-

1433


1433 2012 -

....









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Speculative Risks










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Pure Economic
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Static Risks (Dynamic Risks





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subjective doubt



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11








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12


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14


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15



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16


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:

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

PERSONAL Perils
Death

17

Sickness
Disability
Superannlation or Old Age
Unesmplovment

 )Preprety and Liability

:(Perils

:
Property and Liability Perils

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
-1
-2
-3

Fire

Lightning
Windstorm
Water
Earthquakes
Glass Breakage
Explosion
Dishonesty
Strikes
Riot and Civil Commotion
Vandalism and Malieions Miachief
Burglary Theft and Robbery
Fraud
Collision
Hail
Failure of Contractors
Transportation of Goods on laad Sea and Air
Atomic energy Operation
Monetary Inflation
Liability
Toward Employees
Toward Strangers
Toward Properties

18

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(


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Expected
Probability
Realized Probaility


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23




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24

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26


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-1 =
0.0001
%75 =
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27

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28


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Amount
at Stake




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= x



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29

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=100.000x0.001x0.001=91.267.
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: ):(Risk Severity
:




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100.000

30


.

:

4,000 3,00 2,00 1.00

0
0
0
0,006 0,01 0,02 0,05
0,9

9,000 8,00 7,00 6,00 5,00

0
0
0
0
0,001 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00

2
2
3
4

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-1
.
-2
-3 .
:
0,90
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10.000




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31

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0,01=0,001+0,002+0,002+0,002+0,003

= 0,1=0,100,01
=.0,5=0,100,05
:


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0,90x0,05x1000+1000+0,001x10,000=240+
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=

2210 = 0,10221
:




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(1 .
(2 .
(3 .
(4
.
(5 .

:

200 100
0
0

0,25 0,50 0,25

32

 :
(1 = 1000 = 3 3000
(2 = 1000-1000
(3 =)) 2(1000-(2(1000) 2
(4 x =
)+2x0,25(1000- x0,50+(1000)2x0,25 = 500,000
(5 = 707 =500,000

= 977 .







.



Ceofficient
of Variation


:
(6 =
= 0,71 = 1000 707

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= 0,44 = 2210 977


.


33






:
= 0,098 = 10,000 977
:
= 0,355 = 2000 707
: :




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1

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= 0,25

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x 0,25 x 0,422 = 0,422 4
34

 :
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=
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= x 0,25 x 0,75 4x0,25 4
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35


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Risk Control




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36






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37

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39


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Loss Prevetion and Control



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42










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43


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44



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Transferor Gost of
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Transferor Goat of
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45








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Lessee Lessor


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46






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47

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48













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Risk Aversion

49


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( .














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x x
x 1000x 0.001 = 10.000 10000
=

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51

Segregation



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Risk Exposures


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Game Theory Programming
Linear Programming
Queving Theory Models Mathematical
Statsitical Decision Theory



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100000


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55

10.000
7.300
200

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100

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56


7000 7300



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200
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57


.

0.30
0.10
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-1
= x 17500 x 0.97 x 200 0.30
= 719 = 194 + 525
-2
x 20000 + 0.99 x 600 0.10
794 = 594 + 200
-3
x 7500 + 0.97 x 500 0.30
710 = 485 + 225


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58

)(Insurance

59










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60


) (




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:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13
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Insurance Retetion
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61


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10000 )(40
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67


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Mass Similarity



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76

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(2 )(Property Insurance
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Distribution Coverage
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82





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40000( )25000(

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85


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= 400000 1000000
200000

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40000

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= 300000 1000000

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200000
250000.
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= = 80000 160000
2000000

92

 = = 48000 160000
2000000

= = 32000 16000

x 600000
400000

200000

160000 = 32000 + 48000 + 80000

40000 = 160000 200000

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= x

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= = 80000 200000

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x

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93

94



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103



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107

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15
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1957
.1957

12 .

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108


%6 12

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109





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111






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114


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(2 ).(Unvalued Policies



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119






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121

 -1 )Personal Accidents
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52

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124


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Independent Events
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Dependent Events
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Mutually
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0,87956
0,12044
12044
100000

0,96574
0,03426
3012
87956
1
0,98663
0,01337
1135
84944
2
0,99182
0,00818
675
83709
3
0,99403
0,00597
499
83124
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
0
0
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0
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0
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0
0
0
0
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0,38081
0,61919
26
42
103
0,21369
0,70399
11
16
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0,21369
0,78631
4
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0,14141
0,85859
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186

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187

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87956 )) = (1 (1
84124 )) = (4 (4
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(105..
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188

 ) (84124 ).(4
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) (4 .
) (105 ).(106
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( :

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(65 ) (60 ) (60
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) (45 ) (45 )
(45 ) (46
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189


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= + 1 +
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190

 ) (6) (5) (4 :

) : )((4
+ = + 1 +

= + 1 +

)(1
=

= 1
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:
+ + 1 + + 000 + 2 + + 1
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(1 )( ) (
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):(1

90 95 10966
.85
191

:
90
= 95 + 90 + 91 + 92 + 93 94
= 93+ 144 + 209 + 296 + 402
= 1144
90
95 5483 .85
85 10966
90 95
= 10966 1144
5483
= 2288
):(2
40304 42
:
: 52
: 52
: .
: 60 .75
:
90 129 1273 = 95
= 1144
:

: 80608
42 70458
52 42 40304
52
= 40304 70458
80608
= 35229
: 52
= 35229 40304
= 5075
192

= 2412
76 77
80608 .42
42 40304

= 40304 2412
80608
= 1206
: 42 80608
60 75
= 60 75
= 25602 58842
= 33240
42 40304
60 75
= 40304 33240
80608
= 16620
):(3

20
1000
50
.
:

50 72795
20 89685
.30

193

 50
1000 20

= 89685 1000
7295
= 1232
):(4
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500 60

:

72795
50 58842 60
50 1000
60
= 1000 58842
72795
= 808

= 808 500
= 404000
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250 60


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1232 60
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= 424 = 808 1232
= = 250 424
10600
194

 ):(6
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:
1000 40
200 40 50
300 50 60
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1232 30
:
89685
30
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40
= 30 40
= 82277 89685
= 7408
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= 40 50
= 72795 82277
= 9482
) (3 50 60
= 50 60
= 58842 72795
= 13953
1232
30
:
102 = 101,76 = 1232 7408
89685
130 = 130,25 = 1232 9482
89685
192 = 191,67 = 1232 13853
89685

195


= 192 300 + 130 200 + 102 100
= 57600 + 26000 + 10200
= 92800
-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

)(4
23261 25
:
: 46
:

: 60
80

30
20
4853
:
:
.
:
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: .41
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0,01001 = 40
40

196

 -6 0,01001 = 40
40
.
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-8 ) (6
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-9 50

100000
50 1600 .
-10 29421 60
:

:
.75
:
.
: 70
75
: .93

) (1
19241 :
286 :
11214 :
) (25979 :
) (3
237 :
2691 :
166 :
317 :
2
) (4
(1,98999) :
2
(0,01001) :
0,98999 0,01001 2 :
0,98999 0,01001 :
) (50,98999 :
) (60,999998997 :
197

) (70,000001003 :
3
) (8(0,98999) :
2
) (90,684 (0,016) 3 :
2
)(10(0,984) 0,016 3 :
)(11
12801 :
1206 :
6188 :
183 :

408
100000
10
369
99592
11
346
99223
12
337
98877
13
337
98540
14
360
98203
15
384
97843
16
425
97459
17
465
97034
18
508
96569
19
548
96061
20
572
95513
21
609
94931
22
631
94322
23
647
93691
24
658
93044
25
664
92386
26
673
91722
27
678
91049
28
686
90371
29
691
89685
30
700
88994
31
709
88294
32
719
87585
33
719
86866
34
198

0,00408
0,00370
0,00347
0,00432
0,00342
0,00365
0,00393
0,00437
0,00478
0,00526
0,00572
0,00608
0,00643
0,00668
0,00691
0,00707
0,00720
0,00732
0,00746
0,00759
0,00771
0,00787
0,00803
0,00821
0,00839

0,99592
0,99630
0,99653
0,99658
0,99658
0,99635
0,99607
0,99563
0,99522
0,99474
0,99428
0,99392
0,99357
0,99332
0,99309
0,99293
0,99280
0,99268
0,99254
0,99241
0,99229
0,99213
0,99197
0,99179
0,99161

35
36
37
38
39
40
41

86127
85395
84639
83869
83083
82277
81454

42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65

80608
79737
78842
77918
76964
75978
74957
73896
72795
71651
70458
69215
67919
66566
65152
62677
62136
60524
58842
57087
55257
52351
51368
49309

742
756
770
786
806
823
846

871
895
924
954
986
1021
1061
1101
1144
1193
1243
1296
1353
1414
1475
1541
1612
1682
1755
1830
1906
1983
2059
2133
199

0,00862
0,00885
0,00910
0,00937
0,00969
0,01001
0,01038

0,01081
0,01122
0.01172
0,01224
0,01281
0,01345
0,01415
0,01490
0,01572
0,01665
0,01764
0,01873
0,01992
0,02123
0,02265
0,02420
0,02593
0,02779
0,02983
0,03206
0,03451
0,03717
00,4007
0,04327

0.99138
0,99115
0,99090
0,99063
0,99031
0,98999
0,98962

0,98919
0,98878
0,98828
0,98776
0,98719
0,08655
0,98585
0,98510
0,98428
0,98335
0,98236
0,98127
0,98008
0,97877
0,97735
0,97580
0,97407
0,97221
0,97017
0,96794
0,96549
0,96283
0,95993
0,95673

66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76

47176
44972
42699
40365
37977
35543
33075
30575
28089
25602
23143

77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98

20731
18388
16923
13987
11969
10096
8384
8645
5482
4303
3301
2471
1800
1273
871
575
366
222
129
71
37
19

2304
2273
2334
2388
2434
2468
2490
2496
2487
2459
2412

2343
2255
2146
2018
1873
1712
1540
1361
1180
1002
830
671
527
402
296
209
144
93
58
34
18
10
200

0,04672
0,05053
0,05466
0,05917
0,04610
0,06943
0,07528
0,08160
0,08856
0,09604
0,10422

0,95328
0,94947
0,94534
0,94083
0,93590
0,93057
0,92472
0,91840
0,91144
0,90396
0,89578

0,11303
0,12262
0,03304
0,14426
0,15649
0,16958
0,18268
0,19886
0,21522
0,23285
0,25145
0,27155
0,29277
0,31579
0,32984
0,26348
0,39345
0,41891
0,44961
0,47888
0,48649
0,52631

0,88697
0,87738
0,86696
0,85574
0,84351
0,83042
0,81932
0,80114
0,78478
0,76715
0,74855
0,72845
0,70723
0,68421
0,66016
0,62652
0,60655
0,58109
0,55039
0,52112
0,51351
0,47369

99
100
101

9
4
1

5
3
1

0,5555
0,75000
1,00000

0,45445
0,52000
1,00000

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(
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201


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:
0,01281 = 10 0,01298 =11 0,01313 =12 =13
0,01331 ,0,01348 =14 0,01368 =15 100000 = 10
:

:

0,98719
0,01281
1281
100000
10
0,98702
0,01298
1281
98719
11
0,98687
0,01313
1279
97438
12
0,98669
0,01331
1280
96159
13
0,98652
0,01348
1279
94879
14
0.98632
0,01368
1280
93600
15
):(2
:
0,99630 = 32 0,99600 = 33 0,99570 = 34
0,99540 = 35 0,99500 = 36
10000 = 32
:
:
202


100000
99630
99231
98804
98350

370
399
327
454
492

0,00370
0,00400
0,00430
0,00460
0,00500

0,99630
0,99600
0,99570
0,99540
0,99500

32
33
34
35
36
):(3
:

2476
75
22761
76
0,11106
77
21330
78
0,87917
79
:
:
) 75 78 ) (79 79 78 78 ) (79 75 76
78 ) (79 75 76 77 .(79
:
= 75 76 75
= 2476 + 23761
= 26137
= 75 75
75
= 2476
26237
= 0,09427
0,09427 1 = 75
= 0,90563
= 76 76 77
= 21330 23761
= 2431
203

 = 76 76
76
= 2431
23761
= 0,10231
1 = 76 76
= 0,10231 1
= 0,89769
= 77 77 77
= 0,11106 21230
= 2269
1 = 77 77
= 0,11106 1
= 0,88894
= 78 77 77
= 2269 21330
= 18961
1 = 78 78
= 0,87917 1
= 0,12083
= 78 78 78
= 0,12083 18961
= 2291
= 79 78 78
= 2291 18961
= 16670
= 78 78
= 0,87917 18961
= 16670

204

75
76
77
78
79

26237
22761
21330
18961
16670

2476
2431
2269
2291

0,09437
0.10231
0,11106
0,11083

0,09563
0,89469
0,88894
0,87917

)(5
-1 :

749
10
99251
11
0,00754
98505
12
0,99242
13
14
-2 20 :
92627 = 20
0,00781 = 20
0,00876 = 21
0,00791 = 22
0,00796 = 23
0,00801 = 24
-3 30 :
85441 = 30
0,99157 = 30
0,99149 = 31
0,99139 = 32
0,99128 = 33
0,99117 = 34
-4 40 :
87106 = 40
0,00979 = 40
0,98999 = 41
0,98975 = 42
0,01052 = 43
205

 0,01083 = 44
-5 :

45
46
47
48
49
69804
50

0,01016
0,01056
0,01100
0,01251

0,98689

: ) (
= 49 50
49
= 49 50
49
= 48 49
48

10
11
12
13

20
21
22
23
24
25

)(1

749
100000
746
99251
743
98505
97022
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92637
91914
91191
90471
89751
89032

723
722
721
720
819

206

0,00749
0,00751
0,00754

0,99251
0,99249
0,99246

0,00871
0,00876
0,00791
0,00796
0,00801

0,99219
0.99214
0,99209
0,99204
0,99199

)(3

30
31
32
33
34
35

85441
84721
84000
83277
82551
81822

40
41
42
43
44
45

78106
77341
76567
75782
74985
74173

45
46
47
48
49
50

74173
73345
72497
71627
70731
69804

720
721
723
726
729
)(4

765
774
785
797
812

0,00843
0,00851
0,00861
0,00872
0,00883

0,00979
0,01001
0,01025
0,01052
0,01083

0,99157
0,99149
0,99139
0,99128
0,99117

0,99021
0,98999
0,98975
0,98948
0,98957

)(5

828
848
870
896
927

207

0,01016
0,01056
0,01100
0,01251
0,01311

0,98984
0,98944
0,98900
0,98749
0,98689

40 30
40 .70



.
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208

 : )( )(
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(.
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: )( )(
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: ) (

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= +

50
70
= 20 + 50
50
70
=
50
= 37977
72795
:

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209

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=

= -1 +

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50
70

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= - 1 70
50
= 37977 - 1
72795
= 0,52170 1
= 0,47830

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10 20
.
= /20 10
= 20 + 10
10
= 30
10
= 961
100000
= 0,00691
210

 : /

/ )(
)(
) +( ) + +(.
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) +( ) + +(
) + +(.
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+++
/ =

10
50 .70
= 20 / 40 10
= 40 + 10 20 + 40 + 10
10
= - 50 70
10
= 0,34818 = 34818 = 37977 72795 /
100000
10000

211



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212

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214

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215

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216


20
1000 .50
:

= +

= 30
+ = 50
.
30
= 50
:
16605 = 50
31949 = 30
:
= 16605
36949
= 0,449403
1000.
= 0,449403 1000
= 449,403 .
):(2
30
20
224,7015
:

= 20 : 30 50
30
= 0,449403
:
224,7015
.
= 224,7015
0,449403
217

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):(3
35
100
60

:
25
100 35
.

.
=+
.
= 100 +

= 100 25 + 35
35
= 100 60
35
= 112094 100
30613
= 366,187
):(4
200
50 70
:
:
25 50
35.
25 10
150.
218

 :
= /25 50 10 /25 150 + 35 35
60 70
= 50 150 + 60
35
35
= 36721 112094 150 + 112094 50
30612
30612
= 552,4
):(5

30 500 20

25 1000
60
100
.
:

= 20 500
+ 25 1000
+ 30
100.
= 500 1000 + 50 100 + 50 60
30
30
30
= 5 100 10 + 50 100 + 55
30
= 112094 + 13098 10 + 16605 5 100
36946
= 326099 100
36949
= 882,565

219

 ):(6
30 40 500
%3 2/1 20
4449,403 20
20


:

20
= (0,035 + 1) 500
= 1,98979 500
= 994,895
=

= 449,403 20 :30
= 50
30
= 449,403
,449403

= 994,895 1000

= 449,9403 500
50,697.

-1 :
20 :50 50 50
13,878 14,878 0,28883 :
-2 :
220

 20 :50 20 :50
11,956 12,668 :
-3 :
/10 /10 20 :50 20 :50
5,756 6,378 :
-4 :
/20 /20 20 :50 20 :50
-5 50 1000
3 % 10
10
10


: 141,600
1662,495
-6 40 1000
3 % 10

101,643 :

-7 :
1000 20
2000 40
60
.

10
2145,742 ) (.
= 1000 2145,742 2000 20 :10 30 :10
=
= 1
= 60
10
=
221

 :
=

500 :

):(2
10
25
1000
:

+
=

= 25
= 10

35 - 25
=
25
= 13124 - 15931
44439
2807
=
40439
= 0,063165
1000
= 0,063165 1000
= 63,165
222

 ):(3
:
1000 (1
.
2000 (2
.
3000 (3
20 .

30
:
:
-1 10 1000.
-2 10 10
3000.
-3 20
3000
.
= 1000 /100 2000 + 10 :1 30 3000 + 10 :30 1
/20 30
= 40 - 30 1000
30
50 - 40 2000 +
30
50 3000 +
30
= 50 + 40 + 30 1000
30
= 9409 + 11869 + 14462 1000
36949
= 35740 1000
36949
= 967,279
:
:
223

 -1 1000
-2 10 1000.
-3 20 1000
.
= 1000 /10 1000 + 30 20 1000 + 30
= 20 1000 + 40 1000 + 30 1000
30
30
30
= 50 + 40 + 30 1000
30
):(4
)
(3 :
4000 30
.40
3000 40
.50
2500 50
.60
1000 .60
:
4 :
-1 1000.
-2 20 15000.
-3 20 500.
-4 10 1000.
:
= 1000 1500 + 30 30 :1 30
500 + 1000 + 20 :1 30 10 :1 30
= 1000 15000 + 30 30 60
30
30
500 + - 30 1000 + 50 - 30 40
20
30
= 8 500 3 30 60 2 50 40
30
= 11869 2 9409 6723 3 14462 8 500
224

36949
= 53316 115696 500
36949
= 63380 500
36949
= 1,688273 500
= 844,137

:
4000 10 :30/1 10/1 3000 + 10 :1 30
30 30/1 1000 + 10 :30/1 20/1 250 +
):(5
50
60

1000
728,40


:

.

= + 50 10/1 1000 10 :1 50
= 1000 + 60 50 60
50
50
= + 0,40488 1000 0,16176

= 728,40
0,16176 + 404,88 = 728,40
0,16176 = 323,52
= 223,52

0,16176
= 2000
):(6
225

 50
1000

:
971,52.
:
1000
2000
1000 = 971,52 1000 + 50 50
= 1000 1000 50 + 50
50
50
0,97152 = 50 + 50 + 50
= + 9409 + 50
16132
= 9409 16132
+ 50
= 6723

10

60 = 10 + 50
)(11

-1 :
204 10 :1 /50 1 50 1 /20 40 10 :1 40
0,11878 0,26654 0,16176 0,56664 :
-2
40 :
1000 -1
.
2000
-2
60 .70
3000 -3
70
727,10 :
226

 -3 40
2000 60


839,11
1500 :
-4 40
500 102,01
.
20 :.
:

500 = 103,01 40 + 40
40
0,20403 = 40 - 40 + 40
+ 40

-5 25
3000 35
1000

484,821 :
-6 25
1000 103000


949,143 :

227

 (3 :


.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

:
-1
.
-2 .
-3
.

: )
(

.

.

-1 :

228



.


:
:
.
1 + .
+ 1

=+

+ 1 .
+ 1 .

= + 1 + 000 + 2
+ + 1 + +

= : /

=
: / = + 1 + .... + 2
+ + 1 + +
:/
= + 000 + + 1 + +

.
= + + 000 + 1 + + + 1 +

:
)(14
: = + + +

) (14

229


.
:
: = :1 + :
= + + +

= +++

:
: = /1 + 0000 + 2
+ /1 +
= + 1 + 0000 + 2

++1 ++

= 1 + + 00 + 2 + 1 + +

:
: = + + 000 + 1 + + + 1 +

= +++

-2 :


.



.
:

230

 -1
.
-2
.
.
= : 1 2 + / :/

= + 2 + +

.
-3 :







3
.
= 2 + :
= ) 2 - + ( + +

)(15

231

 :






.

):(1
20
30
1000.
:

= +++

= 30
= 20

= 30 + 50 50
30
= 16605 + 9409 14462
36949
= 16605 + 5053
36949
= 21658
36949
= 0,586159
1000
= 586,159 = 0,586159 1000
232

 ):(2
30
20 522,65


:

2
:
= 30 2 + 50 50
30
16605 2 + 9049 14462
=
36949
= 1,0453
522,65

= 522,65
1,04530
= 500

= 1000 = 500 2
):(3
25
1000 3000 35
35 50
50 100

.
:
:
.1 10 1000
.2 10 15
300
.3 25 100
233


1000 10 3000 + 10 : 1 25 25 100 + 15: 1 25 50
= 1000 25 3000 + 35 35 100 + 50 50
25
25
25

:
9409 13124 3000 + 13124 - 15931 1000
44439
44439
38657500 = 247055 1000
44439
24439
= 879,900
):(4
30
1000
:
500 . 50
1000 .60
1500 .70
2000 .80
.
:

1
1
= 1000 500 + 30 1000 + 20 : 30 30 : 30
1
1500 + 2000 + 1 40 : 30 50 : 30
= 1000 500 + 30 1000 + 50 60
30
30
30
15000 + 2000 + 70 80
30
30
= 2 500 + 30 2 + 50 30 + 60 40 + 70 80
30
= 5260 + 14388 + 19976 + 16605 + 28924 500
36949
= 85153 500
36949
= 2,304609 500
234

= 1152,305
):(5
40 30
1000 60


1000

:
1000
.60
= + 1000 30 + 60 60
30
= 479,769

479,769 1000
= 520,231

= 2,76343
= 61
30

= 520,231
2,76343
= 188,256
:
1000
= 1000 40 + 60 60
40
= 600,008

= 399,992 = 600,008 1000

= 61
40
235

= 102106
25233
= 4,04813

= 399,992
4,04813
= 98,809

-1
-2

-3

-4

)(12
:
30 :30 20 :40 10 :50
0,763264 0,600008 0479769 :

20 40
2000.
804,028 :


2000.
1991,992 :
50 40 30
1000
1000
60




236

3483,796 :2960,553 2463,515

-5 40 :
1000 50
2000 50
60
3000
60
20
200
400 .
3094,327 :
:

:
-1 .
-2

.
-3

.
-4


.







:
: -1 .
237


.

=
=
=
=

:
=

-2
.


:
=
=

= :

=
:

=
+
):(1
30
1000
:
=
= 30
238

 30
= 14462
772053

= 14462 1000
772053
= 18,732
):(2

20
:

= 1000 30
30 50
14462
= 1000
247055 772053
= 14462 1000
524998
= 27,547



:

+++
+++

239

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

):(3

10 20
30 1000
:

= 1000 30 + 50 50
30 50
= 16605 + 9409 14462 1000
247055 772053
= 21658 1000
524998
= 41,254
10
= 1000 30 + 50 50
30 40
= 16605 + 9409 14462 1000
458461 772053
= 21658 1000
313592
= 69,064
):(4


30
:
240


= 1000 50
20 50
16605
= 1000
247055 772053
= 16605 1000
524998
= 31,621
10
50
= 1000
30 40
16605
= 1000
458461 772053
= 16605 1000
313592
= 52,951
):(5



:

= 1000 30 50
30 50
= 9409 147462 1000
247055 772053
= 5053 1000
524998
= 9,625
10.
= 9409 14462 1000
458461 772053
= 5053 1000
241

313592
= 16,113





.
)(3
= 41,253

= 9,625 + 31,629
= 41,254

69,064

= 16,113 + 52,951
= 69,064

)(13
-1 40
1000 :
.1 .
.2
25,889 .1 : 34,267 .2
-2
25 :
.1 .
.2
.50
242

16,960 .1 : 23,064 .2
-3 ) (2
1000
65 2000
.
53,920 .1 : 73,328 .2
-4 ) (3
1000
500
.
26,201 .1 : 35,632 .2
-5 50
300
60
60 1000
:
.1
.2
.
2186,944 .1 : 269,072 .2
-6 20
:
40 1000
40 60 2000 .
60 500 70


12
1007,125 :85,526
-7 ) (1
:
-1 51,178

243

 -2
17,234
2000 -1 : 500 -2

):(1
:
= 0000 1 + + 1
:
=
= +

= 1 + 00000 2 + +

+ 1
1+

= +

=
):(2
:
/ = +
:
= + + +

++ = +

= + -++
244


=
):(3
:
= /1 + /2 + + 000000000 + /1

:
= +

= + 000 + 1 + +
1

= + + 00000 + 1 + 1

= +

=
):(4
:
+= +
:
= + 0 +

= + + +
+

= ++

=
):(5
:
: 30
50

: 30
50
245

:
: 30
50
= 20 30
= 21 + 30
30
= 50
50
= 72795
89685
= 0,81167
: 30
50
= 20 30
= 30 20 + 30
30
= - 1 50
30
= 72795 - 1
89685
= 0,81167 - 1
= 0,18823
):(6
:
: 40 50
70

: 40

:

: 40 50
70
= 20 /10 40
= 10 + 40 20 + 20 + 40
40
= 50 70
246

 40
= 37977 72795
82277
= 34818
82277
= 0,42318
: 40
48 49
8 .

= /8 40
= 8 + 40
40
= 48
40
= 1061
82277
= 0,012895
):(7
20 0,04 = 70 30000 = 20
:
: 90
.
: 70 90
.
:
20 : = 70 90
70
20 70 70
= 0,04 90
70
: 3000 0,04 = 90
= 1200
: 70 90
= 70 90
247

= 1200 30000
= 28
):(8
:
0.01368 = 15
0,01388 = 16
0,01407 = 17
0,01429 = 18
0,01451 = 19
0,01475 = 20
:
-1 21
93600 .15
-2 17
19 92320 16
-3
60000 .17
-4 16
.

-5 17
.

-6 15 17
.21

-7 15
.21

-8 ) (7) (6
15 .17
-9 16
21

-10 15
17 .21
-11 15
17 .21
248

 -12 3 15
.20
-13
1000 15
21
.%3
:
15
93600 = 15

0,01368
1280
93600
15
0,01388
1281
92320
16
0,01407
1281
91039
17
0,01429
1283
89758
18
0,01451
1284
88475
19
0,01475
1286
87191
20
85905
21
-1
21 93600 15 .85903
-2 - 17 88475 94039 = 19
-3 19
= 20 1284 = 19
91039 17
60000
= 1284
91039
= 77040000
91039
-4 = 19
16
= 1284
92310
= 0,01391
)= /3 (16

249

 -5 17

1286
= = 20
91039
17
= 0,01413
-6 = 1286 - 1
91039
= 0,01413 - 1
= 0,98587
-7 = 17 21
15
= 85905 91039
93600
5134
=
93600
= 4 /2 = 0,05489
-8 = 21
15
= 85905
93600
= 0,91778
-9 = 17
15
0,05489 = 21
) (6 17
15
15
0,91778 = 21
) (7
15
= 0,97267 = 17
:

15
-10 = - 16 21
16
= 85905 92320
92320
= 6415
250

92320
= 0,06931
-11 = + 20 000 + 21
16
= 20
16
= 87191
92320
= 0,90444
-12 15
17 21
= 17 21
15
= 85905 91039
93600
= 5134
93600
5134
= - 1
93600
= 0,05489 - 1
= 0,93511
-13 20
= ) - 1 ( 20
15
3
= )( 87191 - 1
93600
3
= ( 87191 ) -1
93600
3
-14 = 3 - 1 ) 20 ( 20
15
15
-15 :
= 15
21 1000
6 %3
251

= ) 0,73748 1000 0,91778 (7

= 68,621
):(9
30

:
-1 20.
-2 20
.
-3 20.
-4 20.
-5 20.
-6 20.
:

30
= 50 50
30
= 72795
89685
= 0,8119

30 50
= 0,8119 1
= 0,18118
=
-1
.
=
= 0,8119 0,8119 0,8119
= 0,5352
-2
=



=++
252

=32
0,1881 0,1881 0,8119
= 0,0862
-3
=
= 0,1881 0,1881 0,8119
= 0,0287
-4 50
=
+
+
=++
2
=3
= 0,8119 0,8119 0,1881 3
= 0,3730
-5 50
=
= 0,1889 0,8119 0,1881
= 0,1240
-6 = 1

= 0,5352 1
= 0,4648
):(10
) 0,01 (45
45 50 .10000 = 45

6 .45
:
(45 45 ) 0,001 + 0,010 = 45
= 0,010
(45 46) 0,001 + 0,010 = 46
= 0,011
(45 47) 0,001 + 0,010 = 47
= 0,012
253

 (45 48) 0,001 + 0,010 = 48

= 0,013
(45 49) 0,001 + 0,0101 = 49
= 0,014
(45 50) 0,0010 + 0,010 = 50
= 0,015
10000 = 50 :

100
10000
45
109
9900
46
118
9791
47
126
9673
48
134
9547
49
141
9413
50
9273
51
6 - 1 = 45 51
45
= 9373 - 1
10000
= 0,0738

0,010
0,011
0,012
0,013
0,014
0,015

):(11
30 40
30
.
:

=
+
+ 20
= - 1 ) 50 ( 60
40
20
= (58842 - 1) 72795
72377
89685
= (0,71517 1) 0,8116
254

= 0,23119
20 30

= - 1) 60 ( 50
30
40
= (0,81167 1) 0,71517
= 0,13469

=
= 0,13469 + 0,23119
= 0,36588
):(12
30
5

:

=
2/1 +
2/1 +
2/1 +
+
= ) - 1 ( 35 35 35
30 30
30
= )86137 86137 ( 86137 - 1
89685 89685
89685
= )0,96044 0,96044 (0,96044 1
= 0,03649

= ) - 1 ( 35 35 35
30 30
30
= )86137 86137 ( 86137 - 1
89685 89685
89685
= )0,96044 0,96044 (0,96044 1
255

= 0,96044 0,03956 0,03956

= 0,00150

=
= 0,00150

= ) - 1 - 1) ( 35 - 1) ( 35 ( 35
30
30
30
= 0,03956 0,03956 0,03956
= 0,00006

= 0,00006 2/1 + 0,00150 2/1 + 0,00150 2/1 + 0,03649
= 0,03801

-1
-2
-3
-4

.

1984
.
1975
.
1982
256

257