1. (voltage source)

()
, .

vs(t)=0
.

DC .

: .

+
vs +
-

is
voltage
source

v
vs

i-v .

2. (current source)

, .

is(t)=0
o.

DC .

: .

 i-v .




.

=
=
gm=
i1

rm=

 ()

.

.

.

 (homogeneous function):

f ( ax ) = a f ( x )
(additive function):

f ( x1 + x2 ) = f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
(linear function): +

 (linear), (time invariant):

 - (non-linear):

v (t ) = R i (t )

v (t ) = R (i ) i (t )

 (time-varying):

v (t ) = R (t ) i (t )

 - (non-linear), (time-varying):

v ( t ) = R ( i,t ) i ( t )
v, i: .

 (characteristics) -V:
i

slope=tan=1/R

,
.

(short-circuit).

(open-circuit).

q v( t )
i ( t ) = I s e kT 1

: - .
(dynamic resistance): r =

dv
di

- .

- .


(bilateral) i-v
(0,0) (v, i)
(-v, -i).

.

 : ,
.
 ( ): .

- /
.

 (capacitors)
: q v.
, :

q (t ) = C v(t )

C=

dq
dv

(capacitance):

dq ( t )
dv
i (t ) =
i=C
dt
dt

1 t
v(t ) = v ( 0 ) + i ( ) d
C 0

v, i: .

S=1/C: (elastance)

v(0) = = & v(t) = +

i(t) , v(t) :
v(t) .
- : q-v .
: q-v
.

 (inductors)
: i.
, :

d
(t ) = L i (t ) L =
di

d
v=
dt

=1/L:
(reciprocal inductance)

di
1 t
v=L
i (t ) = i ( 0 ) + v ( ) d
dt
L 0

(inductance):

v, i: .

i(0) = =

i(t) = +

v(t) , i(t) :
i(t) .

- : -i .

: -i
.

(hysteresis)

: .

v, i: .

 &
to t

p (t ) = v (t ) i (t )

E ( to ,t ) = v ( ) i ( ) d
to

E(t) =

v() i()d = E(t

)+ v() i()d = E(to )+ E ( to ,t )

to

( ).

.

 (port) :

()
.

 2
(one-port) :

(equivalent one-ports) =
-.


(passive) (
) : E(t)0 t
. 1 3 i-v
[: R0 & p(t) = v(t) x i(t) 0 t]

: (active)
t : (t)<0

:
1 3

t ,
:

1 2
Cv ( t )
2
1 2
E
(
t
)
=
Li ( t )
:
2

: E (t ) =

1.
= 0.
2. C0 L0, , E(t) 0
.

 / :

(range) : , , ,

,

,

.