mUldΩanswknigGKesnaFikardΩan

evotkugelIEdndIExµr
KWtYGgsem†csIhnuEtm†g EdlVnyl'®Bm[T&BevotkugmktSgmUl-
dΩanswkenAelIdIExµr tamCayEdnExµr-evotNamxagt∫Ëg edaycinCaG~kCY-
yEccUv[ . sem†csIhnuVnCYyyYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg eday®K
b'meF¥aVyk~¨gcMVMgCamYyGaemrikSg (12) .

tMbn'yYnkumµ¨ynis†®tYt®ta

mUldΩanyYnkumµ¨ynis†

lIkeTA®kecHeBl
el
yn†ehaHeb-52
Tm¬ak'®Kab'Ebk
®kecH

Cb'emmt'

COSVN
Ep¬snÊËc

PRG
QUgsmu®T´f cMBuHesk

evotNamxagt∫Ëg

mUldΩanT&ByYnevotkug-evotNamxageCIg
(sem†csIhnuVnGnuJÔat[kgT&ByYnhU-CImijtSgmUldΩanelIEdndIExµr
cab'tSgBIq~S1960 nigVnCYypt'pg'T&ByYnenH®Kb'meF¥aVy p†l'Gg˚r f~S
eBT¥ ®Kab'rMesv saÂs†avuF®Kb'Fun EdldwktamkV"l'mkkMBg'EpsIhnu kM-
Bg'esam CaBiesskgT&BevotNamxageCIg EdlmkcuHEpenAkMBg'esam
k~¨geBlEdlyn†ehaHeb-52 TMlak'®Kab'EbkelIp¬ËvlMhU-CImijy"agx¬Sg
cab'BIq~S1965mk .

-90-
 mUldΩanswkGs'TSgenaHVncab'eFI√mktSgBIq~S1960 . x¬HeTotCamUl
dΩancas' tSgBIsm&ysÂgamtsflUCamYyVrSgem"¬H . mUldΩanswgEtTSgG-
s' tSgenAtambeN†ay®BMEdnExµr-yYn KWtSgBI®BMrYmbI®beTs (lav-Exµr-
yYn) k~¨gext†rtnKIrI lMpat' LaVnesok GUrSg s~Ál emmt'-Cb' E®kk ®BMEd
next†s√ayerog taEkv kMBg'®tac .
tSgEtBIe®cInq~SmkehIy˘˘˘ sem†csIhnueFµcEP~keFI√mineXIjnUvGI√@ Ed
lVnekItmaneLIgenAtamtMbn'CayEdn (Exµr-evotNam) (13) .
TIbJÇakar´nkariyal&ykN†alPUmiPaKevotNamxagt∫Ëg ( COSVN,
Central Office South Vietnam ) tSgenAemmt' Cab'nwgcMkarekAsflUEtm†g .
TIbJÇakar´nrNsirßrMedaHCati ( NLF - National Liberation Front of
South Vietnam ) manTItSgenATl'muxE®kk k~¨gext†kMBg'cam .
‰TIs~ak'karkN†al´nrdΩaPiVlbeN†aHGasn~bdivt†ne_ votNamxagt∫Ë
g ( PRG = Provisinal Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam )
manTI tSgenATl'muxkMBg'®tac k~¨gext†s√ayerog .
enAtammUldΩanTSgenaH mansg'mnIÊreBT¥ EdlGacdak'E®K EdlGacda
k'E®KG~kCm©WVnCag®VMry X¬Sgs†¨ksm∏ar:s
swkrab'etan sMrab'e®bI®Vs'vay
lukcUlevotNamxagt∫Ëg dUcCakrNIkarvayluk®kug´®BnKr kalBIbuN¥
EttcUlq~ScinyYn (1968) .
k~¨gExmifuna1967 edaymankartva"BIsaFarNrdΩevotNam nigBIsƒan
TUtGaemrikSgfa mankgT&BevotkugtSgenATl'muxkMcaymar Cab'elI®BMEdn
Exµr-yYn TTwgTMhM5KILËEm"®t nigbeN†ay15KILËEm"®t . elakvresniy
‰k esg-sflun´f VnnSkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÊeTAedj e®JHKNkmµkar
xagbT®tYt®ta ( ≤NÎa, kaNada, b"ULËj ) mk®tYtBinit¥ . emevotkugVn
mkCYbnwgelakesg-sflun´f ehIyhucnamb&Nˆsem†csIhnumkpg . evo
tkugVnniyayfa – sem†cVncuHxsn¥ayl'®Bm[BYkeKenAelIdIExµr
edIm∫IeKcBIkaredjtam´nkgT&BevotNamxagt∫ËgnigGaemrikSg . kal
NaKNkmµkarxagbT®tYt®taeTAputGs' BYkxM∆¨sMuvil®tLb'mkvij . T&Bevo
tkugk*dkfyecjBItMbn'PUmi®teLakEbkyYnry:eeBltUc . dl'KNkmµ-
karxagbT®tYt®taeTAemIl VneXIjEtTahanExµrcas'm~ak' kMBugGg¨ybit
ÚsßIenAk~¨geragedaly"agFM . karenHvapʨyK~aBIrUbft Edlyn†ehaHGaem
rikSgftVneTAvij (18) .
cab'BIq~S1969 shrdΩGaemriksMerce®bIyn†ehaHeb-52 vaylukTm¬ak'
®Kab'EbkkMeTkmUldΩanswkevotkug-evotNamxageCIg tam®BMEdnExµr-yYn
y"agx¬Sgk¬a . ®TSminVnBYkkgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg nigGKbJÇa
karvaVnrt'fycUle®CAmksMrakykkm¬Sgk~¨gEdndIExµr tMbn'´®Bext†®kecH

(18), (19) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elakeV"-fn GtItvresniy‰ksaFarNrdΩExµr .

-91-
cm©ay150K˘m˘PaKxageCIgp¬ËvCatielx7 . edaye®bI®Vs'ext†ExµrPaKxag
eCIg BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnrYcputminGn†rayedaysaryn†ehaH
cm©ay150K˘m˘PaKxageCIgp¬ËvCatielx7 . edaye®bI®Vs'ext†ExµrPaKxag
eCIg BYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgVnrYcputminGn†rayedaysaryn†ehaH
eb-52 . edaykgkm¬SgeKVn®tYt®tatMbn'enHtSgEtBIkalmunmk BYkeK
Gacsm©Mykkm¬SgmunnwgcUlvayluk (yYnxagt∫Ëg) eTot (14) .
mUldΩanswkk*dkfycUle®CAmkk~¨g®sukExµr mktSgTIenAelIe®tIyxa
glicTen¬emKg Cit®kecH®kug .
enA´f©TI24emsa1970 mYyGaTit¥munBYkevotkug-evotNamxageCIgk-
sagmUldΩan nigbJÇakarswkfIµelI®cSgTen¬emKgk~¨gext†®kecHenaH BYkem
dwknS≤NÎËcin®bqSgnwgc®kBti†GaemrikSg VnCYbK~aCakMBUlenA®kugkg'tug
edaymanvt†mansem†csIhnuCaG~kcMNUlfIµpg . pS-va"n'dug[ekaHehAxa-
gV"eftLav KW®Tg'supanuvgß, ®bFanrNsirßCatirMedaHevotNamxagt∫Ëg
eg√øg-hflUfU nigsem†csIhnu[cUlrYmpg . eBlenaHsem†cVnef˚aleTas
shrdΩGaemrik ehIyVn®bkasGnuJÔatedayecjmux[evotkug-evotNa
mxageCIge®bI®Vs'EdndIExµreTotpgk~¨gkareFI√sÂgamCamYys®tUvrYm KWc®k
Bti†GaemrikSg (15) .
sUmsYrfa etIsIhnuk¬ayCaGI√ehIyenAeBlenH cMeJH®sukExµrnigcMeJH
®bCaraÂs†Exµr ? e®JHehtuGI√ edIm∫IGI√ eTIbsIhnucUlrYmCamYys®tUvCatiExµr
enH ?
cab'tSgBIq~S1970rhUtmkdl'bcç¨b∫n~enH etIsIhnumanEdlmanbnÊËl
fa ®Tg'VneFI√xus …neyaVy®Tg'xus enATINa ´f©Nam†gehIy…enA ?
esIÊr®Kb'EtsunÊrkfa sIhnuE®skeCrEk†g@ ef˚aleTasexµacelakln'
nl'nigsirimt:rhUt xMlagx¬ÁnBIå®kidΩkmµCati‰genH sIhnuminEdlxusTa
l'EtesaH . ®sukExµreTACay"agenH mkBIBYkGak∫t'Gs'enH vaeFI√rdΩ®bhar
Tm¬ak'xM∆¨®BHkruNaxM∆¨ ! sUmkUnecAemt†a®Cab !
®Tg'emIlmineXIje®KaHf~ak'´nvt†mankgT&Bevotkug-evotNamxageCIg
elIdIExµr EfmBIelIenH sIhnuVnCYys®tUvelbTwkdIExµrenHsB√Ebby"ag
edayeCOy"agsflb'eTAelIsMdIeVk®Vs'rbs'CU-eGgLaynighU-CImij eda
yKµanBicarNa .
manEtsIhnunig®beTsExµrEtmYyKt' Edl®BmTTYlsal'nigdak'TUt
CamYyevotkug .
enAq~S1969 manEtsem†csIhnumYyGgKt', k~¨gfan:C
Ca®bmuxrdΩExµr, Ed
lVneTAs®mk'TwkEP~k®seNaH®seNakeKarBviJÔaNx&nÏemXatkr nig
emerobcMEpnkarelbTwkdIExµr EdlVns¬ab'eTAmunVnsMercmhiciœtarbs'va

-92-
 sem†csIhnurhUtdl'eTAykrUbftexµachU-CImij mktSgk~¨gvSgedIm∫I
eKarBviJÔaNk≈&nÏEfmeTotpg

sIhnunigrbbdwknaMe®kay‰kraC¥

tSgBIVn‰kraC¥eBjeljBIVrSg sIhnuKµanVneFI√GI√e®kAEtBIkarJr
GMNacEdl®Tg'yl'fa, rhUtmkdl'≤LËvk*eday, CakmµsiTiÏdac'mux Caekri†_
mrtk®bcS®tkUlrbs'®Tg'Etm~ak'Kt' eTIb®Tg'cab'ksagTun®bCa®biyPaB
®bCaPifuti beJÇareVkraÂs†Exµrl©g'ex¬A eday®Tg'yl'faTunenHGacrkßaGM-
Nacrbs'®Tg'Camças'EpndIExµr[enAsiƒtesƒrVnyUrGEg√gteTA . ehIy
eday®Tg'yl'rebobenHehIy eTIb®Tg'cat'EcgrcnaneyaVydwknSrbs'
®Tg'eTAtamEtTMenIgcit†cg' tamEtbMNgpÊal'x¬Án nigCapl®beyaCns
_ Mrab'
G~km~agm"Unicpg edayyk®sukExµr raÂs†ExµrTSgGs'CaåbkrNE_ l∫g≤t
BicarNarbs'®Tg' . edayx¬acsWg-g"ukfaj'deNI†mTunenHBI´d®Tg' sIhnu
VnGnuvt†bnßabBissWg-g"ukfaj' edayecaTfa elakfaj'CaCnk∫t'Cati
k∫t'raCbl¬g˚ ehIyminGnuJÔat[elakfaj'cUlmkrYbrYmk~¨gsgmCatiesaH
eLIy e®kaysni~siThßWENvq~S1954 e®JH®sukExµrTSgmUl raÂs†ExµrTSg
Gs'Casm∫ti†dac'´f¬rbs'sIhnuEtm~ak'Kt' sUm∫Ielakfaj'VnsresrsMbu
®tpÊal'x¬ÁnmksMucUlrYbrYmCamYy®Tg' k*®Tg'minyl'®BmTal'EtesaH . e®ka
ymkq~S1957 elakfaj'VnsresrlixitpÊal'x¬ÁncMnYnbIp†l'{vaTsIhnu

-93-
fa « sem†ckMBugeFI√neyaVynSesckI†vinasmk[®beTsExµrnig®bCaraÂs†
ExµrehIy » k*sem†cminQWk∫alykcit†Tukdak' . sni~siThßWENvVn[
ExµrrkßanUvbuN¥s&ki†rbs'G~kcuHcUldUckalBIedIm EtsIhnuminVneKarB
lk≈&NenHeLIy . BYkExµrevotmijk*dUcEtExµr≤sßr: nig®kumP~MdgErk, BYk
sWg-g"ukfaj', Edr KµannrNam~ak'VnTTYlbuN¥s&ki†BIsem†csIhnuesaH
eLIy min®twmEtb"ueNˆaHsem†csIhnuVnTSgcat'BYkKijtamGeg˚t®Kb'G~k
cuHcUlCaerogral'´f© . Geg˚ttSgBIskmµPaB®bcS´f© Jk¥sMdIebIniyayTi-
etondl'neyaVysIhnu k*nwg®tUvKijcab'jat'KukP¬am dUckrNIelakva"n'
QYg, GtItExµr≤sßr:sWg-g"ukfaj' (1) , elakqay-y"t (2), elakekg-
va"n'sak'CaedIm .

(1) edayminVnbuN¥BIsIhnu BYkExµr≤sßr:P~MdgErk, e®kayBIcUlmkrYmrs'k~¨gsgmCa

tiehIy, k*eTArk®bkbrbrepßg@ciJçwmCIvit . elaklav-FansIuVnmkEGbCamYyelak
ln'-nl' e®JHFa¬ b'CasisßnayTahan ehIyCitditeTotpg ‰bÌËneQµaHlav-FanGIum
®tUvCamit†Pki†rYmf~ak'CamYyln'-Nunpg . elakln'-nl'Vn[elaklav-FansIueFC
I√ a
cagha√ gviT¥al&y‰kCnexmra EdlCakmµsiTiÏrbs'elalln'-nl'pÊal' . elaklav-
FansIuVnebIktUblk'esovePAmYy eQµaHsarika enA®tg'cMNtrfyn†Q~ÁlenApßarfIµ .
elakdYg-c&nÊsar"atVneTArksIulk'sSgenATenb
¬ wT ext†kMBg'cam . elaksSg-sava"t
eFC
I√ acagha√ gsarBt·manExµrfIµ, eTAmux, QamExµr ehIyVnniBnÏ®belamelakd*EsnBi-
eraH manes~haxıg'xıs' nigmanes~haCatid*ebaHmutrbs'tYGg KWerOg «eteCa®khm» nig
«mhaecarenATl'Edn» rhUtdl'elalesk-sMeGotcab'ykeTAsma¬ b'ecal enAedImq~S
1959 . esµrx¨MV
∆ nGanesovePATSgBIrenH (1956) edaymax¨Mm
∆ ~ak'mantUblk'esovePA
rMlgK~abYntUb . ‰elakGIuv-y"ageFC
I√ a®KUbe®gon‰kCn nigsIuQ~ÁleFeI√ mFavICamYyCati
kwg
¬ ≤NÎam~ak'enA®kugP~MeBj. elakKS-er"teFk
I√ arCamYy®kumhun
fl CMnYj «mhabUJ·JNiC»
Ç
xageCIgpßarFMfIµ xagEp~knSTMnijecjcUl ( Import-Export ) . elakhgß-Funhak'cUl
eTAEGbCamYymhakß®tIyanIkusm: edIm∫Ika´Lela≈ nnigsil∫:bMerIeKalKMnitEkE®bsg-
mExµrtambMNgrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj'VnEp†p†S edaysresrerOgela≈ ndUcCa – «erom
c∫geyIg, efAEkcit†ecar, sMbuk≤temV, kJÔacriya, vibti†es~ha, cieJçønbJçScit†, edIm
Fk
¬ rkßaCati, fµrS » Etelakmindak'eQµaHelakCaG~kniBnÏeLIy .
(2) elakqay-y"tk*CaGtItExµr®kumsWg-g"ukfaj'Edr sIhnucab'dak'KukCamYyK~anwg
elakGIuv-y"ag . ln'-NunVnTTYlbJaÇ BIsIhnueTAcab'BYkP~MdgErk®Bm@K~aEtm†genA
´f©TI20 Exmkra q~S1959 eday®Tg'sgß&yfa VncUlrYm´dCamYysm-sarI, dab-QYn
®bugeFrI√ dΩ®bhartamesckI†[karNr_ bs'G~k®sIGIuv-y"ag sB´√ f©rs'enA®kugV"rIs ®beTs
VrSg . ‰elaksSg-sava"t®tUvelaks&ki†bIesk-sMeGotCaG~kcab' . elakesk-sM
eGotVnykeCIgeTAQUssMeNAniBnÏrbs'elaksSg-sava"t Fa¬ k'rat'ray (tamesckI†
[karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin ) rYcehIyykelaksSg-sava"teTAsma¬ b'ecalbeN†ay
eTA . esk-sMeGot e®kayBI®bmUlluykak'edaylk'´®BeQI bUraNvt¨t
ƒ Mbn'bnÊayqµar (
hun
fl K~aCamYyhul
fl -Tn ) manluyrab'lanVt ehIyVnsg'eragkun m"asiunkin®sUv sg'
vILaenA®sukesom edayXubXitCamYysug-sak' .
(2) elakqay-y"tk*CaGtItExµr®kumsWg-g"ukfaj'Edr sIhnucab'dak'KukCamYyK~anwg

-94-
elakGIuv-y"ag . ln'-NunVnTTYlbJaÇ BIsIhnueTAcab'BYkP~MdgErk®Bm@K~aEtm†genA
´f©TI20 Exmkra q~S1959 eday®Tg'sgß&yfa VncUlrYm´dCamYysm-sarI, dab-QYn
®bugeFrI√ dΩ®bhartamesckI†[karNr_ bs'G~k®sIGIuv-y"ag sB´√ f©rs'enA®kugV"rIs ®beTs
VrSg . ‰elaksSg-sava"t®tUvelaks&ki†bIesk-sMeGotCaG~kcab' . elakesk-sM
eGotVnykeCIgeTAQUssMeNAniBnÏrbs'elaksSg-sava"t Fa¬ k'rat'ray (tamesckI†
[karNr_ bs'elakswum-Kin ) rYcehIyykelaksSg-sava"teTAsma¬ b'ecalbeN†ay
eTA . esk-sMeGot e®kayBI®bmUlluykak'edaylk'´®BeQI bUraNvt¨t
ƒ Mbn'bnÊayqµar (
hun
fl K~aCamYyhul
fl -Tn ) manluyrab'lanVt ehIyVnsg'eragkun m"asiunkin®sUv sg'
vILaenA®sukesom edayXubXitCamYysug-sak' . e®kayesk-sMeGotGs'GMNac
edayExµr®khmQ~H ehIyCiHåTÏm∏aKc®krt'eTA®sukesom edaysgÙwmeragkunvILaTSg
enaH Et®tUvsug-sak'dak'eQµaHvaTSgGs' esk-sMEGotsl'Etki†texa ehIymkGal&y
EtCab'´dyk®bBnÏem"A-sn, cagha√ gtulakarswkVt'dMbg, ®bBnÏedImesk-sMeGotk*
rt'ecaleTAenA®sukVrSgCamYykUn®sI(kUnciJçwmCakµÁyxag®bBnÏ) eTA . e®kaymkesk-
sMeGotVnsUk´fcUlmkCMrMqunbUrI EtKµan®beTsNamYy®BmTTYlykesaH TSg Père
Venet,, TSgxagshrdΩVn®Vb'esk-sMeGotfa – « ®beTseKKµankEng
¬ [Kat'eTArs'
enAeT (q~S1981) » . esµrx¨MV
∆ nmkTan'eXIjesk-sMeGotenAk~¨gCMrMqunbUrI . kalenaH
esk-sMeGotVncUlrYmCamYy®BHetC®BHKuNhuk-savNˆ (sB´√ f©Kg'enA®beTskaNa
da ) eFC
I√ ajtiepeI∆ TAGgkarsh®bCaCati KS®Tsem†csIhnu ehIyedIreKorKreK[CYycuH
hteƒ lxaelIjtienaH Etx¨ME∆ dlTTYlxus®tUvxagslalamF¥msikßaFunbUrI Vn®bqSg
min®BmcuHhteƒ lxaelIjtienaH e®JHsMGagfa neyaVysem†csIhnuminc∫as'las'
sem†csIhnuCaemExµr®khm . elakesk-sMeGotEfmTSgsYr nigVnTSgkt'eQµaHx¨MT
∆ u
kk~¨gbJIeÇ xµArbs'Kat'eTotpg .
e®kaymkesk-sMeGotVnsUk´fEkeQµaH ehIyeFI√ Visa Ekg
¬ bnM¬ VnecjeTA®su
kVrSg eTArs'enAlak'muxk~¨g®kugV"rIsr_ hUtdl'q~S1990 .
(kkn – enAq~S1993 esk-sMeGotVnvil®tLb'cUl®sukExµrvij ehIylk'k∫alCamYy
nerat†m-buVπeTvI, nerat†m-c®kBgß nignut-NarSg k~¨gCYrKNbkß®bCaCnkmı¨Ca . q~S
1998 esk-sMeGot, nerat†m-buVπeTvI nignerat†m-c®kBgß k*vilk∫almkcuHcUlxag
KNbkßh¨n
√ fl siunbiucvij . sB´√ f©enHesk-sMeGot VneFC
I√ asmaCik®BwTÏsPaxagKN
bkßh¨n
√ fl siunbiuc ) .

sIhnuVnk¬ayCamhavIrburs edayTamTar‰kraC¥VnBIGaNaniKmV
rSgedIm∫I®kesbykGMNac[eBj´d sem†csIhnuVndak'raCsm∫ti†dl'
matabitak~¨gq~S1955 ehIyhk'cUlmk®bLËkbegI˚tKNbkßneyaVymY-
eQµaH « sgmraÂs†niym » . manExµrx¬HVnlYcxßibniyayK~afa KNbkß
neyaVyrbs'sIhnuebI[eQµaHfa « sgmraÂs†yM » eTIb®tUvCag .
(kkn – « sgmraÂs†niym » ebIdkEtJk¥raÂs†ecjKWKNbkß « sgmni
ym » . edIm∫I[rwtEtdUcsgmniymEmnETn sem†csIhnuVn[smaCik
enAk~¨gbkßehAK~afa « shCIvin …shCIvinI » CaedIm ) . ®Tg'VnkMeTcKN
bkßneyaVyd´TeTot edaye®bIviFIeXareXAbMput dUcCa[mnusßyk®Kab'
EbkeTAKb'sm¬ab'elakeGov-ekIs Ca®bFanrdΩsPa nigCa®bFanKNbkß®b

-95-
CaFibety¥, [elaksm-sarIykBYkKijnigTahanh¬Ág eTAVj'elakeGor
sIucUv, ekg-va"n'sak'CaeXasnikbkß®bCaFibety¥ EdlkMBugeXasnaenA
mux®ksYgeXasnakak~¨gq~S1955 Ete®KaHlÌ®Kab'kSePI¬g EbrCamk®tUvG~kebI
kbrLansm-sarIeTAvij (3) .
®kumbkßneyaVyTSgGs' edayx¬acsIhnueFI√Vbsm¬ab'ecal k*®Bm
cUlrYmCamYyKNbkßsgmraÂs†niym EdlmansIhnuCa®bFanGs' x¬H
eTotk*rs'enAEt‰k‰g minhflaneFI√skmµPaBneyaVyGI√eToteLIy dUec~H
KµanG~kCMTas'®bqSgnwgsem†csIhnueToteT . sIhnuk*Gnuvt†neyaVy
rebobCiHesHEbrx~gElg´d eFI√e®scnwgcit†®Tg'nwkeXIj KµannrNamYy
hflanCMTas'rarSg sUm∫IEtG~kEdlsIhnuVnEtgtSgCaTI®bwkßapÊal'rbs'®T
g'enaH k*minhflanp†l'{vaTpʨyBIkaryl'eXIjrbs'sem†csIhnuesaHeLIy
. ExµrkaleNaHEtgEtniyayK~afa – « tamEt®BHbJÔajaNd*P¬Ws√agrbs'
®BHGgcuH » CaBiesselakm"a-eLABI EdlCaG~keFI√GtƒaFib∫ayEfmfyy"a
gBieraHk~¨gBiFIsimiTiÏepßg@ EdlmansIhnuCaGFibtI pßaytamsem¬gviT¥¨
Cati .
( kkn – elakm"a-eLABI Vnvil®tLb'eTA®sukExµrvijk~¨gsm&yrdΩkmı¨Ca
ehIyVncUlCasmaCikKNbkß®bCaCnkmı¨Ca . elakenAEt®b®Bwt†El∫g
Cl'man'dEdl CacMNUlcit†rbs'elaktSgEtBIedImrhUtmk . elakVn
s¬ab'enA®sukExµredayeraKebHdUg (mincSq~S …®bEhlmuneBleVHeq~atGflun
tak' ) ) .
eKseg˚teXIjmanmtiyl'eXIjbIcMeJHrUbtYGgsem†csIhnu –
1- BBYkksikrExµrenA®sukE®scMkar edayminVnTTYlkarsikßaGb'rM
Ep~k «viCÇaBlrdΩ ( Instruction civiques - Social studies ) manCMenOfa «
sIhnu CaG~kmanbuN¥ » Ca « ®BHVTFmµwk » tamk∫ÁnButTMnay (4) ®tg'vK
« cin lIKmIıredIrrk®BHVTFmµwk » .
kalxM∆¨enACasisßviT¥al&ysni†PaB®kugkMBg'sıW k~¨gq~S1960 kalenaH
sem†cVnyageTAsemıaFGaKarviT¥al&ymYyeTIbnwgsg'fIµ . BYkeyIgCasi

(3) tamesckI†[karNr_ bs'elaksium-Kin enArdΩva"siunetan .

(4) ®BHVTFmµwkE®bfa es†cEdl®bkbedayFm· Gnuvt†c∫ab'TsBitraCFm· ( F·mTSg10
®bkar Edles†clÌ®tUvGnuvt†eKarBtam ) . ®BHVTFmµwkenHmank~¨g®kSgTMnayrbs'taBut
EtExµrG~kcmg
¬ t@mk edaycg'[eKeCOkan'EtxS¬ genaH, k*sresrEkeTACa «BuTÏTMnay»
eTAvij . tamBit®BHBuTÏKg'enA®beTs≤NÎa‰eNaH BMuVneFk
I√ arTsßnT
_ ayBI®sukExµreT.
TMnaytaButVnEcgfa – dl'Jk'kN†alsasna (BuTÏskraC2500) enA®sukExµrnwg
manGsur®VMbITis c∫Sgkab'cak'K~aQamdabeJHdMrI ehIynigmancinBI®sukcin lIKmıIr
edIrsH√ Esg
√ rk®BHVTFmµwk mkCYbelaksgÙFutugcIBrrEhkKg'elIfµ ehIysal'faCa
®BHVTFmµwk k*nSes†cFmµwkenH[eTAbÂg˚abBYkGsurTSgenaH[Qb'c∫SgK~a raÂs†Exµr®suk
E®sk*nSK~akat'yl'fa sIhnuCa®BHVTFmµwk .

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sßes¬økJk'‰ksNΩanyuv&n exaGavkaKI mancg®kava"t'exµAy"agtwgbMBg'k
nigs&ki†ben†agrUbsem†csIhnu p¬ak«yuvCnraCsgmniymExµr» rENgr-
eNagy"agFuj®Tan' . BYkeyIgVnTTYlbJÇaBIelakcagh√ag gYn-e®sg
[e®kaktSgBI®Blwm®sag@ e®tomx¬ÁnmkQrcSTTYlbdisNΩarkicçsem†c
sIhnu tSgEtBI®Bmwmem"ag®VMmYyrhUtdl'´f©®tg'ek†AEhg . EP~kTSgraÂs†
TSgsisßTSgGs'K~a xMsm¬wgemIleTAlMhGakas E®kgeXIjyn†ehaHknMʨ
ruyes†c“ehaHmk . eBlåTÏm∏aKc®kehaHEq√lBIelI sIhnuVneVH®k-
Nat'yIeha«sgm». ekµg@raÂs†TSg®sITSg®busrt'Can'K~atamdeNI†m®k-
Nat'enaH . enACitxM∆¨manmIgm~ak' ®sab'Et®kNat'F¬ak'mkcMKat'Etm†g xM∆¨eXI
jTwkmuxKat'e®tkGrNas' ´deGab®kNat'enaHy"agCab' QrP¬wkeP¬cx¬ÁnmY
ysnʨHFM . e®kaymkKat'BMuVnyk®kNat'FunefakenaHeTAkat'es¬økJk'
eLIy Kat'eCOfaCavtƒ¨BisidΩirbs'®BHVTFmµwk . Kat'Vnyk®kNat'enaHeTA
tMkl'elIhwugCamYy®BHBuTÏrUb f√aybgMral'´f© (5) . sunÊrkfay"agEvgGn¬a
y EbkCaGUrhUrCasÊwg sem†ctiHedolbgÌab'GaemrikSgfa «GaKSg» (6) min
ecHeFI√E®sx√HGg˚rsIu (tamBitGaemrikSgCa®beTselxmYyk~¨gkardwkGg˚rec
jeTAlk'e®kA®beTs) eCrnaykrdΩmÂnI†esomfa « Gaf~mkaTikacn katn ka
qa » pg eCryYneg"a-DineDompg . ®bCaraÂs†®sukE®s, CaBiesstayay
cas'@ Gg¨yecagehags†ab'sunÊrkfasem†csIhnu ehIy{nelIk´d®b-
Nm¥dak'elIk∫al dUceKs†ab'elakeTsnG
_ Jçwg .
raÂs†®sukE®scMkar munnwgniyaydl'®BHnam®Tg' eKEtgEtelIk´d
bnÊËleLIgeTAelIk∫al nwkrMlwkdl'®BHGgCanicç e®JH®Tg'CaG~kmanbuN¥
. G~kx¬H manTSgBYk®BHGgmças'x¬HpgGYtfa nwgeCOfa «vgßes†cExµrCavgß
®BHeJFist√» EfmeTotpg . raÂs†Exµrx¬HeTot VnTSghamkUnecAkMu[tieTo
nBI®Tg' e®JHnwgmanVbF©n'Nas' .
2- cMeJHmtibJÔv&n†Exµrvij BYkeKyl'eXIjfa sem†csIhnuelaPln'
GMNachYsehtu ®kesabykkicçkarnaykrdΩmÂnI†mkkan'pÊal' ykkicçkar
rbs'tulakarmkeFI√CakarcUlKal'svnakartamEbbes†cExµrCMnan'edIm ®Tg'
[raÂs†Qb'eQ¬aHK~a ehIysn¥a[®Vk'b"ueNˆHb"ueNˆaH . elaktahflul …

(5) ®Kb'Etcas'@ CaBiess®KUmn†GaKm Vnyk®kNat'sgmenaH …k*rUbftsem†csIh

nudak'elIhuwgCamYy´T®KU kEnßgy®n† ®BHBuTÏrUb fa√ ybgMral'´f© .
(6) Jk¥sIhnuehAGaemrikSg . tamerOgburaNExµrEdlsresrEtBIerOges†c dUcCa®BH
Cinvgß, rtnavgß, TiBs
√ ga√ r˘˘˘.l. eKsresrrebobEtmYy KWmankUnes†cecjeTAeron
mn†GaKmKafaBIta≤sIenA´®BehmJn† . ®Kb'@EterOgEbbenH, ta≤sImanekµgbMerIm~ak'
eQµaHfa «GaKS» (GaKSgecAta) . GaKSgl©g'mhaEsnl©g' rs'enACamYyelakta≤sI
rab'sibq~SmkehIy sIÌk*GaKSgminecHEdr kMusUm∫I «nxa√ k'» k*minecHpg . sIhnuyk
eQµaHGaKSgenHmkehAmkdak'[GaemrikSg faGaemrikSgl©g' (manEtsIhnueTEdlecH)
GaemrikSgxH√ Gg˚rsIuCaedIm .

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elakXwm-TitEdlkan'luyenaH minEdlebIk®Vk'[raÂs†enaH@ tambnÊËl
rbs'sem†ceT Kat'lYckibLiblak'TukpÊal'x¬ÁnKat'y"agsnÏwksnÏab' . cM-
eJHGaharUbkrNe_ TAeron‰breTsvij (7) ®Tg'GnuJÔat[x¬H@Edr EtEp~kxa
gtiknikbecçkeTsesµaH ‰xag «neyaVy, esdΩkicç, sgmkicç, c∫ab'» ®Tg'
minGnuJÔat[Cadac'xat edaysIhnusMGagfa x¬acnSmenaKmviCÇabreTsep†
sp†ascUl®suk . tamBitKWsIhnux¬aceKecHCag ehIymkdeNI†mGMNac
BI®Tg'eTAvijeT .
sIhnuCaes†ccit†®sI qab'xwg mayagrg"k'e®cIn kMejIjcg'laElgrab'
rydg (EtsIhnuenAEtelIGMNacrhUt) [eKGg√rnSK~aeFI√jti …QrTamTar
sMu[®BHGgenACa «GKmK¨eTÊske_ qI~mteTAeTot» xateBlevlaGs'snÏwk .
sIhnuGYtGagxagBUEkeFI√kun dUcCabegI˚tJk¥ «FIgemag» CaedIm . ta
m®bPBc∫as'karNf
_ a sem†csIhnuxUcEmn cUlcit†®sINas' (8) . namWun
Exµrm~ak' edaycg'ykKab'KYrCamYysem†csIhnu k*nSPriyad*®ss'ekµgeTA
cUlKal'sem†cTteXIjk*sB√®BHT&y Taj´delakCMTavekµgcUlbnÊb'Vt'
eTA . namWunenaHesIÊrEtnwgeFI√Gt†Xatx¬Áne®JHEterOgenH Etedaysem†csI
hnudemI¬gbuN¥esIµnwgrdΩmÂnI† k*eBjcit†Vt'mat'QwgEtm†geTA (9) . dUc®b
BnÏcug®bFanaFibtI≤NÎËeNsIusUflkarNU CamYy®KUekµgext†esomrabm~ak' .
G~k®sIsflUkarNUVnmkenACamYysem†csIhnu ‰dMNak'P~MbUkeKacMnYnmYy
GaTit¥EtBIrnak' .
sem†csIhnuCabita®Kb'vis&y – bita‰kraC¥Cati, bitakILaCati, bitasi
kßaFikarCati, bitasil∫: (tY‰kPaByn†), bitace®mog manbTkUlablYg®V
Vg (rhUtVnm~aglavmYy), eBlra®tICYbP&®k†˘˘˘.l. CYnkal®Tg'eLIg®bKMu
eP¬gpg, bitakasIuNUCati, bitaevotkug nigcg'eFI√CabitaedjevotkugeTot Et
®Tg'sirimt:nigln'-nl'minGnuJÔatTuk{kas[ .

(7) GaharUbkrNC
_ aCMnYyBI®beTseCOnelOn tamry:Ggkarsh®bCaCati man UNES-
CO CaedIm dl'®beTsTn'exßay [bJËÇnsisßeTAeronenA®sukeK manVrSg, GaemrikSg
Gg'eKs
¬ ˘˘˘ EtedIm∫IVnGaharUbkrNT
_ SgGs'enaH eK®tUvsUk®Vk'xÊg'10mWunerol dl'G~k
Edlkan'kab'xagGaharUbkrNe_ naH ebIBMuenaHeT eKbJËÇnEtkUnecAeK kUnnamWunEdleV"
EL[eTAeroneroneTAvij .
(8) enHCaTma¬ b'rbs'namWunExµrtSgBIbUraNmk edIm∫IVnbuN¥s&ki†BIes†c eKykkUn, CYn
kalCa®bBnÏ [Etes†csB®√ BHT&y, eTAfa√ yes†cdUcCakfafnj"¨j, “BukkfafnQMu,
es†c®taj'ext†Vt'dMbg, VnykkUn®sImYyeTAfa√ yhÁ¬gnerat†m nigkUn®sImYyeToteTA
fa√ yes†cesomCaedIm .
(9) sUmGanesckI†sm∏asnr_ bs'sIhnu k~¨gTsßnavdI† Playboy Vol.34 No.5- May 1987
pgcuH Et®Tg'BMuVnlat®tdagGs'BIerOgBitrbs'®Tg' CamYyGs'elakCMTav elak®sIxH¬
@enaHeT .

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 sem†csIhnumancritE®b®bYl Kµanc∫as'las' maneKaledArkßaEtGM-
NacpÊal'x¬Án bnÊat'neyaVytamnwkeXIj ´f©enHGeJçH EsÌkeLIgE®bCa
GJç¨HeTAvij sIueCar nigcUlcit†[eKbeJÇarekatsresIrBIx¬Án‰g .
sIhnuKWkmı¨Ca ! kmı¨CaKWsIhnu ! nrNa ExµrNaEdlminyl'®sbtam
eyabl'®Tg'eT KWCaCnk∫t'Cati . sem†csIhnuykelak®Jb-Giun (10),
esA-g"uy, sIusumut-suvNˆrI˘˘˘ nigExµresrICae®cIneTot eTAVj'ecalenA®t
JMg®kLwg (kMBg'sWı) rYcehIyftbJçSgk~¨gkmµviFITUrTsßn_ ®Kb'eragkunk~¨g
®kugP~MeBjnigext†e®kA ®BmTSgcuHk~¨gTsßnavdI† «sgm» Edlman®Tg'Ca
cagh√agpg .
sem†csIhnuVnbegI˚t[elgeboreV" GaeV"g El∫gsIusg®Kb'muxeB
lcUlq~SExµrm†g@ eFI√[Vt'bg'Gs'El∫g®bCa®biyExµr ehIy®bCaraÂs†Exµr
enAelgEl∫gsIusgCae®cInExbn†eTAeTot . ®Tg'ebIkkasIuNUrdΩyk®Vk'
cUlCYyTb'fvikaCatieGanfy . ®bCaraÂs† namWunExµrvwkvre®JHEtkasIuNUCa
ti x¬GElglHK~a dUcCakrNIelaksWg-ePOkf (11) CaedIm x¬HeTotcgk
sm¬ab'x¬Án elatTwk ®sI@x¬Hk¬ayCa®sIlk'x¬Án ecarkmµecarqk'ekItJseB-
j®kugP~MeBj kugsIubJçSgkan'EtekIte®cIneLIgenAmuxeragkasIuNUmat'Ten¬
Citsalctumux, namWun Ky b"UlIskan'EtsIusMNUk BukrlYykan'Etx¬Sg edI
m∫IykluyeTA®sg'edImk~¨gkasIuNUrdΩ .
‰matasIhnu, kß®tIkusum: nigG~km~agm"Unick*xMrksIuEterog@x¬ÁnEdr . kß
®tIkusum:Camatasem†csIhnunigG~km~agm"Unicmin®tUvK~aeT xM®bECg®bNSg
deNI†me®bIGMNac≤TiÏBlCamata Ca®bBnÏ®bmuxrdΩerog@x¬Án edayEtgtSg
mnusßCaTIsMNb'cit† ecjsMbu®teVH®taraCvSg tSgPYg-m"arhaMg[eFI√Ca
cagh√ageGss˚aed (S.K.D.) CaedIm . G~km~agCamYybgx¬ÁnKWGfl˜u-m"aNUrin
eq¬øtrksIuhflunCamYyBYkyYnevotkughug-yUpg, rt'BnÏmasV¬TIntamyn†-
ehaHpg (12) (Kym~ak'Edlcab'edayminVndwgfa Carbs'G~km~agm"Unic k*
®tUveKp¬as'ecj24em"ag visEtnwgGs'buN¥s&ki†EfmeTot), dwkGg˚r f~SeBT¥

(10) kalenaHsem†csIhnuVn®bkastamviT¥¨ [ExµresrIcUlmkcrcaK~a . elaksWg-

g"ukfaj'sYrrkG~ksµ&®Kcit†cUlmk®sukExµr tamext†taEkv EdlkaleNaHelakGiun-tSeFI√
CaecAha√ yext† . sIhnuVnEkE®bBIcrcaCamYyExµresrI ®tLb'Cayk®Jb-Giun eTA[
ekµgeCrm†ay®cas'eqÌHy"agGa®kk'Ga®kI pßaytamsemg
¬ viT¥¨Cati . elakGiun-tSVn®Vb'
®Jb-Giun[sMueTassem†ceTAnwgVnrYcxÁ¬nehIy Et®Jb-Giunmin®Bm . sem†c[yk
®Jb-GiuneTAVj'ecalenA®tJMg®kLwg ftbJçSg®Kb'eragPaByn† .
(11) pÊHx¨Me∆ nArMlgBIrpÊHBIpÊHelaksWg-ePOkf EdlCardΩmÂnI†m†g nigCacagha√ gsarBt·
man «matuPUmi» Ete®kaymk®tUvsIhnubwTecal k*eVHerogcinman davTiBs
√ UL
fl ¨g, eTB
≤ÂnI†esnaka¬ han˘˘˘.l. vij .
(12) esckI†[karNr_ bs'elakEm:-esArI CakµÁyxagPriyaelakGiun-tS sB´√ f©rs'enA
®kugP~MeBj .

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kSePI¬g ®Kab'rMesv CamYycinKYc-Gan eTAp†l'[T&Bevotkug-evotNamxag
eCIg enAmUldΩantSgelIdIExµr tamext†Cab'CayEdnExµr-yYn . mYyeTot®KY-
sarExk-vNˆDI (manTMnak'TMngCitditCamYyG~km~agpg) VnTTYl‰ksiTiÏ
Biessk~¨gkarrksIueFI√CMnYj edayyk®kumhflunrdΩeFI√Ca®tImux ( Magasin
d'Etat ) k~¨gkarnSTMnijcUlBIbreTs, BiessBI®sukVrSgmklk' .
e®JHEtreboby"agenHehIy eTIb®beTsExµrEdlp†ac'CMnYyGaemrikSgk*
manvibti†esdΩkicçy"agF©n'F©r ehtumkBIemdwknSnignamWuntUcFMKµanvicarNJÔa
NKitx¬acrlayGs'®sukdl'bni†cesaH . rhUtsB√´f©enHehIyk*eday
eKenAEteqI¬ydak'fa « mkEtBIBYk®beTsmhaGMNac, mkEtBIBYk®KUcUlCa
mYyExµr®khm (sMdIBYknayTahanx¬H) » Et®tg'sIhnu ®tg'namWunExµreFI√kar
[Exµr®khm eFI√kar[yYnmkyk®sukenaH BYkeKhak'dUcCaemIlmineXIj
esaH . tamBitG~kcUlCamYyExµr®khmminEmnmanEt®KUeT man®Kb'®ksYg
tSgBIeBT¥ ecA®km vis√kr˘˘˘.l. ‰sem†csIhnuesatk*CaemExµr®khmEf
meTAeTot .
3- tamTsßn:G~kniBnÏbreTs CaBiessBYkbsçwm®beTs eKemIleXI
jfa sIhnuCaes†cski†PUmitSgBIq~S1941 (1) dl'q~S1970, Ca®bmuxrdΩ, Ca
naykrdΩmÂnI†, Ca®bFanbkßneyaVyEtmYyKt' (sgmraÂs†niym), G~kdwk
nS®bKMuvg'eP¬g Jazz,, cagh√agTsßnavdI† (sgm, epßg@), cagh√agftPaB
yn† nigCatY‰kpg, CaG~kebIkkasIuNU, CaG~ksakl∫grYmbJçËl®TwsI†BuTÏni
ymniglTiÏ®bCaFibety¥ (tam{vaTrbs'®bFanaFibtIr"Um"anI Edl®tUv®bha
CIvitenAExF~Ë1989 edIm∫IrkßaGMNac®Tg'[VnmYyCIvit) . Camnusß≤tVn
kar qab'x∆al' cUlcit†GYtGagBIfI√´dxag«eFI√kun», minGnuJÔatGt'eTasdl'kar
TietonnigkarEx√geyabl'pʨyBI®Tg'eLIy, cat'TukTI®bwkßanigG~kCMnYyfama
nsmtƒPaBmindl'®Tg', cit†lÌNas'CamYyG~kEdlecHykcit† lut®kabKa
b'KYrreNbrNb®sbtam®Tg' (EdlPasasamJÔniyayfa ecH®twmEt «kU
Naess@b"ueNˆaH), Etm~ak'@x¬acjejItNas'nigcritqab'xwg®ceLatrb-
s'®Tg' . sunÊrkfarbs'sem†csIhnuCasMdI «ecaldwgTSgdg» manlk≈-
N:BiessLb'@m"¥ag (Idiosyncratic) ehIy‰karBn¥l'rbs'®Tg'e®cInman
n&ymin®Vkdminc∫as'las' . k~¨geBlCamYyK~aenaH sem†csIhnumaneT-
Bekasl¥biun®bsb'xagEp~kneyaVy mansm∏sßrwgbwugnigman®VC∆aevo-
g´v (EtKYrs†aynUvemdwknSenH EdlminVnTTYlkarGb'rMxagEp~kdwknSesaH
) . bnÊab'BIkarcab'epI†m (eroneFI√neyaVyT®TIbT®Tab minc∫as'las'mYy
BIdMbUgTImk sem†csIhnue®kbCJÇk'ykVnlk≈N:T
TSgGs'enH k~¨gpl
®beyaCn´_ nbuB√ehtud*xıg'xıs'mYy -KWkarrkßa®beTskmı¨Ca[siƒtenAk~¨gs
ni†PaBnig‰kraCPaBVnmYyry: rYcputBIkarrMelaPrbs'G~kCitxag (esom-
yYnxagt∫Ëg EtsIhnu[yYnxageCIgrMelaPtSgesnaFikarswkenAelIdIExµr)

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TMnak'TMngenHVneFI√[®Tg'GacykC&yCMnHelIs®tUvxage®kA k*dUcCaGt†aFi
bety¥´ns®tUvxagk~¨g®beTsEdr . minEtb"ueNˆaHesat KWTMnak'TMngrbs'
®Tg'CamYy®bCaraÂs†Exµr nigCamYy®beTsmhaGMNacbreTs - CaBiess
CamYyshrdΩGaemrikEdlmkCMnYsVrSg manGMNacCaFMk~¨ge®Cay≤NÎËci
nenaH - CaEp~kd*sMxan'mYy´n®bvti†saÂs†k~¨gkarrlayvinasGn†rayrbs'
®beTskmı¨CaenH .

❑ ❑

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