Xử lý nước thải nhiễm dầu nhom 8 LHDA K53

X l nc nhim du Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53
Li ni u
Trong nhng nm gn !"#$ c%ng &i '( )h*+ +ri,n c-a n.n c/ng ghi0) nc +a$
+1nh h1nh / nhim m/i +r2ng c3ng gia +ng !4n m5c 6*o !7ng8 9o !:c +h% c-a n.n
c/ng nghi0) mi )h*+ +ri,n$ cha c '( ;u# ho<ch +=ng +h, &> nhi.u ngu#?n nh"n
@h*c nhau nhA !i.u @i0n @inh +4 c-a nhi.u BC nghi0) cDn @h @hn$ ho:c do chi )hC
B l Enh hFng !4n lGi nhuHn n?n hu nh chI+ +hEi c/ng nghi0) c-a nhi.u nh>
m*# cha !Gc B l m> +hEi +hJng ra m/i +r2ng8 Ki.u ! dLn +i '( / nhim +rm
+rng c-a m/i +r2ng 'Mng$ Enh hFng !4n '( )h*+ +ri,n +o>n di0n c-a !I+ nc$ '5c
@hNO$ !2i 'Mng c-a nh"n d"n c3ng nh &P mQ ;uan c-a @hu &(c8
R7+ +rong nhng ngh>nh c/ng nghi0) m3i nhn c-a nc +a ! l> c/ng nghi0)
du @hC h>ng nm c3ng )h*+ +hEi ra m7+ lGng ln chI+ +hEi !7c h m7+ +rong nhng +h(c +r<ng !*ng ng# na# &In !.
B l nc &> cung cI) nc '<ch !ang l> m7+ mMi ;uan +"m ln c-a nhi.u ;uMc
gia$ nhi.u += ch5c BX h7i &> chCnh 6En +h"n mYi c7ng !Vng d"n c8
Z1 +h4 +rong !. +>i [ \ lC nc nhim du [ ch]ng +/i '^ l>m r_ &. nc nhim
du &> +rng +"m c-a !. +>i l> B lC nc +hEi nhim du +rong nh> m*# lc ha
du $ 6?n c<nh ! ch]ng +/i c3ng '^ +1m hi,u &. c*c nguVn nc +hEi$ +Cnh chI+$
nhng Enh hFng &> c*c )hWng )h*) *) d`ng !, B lC ch]ng8
Zi '( gi]) !a c-a +h# Phm Xun Ni &> '( cM gbng +h(c '( c-a nhm ch]ng
+/i @hi nghi?n c5u m7+ &In !. @hoa hc nhng @h/ng +h, +r*nh @hNi +hi4u '+$
ch]ng +/i rI+ mong !Gc '( hng dLn &> !ng g) c-a +h# &> c*c 6<n8
1
MC LC
Lcd Ned Kfg
A. Tng Quan
I. Tm hiu v nc thi
Nc +( nhi?n !Gc h1nh +h>nh cE &. 'M lGng$ chI+ lGng di Enh hFng c-a
c*c ;u* +r1nh +( nhi?n$ @h/ng c +*c !7ng c-a con ng2i8 9o +*c !7ng c-a con
ng2i$ nc +( nhi?n 6h nhim 6in 6Fi c*c chI+ @h*c nhau dLn !4n @4+ ;uE l> l>m
Enh hFng !4n chI+ lGng c-a n 8
j*c @hu#nh hng +ha# !=i chI+ lGng c-a nc di Enh hFng c*c +*c !7ng
c-a con ng2i 6ao gVm A
- kiEm !7 )l c-a nc ng+ do / nhim 6Fi l
m
TS
n
$ lNS
3
+o @hC ;u#,n &>
nc +hEi c/ng nghi0)$ +ng h>m lGng TS
3
m-
&> NS
3
-
+rong nc 8
- Tng h>m lGng c*c ion ja
mp
$ Rg
mp
$ Ti
np
U+rong nc ngm &> nc '/ng
do nc ma hDa +an $ )hong ha c*c ;u<ng cac6ona+ 8
- Tng h>m lGng c*c ion @im lo q6
mp
$
lg
mp
$ A'
3p
$ rn
mp
&> cE c*c anion qS
n
3-
$ NS
3
-
$ NS
m
-
$ U
- Tng h>m lGng c*c muMi +rong nc 6. m:+ &> nc ngm do ch]ng !i &>o
m/i +r2ng nc c%ng nc +hEi +o @hC ;u#,n &> c*c chI+ +hEi rbn 8
- Tng h>m lGng c*c hG) chI+ hu cW$ +rc h4+ lag c*c chI+ @h 6h )h"n h-#
'inh hc s c*c chI+ ho<+ !7ng 6. m:+$ +huMc +ro '"u Ut
- kiEm nVng !7 oB# hDa +an +rong nc +( nhi?n do c*c ;u* +r1nh oB# ha li?n
;uan +i ;u* +r1nh )h1 dang c*c nguVn ch5a nc &> @ho*ng ha c*c hG)
chI+ hu cW U
2
- kiEm !7 +rong c-a nc$ +ng @hE nng ngu# hi,m c-a / nhim nc +( nhi?n
do c*c ngu#?n +M )hng B<8
j*c +Cnh chI+ !:c +rng c-a nc +hEi 6ao gVm u )l$ h>m lGng chI+ rbn $ nhu
cu oBi 'inh ha vS9 s viochOmical SB#gOn 9Omand t$ ho:c nhu cu oB# ha hc
jS9 s jhOmical SB#gOn 9Omand t$ c*c d<ng ni+W$ )ho+)ho$ du ma$ m%i$ mu$ c*c
@im lo c*c +h(c &H+ @h*c$
l>m giEm chI+ lGng nc$ cEn +rF &i0c ' d`ng l c*c ho<+ !7ng @h*c8 9o
! ng># na# !X )h*+ +ri,n &> 5ng d`ng +h?m c*c )hWng )h*) B lC cI) 3 &>o c*c
d"# +ru#.n B lC nc +hEi8
1. h!n "#$i nc thi
Nc thi sinh hot
Nc +hEi 'inh ho<+ l> nc +hEi +o c*c @hu d"n c$ @hu &(c ho<+ !7ng +hWng
m<i$ c/ng 'F$ +r2ng hc U
Nc thi cng nghip ( hay cn gi l nc thi sn xut )
Nc +hEi c/ng nghi0) l> nc +hEi +o c*c nh> m*# !ang ho<+ !7ng s nh> m*#
lc ha duU t c cE nc +hEi 'inh ho<+ nhng +rong ! nc +hEi c/ng nghi0) l>
ch- #4u8
Nc thm qua
K"# l> nc ma +hIm &>o h0 +hMng cMng 6xng nhi.u c*ch @h*c nhau ;ua c*c
@h) nMi$ c*c Mng c @hu#4+ +H+ ho:c +h>nh c-a hM ga8
Nc thi t nhin
Nc ma !Gc BOm nh nc +hEi +( nhi?n8 y nhng +h>nh )hM hi0n !<i$ nc
+hEi +( nhi?n !Gc +hu gom +hOo m7+ h0 +hMng +ho*+ nc ri?ng8
Nc thi ! th"
Nc +hEi !/ +hh l> +huH+ ng chung chw chI+ lNng +rong h0 +hMng cMng +ho*+ c-a
m7+ +h>nh )hM8 K l> hYn hG) c-a c*c lonh m lo nguVn @h/ng B*c
!hnh8
j*c nguVn B*c !hnh 6ao gVm nc +hEi !/ +hh &> nc +hEi c/ng nghi0)$ c*c ca
c/ng BE nc ma &> +I+ cE c*c nguVn +hEi &>o nguVn +i4) nhHn nc c += ch5c
;ua h0 +hMng cMng &> @?nh +hEi8
j*c nguVn @h/ng B*c !hnh 6ao gVm nc chE# +r/i +r?n 6. m:+ !I+$ nc ma &>
c*c nguVn nc )h"n +*n @h*c8 T( )h"n lo# rI+ c Cch @hi !. cH) +i c*c &In !.
!i.u chwnh @i,m 'o*+ / nhim8
%. M&t '( th)ng '( *uan t+,ng c-a nc thi
#m l$ng cht %&n
T=ng chI+ rbn l> +h>nh )hn &H+ lC !:c +rng ;uan +rng nhI+ c-a nc +hEi8 N
6ao gVm c*c chI+ rbn n=i$ lW lng &> @Oo +an8
ThOo @Cch +hc c-a h<+ rbn$ +=ng chI+ rbn !Gc )h"n +h>nh c*c lo<iA chI+ rbn lW
lng$ chI+ rbn @Oo &> chI+ rbn +an nh +r1nh 6># nh h1nh di !"#8 K, B*c !hnh
h>m lGng chI+ rbn lW lng +h2ng d%ng giI# lc zha+man k{|j$ c @Cch +hc lY
@hoEng }$m 'm 8
jhI+ rbn +an jhI+ rbn @Oo jhI+ rbn lW lng
KCch +hc h<+$
m
}~
-5
}~
-n
}~
-3
}~
-m
}~
-}
} }~ }~~
}~
-8
}~
-
}~
}~
5
}~
-n
}~
-3
}~
-m
}~
-}
KCch +hc h<+$ mm
Kh 6xng !/ng +` Lbng !Gc
(h)n loi cht %&n t%ong nc thi
#m l$ng oxy ha tan *+ ( *issol,-. oxyg-n )
4
R7+ +rong nhng chw +i?u ;uan +rng c-a nc ! l> h>m lGng oB# hDa +an$ l>
h>m lGng oBi +rong nc smg|lt cn +hi4+ cho '( h/ hI) c-a c*c +h-# 'inh8
Khi nc 6h / nhim do c*c chI+ hu cW d 6h )h"n h-# 6Fi &i 'inh &H+ +h1 lGng
oB# hDa +an +rong nc '^ 6h +i?u +h` 6+$ do ! gi* +rh 9S '^ +hI) hWn 'o &i 9S
6Eo hDa +m '<ch c-a '/ng sa''imila+i&O ca)aci+# - Ajt8 KWn &h +Cnh c-a 9S +h2ng
d%ng l> mg|l8
9S +hI) A +rong nc +Vn + giEi )hng oBi8
qhWng )h*) B*c !hnh 9S8 j +h, B*c !hnh 9S 6xng hai )hWng )h*) @h*c
nhauA
- qhWng )h*) zin@lOr sha hct8
- qhWng )h*) !i0n c(c oB# hDa +an - m*# !o oB#8
Nhu c/u oxy sinh h0a 1+* ( 1ioch-mical oxyg-n .-man )
Nhu cu oB# 'inh ha l> chw +i?u +h/ng d`ng nhI+ !, B*c !hnh m5c !7 / nhim
c-a nc +hEi8
vS9 !Gc !hnh ngha l> lGng oB# cn cung cI) !, oB# ho* c*c chI+ hu cW
+rong nc 6Fi &i 'inh &H+ 8 qhWng +r1nh +=ng ;u*+ c-a )hEn 5ng n># nh 'au A
jhI+ hu cW p S
m
jS
m
p l
m
S p +4 6>o mi p 'En )him cM !hnh

Trong @ +huH+ m/i +r2ng chw +i?u vS9 !Gc d%ng r7ng rXi !, A
- \*c !hnh gn !]ng lGng oB# cn +hi4+ !, =n !hnh 'inh hc c*c chI+ hu cW c
+rong nc +hEi8
- \*c !hnh @Cch +hc +hi4+ 6h B lC8
- \*c !hnh hi0u 'uI+ B lC c-a m7+ 'M ;u* +r1nh8
- \*c !hnh '( chI) +huHn '( +u"n +hOo nhng ;ui !hnh cho )h) +hEi chI+ +hEi8
5
Trong +h(c +4 ng2i +a @h/ng +h, B*c !hnh lGng oB# cn +hi4+ !, )h"n h-# ho>n
+o>n chI+ hu cW &1 nh +h4 +Mn ;u* nhi.u +h2i gian m> chw B*c !hnh lGng oB# cn
+hi4+ +rong 5 ng># !u F nhi0+ !7 - m~
o
j$ @C hi0u l> vS9
5
8 jhw +i?u n># !X !Gc
chuin ha &> !Gc ' d`ng F hu @hb) c*c nc +r?n +h4 gii8
Nhu c/u oxy h0a hc 2+* ( 2h-mical +xyg-n *-man. )
jhw 'M n># !Gc d%ng r7ng rXi !, 6i,u +hh ha h>m lGng chI+ hu cW c +rong
nc +hEi &> m5c !7 / nhim nc +( nhi?n 8
jS9 !Gc !hnh ngha l> lGng oB# cn +hi4+ cho ;u* +r1nh oB# ha ha hc c*c
chI+ hu cW c +rong mLu nc +h>nh jS
m
&> nc8
LGng oB# n># +Wng !Wng &i h>m lGng chI+ hu cW c +h, 6h oB# ha !Gc
B*c !hnh @hi B d`ng m7+ +*c nh"n oB# ha ha hc m<nh +rong m/i +r2ng aBi+8
qhWng )h*) )h= 6i4n nhI+ !, B*c !hnh jS9 l> )hWng )h*) 6icroma+ &> cW ch4
c-a n +hOo )huongO +r1nh )hEn 5ng 'au A
j*c chI+ hu cW p jr
m
S
m-
p l
p
jS
m
p l
m
S p mjr
3p
#m l$ng Nit3
jhw +i?u h>m lGng Ni+W +rong nc c3ng !Gc BOm nh l> chI+ chw +hh +1nh +r<ng
/ nhim c-a nc 8
Ngoi nhng thng s4 quan t%ng !5 nu t%n6 m7t s4 thng s4 8h9c c:ng c/n
phi quan t)m nh hm l$ng (hotpho 6 hm l$ng ;unphat6 hm l$ng clo6 c9c
h$p cht h
II. .c thi nhi/m 0u
1. C1c 0$ng t2n t$i c-a 0u t+#ng nc thi
\ lC nc +hEi nhim du cn ch] !4n c*c d<ng +Vn + chI+ lNng 'ng '*nh$ c m%i !:c +rng$ nh hWn nc
&> @h/ng +an +rong nc8 jh]ng 6h oB# ha rI+ chHm$ c +h, +Vn + @h B*c !hnh chCnh
B*c c*c +h>nh )hn n># 6xng +hC ngi0m8 qh= 6i4n du +Vn +# du '^ n=i l?n +h>nh c*c m>ng du8 9u hi0n di0n
di d<ng c*c h<+ du +( do ho:c lLn &i m7+ C+ nc$ du +( do '^ n=i l?n
+r?n 6. m:+ do +rng lGng ri?ng c-a du +hI) hWn 'o &i +rng lGng ri?ng
c-a nc8
- 9<ng nh3 +Wng ha hcA l> d<ng +<o +h>nh do c*c +*c nh"n ha hc s B>
)hDng$ B]+ n da$ chI+ +i# ra$ Na Ut ho:c c*c ha hc a')ha+On l>m +ha#
!=i '5c cng 6. m:+ &> l>m =n !hnh ha hc du )h"n +*n8
- 9<ng nh3 +Wng cW hcA c m d<ng nh3 +Wng cW hc +%# +hOo !2ng @Cnh
c-a gi+ duA
p Z>i ch`c micromO+A !7 =n !hnh +hI) 8
p Loi ra du @h/ng hDa +an +<o +h>nh m7+ l) m>ng mNng 6c ;uanh c*c chI+
rbn lW lng$ ch]ng c +h, Enh hFng !4n @hE nng lbng ho:c n=i c-a c*c chI+ rbn lW
lng @hi +<o +h>nh c*c hG) chI+ @4+ hG) @h/ng lbng !Gc8
%. C1c ngu2n 3h1t 'inh
a t To c*c d>n @hoan du
Tn @hoan nc nhim du nh nc +hEi +=ng hG) c nhim du )h*+
'inh +o c*c '>n +>u$ c*c +hi4+ 6h m*# mc &> c*c @hu &(c &0 'inh m*# mc +hi4+ 6h$
nc 6in !*# +>u$U +I+ cE '^ !Gc dLn +i m7+ h0 +hMng B l nc nhim du$h>m
lGng du 'au @hi B l )hEi }$5mg|l8
6 t To c*c '( cM +r>n du
- qhun +r>o du +u chF du$ &> +o c*c +hi4+ 6h m*# mc @hi BE# ra '( cM8
c t Trong nh> m*# lc ha du
Trong nh> m*# lc ha du c*c nguVn )h*+ +hEi nc nhim du chCnh m> ch]ng
+a '^ B+ +rong )hn 'au8
7
d t To c*c c*c ho<+ !7ng c-a @ho ch5a Bng du
Nc +hEi nhim du )h*+ 'inh +o m @hu &(cA
- Khu &(c @ho ch5aA )h*+ 'inh do c*c ngu#?n nh"n 'au
p T]c ra$ l>m m*+ 6Vn ch5a8
p Z0 'inh m*# mc$ +hi4+ 6h8
p Wi &Xi Bng du BuMng nguVn nc8
p \E# ra '( cM8
p Nc ma chE# +r>n ;ua @hu &(c @ho8
Trong ! nc BE c:n +o ;u* +r1nh ']c ra 6Vn ch5a &i chu @1 m nm ']c ra }
ln l> nguVn +hEi c m5c !7 / nhim du cao nhI+$ nVng !7 l?n !4n h>ng ch`c ng>n
))m8
- Khu &(c +i4) nhHn8
p Nc &0 'inh +>u8
p Nc Mng du s @hi @o +o 6i,n l?n 6oong t8
p D rw +r?n !2ng Mng dLn du +o +>u &. @ho ch5a8
c t Nc nhim du +o ;u* +r1nh ' d`ng Bng du
Trong ;u* +r1nh ' d`ng Bng du @h/ng +h, +r*nh @hNi &i0c +hI+ +ho*+ Bng du
ra ngo>i m/i +r2ng &1 +h4 '^ )h*+ 'inh ra nc nhim du8
3. .h4ng nh h5ng c-a nc thi nhi/m 0u
a t nh hFng +i m/i +r2ng
L>m +ha# !=i +Cnh chI+ lC ha c-a m/i +r2ng nuc8 Tng !7 nh+$ giEm nVng !7
oB# hI) +h` &>o nc$88 dLn !4n +hi0+ hn du ra 6i,nA R7+ +In du mN +r>n ra 6i,n c +h,
loang )h- }m @mm m:+ nc$ +<o +h>nh l) &*ng du ngn c*ch nc &> @h/ng @hC$
l>m +ha# !=i +Cnh chI+ c-a m/i +r2ng 6i,n$ cEn +rF &i0c +rao !=i @hC oBi &> cac6onic
&i 6u @hC ;u#,n8
6 t KMi &i &i 'inh &H+
8
Nc nhim du @hi cha !Gc B lC m> +hEi ra m/i +r2ng '^ Enh hFng rI+ ln
!4n c*c &i 'inh &H+8
Nh t%ong s c4 t%n ./u 'inh &H+ )h% du$ Iu +r%ng c*$ &> c*c 'inh &H+ F di
!*# !.u 6h Enh hFng m7+ c*ch m<nh m^8 Nga# cE cN 6i,n$ +rai$ h>u c3ng !.u 6h
Enh hFng do +r>n du8
9u +hIm ;ua 67 l/ng c-a chim 6i,n$ l>m giEm @hE nng 6Eo &0 c-a l/ng$ &1 &H#
l>m cho chim +rF n?n d +=n +hWng &i '( +ha# !=i nhi0+ !7 6I+ +h2ng &> l>m
giEm !7 n=i +r?n m:+ nc c-a ch]ng8 N c3ng l>m giEm @hE nng 6a# c-a chim$
c>ng l>m ch]ng @h +ho*+ c*c !7ng &H+ 'n mVi8 Khi cM gbng rwa l/ng$ chim +h2ng
nuM+ du &>o 6`ng$ dLn +i l>m h @Cch +hCch
h0 +i?u ha8 j*c &In !. n># &> @hE nng hI) +hu +h5c n 6h h<n ch4 g"# ra '( mI+
nc &> mI+ c"n 6xng +rao !=i chI+8 T( +ha# !=i c"n 6xng hormon 6ao gVm
lu+Oiniing )ro+Oin c3ng c +h, BE# ra F m7+ 'M lo>i chim @hi +i4) B]c &i du8 lu
h4+ chim 6h Enh hFng 6Fi du +r>n !.u ch4+$ +ro @hi c '( can +hi0) c-a con ng2i8
j*c !7ng &H+ c &] 6i,n 6h dCnh du c3ng 6h Enh hFng +Wng +( nh &i chim8
9u )h- l?n 67 l/ng c-a r*i c* &> hEi ciu l>m giEm @hE nng +rao !=i chI+ &> l>m
giEm +h"n nhi0+8 Khi n )hEi du$ !7ng &H+ '^ 6h ch5ng mI+ nc &> giEm @hE nng
+i?u ha8
9o du n=i +r?n m:+ nc l>m *nh '*ng giEm @hi Bu#?n &>o +rong nc$ n h<n
ch4 '( ;uang hG) c-a c*c +h(c &H+ 6i,n &> c*c 'inh &H+ )h% du8 Ki.u n># l>m giEm
lGng c* +h, c-a h0 !7ng &H+ c> Enh hFng !4n chuYi +h5c n +rong h0 'inh +h*i8
Tr>n du c +h, l>m hNng +o>n 67 d"# chu#.n +h(c )him +rong @hu &(c8
c t KMi &i @inh +4$ BX h7i &> con ng2i
TMn @m +i.n 6<c !, l>m '<ch m/i +r2ng 6h / nhim8
Ngo>i nhng +hi0+ hi 'En ra cDn c c*c Enh hFng mang +Cnh
chI+ l"u d>i nh c*c cEnh ;uan$ c*c &%ng nu/i +rVng$ !*nh 6b+ +h-# hEi 'EnU8
9u c Enh hFng +r(c +i4) !4n ng2i +h/ng ;ua +i4) B]c +r(c +i4) ho:c hC+ +hF
hWi du g"# 6uVn n/n$ nh5c !u$ c*c &In !. &. da888 Ngo>i ra ch]ng cDn g"# ra } 'M
60nh nh ung +h$ 60nh )h=i$ gi*n !o<n hormonU
Thi0+ hnh g*c ng c`8 Tu# giEm nng 'uI+ c-a +h-#
hEi 'En nu/i8 li,m ha +r>n du !ang 6u7c d"n nu/i ngh?u )hEi !Mi m:+ &i ngu#
cW mI+ +rbng h>ng ng>n +w !Vng n4u ngh?u 6h ch4+ do / nhim du8

III. C1c 3h6ng 3h13 78 "9
1. C1c 3h6ng 3h13 'inh h,c
Th(c chI+ c-a 6i0n )h*) 'inh hc !, B l nc +hEi l> ' d`ng @hE nng 'Mng &>
ho<+ !7ng c-a &i 'inh &H+ !, )h"n h-# c*c chI+ 6.n hu cW +rong nc +hEi8 jh]ng
' d`ng c*c hG) chI+ hu cW &> m7+ 'M chI+ @ho*ng l>m nguVn dinh dang &> +<o
nng lGng8 Trong ;u* +r1nh dinh dang$ ch]ng nhHn !Gc c*c chI+ l>m &H+ li0u !,
B"# d(ng +4 6>o$ 'inh +rFng &> 'inh 'En n?n 'inh @hMi !Gc +ng l?n8
qhWng )h*) n># +h2ng !Gc ' d`ng !, l>m '<ch c*c lo<i c ch5a c*c chI+
hu cW hDa +an ho:c c*c chI+ )h"n +*n nhN$ @Oo8 9o &H#$ ch]ng +h2ng !Gc d%ng
'au @hi lo# d%ng !, @h
c*c hG) chI+ 'uni+$ muMi amoni ni+ra+ - +5c l> c*c chI+ cha 6h oB# ha ho>n +o>n8
TEn )him cuMi c%ng c-a ;u* +r1nh )h"n h-# 'inh ha c*c chI+ 6in '^ l> jS
m
$ l
m
S$
N
m
$ TS
n
m-
$Uj*c nghi?n c5u cho +hI# &i 'inh &H+ c +h, )h"n h-# +I+ cE c*c chI+ hu
cW c +rong +hi?n nhi?n &> rI+ nhi.u chI+ hu cW +=ng hG) nh"n +<o8
\ l nc +hEi 6xng )hWng )h*) 'inh hc gVm c*c )hWng )h*) 'auA
- qhWng )h*) hi4u @hC8
- qhWng )h*) @ @hC8
- qhWng )h*) +hi4u @hC8
T%# !i.u @i0n c` +h, nh !ha h1nh$ +Cnh chI+ &> @hMi lGng nc +hEi$ @hC hHu$
m:+ 6xng nWi cn B l$ @inh )hC cho )h) &i c/ng ngh0 +hCch hG)$ ng2i +a '^
chn m7+ +rong nhng )hWng )h*) +r?n ha# @4+ hG) &i nhau
Cc phng php ny c nhng u im sau:
- j +h, B l nc +hEi c )h= nhim 6in c*c chI+ hu cW +Wng !Mi r7ng8
10
- l0 +hMng c +h, +( !i.u chwnh +hOo )h= c*c chI+ nhim 6in &> nVng !7 c-a
ch]ng8
- Thi4+ @4 &> +rang +hi4+ 6h !Wn giEn8
KVng +h2i ch]ng c3ng c nhng nhGc !i,m 'auA
- Ku + cW 6En cho &i0c B"# d(ng @h* +Mn @m8
- qhEi c ch4 !7 c/ng ngh0 l>m '<ch !Vng 67 &> ho>n chwnh8
- j*c chI+ hu cW @h )h"n h-# c3ng nh c*c chI+ &/ cW c !7c +Cnh Enh
hFng !4n +h2i gian &> hi0u ;uE l>m '<ch8 j*c chI+ c !7c +Cnh +*c !7ng !4n
;un +h, 'inh &H+ ni chung &> +rong 6%n ho<+ +Cnh l>m giEm hi0u 'uI+ B l
c-a ;u* +r1nh8
- j +h, )hEi l>m loXng nc +hEi c nVng !7 chI+ 6in cao$ nh &H# '^ l>m
+ng lGng nc +hEi &> cn di0n +Cch m:+ 6xng r7ng8
Tu# &H#$ c*c )hWng )h*) 'inh hc &Ln !Gc d%ng )h= 6i4n r7ng rXi &> +N ra rI+
+hCch hG) cho ;u* +r1nh l>m '<ch nc +hEi ch5a c*c chI+ hu cW d )h"n h-#8
2. Cc phng php ha l
L>m '<ch 'inh hc chw !Gc 5ng d`ng +rong +r2ng hG) cn lo# @h/ng
)h% hG)8 j*c )hWng )h*) ha l !Gc 5ng d`ng !, B l nc +hEi gVm lc$ !/ng
+` &> @Oo +`$ +u#,n n=i$ hI) )h`$ +rao !=i ion$ +him +hIu ngGc$ 'i?u lc$ +him +*ch
&> !i0n +him +*ch$Uj*c )hWng )h*) n># !Gc 5ng d`ng !, lo lNng t$ c*c @hC +an nhng chI+ &/ cW &> hu cW hDa
+an8
Zi0c 5ng d`ng c*c )hWng )h*) ha l !, B l nc +hEi c nhng u !i,m
'auA
- j @hE nng lon +o>n8
- Kh/ng cn +hOo d_i ho<+ !7ng c-a 'inh &H+8
11
- j +h, +hu hVi c*c chI+ @h*c nhau8
%.1. L,c *ua '#ng ch:n +1c ; 78 "< '6 =& >
KMi +Gng B l l> r*c +hEi lo
c*c &H+ +hEi @h*c t$ ch]ng +h2ng !Gc +*ch ra !, @hNi g"# +bc ngh^n !2ng Mng8
Ng2i +a d%ng li l>m 6xng c*c +hanh @im loo cW gii8 KMi &i r*c c @Cch ca nhN hWn ng2i +a c
+h, d%ng r"#8
K"# l> h1nh +h5c B l 'W 678 R`c !Cch c-a ;u* +r1nh l> lonh h0 +hMng B l nc +hEi nh l>m +bc
6Wm$ !2ng Mng ho:c @?nh dLn8 K"# l> 6c ;uan +rng !Em 6Eo an +o>n &> !i.u
@i0n l>m &i0c +huHn lGi cho cE h0 +hMng B l nc +( nhi?n lLn nc +hEi8
%.%. L:ng t?
KGc d%ng !, lbng c*c +<) chI+ +an +h/ ra @hNi nc +hEi s 'inh ho<+ &> c/ng
nghi0) t8 Lbng +` din ra di +*c d`ng c-a +rng l(c8 K, lbng ng2i +a ' d`ng 6,
lbng c*+$ 6, lbng &> 6, lbng +rong8
1@ l&ng c9t
KGc d%ng !, lo hu cW s ~$m-~$m5mm t ra @hNi nc
+hEi8 v, lbng c*+ ngang l> hV ch5a c +i4+ di0n ngang l> +am gi*c ho:c h1nh +hang8
jhi.u '"u 6, lbng c*+ ~$m5-}m8 ZHn +Mc chu#,n !7ng c-a nc @h/ng ;u* ~$3m|'8
v, lbng c*+ dc c d<ng h1nh ch nhH+$ +rDn$ +rong ! nc chu#,n !7ng +hOo dDng
+o di l?n &i &Hn +Mc ~$~5m|'8
1@ l&ng ngang
v, lbng ngang l> 6, hV ch5a h1nh ch nhH+$ c hai ha# nhi.u ngn ho<+ !7ng
!Vng +h2i8 Nc chu#,n !7ng +o !u n># !4n !u @ia c-a 6,8
jhi.u '"u c-a 6, lbng l}$5-n m$ chi.u d>i Ls 8-}m tBl$ chi.u r7ng v3- m8 v,
lbng ngang !Gc 5ng d`ng @hi lu lGng nc +hEi ln hWn }5~~~m
3
|ng># !?m8
li0u ;uE 6, lbng ~8
1@ l&ng !Ang
12
v, lbng !5ng l> 6, ch5a h1nh +r` s ho:c +i4+ di0n &u/ng t c !*# ch)8 Nc +hEi
!Gc cho &>o +hOo Mng +rung +"m8 Tau ! nc chE# +o di l?n +r?n &>o c*c rXnh
chE# +r>n8 Nh &H#$ ;u* +r1nh lbng c:n din ra +rong dDng !i l?n$ &Hn +Mc nc l>
~$5-~$m|'8 jhi.u cao &%ng lbng n-5m8
1@ l&ng hng t)m
v, lbng hng +"m l> 6, lbng +rDn8 Nc +rong ! chu#,n !7ng +o +"m ra &>nh
!ai8 ZHn +Mc nc nhN nhI+ l> F &>nh !ai8 Lo# !Gc 5ng d`ng cho lu
lGng nc +hEi ln hWn m~8~~~m
3
|ng># !?m8
1@ l&ng .ng Bng
y 6?n +rong 6, lbng d<ng 6Eng c c*c 6En !:+ nghi?ng &> 'ong 'ong &i nhau8
Nc chu#,n !7ng gia c*c 6En$ cDn c:n +rG+ BuMng &>o 61nh ch5a8
1@ l&ng t%ong
v, lbng !Gc ' d`ng !, l>m '<ch +( nhi?n &> !, l>m +rong nc +hEi c/ng
nghi0)8 Ng2i +a +h2ng ' d`ng 6, lbng +rong &i l) c:n lW lng +rong ! ng2i
+a cho nc &i chI+ !/ng +` !i ;ua ! 8
%.@. L,c
Lc !Gc d%ng !, B l nc +hEi$ !, +*ch c*c lo 6, lbng @h/ng lbng !Gc8 Trong c*c lom 6xng
+Im +h) c !`c lY ho:c li 6xng +h) @h/ng gw$ nh/m$ ni@On$ !Vng$ +hau$U &> cE
c*c lo dPo cW hc$ @h/ng 6h +rWng nF &> 6h )h* h-# F !i.u @i0n
lc8
ZH+ li0u lc d<ng h<+ l> c*+ +h<ch anh$ +han cMc$ 'Ni$ !* nghi.n +hHm chC cE +han
gY8
K:c +Cnh ;uan +rng c-a l) h<+ lc l> !7 BM) &> 6. m:+ ri?ng8 u* +r1nh lc c
+h, BE# ra di +*c d`ng c-a *) 'uI+ c-a c7+ chI+ lNng ha# *) 'uI+ cao +rc &*ch
&H+ li0u lc ho:c ch"n @h/ng 'au l) lc8
j*c )hin lc l>m &i0c '^ +*ch c*c )hn + +<) chI+ )h"n +*n ho:c lW lng @h
lbng @hNi nc8 j*c )hin lc l>m &i0c @h/ng ho>n +o>n d(a &>o ngu#?n lC cW hc8
13
Khi nc ;ua l) lc d% C+ ha# nhi.u c3ng +<o ra l) m>ng +r?n m:+ c*c h<+ &H+ li0u
lc$ m>ng n># l> m>ng 'inh hc8 9o &H#$ ngo>i +*c d`ng +*ch c*c )hn + +<) chI+
)h"n +*n ra @hNi nc$ c*c m>ng 'inh hc c3ng 6i4n !=i c*c chI+ hDa +an +rong nc
+hEi nh2 ;un +h, c*c &i 'inh &H+ c +rong m>ng 'inh hc8
jhI+ 6in &> m>ng 'inh hc '^ 6*m &>o 6. m:+ &H+ li0u lc dn dn 6C+ c*c @hO
hF c-a l) lc l>m cho dDng chE# 6h chHm lm &i0c$ ng2i +a )hEi ra )hin lc$ lI# 6+ m>ng 6in )hCa +r?n$ &> cho nc
+hEi !i +o di l?n +r?n !, +*ch m>ng 6in ra @hNi &H+ li0u lc8
%.A. B)ng t? vC DE# t?
aC Dng tE
lYn hG) )h"n +*n nhN !Gc lo )hWng )h*) B l nc 6xng +*c chI+ nhxm h1nh +h>nh c*c )h"n + ln +o c*c
)h"n + nhN8 qhn + c*c chI+ !`c mang !i0n +Cch "m8 Zi0c lo# nh2
c*c chI+ !/ng +` l> +<o +h>nh muMi +o c*c chI+ @i.m &> aBi+ #4u8 jhI+ !/ng +` +rong
nc +<o +h>nh c*c 6/ng h#droBi+ @im lo<i$ lbng nhanh +rong +r2ng +rng l(c8 j*c
6/ng n># c @hE nng h]+ c*c h<+ @Oo &> h<+ lW lng @4+ hG) &i ch]ng8 j*c chI+
n># +ham gia &>o )hEn 5ng +rao !=i &i ion nc &> h1nh +h>nh c*c +<) chI+ c )hMi
+rC )h5c +<) 8
u* +r1nh +h-# )h"n c*c chI+ !/ng +` &> +<o +h>nh c*c 6/ng @Oo BE# ra +hOo c*c
giai !o<n 'auA
RO
3p
p lSl ROsSlt
mp
p l
p
ROsSlt
mp
p lSl ROsSlt
m
p
p l
p
ROsSlt
m
p
p lSl ROsSlt
3
p l
p
RO
3p
p 3lSl ROsSlt
3
p 3l
p
j*c chI+ !/ng +` +h2ng d%ng +rong m`c !Cch n># l> c*c muMi nh/m ho:c muMi
'b+ ho:c hYn hG) c-a ch]ng8 K"# l> hai lo B l nc 'inh ho<+8
j*c muMi nh/m gVm cA Al
m
sTS
n
t
3
8}8 l
m
S$ Nl
n
AlsTS
n
t
m
8}m l
m
S$ NaAlS
m
8
Al
m
sSlt
5
jl$ KAlsTS
n
t
m
8}m l
m
S$ Trong ! !Gc ' d`ng r7ng rXi nhI+ l> Al
m
sTS
n
t
3
14
&1 Al
m
sTS
n
t
3
hDa +an +M+ +rong nc$ chi )hC +hI)$ ho<+ !7ng c hi0u ;uE cao +rong
@hoEng )l 5$5 8
Trong )hn ln c*c +r2ng hG)$ ng2i +a d%ng hYn hG) NaAlS
m
&> Al
m
sTS
n
t
3
+hOo +w l0 s }~A} ts m~A} t8 qhEn 5ng BE# ra nh 'auA
NaAlS
m
p Al
m
sTS
n
t
3
p }m l
m
S 8 AlsSlt
3
p 3 Na
m
TS
n
Zi0c ' d`ng hYn hG) n># cho )h) +ng hi0u ;uE c-a ;u* +r1nh l>m +rong nc$
+ng @hMi lGng &> +Mc !7 lbng c-a c*c 6/ng @Oo +`$ mF r7ng @hoEng )l +Mi u c-a
m/i +r2ng8
Al
m
sSlt
5
jl c !7 aBi+ +hI) d%ng l>m '<ch nc c !7 @i.m #4u nh2 )hEn 5ngA
Al
m
sSlt
5
jl p jasljS
3
t
m
n AlsSlt
3
pjajl
m
p mjS
m
j*c muMi 'b+ {O

m
sTS
n
t
3
8 m l
m
S$ {O
m
sTS
n
t
3
8 3 l
m
S$ {OTS
n
8 l
m
S &> {Ojl
3
c3ng
+h2ng !Gc d%ng l>m chI+ !/ng +` 8
9%ng {Ojl
3
!, lom chI+ !/ng +` &1 c nhi.u u !i,m hWn 'o
&i c*c muMi nh/m doA
- T*c d`ng +M+ hWn F nhi0+ !7 +hI)8
- j @hoEng gi* +rh )l +Mi u c-a m/i +r2ng r7ng hWn8
- K7 6.n ln &> @Cch +hc 6/ng @Oo c @hoEng gii h<n r7ng c-a +h>nh )hn
muMi8
- j +h, @h !Gc m%i &h @hi c l
m
T8
Nhng c*c muMi 'b+ c nhGc !i,m l> ch]ng +<o +h>nh c*c )h5c hDa +an nhu7m
m>u ;ua )hEn 5ng c-a c*c ca+ion 'b+ &i m7+ 'M chI+ hu cW
Trong ;u* +r1nh +<o 6/ng @Oo c-a hi!roBi+ nh/m ho:c 'b+$ ng2i +a +h2ng +h?m
c*c chI+ +rG !/ng nhA +inh 67+$ c*c O+O$ BOnluloW$U$ &i li.u lGng }-5mg|l$ ha#
chI+ +rG !/ng +` +=ng hG) nhI+ l> )ol#ar#lami+ nhxm giEm li.u lGng chI+ !/ng +`$
giEm +h2i gian !/ng +` &> n"ng cao +Mc !7 lbng c-a c*c 6/ng @Oo8
BC F-o tE
15
KOo +` l> ;u* +r1nh @4+ hG) c*c h<+ lW lng @hi cho c*c hG) chI+ cao )h"n + &>o
nc8 Kh*c &i ;u* +r1nh !/ng +`$ @hi @Oo +` '( @4+ hG) din ra @h/ng chw do +i4)
B]c +r(c +i4) m> cDn do +Wng +*c lLn nhau gia c*c )h"n + chI+ @Oo +` 6h hI) )h`
+r?n c*c h<+ lW lng8
cC F-o tE !in h0a
KOo +` @h/ng c +*c chI+ ha# @Oo +` !i0n ha din ra 6xng c*ch dLn nc ;ua
c*c +Im nh/m !Gc B4) c*ch nhau }~-m~ mm8 vEn chI+ c-a ;u* +r1nh l> hDa +an
ano+ c-a c*c +Im nh/m !Gc nMi ln lG+ &i c*c c(c dWng &> c(c "m c-a nguVn
!i0n c c2ng !7 cao &> hi0u !i0n +h4 +hI)8 Khi ! ion nh/m '^ chu#,n &>o nc
&> +<o +h>nh h#droBi+8 u !i,m c-a ;u* +r1nh n># l> h1nh +h>nh &> lbng nhanh c*c
'Gi 6/ng dai &> @h/ng cn !i.u chwnh )l8 NhGc !i,m c-a n l> chi )hC !i0n nng
cao8
qhWng )h*) n># c +h, !Gc d%ng !, B l nc )h% 'a F c*c +wnh +hu7c !Vng
6xng T/ng ju Long$ nhng do m<ng li !i0n cha !Gc lb) !:+ !# !- &> chi )hC
!i0n cao n?n cDn 6h h<n ch48
%.F. TuGn ni
qhWng )h*) +u#,n n=i d(a +r?n ngu#?n +bcA c*c )hn + )h"n +*n +rong nc c
@hE nng +( lbng @m$ nhng c @hE nng @4+ dCnh &>o c*c 6+ @hC n=i l?n +r?n 6.
m:+ nc8 Tau ! ng2i +a +*ch 6+ @hC c%ng c*c )hn + dCnh ra @hNi nc8 Th(c
chI+ !"# l> ;u* +r1nh +*ch 6+ ha# l>m !:c 6+8 Ngo>i ra$ ;u* +r1nh n># cDn !, +*ch
c*c chI+ hDa +an nh c*c ho<+ !7ng 6. m:+8
Trong c/ng nghi0)$ +u#,n n=i !Gc *) d`ng !, B l chI+ @ho*ng$ +*i 'inh
ngu#?n li0u +o nc ra$ l>m '<ch nc +hEi$ B l 6%n &> +hu hVi @ho*ng 'En ;uC8
Trong B l nc cI)$ ;u* +r1nh +u#,n n=i !Gc @4+ hG) &i ;u* +r1nh @Oo +` +<o
6/ng$ !:c 6i0+ l> !Mi &i chI+ m%n &> +Eo 'au ;u* +r1nh @Oo +` +<o 6/ng !Gc +*ch ra
@hNi nc 6xng +u#,n n=i8
qhWng )h*) n># !Gc +h(c hi0n nh2 +h=i @h/ng @hC +h>nh 6+ nhN &>o +rong
nc +hEi8 j*c 6+ @hC dCnh c*c h<+ lW lng lbng @m &> n=i l?n +r?n m:+ nc8 Khi
n=i l?n c*c 6+ @hC +H) hG) +h>nh 6/ng h<+ !- ln$ rVi +<o +h>nh m7+ l) 6+ ch5a
nhi.u h<+ 6in8
16
Tu#,n n=i 6+ nhxm +*ch c*c h<+ lW lng @h/ng +an &> m7+ 'M chI+ @Oo ho:c hDa
+an ra @hNi )ha lNng8 K +huH+ n># c +h, d%ng cho B l nc +hEi !/ +hh &> nhi.u
lnh &(c c/ng nghi0) nhA ch4 6i4n du 6o$ d0+ +hu7c da$ lc ha du$ U
Ngo>i ra$ +u#,n n=i ion &> )h"n + l> m7+ )hWng )h*) mi !, +*ch c*c chI+ +an
ra @hNi nc$ !Gc ' d`ng +rong nhng nm gn !"# 8
li0u 'uI+ c-a )hWng )h*) +u#,n n=i )h` +hu7c &>o @Cch +hc &> 'M lGng
6ong 6ng @hC$ @Cch +hc c*c +<) chI+ +rong nc +hEi8 KCch +hc +Mi u c-a 6ong
6ng @hC l> }5 3~m$ @Cch +hc h<+ +<) chI+ l> ~$m }$5m 8
j nhi.u )hWng )h*) +u#,n n=i !, B l nc +hEiA
- Tu#,n n=i +o '( +*ch @h/ng @hC +o dung dhch8
- Tu#,n n=i &i '( )h"n +*n @h/ng @hC 6xng cW gii8
- Tu#,n n=i nh2 c*c +Im BM)8
- Tu#,n n=i 6xng )hWng )h*) +*ch )h"n !o<n 6+8
- Tu#,n n=i ha hc$ 'inh hc &> ion8
- Tu#,n n=i !i0n8
qhWng )h*) n># c u !i,m l> ho<+ !7ng li?n +`c$ )h<m &i 5ng d`ng r7ng rXi$
chi )hC !u + &> &Hn h>nh @h/ng ln$ hi0u ;uE B l cao$ +hi4+ 6h !Wn giEn$ +hu c:n
c !7 im nhN &> c +h, +hu hVi +<) chI+ +rong c:n8 Ngo>i ra$ nc +hEi !Gc B l
6xng )hWng )h*) +u#,n n=i '^ !Gc +h/ng @hC$ giEm !Gc h>m lGng chI+ ho<+
!7ng 6. m:+$ chI+ d 6h oB# ha8
%.H. IJ3 3h?
qhWng )h*) hI) )h` !Gc d%ng r7ng rXi !, l>m '<ch +ri0+ !, nc +hEi @hNi c*c
chI+ hu cW hDa +an 'au @hi B l 'inh hc c3ng nh B l c`c 67 @hi +rong nc
+hEi c ch5a m7+ h>m lGng rI+ nhN c*c chI+ !8 Nhng chI+ n># +h2ng @h/ng
)h"n h-# 6xng con !2ng 'inh hc &> +h2ng c !7c +Cnh cao8 N4u c*c chI+ n># 6h
hI) )h` +M+ &> @hi chi )hC ri?ng lGng chI+ hI) )h` @h/ng ln +h1 &i0c 5ng d`ng
)hWng )h*) n># l> hG) lC hWn cE8
Trong B l nc +hEi c/ng nghi0)$ hI) )h` !Gc 5ng d`ng !, @h !7c nc
+hEi @hNi +huMc di0+ cN$ )hOnol$ +huMc '*+ +r%ng$ c*c hG) chI+ hu cW &Dng +hWm$
chI+ ho<+ !7ng 6. m:+$ +huMc nhu7m$ m>u ho<+ +Cnh8
17
j*c chI+ hI) )h` +h2ng d%ng l>A +han ho<+ +Cnh$ !I+ '+$ 'ilicagOn$ @Oo nh/m$
m7+ 'M chI+ +=ng hG) ho:c chI+ +hEi 'En BuI+ nhA Bw$ m<+ 'b+$UTrong 'M n>#$ +han
ho<+ +Cnh l> !Gc d%ng )h= 6i4n nhI+8 Than ho<+ +Cnh c hai d<ngA h<+ &> 67+ !.u
!Gc d%ng !, hI) )h`8 j*c chI+ hu cW$ @im lo c*c chI+ m>u d 6h +han
hI) )h`8 LGng chI+ n># +%# +hu7c &>o @hE nng hI) )h` c-a +ong chI+ &> h>m
lGng chI+ 6in c +rong nc8 qhWng )h*) n># c @hE nng hI) )h` !Gc 58-5
c*c chI+ hu cW &> m>u8 j*c chI+ hu cW c +h, 6h hI) )h` !Gc +Cnh !4n l> )hOnol$
al@#l6OnOn$ 'unonic aBi+$ +huMc nhu7m$ c*c hG) chI+ +hWm8 KX c nhng 5ng
d`ng d%ng +han ho<+ +Cnh !, hI) )h` +h-# ng"n &> nhng +huMc nhu7m @h )h"n
h-#$ nhng +Mn @m &> l>m cho ;u* +r1nh @h/ng @inh +48 K, lo nu/i
6o +"# +r?n m:+ hV8
qhWng )h*) hI) )h` c +*c d`ng +M+ +rong &i0c B l nc +hEi ch5a c*c chI+
hu cW$ c*c @im lo m>u8 K, lo
hu cW !7c h# l> hi0u ;uE cao$ c @hE nng B l nhi.u chI+
+rong nc +hEi &> c +h, +hu hVi c*c chI+ n>#8 \ l nc hI) )h` c +h, +*i 'inh$
+5c +hu hVi &> +Hn d`ng chI+ +hEiu )h"n h-# &> +i?u h-# chI+ +hEi c%ng &i chI+ hI)
)h` 8
%.K. T+a# i i#n
Trao !=i ion l> ;u* +r1nh +Wng +*c c-a dung dhch &i )ha rbn c +Cnh chI+ +rao
!=i ion ch5a n 6xng c*c ion @h*c c +rong dung dhch8 vxng c*ch n># ng2i +a c
+h, lo# !Gc 5ng d`ng !, l>m '<ch nc ho:c nc +hEi @hNi c*c @im
lo c*c chI+ )hng B<$ @h muMi +rong nc cI)$ cho )h) +hu hVi
c*c chI+ c gi* +rh &> !<+ m5c !7 l>m '<ch cao8 Z1 &H#$ n !Gc 5ng d`ng r7ng rXi
!, +*ch muMi +rong B l nc &> nc +hEi8
R7+ 'M chI+ +rao !=i ionA Oolic$ 'ilicagOn$ +han !*$U
18
%.L. ThMm thJu ngNc
L> ;u* +r1nh lc dung dhch ;ua m>ng 6*n +hIm di m7+ *) 'uI+ cao hWn *) 'uI+
+him +hIu 8
23 chH c?a qu9 t%InhA
j nhi.u cW ch4 giEi +hCch ;u* +r1nh +him +hIu ngGc8 R7+ +rong nhng cW ch4
! giEi +hCch nh 'auA m>ng 6*n +hIm @h/ng c @hE nng hDa +an8 N4u nh chi.u
d># c-a l) )h"n + nc 6h hI) )h` 6xng ho:c ln hWn m7+ na !2ng @Cnh mao
;uEn c-a m>ng +h1 di +*c d`ng c-a *) 'uI+ chw c nc '<ch !i ;ua$ m:c d% @Cch
+hc c-a nhi.u ion nhN hWn @Cch +hc cuE )h"n + nc8 L) hi!ra+ c-a c*c ion
n># cEn +rF @h/ng cho ch]ng !i ;ua mao ;uEn c-a m>ng8 KCch +hc m>ng hi!ra+
c-a c*c ion @h*c nhau '^ @h*c nhau8 N4u chi.u d># c-a l) )h"n + nc 6h hI)
)h` nhN hWn na !2ng @Cnh mao ;uEn +h1 c*c chI+ hDa +an '^ chui ;ua m>ng c%ng
&i nc8
Gu !i@m c-a )hWng )h*) +him +hIu ngGc l>A
- Kh/ng c )ha chu#,n +i4) +rong +*ch +<) chI+ cho )h) +i4n h>nh ;u* +r1nh &i chi
)hC nng lGng +hI)8
- j +h, +i4n h>nh ;u* +r1nh F nhi0+ !7 )hDng @h/ng c 6= 'ung ho:c 6= 'ung C+ ha
chI+8
- KWn giEn +rong @4+ cIu
Nh$c !i@m c-a )hWng )h*) +him +hIu ngGcA
Nng 'uI+$ hi0u ;uE l>m '<ch &> +h2i gian l>m &i0c c-a m>ng lc giEm @hi nVng
!7 chI+ +an +r?n 6. m:+ m>ng lc +ng8
u* +r1nh ho<+ !7ng di *) 'uI+ cao$ do ! cn c &H+ li0u !:c 6i0+ l>m @Cn +hi4+
6h8
Thim +hIu ngGc !Gc 5ng d`ng r7ng rXi !, +*ch muMi @hNi nc +rong h0
+hMng cI) nc nh> m*# nhi0+ !i0n &> c*c ng>nh c/ng nghi0) @h*c s nh c/ng
nghi0) 6*n dLn$ !n h1nh$ dGcUt8 Nhng nm gn !"#$ )hWng )h*) n># !Gc '
d`ng !, l>m '<ch m7+ 'M nc +hEi c/ng nghi0) &> !/ +hh 8
%.O. PiQu ",c
19
jE 'i?u lc &> +him +hIu ngGc !.u )h` +hu7c &>o *) 'uI+$ !7ng l(c c-a ;u*
+r1nh &> !Di hNi m>ng cho )h) m7+ 'M cIu + +hIm ;ua$ gi l F chY 'i?u lc +h2ng !Gc ' d`ng !, +*ch
dung dhch c @hMi lGng )h"n + +r?n 5~~ &> c *) 'uI+ +him +hIu nhN s nh &i
@huin$ +inh 67+$ )ro+?in$ !I+ '+$Ut8 jDn +him +hIu ngGc +h2ng !Gc ' d`ng !,
@h c*c &H+ li0u c @hMi lGng )h"n + +hI) &> c *) 'uI+ +him +hIu cao8
Ti?u lc +h2ng !Gc ' d`ng !, @h !I+ '+$ &i 'inh &H+$ c*c chI+ +h(c &H+$ +*ch
nc cho 6%n 8
jW ch4 c-a ;u* +r1nh 'i?u lc ho>n +o>n @h*c 'o &i cW ch4 c-a ;u* +r1nh +him
+hIu ngGc8 jhI+ +an 6h gi +r?n m>ng lc &1 @Cch +hc )h"n + c-a ch]ng ln hWn
!2ng @Cnh lY BM) ho:c do ma '*+ )h"n + &i +h>nh lY BM) c-a m>ng8 u* +r1nh
n># )h5c +<) hWn nhi.u8
Khi ' d`ng @4+ hG) +him +hIu ngGc &> 'i?u lc c +h, l>m !Hm !:c &> )h"n
+*ch c*c chI+ hDa +an hu cW &> &/ cW +rong nc +hEi8
%.1R. ThMm t1ch vC iSn thMm t1ch ; TT vC BTT >
qh) +him +*ch l> ;u* +r1nh )h"n +*ch chI+ rbn 6xng ' d`ng @hu4ch +*n @h/ng
6xng nhau ;ua m>ng8
Ki0n +him +*ch !Gc +h(c hi0n 6xng c*ch !:+ c*c m>ng c +Cnh chn lc &i
ca+ion &> anion lu"n )hi?n nhau dc +hOo dDng !i0n8 Khi !a dDng !i0n &>o$ c*c
ca+ion !Gc gbn !i0n !i ;ua m>ng +rao !=i ca+ion &. m7+ hng$ cDn c*c anion '^ !i
;ua m>ng +rao !=i ion &. m7+ hng @h*c8
K4+ ;uE l> muMi giEm +rong @hoang c-a m7+ c:) m>ng &> +ng +rong @hoang 6?n
c<nh8 Nc @hi ! c +h, !i ;ua m7+ 'M m>ng cho !4n @hi !<+ !4n !7 m:n cn +hi4+
+hOo #?u cu8
qhWng )h*) +him +*ch !X !Gc d%ng !, +hu hVi aBi+$ muMi @im lo c*c
h#droBi+8
qhWng )h*) !i0n +him +*ch !X !Gc nghi?n c5u nh m7+ )hWng )h*) @h ni+W
+rong nc +hEi n/ng nghi0)$ n c3ng !Gc 5ng d`ng r7ng rXi !, l>m ng+ nc8
qhWng )h*) n># c3ng !X !Gc d%ng !, +hu hVi c*c aBi+$ lignin +o nc +hEi c-a 'En
BuI+ giI#$ cr/m +o nc +hEi c-a m< !i0n8
20
%.11. C1c 3h6ng 3h13 iSn ha
Ng2i +a ' d`ng ;u* +r1nh oB# ha c(c ano+ &> @h c-a ca+o+$ !/ng +` !i0n$U!,
l>m '<ch nc +hEi @hNi c*c +<) chI+ hDa +an &> )h"n +*n ln8
TI+ cE c*c ;u* +r1nh n># !.u BE# ra +r?n !i0n c(c @hi cho dDng !i0n m7+ chi.u !i
;ua nc +hEi8
j*c )hWng )h*) !i0n ha cho )h) lI# +o nc +hEi c*c 'En )him c gi* +rh
6xng c*c 'W !V c/ng ngh0 +Wng !Mi !Wn giEn$ +( !7ng ha m> @h/ng cn ' d`ng
c*c +*c nh"n ha hc8 j*c )hWng )h*) n># cDn !Gc d%ng !, B l nc +hEi ch5a
nhi.u B#anua +rong c/ng ngh0 m< !i0n8
NhGc !i,m chCnh c-a c*c )hWng )h*) n># l> +i?u hao nng lGng !i0n n:ng
ln8
Tu# nhi?n$ &i0c l>m '<ch nc +hEi 6xng c*c )hWng )h*) n># c +h, +i4n h>nh
gi*n !o<n ho:c li?n +`c8
3. Cc phng php ha h!c
j*c )hWng )h*) ha hc d%ng +rong B l nc +hEi gVm cA +rung hDa$ oB#
ha &> @h8 TI+ cE c*c )hWng )h*) n># !.u d%ng c*c +*c nh"n ha hc n?n l>
)hWng )h*) !b+ +i.n8 Ng2i +a ' d`ng c*c )hWng )h*) ha hc !, @h c*c chI+
hDa +an &> +rong c*c h0 +hMng cI) nc @h) @Cn8 K/i @hi c*c )hWng )h*) n>#
!Gc d%ng !, B l 'W 67 +rc B l 'inh hc ha# 'au c/ng !o<n n># nh l> m7+
)hWng )h*) B l nc +hEi ln cuMi !, +hEi &>o nguVn ncU
T. U8 "9 nc nhi/m 0u
I. h!n "#$i vC 78 "9 nc thi t+#ng nhC m1G ",c ha 0u
21
1. h!n "#$i
K, hi0u ;uE ;u* +r1nh B lC cao$ ng2i +a )hEi +i4n h>nh !*nh gi*$ )h"n lo B lC 'W 67 +rc @hi !a !4n h0 +hMng B lC nc +hEi +rung +"m
c-a nh> m*#8 j*c nguVn nc +hEi chCnh +rong nh> m*# lc ha du 6ao gVmA
- Nc +hEi 6. m:+ nhim du s SzT t8
- Nc +hEi nhim du +o @hu c/ng ngh0 s Sz t8
- Nc +hEi 'inh ho<+8
- j*c d<ng 6%n +hEi lLn nc8
2. IS th(ng 78 "< nc thi
9o nc +hEi c-a nh> m*# lc ha du ch5a nhi.u lo nhi.u cI) B
l !, lo c chn lc8 TW !V @hMi h0 +hMng B
l nc +hEi !i,n h1nh c-a nh> m*# lc ha du !i,n h1nh !Gc m/ +E +rong h1nh "#
$8 T%# +hOo 'W !V ch4 6i4n$ c/ng ngh0 *) d`ng m> nguVn +hEi c +h, c nhng @h*c
6i0+ !/i ch]+ &> do ! h0 +hMng B l +rong +h(c +4 c nhng @h*c 6i0+8 Nh1n chung$
+I+ cE c*c h0 +hMng B l nc +hEi +rong nh> m*# lc ha du !.u )h"n ra c*c cI)
B l @h*c nhau nhxm !<+ !Gc hi0u ;uE cao8
%.1. P6 2 c)ng nghS
a8 (h)n loi nc thi , xJ lK Ban !/u
TI+ cE c*c nguVn nc +hEi +rong nh> m*# !.u !Gc )h"n lo B lC 'W 67
+rc @hi !a &>o h0 +h/ng B lC chung8 j*c dDng nc +hEi !Gc )h"n lo +hu
gom +h>nh c*c nhm 'auA
Nc nhiLm ./u BM m=tA vao gVm nc ma @hu &(c c ngu# cW nhim du$
nc ra F c*c @hu &(c )h"n BFng c/ng ngh0$ nc +hEi ra +o h0 +hMng nc l>m
m*+ $ +o +hi4+ 6h lc c-a c-a h0 +hMng B lC nc ng+ &> nc ngng UNc nhim
du 6. m:+ !Gc +hu gom &. 6, ch5a $ !Gc +*ch &*ng du 'W 67 rVi chu#,n 'ang
22
+hi4+ 6h lbng du s jqd t8 9u +*ch ra !Gc chu#,n +i 6, ch5a du im$ cDn nc
!Gc !a +i 6, @i,m +ra chI+ lGng nc +hEi +rc @hi +hEi ra m/i +r2ng8
23
"#$% & ' (h)i h* +h)ng ,- l. n/c +h0i +12ng nh my l!c ha 34u
24
Nc nhiLm ./u A Nc lLn du !Gc +*ch ra +o c*c )h"n BFng c/ng ngh0$ @hu
6, ch5a &> 6, ch5a du +hEi U!Gc !a +i 6, lbng du8 T
h>nh chCnh $ nh> n $ nh> &0 'inh U !Gc +hu &. 6, ch5a nc +hEi 'inh ho<+ 8 T<i
!"# c*c +<) chI+ cW hc c @Cch +hc ln !Gc lom lGng c-a
chI+ n>#8 K, hi0u ;uE ;u* +r1nh +*ch qhOnol !Gc cao$ nguVn nc nhim qhOnol
!Gc +*ch B lC ri?ng +rc @hi hDa &>o h0 +hMng B lC chung c-a nh> m*#8 NguVn
nc ch5a qhOnol s ch- #4u l> nc +o )h"n BFng '`c nc chua t !Gc !a +i 6,
+hu gom 'au ! !a !4n +hi4+ 6h B lC qhOnol8 ua +hi4+ 6h B lC$ qhOnol 6h chu#,n
ha 'ang d<ng ha chI+ @h/ng !7c ho h0 +hMng B lC chung8 ]a +r1nh
B lC +rEi ;ua c*c c/ng !o<n 'au !"#8
68 OJ lK BPc m7t
j*c nguVn nc +hEi 'au @hi )h"n lo B lC 'W 67 !Gc !a +i 6, !i.u hDa8
T<i !"# c*c dDng nc +hEi !Gc hDa +r7n !Vng nhI+ !, B lC +hOo c*c c/ng !o<n
+i4) +hOo8 v, hDa +r7n c '5c ch5a +hi4+ @4 )h% hG) &i !:c !i,m c*c dDng @h/ng =n
!hnh8 j*c dDng nc +hEi +hu gom &. 6, hDa +r7n 6ao gVm c*c dDng chCnh 'auA
- 9Dng nc +hEi +o 6, lbng du s jqd t c-a dDng nc +hEi lLn du @hu &(c
c/ng ngh0 8
- 9Dng nc +hEi +o 6, lbng du s jqd t c-a dDng nc +hEi lLn du @hu &(c 6,
ch5a8
- Nc +*ch +o 6, ch5a du im 8
- Nc +o )h"n BFng +rung hDa 8
- Nc +o +hi4+ 6h B lC )hOnol 8
- Nc +hEi +un ho>n +rong h0 +hMng 8
25
Nc +hEi +o 6, hDa +r7n !Gc 6Wm +i 6, @huI# +r7n !P !i.u chwnh ql$ 6= 'ung
c*c chI+ @Oo +` nhxm !i.u chwnh m/i +r2ng nc )hEi )h% hG) !, +*ch c*c h<+ rbn
lW lng c @Cch +hc nhN8
K, +ng c2ng hDa +r7n$ +r/ng 6, lb) !:+ cE h0 +hMng @huI# +nh &> m*# @huI#
cW hc8 Nc +o 6, @huI# +r7n '^ +( chE# &>o 6, +u#,n n=i @hC8 v, +u#,n n=i @hC c
nhi0m &` +*ch nM+ du +( do &> c*c chI+ rbn +rong +rong nc +hEi 6xng )hWng
)h*) +u#,n n=i !, +hu nc +hEi c !i.u @i0n +hCch hG) cho B lC 'inh hc +i4)
+hOo8 Nc +hEi 'au @hi +u#,n n=i !Gc 6Wm ;ua +hi4+ 6h l>m m*+ nhxm !i.u chwnh
nhi0+ !7 +Mi u cho ;ua +r1nh B lC 6Hc m s B lC 'inh hc t8
cC OJ lK BPc Q
\ lC 6Hc m c m`c !Cch chu#,n ha )hn c*c hG) chI+ hu cW ha +an +rong
nc +hEi +i gii h<n +hOo #?u cu +i?u chuin m/i +r2ng8 Nc +hEi +o h0 +hMng B
lC cI) } &> nc +hEi 'inh ho<+ !Gc !a +i +hi4+ 6h B lC 'inh hc8 K, !i.u chwnh
chI+ lGng nc +hEi$ m7+ )hn nc +hEi +o 6, @i,m +ra chI+ lGng nc +rWc @hi
BE ra m/i +r2ng c3ng !Gc +un ho>n l h0 +hMng B lC 'inh hc m giai !o<n8 Nc +hEi 'au @hi !i &>o c*c +hi4+ 6h lc 'inh
hc !Gc 6= 'ung dinh dang cn +hi4+ cho '( )h*+ +ri,n c-a 'inh &H+8
RYi giai !o<n B lC 6ao gVm m7+ 6, ch5a nc +hEi $ m7+ 61nh lc 'inh hc
s +hi4+ 6h )hEn 5ng 'inh hc t$ m7+ +hi4+ 6h )h"n +*ch$ +hu gom 6%n &> 6, ch5a nc
6Wm +un ho>n8 Ngo>i ra$ mYi giai !o<n c3ng +rang 6h m7+ 'M +hi4+ 6h @m +hOo A h0
+hMng !hnh lGng ha chI+$ dinh dang 6= 'ung$ h0 +hMng cI) @h/ng @hC cn +hi4+
cho '( )ha+ +ri,n c-a 'inh &H+8 Nc +hEi 'au @hi B lC 'inh hc '^ !Gc !a +i +hi4+
6h B lC 6Hc 3$ cDn 6%n c:n !Gc !a +i +hi4+ 6h B lC 'W 67 6%n +hEi8
.C OJ lK BPc R
Nc +hEi 'au @hi ra @hNi +hi4+ 6h B lC 6Hc m !Gc !a +i +hi4+ 6h lc !, +*ch nM+
c*c +<) chI+ rbn lW lng cDn B+ l<i8 Thi4+ 6h lc +h2ng !Gc ' d`ng l> +hi4+ 6h lc
c*+ nhanh c h0 +hMng ra ngGc$ Nc +hEi !Gc +hu gom &. m7+ 6, ch5a8 Nc
+hEi +o 6, ch5a nc lc 'au ! +( chE# &>o 6, @i,m +ra chI+ lGng nc +hEi +rc
@hi +hEi &>o m/i +r2ng nh2 !7 dMc8 T# c h0 +hMng @i,m +ra ln cuMi
chI+ lGng nc +hEi $ n4u nc +hEi !*) 5ng +i?u chuin m/i +r2ng '^ !Gc +hEi ra
m/i +r2ng8
26
Trong +r2ng hG) nc +hEi @h/ng !*) 5ng #?u cu +h1 m7+ )hn nc +hEi '^
!Gc 6Wm +un ho>n lo chw +i?u n>o c-a
nc +hEi cha !<+ #?u cu8
%.% . C1c thiVt =W 78 "9
Thi4+ 6h B l nc +hEi +rong nh> m*# lc ha du !Gc chia +h>nh 6Mn nhmA
Thi4+ 6h )h"n lo B l 'W 67 6"n !u$ +hi4+ 6h B l 6Hc m7+$ +hi4+ 6h B l 6Hc
hai &> +hi4+ 6h B l 6Hc 6a8 TW !V c/ng ngh0 +m +b+ h0 +hMng B l nc !i,n h1nh
&i c*c lo# +rong h1nh " #28
a8ShiHt B" ph)n loi , xJ lK s3 B7
ShiHt B" xJ lK s3 B7 nc nhiLm ./u BM m=tC
\ l nc nhim du 6. m:+ 6ao gVm c*c +hi4+ 6h chCnh 'auA v, )h"n )hMi
dDng$ 6, ch5a nc ma$ 6, lbng du jqd8 Nc nhim du 6. m:+ !Gc +hu gom
&. 61nh )h"n chia dDng rVi chE# +i 6, ch5a &> B l 'W 678 v, ch5a &> B l 'W 67
l> d<ng 6, lbng du sjqdt c nhi0m &` +*ch c*c chI+ +hEi rbn @o +hOo &> +*ch du
n=i +r?n 6. m:+ ra @hNi nc +hEi8
K, n"ng cao hi0u ;uE ;u* +r1nh +*ch du$ +rong 6, c gbn c*c +Im dH) nhn !,
+ng c2ng ;u* +r1nh )h"n +*ch du &> nc8 qhCa +r?n 6. m:+ +hang c-a 6, c lb)
h0 +hMng +hu gom du n=i8 9u +*ch ra !Gc chu#,n +i 6, ch5a du im$ cDn nc
!Gc chu#,n +i 6, @i,m +ra chI+ lGng nc +hEi +rc @hi BE ra m/i +r2ng8 N4u
nguVn nc +hEi n># 6h nhim du n:ng +rong +h2i gian d>i +h1 nc +hEi @h/ng
!Gc !a +r(c +i4) +i 6, @i,m +ra chI+ lGng +rc @hi +hEi m> !a +i h0 +hMng
nc nhim du !, B l8 Khi lGng nc +hEi ln s@hi ma t nc +o 61nh )h"n
dDng '^ chE# +r>n &>o 6, ch5a nc ma 8
27
"#2 : & ' c5ng ngh* h* +h)ng ,- l n/c +h0i +12ng nh my l!c ha 34u
28
ShiHt B" xJ lK s3 B7 nc nhiLm ./u
Thi4+ 6h B l 'W 67 nc nhim du 6ao gVm hai 6, lbng du B l nc nhim
du +o @hu c/ng ngh0 &> @hu 6, ch5a8 Nc nhim du !Gc )h"n lo !a &.
c*c 6, lbng du +Wng 5ng !, B l 'W 678 K"# l> d<ng 6, lbng du sjqdt c nhi0m
&` +*ch c*c chI+ +hEi rbn @o +hOo &> +*ch du n=i +r?n 6. m:+ ra @hNi nc +hEi8 jIu
+<o$ ngu#?n l ho<+ !7ng c-a 60 +hu gom &> B l 'W 67 n># +Wng +( nh 6, lbng
nc nhim du 6. m:+8 j !i,m @h*c 6i0+ 'o &i nc +hEi nhim du 6. m:+ l>
nc +hEi nhim du +o @hu c/ng ngh0 &> 6, ch5a 'au @hi B l 'W 67 !Gc !a +i
6, ho> +r7n c-a B l 6Hc m7+ m> @h/ng !a +hJng +i 6, @i,m +ra chI+ lGng nc
+rc @hi +hEi 8
ShiHt B" xJ lK s3 B7 nc sinh hot
Thi4+ 6h B l 'W 67 nc +hEi 'inh ho<+ chw 6ao gVm c*c 6, +hu gom nc +hEi8
K, !Wn linh !7ng &Hn h>nh +h/ng +h2ng$ c hai 6, ch5a nc +hEi ho<+ !7ng 'ong
'ong8 Nc +hEi 'inh ho<+ +hu gom &. c*c 6, ch5a n># !Gc B l 'W 678 To c/ng ngh0 B l
!Gc *) d`ng8 li0n na#$ +rong +h(c +4 ng2i +a ' d`ng 6a )hWng )h*) B l
)hOnol chCnh l> )hWng )h*) 'inh hc$ )hWng )h*) ha hc s/-B# hat &>
)hWng )h*) hI) )h` 6xng +han ho<+ +Cnh8
qhWng )h*) 'inh hc !Gc ' d`ng +Wng !Mi r7ng rXi do +h"n +hi0n &i m/i
+r2ng $ !*) 5ng !Gc #?u cu ng:+ ngho &. h>m lGng )hOnol +rong nc +hEi8
Thi4+ 6h chCnh c-a )hWng )h*) ' l )hOnol 6xng 'inh hc l> c*c 61nh )hEn 5ng
'inh hc8 j*c 61nh )hEn 5ng n># c d<ng +r` 6?n +rong ch5a c*c l) !0m +hIm &i
'inh &H+ c @hE nng )h"n h-# )hOnol ch5a +rong nc +hEi8 Nc +hEi ch5a )hOnol
'au @hi B l '^ !Gc chu#,n +i 6, hDa +r7n +rc @hi !a +i +hi4+ 6h B l 6Hc
m7+8
1@ chAa ./u Tm
v, ch5a du im c nhi0m &` ch5a du +*ch ra +o @hu &(c B l nc +hEi $ B l
'W 67 +rc @hi !a +i 6, ch5a du +hEi +rong nh> m*#8 Th/ng +h2ng$ c hai 6,
29
ch5a du +hEi im8 Trong mYi 6, +hu gom du +hEi im n># c +rang 6h gia nhi0+ @i,u
Mng ru7+ g> sgia nhi0+ 6xng hWi +hI) *)t !, +ng c2ng )h"n chia )ha du &> nc8
T#$ du !Gc +*ch ra F +r?n &> !Gc 6Wm +i 6, ch5a du
+hEi c-a nh> m*#$ nc +hEi !Gc 6Wm +i 6, hDa +r7n8
68 ShiHt B" xJ lK BPc U
j`m B l nc +hEi 6Hc m7+ 6ao gVm c*c +hi4+ 6h chCnh 'au A v, hDa +r7n$ 6,
@huI# +r7n !i.u chwnh )l &> 6= 'ung ha chI+ &> 6, +u#,n n=i @hC8
1@ ha t%7n
v, hDa +r7n l> 6, ch5a !Gc +hi4+ @4 !, +>ng +r &> ho> +r7n +I+ cE c*c nguVn
nc +hEi !X !Gc B5 l 'W 678 v, ho> +r7n )hEi c dung +Cch !- ln !, dung ho> '(
@h/ng =n !hnh lu lGng c-a c*c dDng +hEi8 jh5c nng c-a 6, ch5a n># l> !i.u ho>
lu lGng dDng chE# &>o c*c +hi4+ 6h B l )hCa 'au$ l>m !Vng !.u +h>nh )hn nc
+hEi B l8 v?n +rong 6, +h2ng !Gc +rang 6h m7+ m*# @huI# +r7n8 Nc +hEi 'au
@hi ho> +r7n !Gc !a +i 6, @huI# +r7n 8
1@ 8huy t%7n
v, @huI# +r7n c nhi0m &` !i.u ho> m/i +r2ng nc +hEi )h% hG) &i !i.u @i0n
cho c*c giai !o<n B l +i4) +hOo8 Nc +hEi +rc h4+ !Gc !i.u chwnh !7 )l$ +h/ng
+h2ng +rong nh> m*# lc du$ nguVn nc +hEi c +Cnh @i.m$ &1 &H#$ gi* +rh )l c-a
nc +hEi !Gc !i.u chwnh 6xng dung dhch a-BC+ 8
Nc 'au @hi !i.u chwnh )l !Gc chu#,n 'ang @hoang 6= 'ung chI+ +<o @Oo &>
chI+ )olimO nhxm m`c !Cch +<o l) @Oo +` !, +*ch c*c h<+ rbn lW lng$ du F d<ng
nh3 +Wng &> )h"n +*n +rong nc +hEi @hi chu#,n 'ang +hi4+ 6h +u#,n n=i @hC F )hCa
'au8 v, @huI# +r7n !Gc chia +h>nh 6a @hoang A @hoang !i.u chwnh )l $ @hoang 6=
'ung ha chI+ @Oo +` &> @hoang 6= 'ung )olimO8 j*c @hoang n># !.u !Gc lb) !:+
+hi4+ 6h @huI# +r7n +nh ha# m*# @huI# +%# +hOo !i.u @i0n c` +h,8 Nc +hEi 'au @hi
!Gc !i.u chwnh !7 )l &> 6= 'ung ha chI+ !Gc chu#,n 'ang +hi4+ 6h +u#,n n=i @hC8
ShiHt B" tuy@n nVi 8hK
Nc +hEi 'au @hi !Gc 6= 'ung ha chI+ '^ h1nh +h>nh l) @4+ +-a$ du )h"n +*n
&> nh3 +Wng !Gc +*ch ra F d<ng du +( do8 Nc +hEi +o 6, @huI# +r7n '^ !Gc
chE# 'ang 6, +u#,n n=i nh2 +rng l(c8 v, +u#,n n=i c nhi0m &` l>m c*c )ha ch5a
du +( do &> chI+ rbn n=i l?n )hCa 6. m:+ lNng !, d d>ng +*ch ra @hNi )ha lNng
30
nhxm m`c !Cch +hu !Gc nc )h% hG) cho ;u* +r1nh B l 'inh hc F giai !o<n +i4)
+hOo8 Thi4+ 6h +u#,n n=i +h2ng l> +hi4+ 6h @i,u nxm ngang$ !Gc chia +h>nh nhi.u
ngn nMi +i4) nhau$ F ngn cuMi c%ng c lb) 6Wm +un ho>n nhxm +ng c2ng hi0u
;uE ;u* +r1nh )h"n +*ch )ha8 qhn cuMi +hi4+ 6h c lb) m*ng +hu l) n=i )hCa +r?n
m:+ nc &> !a &. 6, ch5a du +hEi im8 Nc +hEi ;ua +hi4+ 6h +u#,n n=i '^ !Gc
!a +i +hi4+ 6h B l 6Hc hai s B l 'inh hc t8
c8 ShiHt B" xJ lK BPc Q
Thi4+ 6h B l 6Hc hai +h2ng !Gc ' d`ng l> +hi4+ 6h B l 'inh hc hai giai
!o<n +ru#.n +hMng8 Nhi0m &` c-a +hi4+ 6h B l 6Hc hai l> chu#,n ha c*c hG) chI+
hu cW ho> +an +rong nc +hEi BuMng di m5c #?u cu8 RYi giai !o<n B l 'inh
hc 6ao gVm m7+ +hi4+ 6h lc 'inh hc s +hi4+ 6h )hEn 5ng 'inh hc t c%ng &i h0
+hMng +*ch 6in $ 6, ch5a nc 'au @hi ;ua +hi4+ 6h lc 'inh hc8 qhCa +rc +hi4+ 6h
lc 'inh hc c h0 +hMng !, cung cI) dinh dang cho '( )h*+ +ri,n &i 'inh &H+ )h`c
&` cho ;u* +r1nh B l8 Thi4+ 6h lc 'inh hc l> +hi4+ 6h +hi4+ 6h ;uan +rng nhI+$ 6En
chI+ !"# l> +hi4+ 6h )hEn 5ng 'inh hc8 qhCa +rong +hi4+ 6h l> c*c !0m )la'+ic c +hIm
c*c &i 'inh c @hE nng )h"n hu c*c chI+ hu cW ho> +an +rong nc +hEi8 K, +h]c
!i# ;u* +r1nh )hEn 5ng$ @h/ng @hC !Gc !a &>o c%ng &i dDng nc +hEi !, cI)
/B# cho ;u* +r1nh oB# ha 'inh hc8
vin +<o ra +rong ;u* +r1nh B l 'inh hc !Gc )h"n +*ch &> chu#,n +i 61nh B
l 6in 'W 67 +rc @hi chu#,n +i h0 +hMng B l 6in &> h0 +hMng B l chI+ +hEi rbn8
Nc +hEi 'au @hi B l !Gc !a +i4) +i +hi4+ 6h B l 6Hc 6a8
d8 ShiHt B" xJ lK BPc R
l0 +hMng +hi4+ 6h B l 6Hc 6a 6ao gVm c*c +hi4+ 6h chCnh 'auA Thi4+ 6h lc $ 6,
ch5a nc lc$ 6, ch5a &> @i,m +ra chI+ lGng nc +rc @hi +hEi &>o m/i +r2ng
&> @hoang ch5a nc 6Wm +un ho>n8 l0 +hMng B l 6Hc 6a c nhi0m &` +*ch nM+
c*c +<) chI+ cDn l !i.u chwnh chI+ lGng nc +hEi
+rc @hi BE &>o m/i +r2ng 8
ShiHt B" lc
Thi4+ 6h lc c nhi0m &` +*ch nM+ c*c h<+ rbn c @Cch +hc nhN cDn l d<ng +hi4+ 6h lc c*+ nhanh c h0 +hMng ra ngGc !, ho>n ngu#?n
l) c*+ lc8 Nc 'au lc c*+ !Gc chu#,n +i 6, ch5a nc lc8 Nc ra +*i 'inh
31
l) !0m c*+ !Gc +hu &. 6, ch5a nc ra !, +hu hVi B l8
1@ chAa nc lc
v, ch5a nc lc !Wn +hun c ch5c nng ch5a nc 'au @hi lc nhxm !i.u ho>
ho<+ !7ng chung c-a h0 +hMng +hi4+ 6h s dDng +hEi @h/ng =n !hnh t$ &1 &H#$ c*c 6,
ch5a c ch5c nng !i.u ho> c*c dDng chE# !, =n !hnh c/ng 'uI+ c*c +hi4+ 6h B l8
v, ch5a nc +hEi c +h, l>m 6xng 6? +/ng cM+ +h) ho:c 6, +h) +%# +hOo !i.u @i0n
c` +h, 8
1@ chAa 8i@m t%a , hiu chWnh cht l$ng nc thi
Nc +hEi +o 6, ch5a nc lc !Gc chE# +( nhi?n &>o 6, ch5a @i,m +ra &> hi0u
chwnh chI+ lGng nc +hEi8 v, n># !Gc +hi4+ @4 !, +h(c hi0n nhi0m &` @i,m +ra
chI+ lGng nc ln cuMi +rc @hi +hEi &>o m/i +r2ng8 Khi chI+ lGng nc
@h/ng !*) 5ng #?u cu +h1 m7+ )hn nc +o 6, ch5a !Gc 6Wm ngGc l m*# lc ha du nc +hEi nhim du )h*+ 'inh +o nhng nguVn chCnh
'au !"# A
- Nc BE !*#
- Nc ra +hi4+ 6h
- vVn 6, ch5a
- Nc +hEi +o +hi4+ 6h +*ch muMi c-a )h"n BFng chng cI+ du +h/ sj9gt
- Nc +*ch ra +o 6, ch5a du +h/
- Nc +*ch +o c*c 6, ch5a du +hEi
- j*c dDng nc +hEi c-a )h"n BFng +rung hDa @i.m
- qh"n BFng '`c nc chua
- Nc +o ;u* +r1nh B lC chI+ +hEi s Tq t
2. BXc t9nh c-a nc thi nhi/m 0u
- Sil A 35~mg|l
- TT A }~ mg|l
- vS9
5
A m5~ mg|l
- jS9 A 5~ mg|l
- qhOnol A m5~ mg|l
- Amonium A m5 mg|l
- jhloridO A ~~mg|l
TT Th/ng 'M KWn &h kCa +rh gii h<n
A v j
} Nhi0+ !7
~
j n~ n~ n5
m ql - !4n 585 !4n 5 !4n
3 9u ma @ho*ng mg|l 5 5 }~
n vS9
5
s m~
~
j t mg|l 3~ 5~ }~~
5 jS9 mg|l 5~ 8~ n~~
33
qhOnol mg|l ~8} ~85 }
Amoni s +Cnh +hOo Ni+W t mg|l 5 }~ }5
8 TT mg|l 5~ }~~ m~~
UUUU8
vEng } A R7+ 'M gi* +rh gii h<n c*c +h/ng 'M &> nVng !7 c*c c*c chI+ / nhim +rong
nc +hEi c/ng nghi0) s TjZN 5n5-m~~5 t8
III. U8 "9 YZ
Heat
exchanger
Return sludge
BALANCE
TANK
BASIN
Sand Filter
CPI
Screening
Sea
DAF
Excess sludge
Biological
treatment
Chemicals
#XR Y ;3 !Z xJ lK nc thi nhiLm ./u t%ong nh m9y lc ./u
1. U8 "9 th)
Nc lLn du !Gc +*ch ra +o c*c )h"n BFng c/ng ngh0 $ @hu 6, ch5a &> 6, ch5a
du +hEi !Gc B lC ;ua )h"n !o<n +h/ +rc +i?n8
1.1. PCng ",c ;'c+EEningt
34

KMi +Gng B l l> r*c +hEi lo
c*c &H+ +hEi @h*c t$ ch]ng +h2ng !Gc +*ch ra !, @hNi g"# +bc ngh^n !2ng Mng8
Ng2i +a d%ng li l>m 6xng c*c +hanh @im loo cW gii8 KMi &i r*c c @Cch ca nhN hWn ng2i +a c
+h, d%ng r"#8
K"# l> h1nh +h5c B l 'W 678 R`c !Cch c-a ;u* +r1nh l> lonh h0 +hMng B l nc +hEi nh l>m +bc
6Wm$ !2ng Mng ho:c @?nh dLn8 K"# l> 6c ;uan +rng !Em 6Eo an +o>n &> !i.u
@i0n l>m &i0c +huHn lGi cho cE h0 +hMng B l nc +( nhi?n lLn nc +hEi8
1.%. T t1ch CI
'Ec !Kch
Thi4+ 6h n># c +h, B l &i lu lGng nc +o }5~~-3~~~ l|h$ B l du c @Cch
+hc ~micromO+$ hi0u ;uE B l du !<+}~))m8
2u to
L> nhng +Im 'ong 'ong !Gc ch4 +<o 'n &i dDng nc chE# ngang &> chi.u
cho nhau8 j*c +Im mNng c m ch5c nngA +<o l7 +r1nh ngbn nhI+ cho +Wng +*c c*c
gi+ du &> ch]ng c hi0u ;uE g"# @4+ +` du8 9u !Gc +*ch +r(c +i4) +o 6. m:+
nghi?ng c-a c*c +Im$ nhng h<+ c:n !Gc +H) +rung &> chE# BuMng )hCa di 8
35
"6nh 789:m g;n sng
ShiHt B" t9ch ./u .ng tm g$n s0ng 2([ sjorruga+Od qla+O dn+OrcO)+iont l> loo8 Thi4+ 6h c @hE nng +*ch nhng gi+ du c @Cch +hc ~micromO+ &>
nVng !7 du 'au @hi !X B l !<+ +o }~-5~))m8 9X# m"m +hOo +i?u chuin c @Cch
+hc }mBmm c +h, B l !Gc 3~m
3
nc +hEi|gi28
"6nh <8+hi=+ >? +ch 34u CP@
#ot !7ng A
Nc +hEi chE# &>o h0 +hMng m7+ )hn chI+ rbn lW lng !Gc lbng BuMng$ )hn
nc +hEi +i4) +`c !i ;ua &*ch ngn )h"n )hMi &> !i ;ua c*c +Im 'ong 'ong nxm
nghi?ng8 T +Wng +*c &i nhau +<o +h>nh c*c gi+
ln hWn &> n=i l?n +r?n +<o +h>nh &*ng du$ nhng &*ng du '^ !Gc &+ &>o 6,
36
ch5a du im$ cDn nc +hEi +i4) +`c chE# 'ang ngn +i4) +hOo8 T nc +hEi '^ chE# 'ang 6, !i.u hDa 8
NhPn x\t] +hi4+ 6h +*ch +rng l(c chw B l hi0u ;uE ./u .ng t .o &> @h/ng c
hi0u ;uE !Mi &i ./u .ng nh:8
1.3. T iu h[a
'Ec !Kch
jh5c nng !i.u ho> lu lGng ho:c nVng !7 c*c chI+ 6in +rong nc +hEi
v, !i.u hDa lu lGng &> chI+ lGng nxm +r(c +i4) +r?n !2ng chu#,n !7ng c-a
dDng chE#8
Nguyn t&c hot !7ng
v, !i.u ho> l>m &i0c +hOo ngu#?n +bc B*o +r7n chia ra l>m m lo<iA B*o +r7n cang
65c sm*# @huI#$ @hC nnUt &> B*o +r7n +( nhi?n sgi ho:c @h4ch +*n do ch?nh l0ch
nVng !7$ nhi0+ !7$ + +rngt8
Zi0c @huI# +r7n +rong 6, !i.u ho> cDn gi]) +r*nh lbng c:n$ +ham gia l>m +ho*ng
'W 67$ oBi ho* m7+ )hn c*c chI+ hu cW &> )ha loXng c*c chI+ !7c hi ra +rong 6, !i.u ho>
c +h, 6M +rC +h?m c*c +hi4+ 6h +hu gom &> BE 6+$ &*ng n=i8
37
#X^ Y 1@ !iMu ha
Nh<ng l$i Kch .o B@ ny mang li l]
- kiEm lu lGng c(c !<i +rong nhng gi2 'En BuI+ cao !i,m8
- kiEm nVng !7 c*c chI+ / nhi,m hu cW cao cho ;u* +r1nh B lC 'inh hc +hOo
'au8
- TMi u ;u* c*c !i.u @i0n cho ;u* +r1nh B l 'inh hc +hOo 'au 6ao gVm &i0c
giEm +Ei lGng hu cW$ giEm &> l>m chHm l<i '( dao !7ng +Ei lGng hu cW
+rong ;u* +r1nh 'En BuI+$ giEm nVng !7 !7c chI+ +rong nc +hEi sho* chI+
d%ng !, di0+ @huin +rong )h"n BFng 'En BuI+t
- Ki,m 'o*+ !Gc )l8
- v, !Gc @huI# +r7n +M+ 6xng m*# +h=i @hC sair 6loOrt &i h0 +hMng Mng )h"n
)hMi 6M +rC di !*# 6,$ !Em 6Eo !i.u @i0n hi4u @hC cho +o>n 67 +h, +Cch 6, !,
ngn ngoa nc +hEi F !i.u @i0n @ @hC s 'O)+ict &> g"# m%i h/i +hMi8
38
2. U8 "9 ha h,c vC ha "9.
2.1. U8 "9 ha h,c
'Ec !Kch
\ lC ha hc nhxm lo !i.u chwnh nVng !7 c-a nc +hEi !, +huHn +i0n cho nhng ;u* +r1nh B lC +i4) +hOo8
(h)n loi
T%# +hOo +h>nh )hn c-a nc +hEi m> ng2i +a '^ ' d`ng nhng )hWng )h*) B
lC ha hc @h*c nhau$ di !"# l> } 'M )hWng )h*) ' lC ha hcA
a) (h3ng ph9p !ng tE
'Ec !Kch\ !, +ng nhanh ;u* +r1nh lbng c*c chI+ lW lng )h"n +*n nhN$ @Oo$888 +a
d%ng )hWng )h*) !/ng +`$ @hi ! nVng !7 chI+ m>u$ m%i$ lW lng '^ giEm
BuMng8j*c chI+ !/ng +` +h2ng d%ng l> nh/m 'una+$ 'b+ 'una+$ 'b+
clorua$888AlmsTS
n
t
3
@hi &>o nc '^ +*c d`ng &i 6icac6ona+ +rong nc +<o +h>nh
AlsSlt3 d<ng 6/ng &> '^ hI) )h` $ @4+ dCnh c*c h<+ hu#.n )h%$ c*c chI+ F d<ng @Oo
lWlng +rong NT8 j*c 6/ng n># '^ lbng BuMng !*# F d<ng c:n8
AlmsTS
n
t p 3jasljS
3
t
m

mAlsSlt
3
p 3jaTS
n
p jS
m
Khi d%ng c*c muMi 'b+A
m{Ojl
3
p 3jasSlt
m
3jajl
m
p m{OsSlt
3
li0u 'uI+ !/ng +` cao nhI+ @hi )l n-8$58 K, +<o c*c 6/ng ln$ d lbng ng2i +a
d%ng +h?m chI+ +rG !/ng8 K l> chI+ cao )h"n + +an +rong nc &> d )h"n l# +h>nh
ion$ gVm chI+ +rG !/ng +` lo ca+ion8 la# d%ng l> )oliacr#lami+
sjlmjljSNlmtn$ na+ri 'ilica+ ho<+ +Cnh$888
_ii hn sJ .EngA chn l(a ha chI+$ li.u lGng +Mi u$ +h5 +( cho &>o nc$
lGng c:n +<o +h>nh$88)hEi !Gc +i4n h>nh 6xng +h(c nghi0m$ +h2ng d%ng }-5mg|l8
DiMu 8inA !, )hEn 5ng din ra ho>n +o>n &> +i4+ @i0m$ cn )hEiA @huI# !.u c +h,
' d`ng c*c lo +<o 6/ng d d>ng F +o>n 67 +h, +Cch8
B) (h3ng ph9p t%ung ha]
'Ec !Kch] do nguVn +hEi ch5a aBi+ &> 6ao g"# n?n n mDn ha hc $ g"# !7c8
Trung hDa cDn &i m`c !Cch l>m cho m7+ 'M muMi @im lo +*ch
ra @hNi nc8Z1 +h4 +a )hEi +rung hDa nc8
39
Nguyn t&c
u +i?nA +Cnh !4n @hE nng +rung hDa lLn nhau +rong nc +hEi ch5a aBi+ &>
@i.m8u* +r1nh +rung hDa !Gc +h(c hi0n +rong c*c 6, +rung hDa @i,u l>m &i0c li?n
+`c ha# gi*n !o<n +hOo chu @8 Nc +hEi 'au @hi +rung hDa c +h, cho lbng F c*c hV
lbng +H) +rung &> n4u !i.u @i0n +huHn lGi$ c*c hV n># c +h, +Cch c +h, +r !Gc c:n
lbng +rong @hoEng }~-}5 nm8 Th, +Cch c:n lbng )h` +hu7c &>o nVng !7 aBi+$ ion
@im loo d<ng &> li.u lGng ha chI+U8
Zi0c l(a chn 6i0n )h*) +rung hDa )h` +hu7c &>o lGng nc +hEi$ ch4 !7 BE
+hEi$ nVng !7$ ha chI+88 Th/ng 'M chCnh !, !i.u chwnh )h= 6i4n l> !# +h2ng !, +rung hDa aBi+8
la chI+ ' d`ngA )h4 li0u c/ng nghi0) !ha )hWng K, +rung hDa aBi+ &/ cW c +h,
d%ng 6I+ @ dung dhch c +Cnh 6aW n>o8 la chI+ rP +i.n &> d @i4m l> jasSlt
m
$
jajS
3
$ RgjS
3
88 Li.u lGng ha chI+ !Gc B*c !hnh +hOo !i.u @i0n +rung hDa ho>n
+o>n aBi+ +( do &> lI# ln hWn +Cnh +o*n m7+ ch]+8Zi0c !a dung dhch c/ng +*c &>o
nc +hEi !Gc +i4n h>nh nh2 6Wm ho:c c*c +hi4+ 6h !hnh lGng cM !hnhs !hnh m5c
&i *) l(c cM !hnh88t
S%ung ha nc thi B`ng c9ch lc qua nh<ng lp ,Pt liu t%ung ha C
T d`ng cho nc +hEi ch5a ljl$ lNS
3
$

&i h>m lGng di 5g|l &> @h/ng
ch5a muMi

@im lonhA cho NT +i4) B]c c*c 6, &H+ li0u lc l> !* &/i$ magiOi+$ !* hoa
cWng$ !/l/mi+$U @Cch +hc h<+ 3-8 cm &i +Mc !7 )h` +hu7c &>o &H+ li0u nhng
@h/ng ;u* 5m3|h &> +h2i gian +i4) B]c @h/ng ;u* }~ )h]+$ nc +hEi c +h, chu#,n
!7ng ngang ho:c !5ng +rong 6, lc8
*ang 8hK thi6 8h0i tb l h3i !@ t%ung ha nc thi chAa 8iMm
K"# l> 6i0n )h*) @h* @inh +4 !, +rung hDa nc +hEi ch5a @i.m &1 @hC +o Mng
@hi ch*# +M+ +h2ng ch5a @hoEng }n jSm8
40
c) (h3ng ph9p oxy h0a 8hJ
'Ec !Kch Aj*c chI+ 6in +rong nc +hEi c +h, )h"n ra hai lo<iA &/ cW &> hu
cW8j*c chI+ hu cW +h2ng l> !<m$ ma$ !2ng$ c*c hG) chI+ ch5a )hOnol$ ch5a
ni+W$888 n?n c +h, 6h )h"n h-# &i 'inh &H+$ do ! c +h, d%ng )hWng )h*) 'inh hc
!, B l8 j*c chI+ &/ cW +h2ng l> nhng chI+ @h/ng B l 6xng )hWng )h*) 'inh
hc !Gc8 j*c ion @im lo nhng chI+ rI+ !7c @h B l m>
cDn +i?u di0+ c*c &i 'inh &H+ c lGi +rong nc8
OJ lc nc chAa xianua B`ng ph3ng ph9p oxy h0a 8hJ
Zi0c l(a chn 6i0n )h*) )h` +hu7c &>o +Cnh chI+ l ha c-a nc8
j*ch +h5c +h2ng d%ng l> oB# ha Bianua chu#,n 'ang d<ng Biana+$ Ori$ Oro$ c*c
c:n @4+ +-a +o nhng Bianua !Wn giEn$ )h5c chI+ rVi 'au ! +*ch @hNi nc +hEi 6xng
)hWng )h*) lbng ho:c lc8 jn u +i?n l(a chn 6i0n )h*) oB# ha Bianua !7c
+h>nh Biana+ @h/ng !7c &1 !"# l> 6i0n )h*) +M+ nhI+8 y !"#$ nhm jN- 6h )h"n h-#
ho>n +o>n &> nc '^ @h/ng nhim 6in +rFl<i 6Fi c*c chI+ Bianua8
OJ lc nc chAa c%om B`ng ph3ng ph9p oxy h0a 8hJC
- Ngu#?n +bcA chu#,n jr
p
6i4n &. jr
3
p
$ +i4) ! +*ch F d<ng hidroBi+ @4+ +-a8
- j*c chI+ @h c +h, d%ngANa
m
T$ NalTS
3
$ {OTS
n
$ TS
m
$ @hi ch5a @hC TS
m
$888
- j*c )hEn 5ng chu#,n jrp &. jr3pA
jr
m
S
m-
p 3T
m-
p }nl
p

mjr
3
p 3T
~
pl
m
Sp jr
m
S
N4u d%ng ncNa

m
T +h1 +rong dung dhch NamT 6h +h-# )h"n m<nh &> +<o @4+
+-ajrsSlt
3
n?n @h/ng cn +h?m &/iA T
m-
p ml
m
S

l
m
T p mSl
N4u

d%ng NalTS
3
$ {OTS
n
+h1 cn cho +h?m &/i 'a sho:c loo !t !,
@4+ +-a

jrsSlt
3
8
-j/ng ngh0 B l nh 'auA Ku +i?n nc +hEi !Gc !i.u hDa lu lGng &> nVng
!78 Tau !@i,m +ra )l n4u +hI# )l n cn !i.u chwnh 'ao cho )l m-n +rc @hi
+h(c hi0n )hEn 5ng @h$!Vng +h2i cn B*c !hnh lGng jr
p
+Cnh +o*n lGng chI+ @h
s +h2ng d%ng gI) }$m5 ln

lGng +Cnh +o*n +hOo l +hu#4+t8
jhI+ @h +h2ng !Gc chuin 6h di d<ng dung dhch }~ &> cho &>o 6, )hEn
5ng nh2 +hi4+ 6h !hnh lGng8 Th2i gian @huI# +r7n 6, )hEn 5ng di 3~ )h]+$ 'au
@hi )hEn 5ng @h @4++h]c cho &/i 'a &>o s !Gc chuin 6h &i nVng !7 @hoEng
41
m$5t cho !<+ )l $ +i4) +`c @huI# @hoEng 3-5 )h]+ 'au ! cho nc +hEi 'ang 6,
lbng &i +h2i gian @hoEng mh8
%.%. Q]a t+nh tuGn ni

dI sao nc thi nhiLm ./u phi qua qu9 t%Inh tuy@n nVi
- 9u ma $ chI+ rbn lW lng - l) m>ng )h- 6. m:+ - ngn cEn ;u* +r1nh hI)
)h` oB# +o @h/ng @hC &>o nc - Enh hFng ;u* +r1nh +( l>m '<ch8
- vC+ @Cn lY rYng &H+ li0u hc +rong B@ lc sinh hc 8
- qh* h-# cIu +r]c 6%n ho<+ +Cnh +rong 6, 6%n ho<+ +Cnh 8
- k"# @h @hn cho ;u* +r1nh l?n mOn c:n 8
'Ec !Kch
Nc +hEi 'au @hi !Gc 6= 'ung ha chI+ '^ h1nh +h>nh l) @4+ +-a$ du )h"n +*n
&> nh3 +Wng !Gc +*ch ra F d<ng du +( do8 Nc +hEi +o 6, @huI# +r7n '^ !Gc
chE# 'ang 6, +u#,n n=i nh2 +rng l(c8 v, +u#,n n=i c nhi0m &` l>m c*c )ha ch5a
du +( do &> chI+ rbn n=i l?n )hCa 6. m:+ lNng !, d d>ng +*ch ra @hNi )ha lNng
42
nhxm m`c !Cch +hu !Gc nc )h% hG) cho ;u* +r1nh B l 'inh hc F giai !o<n +i4)
+hOo8
2u to , hot !7ng
"6nh A. & ' h* +h)ng +uyn nBi
Nc +hEi 'au @hi !Gc B lC F c*c c/ng !o<n +rc ! '^ !Gc !a &>o 6, +u#,n
n=i 8
T nc '^ !c +r7n lLn &i nhau &> +<o
ra hYn hG) 6+ @hC &> nc s l1nh }}t8 Tau ! hYn hG) n># !Gc !a &>o 61nh !i.u
*)8
Khi nc +hEi !i &>o 6, +u#,n n=i$ !Vng +h2i @hi ! @h/ng @hC +o 61nh @hC nn '^
'`c +r(c +i4) @h/ng @hC &>o dDng nc +hEi$ @hi ! c*c 6+ @hC '^ 6*m lI# c*c gi+
du8 Khi @hMi lGng ri?ng c-a +H) hG) c*c 6+ @hC &> nhng gi+ du nhN hWn @hMi
43
lGng ri?ng c-a nc$ nhng gi+ du '^ +hOo 6+ @hC n=i l?n +r?n 6. m:+ 6, F d<ng
6+8
"6nh $$. C5 phDng Eu +16nh +2 >!+ (h. +i >m
v?n +rong 6, c +hi4+ 6h @huI# +nh nhxm +ng c2ng @hE nng 6*m dCnh c-a 6+
@hC8
v+ n=i l?n '^ !Gc +hi4+ 6h &+ 6+ +hu hVi &> !a &>o m*ng +hu 6+ &> !a &. 6,
ch5a du im8
jDn )hn nc +hEi '^ +( chE# &>o 6, ch5a nc +hEi 'au ! 8
Nc +hEi 'au @hi +u#,n n=i !Gc 6Wm ;ua +hi4+ 6h l>m m*+ shOa+ OBchangOrt
nhxm !i.u chwnh nhi0+ !7 +Mi u cho ;ua +r1nh B lC 6Hc m s B lC 'inh hc t 8 R7+
)hn nc +hEi '^ !Gc +un ho>n lm m*+ shOa+ OBchangOrt nhxm
!i.u chwnh nhi0+ !7 +Mi u cho ;ua +r1nh B lC 'inh hc

'Ec !Kch
R`c !Cch c-a B lC nc +hEi 6xng )hWng )h*) 'inh hc l> @Oo +` &> +*ch c*c lo =n !hnh s )h"n h-# t c*c chI+ hu cW nh2 '( ho<+ !7ng c-a &i 'inh
&H+ hi4u @hC ho:c @h @hC 8 TEn )him cuMi c%ng c-a ;u* +r1nh )h"n h-# 'inh hc +h2ng
l> c*c chI+ @hC s jS
m
$ N
m
$ jl
n
$ l
m
T t$ c*c chI+ &/ cW s Nl
n
p
$ qS
n
3-
t &> +4 6>o mi 8
29c yHu t4 nh heng !Hn qu9 t%Inh xJ lc
- NVng !7 chI+ hu cWA vS9 5 ANAq }~~A 5A} ho:c m~~A5Am s6%n ho<+ +Cnht
- l>m lGng +<) chI+
- Nhi0+ !7$ )l$ c*c ngu#?n +M &i lGng$ @im lo<iU
- l>m lGng oB# +rong nc +hEi
- Lu lGng n5Wc +hEi
- l0 +hMng B lA ch4 !7 +hu !7ng U
DiMu 8in nc thi !a ,o xJ lc
- Kh/ng c chI+ !7c l>m ch4+ ha# 5c ch4 h0 &i 'inh &H+ +rong nc +hEi8 K:c
6i0+ l> h>m lGng c*c @im lo cW chI+ dinh dang nguVn cac6on &>
nng lGng cho &i 'inh &H+ nh A hidra+cac6on$ )ro+Oin$ li)i+ ho> +anU
- jS9|vS9 m ho:c vS9|jS9 ~$5 mi c +h, !a &>o B lC 'inh hcshi4u
@hCt$ n4u jS9 ln hWn vS9 nhi.u ln$ +rong ! gVm c BOnluloW$
hOmiBOnluloW$ )ro++Oin$ +inh 67+ cha +an +h1 )hEi ;ua B lC 'inh hc @h @hC 8
29c qu9 t%Inh xJ lK
- ]a +r1nh B l ' d`ng &i 'inh &H+ hi4u @hCA c*c &i 'inh &H+ ho<+ !7ng +rong
!i.u @i0n m/i +r2ng cung cI) oBi li?n +`c$ gVm c*c c/ng +r1nh nhA 6, lc
'inh hc$ 6, aOro+an@U
- ]a +r1nh B l ' d`ng &i 'inh &H+ @h @hCA c*c &i 'inh &H+ ho<+ !7ng +rong
!i.u @i0n m/i +r2ng @h/ng c oBi$gVm c*c c/ng +r1nh nh 6, gATv$ 6,
gA{U
45
- ]a +r1nh +hi4u @hC
- ]a +r1nh +hi4u @hC &> @h @hC @4+ hG)
- ]a +r1nh hV 'inh &H+

XF+ > ,- l sinh h!c >Gng >Hn h2+ +.nh IJ KL12+an(M
Fh9i Nim
v, AOro+an@ l> c/ng +r1nh nh"n +<o B l nc +hEi 6xng )hWng )h*) 'inh hc
hi4u @hC$ +rong ! ng2i +a cung cI) /Bi &> @huI# +r7n nc +hEi &i 6%n ho<+ +Cnh 8
d" t%K B@ ]Nh hInh ,f Bn .i ]
Nguyn t&c hot !7ng
Nc +hEi 'au @hi ;ua B l cI) } '^ cDn m7+ h>m lGng du +Wng !Mi
+hI)8T%# +hOo c/ng ngh0 *) d`ng m> c +h, nc +hEi 'au @hi ;ua B l cI) d !X !<+
+i?u chuin +hEi ho:c )hEi +i4) +`c B l 'inh hc !, lonh )hn
du +h/ cDn l du hDa +an8T &i 'inh &H+ +rong
6, chu#,n ha c*c chI+ hu cW )h5c +<) +h>nh c*c chI+ !Wn giEn l> c*c chI+ +rW
@h/ng hDa +an &> +h>nh c*c +4 6>o mi8j` +h, +# '^ lo<i 6N c*c chI+
hDa +an c +h, )h"n rX 'inh hcA
- j*c hG) chI+ oBi ha c*c aBi+ $ aldOh#+O $ )hOnol U8
- j*c hG) chI+ lu hunh U
- R7+ )hn c*c h#drocac6on +hWm $ Nln
Gu , nh$c !i@m
46
- u !i,mA C+ +Mn di0n +Cch
- NhGc !i,mA gi* +h>nh B"# d(ng &> &Hn h>nh cao

29c qu9 t%Inh sinh h0a xy %a t%ong B@ g-%otan8
hu9 t%Inh ting sinh 8h4i
hja t%Inh chuy@n h0a c3 cht
47
hu9 t%Inh 8hJ nit%o , nit%at h0a
48
hu9 t%Inh 8hJ ph4t pho
A. U8 "< 3h!n #$n cu(i
A.1. T ":ng th^ cJ3 ; T ":ng % >
To 6, B l 'inh hc nc &> 6%n ho<+ +Cnh !Gc dLn &. 6, lbng m8 T 6%n ho<+ +Cnh8
23 chH]
v, lbng m '^ lo# li?n @4+ lm +ng 'inh @hMi lGng h<+ lbng n?n '^
lbng nhanh hWn8
'Ec !Kch
v, lbng +h5 cI) !:+ 'au ;u* +r1nh B lC nc +hEi !, A
- T*ch c:n &i 'inh &> 6%n
49
- L>m +rong nc +hEi +rc @hi ra nguVn +i4) nhHn8
29c loi B@ l&ng , !=c !i@m
jn c5 &>o chi.u nc chE# )h"n 6i0+ c*c lo<iA 6, lbng ngang$ !5ng$ radianU
1@ l&ng thng .Eng .ang t%ong thc tH]
C1c "#$i = ":ng
a8 v, lbng ngang u
68 v, lbng !5ng u
c8 v, lbng +hOo )hWng 6*n @Cnh
d8 Thi4+ 6h lbng lo
chi.u d>i @h/ng nhN hWn &> chi.u '"u !4n nm
2u to] gVm c mWng dLn nc &>o $ mWng )h"n )hMi $+Im na ch1m n=i$
m*ng +hu nc $ m*ng +hu &> BE chI+ n=i &> mWng dLn nc ra8
Nguyn t&c hot !7ng ] nc +hEi +hOo m*ng )h"n )hMi &>o 6, !H) +r>n +h>nh
mNng ho:c +2ng !`c lY B"# d(ng F !u 6,$ nc chE# +hOo )hWng ngang &>o 6,
!4n m*ng +hu nc $ +i m*ng +hu &> BE chI+ n=i 'au ! nc +i mWng dLn nc
ra ngo>i &> chI+ n=i !Gc BE ra !Vng +h2is c*c h<+ c:n ngong chu#,n !7ng @hi ch<m
!*# 6,t
Gu !i@m ] kn $ c +h, l>m hM +hu c:n F !u 6, &> c3ng c +h, l>m nhi.u hM +hu
c:n F +h>nh 6, 8
Nh$c !i@m ] gi* +h>nh cao$ c nhi.u hM +hu c:n +<o n?n nhng &%ng Bo*# l>m
giEm @hE nng lbng c-a c*c h<+ c:n$ !Vng +h2i @h/ng @inh +4 &1 +ng +h?m @hMi +Cch
@h/ng cn +hi4+ c-a c/ng +r1nh8
k$ng c=n t9ch %a 8hli B@ l&ng phE thu7c ,o ]
- NVng !7 c:n 6an !u
- K:c +Cnh c-a c:n sh1nh d<ng$ @Cch +hc$ +rng lGng ri?ng$ +Mc !7 rWi Ut
- Th2i gian lu nc +rong 6,
QC 1@ l&ng !Ang
#Inh .ng A +h2ng m:+ 6xng h1nh +rDn ho:c h1nh &u/ng $ !*# d<ng nn ha# cho)
c`+ 8
2u to A !2ng @Cnh @h/ng &G+ ;u* 3 ln chi.u '"u c/ng +*c$ c +h, !4n }~m
gVm m*ng dLn nc $ Mng +rung +"m$ m*ng +hu nc$ $ m*ng +h*o nc $ Mng BE c:n
&> Mng BE c:n n=i8
Nguyn t&c hot !7ng A nc +hEi +hOo m*ng chE# &>o Mng +rung +"m s@4+ +h]c F
loO h1nh )hut8 Tau @hi ra @hNi Mng +rung +"m nc +hEi &a &>o +Im chbn &> +ha# !=i
hng !5ng 'ang hng ngang rVi d"ng l?n +hOo +h"n 6,8 Nc !a lbng +rong +r>n
;ua m*ng +hu !:+ Bung ;uanh +h>nh 6, ra ngo>i8@hi nc +hEi d"ng l?n +hOo +h"n 6,
+h1 c:n +h(c hi0n m7+ chu +r1nh ngGc l<i8
Gu !i@m A ThuHn +i0n +rong c/ng +*c BE c:n$ C+ di0n +Cch B"# d(ng8
51
FhuyHt !i@m A jhi.u cao B"# d(ng ln l>m +ng gi* +h>nh B"# d(ng$ 'M lGng 6,
nhi.u$ hi0u 'uI+ +hI)
#iu qu l&ng phE thu7c ,o ]
- TCnh chI+ c:n
- 9i0n +Cch 6. m:+ 6,
- jhi.u cao lbng
- Th2i gian lu nc
RC 1@ l&ng ma.ian
#Inh .ng A j m:+ 6xng h1nh +rDn$ !2ng @Cnh +o } n~ m sc +r2ng hG) !4n
~mt$ chi.u cao l>m &i0c 6xng }|} }|}~ !2ng @Cnh 6,8
2u to A
- v, l# +"m AgVm Mng dLn nc &>o 6, $ Mng dLn nc 6%n$ d>n ;ua#$ Mng +h*o
nc &> Mng +h*o c:n n=i8
- v, hng +"mA gVm Mng !a nc +hEi &>o 6, $ m*ng )h"n )hMi $ d>n ;ua# $
h0 +hMng c>o gom c:n$ Mng +h*o c:n &> h0 +hMng dLn nc ra @hNi 6,8
Nguyn t&c hot !7ng A
- v, hng +"m A
j dDng chE# nc +hEi +rong 6, hng +o chung ;uanh &>o +rung +"m 6,8 v,
lbng n># c m*ng )h"n )hMi nc F chu &i &> )hu +hu nc F +rung +"m8
R*ng )h"n )hMi c chi.u r7ng cM !hnh$ nhng chi.u cao giEm dn +o !u !4n cuMi
m*ng8
y !*# c nhi.u lY !, nc chE# BuMng 6,
Nc +o ngo>i dGc !a &>o 6, ;ua m*ng )h"n )hMi $di chu#,n !7ng c-a d>n
;ua# nc chu#,n !7ng +o +h>nh 6, &>o +rung +"m $ 'au m7+ +h2i gian c:n lbng rWi
BuMng !*# 6, $ ' d`ng h0 +hMng Mng c>o gom c:n !a &>o Mng +h*o c:n +hEi ra
ngo>i$ !Vng +h2i nc +rong 'au @hi lbng !a &>o h0 +hMng dLn +ho*+ nc ra @hNi
6,8
- v, l# +"mA
Nc +hEi chE# +o +rong 6, hng ra chung ;uanh +h>nh$ nc +hEi chE# +hOo Mng
+rung +"m +o di l?n +r?n m]i )h"n )hMi &>o 6,8 jhI+ n=i nh2 +Im chbn lW lng F
di d>n ;ua# dVn g) l chE# luVn ;ua Mng Bi)hong B> &>o gi4ng c:n8
52
9>n ;ua# ;ua# &i +Mc !7 m 3 &Dng +rong m7+ gi2$ c/ng 'uI+ c-a ro+o ~85 m @z8
Khi d>n ;ua# ;ua#$ c:n lbng !Gc dVn &>o hM +hu sB"# d(ng F +rung +"m 6,t nh2 h0
+hMng c>o gom c:n gbn F )hn di d>n ;ua# hG) &i +r` m7+ gc n5~8c:n BE ra
@hNi 6, c +h, ' d`ng m*# 6Wm ho:c *) l(c +h-# +nh @h/ng nhN hWn }85m8

&au (hi Eua > lNng +hO c:p n/c +h0i ;c +ch lm 2 ph4n P ph4n >Hn cQn R
3/i S n/c +12ng hn R +1Tn P ph4n n/c +12ng hn +a ch2 Eua > l!c c+ ,-
l P ph4n >Hn cQn ch2 S2 > nFn >Hn P mU+ ph4n >Hn cQn ;c ch2 Euay +1R li
Eu +16nh ,- l sinh h!c 3uy +16 mV+ U Si sinh SV+ +hL2 s ' sau :
A.%. T ",c c1t
Nc 'au @hi ;ua @hNi 6, lbng +h5 cI) !Gc cho &>o 6, lc c*+ !, B l &i m`c
!Cch l>m +i?u di0+ &i +r%ng &> mm 60nh 8 K"# l> giai !o<n cuMi c%ng !, l>m +rong
nc8
h!n "#$i = ",c\
Sh-o t4c !7]
- v, lc chHmA c +Mc !7 lc ~8} ~85 m|h
- v, lc nhanhA &Hn +Mc lc 5 }5 m|h
- v, lc cao +McA &Hn +Mc lc 3 }~~ m|h
Sh-o chH !7 lm ,ic]
- v, lc +rng l(cA hF$ @h/ng *)8
- v, lc c *) l(c A lc @Cn$U
N/c +h0i sau (hi Eua > l!c c+ ;c a S2 +hHng chOa 1'i +h0i 1a m5i
+1Wng.
53
A.@. U8 "9 =_n cXn
K"# c3ng l> m7+ ;u* +r1nh +Wng !Mi ;uan +rng +rong B l nc +hEi ni chung
&> nc +hEi nhim du ni ri?ng &1 +h>nh )hn c-a 6%n c:n rI+ )h5c +<)$ ch5a
nhi.u chI+ hu cW &> c*c ngu#?n +M dinh dang d%ng l>m )h"n 6n rI+ +M+8 Nhng
lm / nhim m/i +r2ng @h/ng @hC$ ch5a
nhi.u &i @huin cE &i @huin g"# 60nh$ !7 im ln$ ' d`ng 6%n c:n +Wi l>m )h"n
6n @h/ng c lGi &> @h &Hn chu#,n8
X ,- l >Hn cQn +12ng n/c +h0i nhiYm 34u +a s- 3Zng phng php 3Hng
> nFn >Hn :
[.\.$. J nFn >Hn I J nFn >Hn +1!ng l]c M

Nhim ,E ] v, nn 6%n c nhi0m &` l>m giEm !7 im c-a 6%n8
23 chH ]
- qhn 6%n d +o 6, lbng m !Gc !a &>o 6, nn 6%n +rng l(c8 T=ng
h>m lGng chI+ rbn +o 6, lbng } @hoEng 3-n$ 6, lbng m +hI) hWn ~858
- Tau ;u* +r1nh nn 6%n +=ng h>m lGng chI+ rbn '^ +ng l?n n-58 Nc 'au @hi
+*ch 6%n !Gc dLn ngGc &. 6, +hu gom8
- Nn 6%n +rng l(c gi]) l>m giEm @Cch +hc c-a c/ng +r1nh B l 6%n +i4) +hOo
nh 6, )h"n h-# 6%n hi4u @hC$ +i4+ @i0m chi )hC nh"n c/ng &> nng lGng8
54
[.\.2. &n phi >Hn
T"n )hWi 6%n l> c/ng +r1nh ' d`ng nhi0+ m:+ +r2i nhxm m`c !Cch giEm @hMi
lGng c-a hYn hG) 6%n c:n 6xng c*ch g<n m7+ )hn ha# )hn ln lGng nuc c
+rong hYn hG) !, giEm @Cch +hc +hi4+ 6h B l &> giEm +rng lGng )hEi &Hn
chu#,n !4n nWi +i4) nhHn8
JHn sau (hi ;c ,- l ;c SVn chuyn =n ni chOa >Hn .
^ n/c +h0i _ ;c ,- l h2n +:+.
55
C . `Vt "uan
ua !. +>i n># +a +hI# !Gc &i0c B lC nc +hEi ni chung &> B lC nc +hEi
nhim du ni ri?ng c c*c )hWng )h*) ch- #4u ! l>A )hWng )h*) 'inh hc$
)hWng )h*) ha hc$ )hWng )h*) ha lC8 RYi )hWng )h*) '^ c nhng c/ng
ngh0 @h*c nhau &> ch]ng c nhng u nhGc !i,m @h*c nhau8 T%# +hu7c &>o
nhng lo '^ c nhng )hWng )h*) B lC @h*c nhau &>
ch]ng +a cn )hEi @4+ hG) nhng )hWng )h*) B lC ! !, &i0c B lC !<+ hi0u ;uE
cao8
Nh +rong !. +>i n># ch]ng +/i !X ch] +rng +1m hi,u 'W !V c/ng ngh0 B lC m>
+h# qh<m \u"n N]i !X !. cH) +i +rong chWng +r1nh hc c-a ch]ng +/i8 Th/ng ;ua
+1m hi,u c*c +>i li0u chu#?n ngh>nh ch]ng +/i +hI# !"# l> 'W !V c/ng ngh0 )h% hG)
&> +Mi u nhI+ !, B lC nc +hEi nhim du +rong nh> m*# lc du 6Fi &1 c/ng ngh0
@h/ng ;u* )h5c +<) &> gi* +h>nh c3ng rP l> #4u +M @h* ;uan +rng hWn na nc
+hEi +u# @h/ng +h, ni l> !X B lC +ri0+ !, nhng n c3ng !X !- +i?u chuin !, +hEi ra
ngo>i m/i +r2ng m> @h/ng g"# ra nhng +*c hi n># ch]ng +/i hi &ng mi ng2i '^ hi,u r_ &. nc +hEi nhim
du$ +*c h c/ng ngh0 B lC ch]ng !, c +h, c%ng nhau !a ra nhng )hWng )h*) B
lC hu hi0u hWn$ !<+ hi0u ;uE cao hWn l>m cho m/i +r2ng ng># c>ng +M+ !)8
TCi "iSu tham Dh#
56

Xử lý nước thải nhiễm dầu nhom 8 LHDA K53

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Xử lý nước thải nhiễm dầu nhom 8 LHDA K53

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

X l nc nhim du Nhm 8- Lc ha du A-K53

j*c muMi 'b+ {O

N4u d%ng ncNa

You might also like