reduce to something comparatively negligible. Hence the frictional head loss becomes the major component. Therefore it is vital that frictional head loss be taken into account when analysing pipe flows. Smooth Turbulent Flow

If the Renault Number in a fluid undergoing turbulent flow is close to the value 4000 then it is knows as a smooth turbulent flow. Rough Turbulent Flow

If the Renault Number in a fluid undergoing turbulent flow is very high then it is knows as a rough turbulent flow. Transitional Turbulent Flow

Transitional turbulent flow is a region in between the smooth turbulent flow and rough turbulent flow having fluid with a moderate Renault number. Hydraulically Smooth Pipes

If the Flow rate inside a pipe can produce a laminar flow then the pipe is said to be a hydraulically smooth pipe. Concrete, Cast iron, Copper and Glass all produce smooth pipes. The surface roughness plays a major role in deciding the flow rate at which turbulent flow occurs. Therefore a material with higher surface roughness can cause turbulent flows at lower flow rates. Hydraulically Rough Pipes

The flow rate in a pipe producing turbulent flow is said to be a hydraulically rough pipe. The surface roughness values of these pipes are considerably higher, which causes the flow rate to be turbulent at a lower flow rate than a smooth pipe having identical dimensions. Behaviour of friction factor and Moody Diagram

For low Re values the fluid remains laminar. Therefore the relationship between the friction factor and the Re number is = (64/Re) while for turbulent flows the relationship becomes much more complicated. Hence the curvatures in the Moody diagram.

Effect of Aging of pipes and friction factor

Aging of a pipe is its prolonged usage. As a pipe is used for a long time, if improperly maintained the interior will be encrusted with scale, dirt, tubercules or other foreign matter. This causes an increase in roughness value of the pipe but comparatively the diameter of the pipe is considered as unchanged. Therefore the relative roughness of the pipe will increase. According to the Moody diagram this increase in relative roughness will cause an increase in the friction factor as well. ( some studies have shown a 4 inch diameter steel pipe undergoing a 20% increase in friction factor after its roughness was increased by twice the value from 3 years usage). Local Losses and their significance in engineering applications

Apart from the Frictional Head losses, Local Head losses ( minor head losses) are incurred at pipe bends, junctions and valves. These losses occur due to eddy formation generated by the fluid at the fitting. For cases where pipes are shorter the local losses could be higher than the frictional head loss, therefore it is important to consider this in such situations or there would be an error in any assumption made about the flow system. Local head loss can be expressed in the form hl =kl Where kl = constant for a particular fitting An expression can be derived for kl in terms of the area of the pipe. The types of local losses are 1. Sudden Contraction

2. Sudden Expansion

3. Head Losses due to Bending

4. Losses due to pipe junctions

5.0 References Flows of fluids through valves, fittings and Pipes. Crane (p12) Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Taylor & Francis, 2004, (p112)